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Reliability Analysis of Power Distribution System: A Case Study of Mofor

Injection Substation, Delta State, Nigeria

Conference Paper · September 2019

DOI: 10.1109/AFRICON46755.2019.9133917

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 Reliability Analysis of Power Distribution System:
A Case Study of Mofor Injection Substation, Delta
State, Nigeria
Oladimeji Joseph Ayamolowo Chukwunonso Anthony Mmonyi Samson Olasunkanmi Adigun
Dept. of Electrical and Computer Dept. of Electrical and Computer Dept. of Electrical and Computer
Engineering Engineering Engineering
Afe Babalola University Afe Babalola University Afe Babalola University
Ado-Ekiti,Nigeria Ado-Ekiti,Nigeria Ado-Ekiti,Nigeria
ayamolowooj@abuad.edu.ng mmonyica@abuad.edu.ng adigunso@abuad.edu.ng

Olabisi Abdullahi Onifade Kehinde Adetunji Adeniji Adeshina Samuel Adebanjo

Dept. of Electrical and Computer
Engineering
Afe Babalola University
Ado-Ekiti,Nigeria
onifade.a.olabisi@gmail.com
Dept. of Electrical and Computer
Engineering
Afe Babalola University
Ado-Ekiti,Nigeria
adenijika@abuad.edu.ng
Dept. of Civil and Environmental
Engineering
Afe Babalola University
Ado-Ekiti,Nigeria
adebanjo.as@abuad.edu.ng

Abstract— Power system components are susceptible to
failures which causes undesirable interruptions to consumer’s
power supply thus affecting the overall power system
availability. Reliability evaluation is therefore important in
power system studies to ensure continuity of power supply in
line with the country’s increasing population and the need to
foster industrialization. This study is centered on reliability
assessment of Mofor Injection Substation. This assessment
evaluates the performance of the Mofor Injection substation
considering various system parameters which contribute to the
seamless operation of the station. Historical data obtained from
the power substations from January, 2017 to December, 2017
were used to analyze the Injection Substation power reliability.
The results obtained revealed a power availability index
(ASAI) of 0.7683796 and 0.768968 for Ekete and Orhuwhorun
substations respectively. Also, other reliability indices
evaluated were SAIDI, CAIDI and SAIFI. The aforementioned
reliability results reveals that power distribution at Mofor
injection substation can be said to be unreliable, inefficient,
undesirable and unstable.
Keywords— Availability, Customer Average Interruption
Duration Index (CAIDI), Maintainability, Outages, System
Average Interruption Frequency Index (SAIFI), System Average
Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI).
I. INTRODUCTION
Nigeria Power system has undergone several reforms
aimed at improving power system’s reliability, it is however
saddening that despite these reforms, the nation’s power
generation capacity still undulates between 3795MW and
7000 MW, with the distribution system characterized by
frequent power system interruptions and ultimately power
outage.
A viable and reliable power system is desired because it
determines the level of the economic, social and
technological advancement of a nation [1]. Therefore,
reliability assessments of distribution system is imperative to
keep track of power system’s performances, monitor
system’s interruptions, aid power distribution system’s
planning, and for reliability prediction using historical data
[2], [3].
In literatures, there are two main approaches for
assessing power system reliability; the direct analytical
method and simulation method. The Monte Carlo
simulations (MCS) technique is an example of the simulation
method which comprises of standard equations used for
reliability analyses of complex network. This approach is
however limited by computer storage, solution time
requirements and approximated solution when analyzing
complex power network. Other methods include Minimal cut
set, Node Elimination method and step by step algorithm
using conditional probability. On the other hand, the
analytical method uses reliability indices such as the number
of failures, the time between failures, the restoration times,
SAIDI, CAIDI to analyze the ergodic behavior of power
systems [4]–[8].
This paper analyses the reliability performance of Mofor
distribution power system using historical data obtained from
Mofor substation from January 2017 to December 2017. The
assessment reveals that the distribution network is unreliable,
and unstable, however the adoption of strategically placed
distributed generator (DGs) and network restructuring can be
used to improve the Power Reliability of the Injection
Substation. Section II discusses on various reliability indices
used in the Reliability assessment of a Power distribution
network, while section III gives representation of the
historical data used for the reliability assessment further
unveiling network architecture of Mofor Injection
Substation. Section IV presents the results of the reliability
assessment. Section V gives a summarized discussion of the
results obtained, while Section VI gives recommendation for
better power delivery at Mofor Injection Substation.
II. RELIABILITY EVALUATION IN DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM
Reliability assessment helps customers and investors
make informed decision about the performance of the
system utility [12], [13]. Two types of reliability indices are
used in evaluating system performance in distribution
system: (1) load point reliability indices and (2) system
reliability indices [6].
A. Load point Reliability
Load point reliability indices used for assessing the
distribution system are the average failure rate λi (failure
rate/year), average outage duration ri (hours) and annual
outage time Ui (hours/year).

