Republic of Philippines

SULTAN KUDARAT STATE UNIVERSITY

College of Teacher Education
Access Campus

LESSON 1: HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF

BASKETBALL

General Objectives
To provide information that will serve as motivation for the
understanding and appreciation of basketball.

Specific Learning Objectives

1. Name the people in whose efforts in the game basketball
become known.
2. Identify the different equipment first used and the way the game was
first played.
3. State how the game developed and was adapted across the different
countries including the Philippines.
4. Provide information regarding international participation of basketball
5. Trace and explain the historical development of basketball.

Learning Objectives
1. Review the specific learning objectives.
2. Read through the lesson
3. Discuss the history and development of basketball
4. Answer the question at the end of the lesson

Background
The history and development of any sport need to be given importance
so that every generation will be able to look back, understand and appreciate
the efforts expended by some people who made possible invention to the
sports like basketball. Such endeavor was greatly appreciated and enjoyed
not only in the past but also in the present generation and most likely
generations to come. The knowledge and the understanding of the history and
development of basketball had given the sport its due respect.

History and Development of Basketball

Basketball, game played between two teams of five players each on a

rectangular court, usually indoors. Each team tries to score by tossing
the ball through the opponent’s goal, an elevated horizontal hoop
and net called a basket. Notable events and people in the development
of basketball since its invention in the late 1800s. Unlike that of most
popular sports, the origin of basketball is concise and all-American—it is the
only major sport strictly rooted in the United States. The game was created
by James Naismith, a physical education instructor, on or about December 1,
1891, at the International Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA) Training
School (now Springfield College) in Springfield, Massachusetts. Its creation
was met with great enthusiasm, and within a decade basketball became
a collegiate sport. Although the first professional league was formed in 1898,
the growth of the sport was fairly slow—albeit steady—for much of the early
1900s. It gained inclusion in the Olympic Games in 1936 and grew in
international popularity following World War II. The formation of the National
Basketball Association (NBA) in 1949 cemented the sport’s cultural
importance in the United States, where it is played on playgrounds, in
schoolyards, and on family driveways by children and adults alike. Basketball
has also been embraced around the globe, notably in Spain, Italy, China, and
Australia, where many contributions have been made to basketball’s varied
history.

In the early years the number of players on a team varied according to

the number in the class and the size of the playing area. In 1894 teams began
to play with five on a side when the playing area was less than 1,800 square
feet (167.2 square metres); the number rose to seven when the gymnasium
measured from 1,800 to 3,600 square feet (334.5 square metres) and up to
nine when the playing area exceeded that. In 1895 the number was
occasionally set at five by mutual consent; the rules stipulated five players two
years later, and this number has remained ever since.

Since Naismith and five of his original players were Canadians, it is not
surprising that Canada was the first country outside the United States to play
the game. Basketball was introduced in France in 1893, in England in 1894,
in Australia, China, and India soon thereafter, and in Japan in 1900.

While basketball helped swell the membership of YMCAs because of

the availability of their gyms, within five years the game was outlawed by
various associations because gyms that had been occupied by classes of 50
or 60 members were now monopolized by only 10 to 18 players. The
banishment of the game induced many members to terminate their YMCA
membership and to hire halls to play the game, thus paving the way to the
professionalization of the sport.

Originally, players wore one of three styles of uniforms: knee-length

football trousers; jersey tights, as commonly worn by wrestlers; or short
padded pants, forerunners of today’s uniforms, plus knee guards. The courts
often were of irregular shape with occasional obstructions such as pillars,
stairways, or offices that interfered with play. In 1903 it was ruled that all
boundary lines must be straight. In 1893 the Narragansett Machinery Co.
of Providence, Rhode Island, marketed a hoop of iron with a hammock style
of basket. Originally a ladder, then a pole, and finally a chain fastened to the
bottom of the net was used to retrieve a ball after a goal had been scored.
Nets open at the bottom were adopted in 1912–13. In 1895–96 the points for
making a basket (goal, or field goal) were reduced from three to two, and the
points for making a free throw (shot uncontested from a line in front of the
basket after a foul had been committed) were reduced from three to one.

Baskets were frequently attached to balconies, making it easy for