XXX-X-XXXX-XXXX-X/XX/$XX.00 ©20XX IEEE

These indices are expressed as in eq. (1-3).  Customer average interruption frequency index (CAIFI)
n [int/yr, cust]: This can be expressed as in Eq. (8).
i    (1)
i 1 Total number of Customers Interrupted
n CAIFI 
Ui   i ri (2) Number of Distinct Customers interrupted
(8)
i 1

 iNi
 r Nai
Ui i 1 i i
ri   n (3) Nai = Number of customers interrupted at load point i.
i  CAIFI is mostly useful in observing chronological trends
i 1
in the reliability of a particular distribution system
B. System Reliaility Indices 1
These reliability indices comprise system average Failure rate( )  (9)
MTTR
interruption frequency index (SAIFI), System average
interruption duration index: SAIDI (hours/customer/year),  Expected Repair Rate (µ) occurrence per year: This is
and energy not supplied: ENS (kWh/year). Furthermore, the frequency of repair in a calendar year and is denoted
standard IEEE set of equations are used for the analytical by (µ) and can be expressed mathematically as in eq.
evaluation of system reliability indices as defined in [12] (10).
and expressed in eq. (4-12).
 SAIDI (System Average Interruption Duration Index)
MTTR
[h/yr, cust]: This is the average duration of interruption μ (10)
per customer served. 8760
Sum of customersinterrupt durations
SAIDI   Mean Time to Failure (MTTF): Mean time to failure is
Total number of customersserved
(4) the probable time (in years) the component will remain
 UiNi
 in failed condition.
 Ni 1
Where, MTTR  MTTF  (11)

Ui =Annual expected Outage time of load point i.
Mean Time between Failures (MTBF): This is the
Ni=Total number of customers interrupted
expected time in years a component fails.
SAIDI can also be expressed as in eq. (5).
It can be expressed mathematically as in eq. (12).
SAIDI  ASUI * 8760 (5)
 Customer Average interruption duration index (CAIDI)
MTTF  MTTR
[h/int]: This is the average duration of interruption for MTBF  (12)
customers during a year. 8760
Sum of customer interrupt durations  Average Service Availability Index (ASAI): This can be
CAIDI  expressed mathematically as eq. (13)
Total number of customer interruptions
(6) customer hours of available service
 UiNi ASAI 

 iNi customers hours demanded
(13)
8760   UiNi
Ni =Total number of customers interrupted. 
8760
λi =Failure rate of each load point.
 Average energy not supplied (AENS): This can be
 System average interruption Frequency index (SAIFI)
expressed mathematically as in eq. (14).
[int/yr, cust]: This reliability index is used to measure
the average frequency and duration of supply
Total Energy not supplied
interruptions. AENS 
Total number of customers served
Total number of customer interrupt (14)
SAIFI   LiUI
Total number of customers served 
(7)  Ni
 iNi

 Ni
Where,
Li is the average load connected to load point i.
Where,
λi=the failure rate of the load point i,
Ni = the number of customers at load point i
 Average service unavailability index (ASUI): This can
be expressed mathematically as in eq. (15). A. Mofor Injection Substation
ASUI  1  ASAI  Mofor Injection Substation lies between latitude 5.5059
customer hours of un - available service  UiNi (15) o
N and longitude 5.8109oE and it is located at Ekete, Delta
 State, Nigeria. This Substation station feeds about forty-eight
customers hours demanded 8760
thousand (48,000) customers residing in Ekete and
 m
Unavailability  1 
Orhuwhorun environs through its two outgoing feeders.
 1 (16)
 mr Fig. 1 shows the network diagram of the Mofor
Injection Substation taking its source from the 33KV PTI
transmission line. The voltage level is stepped down to 11kV
III. RELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF MOFOR INJECTION by the 15MVA Transformer and distributed to its consumers
SUBSTATION using two outgoing feeders. In this session analytical
Distribution System interruptions are the most common equations (1-16) are used in evaluating the Reliability Mofor
in Power system. In this session, the reliability indices are Injection Substation.
evaluated for Mofor Substation using historical data on the
frequency, durations of failures and repair time on the
distribution network.

Transmission from PTI

CB2 CB1
G1

33kV
15MVA
11kV

CB4 CB3

CB6 CB7 CB8 CB9 CB10 CB11

11kV CB12 CB13 CB14 CB15
11kV 11kV 11kV 11kV
11kV 11kV 11kV 11kV 11kV

500kVA 500kVA
500kVA 500kVA 500kVA 500kVA 500kVA 500kVA
415V 415V 415V 415V 415V 500kVA 415V 500kVA
415V 415V 415V
415V

Figure 1. Network diagram of Mofor Injection Substation

 IV. ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
Reliability assessment carried out on Mofor Injection
Substation based on daily statistical data obtained from the
substation for the period of 12 months, analysis made have
been represented in tabular and graphical form to reflect the
true state of the substation.
Table 1 and Fig. 2 show the monthly availability of power
supply in Mofor Injection Substation, which was obtained
from system parameters such as Monthly outages, total
monthly hours (TH) and Monthly service hours (SH). Ekete
Substation had its highest availability in the month of April
2017 with an availability of 87.0833 % , while Orhuwhorun
had its highest availability of 88.75 % in the month of May.
Average power availability at Ekete Substation was 76.83795
%, while Orhuwhorun feeder had a higher availability of
76.8968%, though this value is lesser than the IEEE standard
of 99.989%.
Also, from Fig.3 the month of July recorded the highest
number of faults in Mofor Injection Substation for the year
under review, while, the month of May, had the least number
of fault. However, Ekete feeder had the highest frequency of
outages (52.4%) for the year under study, which implies the
higher cost of maintenance and higher cost of energy not
supplied (ENS).
On the other hand, Orhuwhorun feeder had the lesser
number of outages (47.6%), and consequently having a higher
power availability.

Table 1. Monthly Power Availability of Mofor Injection Substation

Month Feeder No of Average Total Monthly Total Monthly Monthly Monthly

Outages duration of Outages(Hours) Hours(TH) Service Percentage
λ(f/month) Outages(hours) Occ/month Hours(SH) Availability (%)
January Ekete 26 5.5 143 744 601 80.77957
2017 Orhuwhorun 18 8 144 600 80.64516
February Ekete 22 8 176 672 496 78.80952
2017 Orhuwhorun 27 6.5 175.5 496.5 73.88392
March Ekete 28 6.5 182 744 538 72.3118
2017 Orhuwhorun 20 7.5 150 570 76.6129
April Ekete 26 4.5 117 720 627 87.0833
2017 Orhuwhorun 18 4.5 81 639 88.75000
May 2017 Ekete 22 5.5 121 744 623 83.73656
Orhuwhorun 19 8.5 161.5 582.5 78.29301
June 2017 Ekete 22 6.5 143 720 577 80.13889
Orhuwhorun 26 5.5 143 577 80.13889
July 2017 Ekete 31 8.5 263.5 744 480.5 64.58333
Orhuwhorun 32 9.5 304 440 59.13978
August Ekete 23 7.5 172.5 744 571.5 76.81452
2017 Orhuwhorun 21 7.5 157.5 586.5 78.83064
Septembe Ekete 34 4.5 153 720 567 78.75000
r 2017 Orhuwhorun 27 5.5 148.5 571.5 79.37500
October Ekete 30 7.0 210 744 534 71.77419
2017 Orhuwhorun 27 7 189 555 74.59677
November Ekete 25 6.5 162.5 720 557.5 77.43056
2017 Orhuwhorun 32 6.5 208 512 71.11111
December Ekete 29 7.5 217.5 744 526.5 70.76613
2017 Orhuwhorun 21 7.5 157.5 586.5 78.83064
Average Ekete 26.5 6.5 171.75 728 558.25 76.83795
Orhuwhorun 24 7 168.29 559.71 76.8968
 duration of outage and has 716.25kWh of energy not
supplied (ENS).

Table 3. ENS evaluation at Ekete feeder

Load Number of Duration of Energy not supplied
points customers interruptions ( ENS ) kWh
disconnected (hours)
1 4900 102 499.8
2 3600 99 356.4
3 4700 109 512.3
4 4210 126 530.46
5 3790 122 462.38
Total 21200 558.25 2361.34

Table 4. Interruptions on Orhuwhorun feeder

Load Number of Duration of Energy

Figure 2. Power Availability at each feeder in Mofor Injection points customers interruptions not
Substation disconnected (hours) supplied
(kWh)
6 4550 109 495.95
7 5730 125 716.25
8 4987 138 688.2
9 5621 115 646.4
10 5612 72 404.1
Total 26500 559 2950.9

Figure 3. Monthly Feeders Outages.

Table 2 gives a summary of the annual outage duration

(hr/yr) of 5.646 and 5.4277 for Ekete and Orhuwhorun
substation respectively. Furthermore, fig. 4 gives a
comprehensive summary of reliability indices SAIFI
(interruptions/customer), SAIDI (hours/Customer), CAIDI
(hr/Customer interruption), ASAI (pu), ASUI (pu) and
AENS (kWh/customer year) obtained from this study.

Table 2. Load point summary Indices for Ekete feeder and Orhuwhorun
feeder.
Ekete Feeder Average Average Average Annual Outage
number outage Outage duration(hr/yr) Figure 4. Summary of Reliability indices of Mofor Injection Substation.
of rate duration
customer (f/day) (hr)
21200 0.8548 2061 5.646
Orhuwhorun 26500 0.7742 2018.4 5.4277 V. CONCLUSION
Feeder The reliability analysis reveals a power availability
(ASAI) of 0.7683796 and 0.768968 for Ekete and
Table 3 and Table 4 shows the average duration of Orhuwhorun substation respectively due to the
interruptions (hours) and energy not supplied (ENS) kWh unavailability of strategically placed distributed
for the various load points in the network. It is seen that generators (DGs). Consequently, ASUI values of
load point 5 on Ekete feeder has the highest duration of 0.2315104 and 0.230922 were obtained respectively.
outage (126 hours) for the year, and consequently has Also, load point 5 and 7 have been identified as the
530.46kWh of energy not supplied (ENsS). Apparently, weakest link in Ekete feeder and Orhuwhurun feeder
load point 8 on Orhuwhorun feeder has the highest respectively. Other reliability indices for Ekete and
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power system reliability evaluation using modified minimal
hours/customer year, CAIDI as 6.605 and 7.010
cut set approach,” Alexandria Eng. J., pp. 4–11, 2017.
hours/customer interruption, and SAIFI as 0.8548, 0.7742 [7] N. Sabpayakom and S. Sirisumrannukul, “Power losses
failures/ customer year. Furthermore, the study revealed reduction and reliability improvement in distribution system
Single line to ground fault (SLG) as having the highest with Very Small Power Producers,” Energy Procedia, vol.
100, no. September, pp. 388–395, 2016.
frequency of occurrence. The month of July also recorded
[8] V. Rexhepi, B. Lacarrière, and O. Le, “An Analysis of Power
the highest number of outages (63) and correspondingly Transformer Outages and Reliability Monitoring,” Energy
has the least power availability on both feeders, which can Procedia, vol. 141, pp. 418–422, 2017.
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[13] G.C Dumakude1, A.G Swanson, R. Stephen and I.E Davidson
VI. RECOMMENDATION “Power Distribution System Reliability Improvement Through
the Application of Smart Technology,” in Proc. 2016 , 24th
To improve on the power availability of Mofor Injection Southern African Universities Power Engineering Conf.,
Substation, renewable energy Sources (RES) should be February, 2016.
incorporated into the energy mix of Mofor Injection
Substation, while Mini-grid should be encouraged for
remote areas. Also, continuity of power supply can be
ensured by use of strategically placed distributed
generators (DGs) to supplement the Supply from PTI
transmission station. Furthermore, the incorporation of
Supervisory Control and data acquisition system
(SCADA) will help to improve its Power availability
while remotely monitoring power system operations thus
ensuring a reduced critical clearing time (CCT) and
ensuring an efficient fault clearing process.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors gratefully acknowledge the cooperation of
the staff of Mofor Injection Substation, Delta State,
Nigeria ,for providing relevant data used for this research.
Also special thanks to the founder of the university, Aare
Afe Babalola for providing the serene environment for this
research.
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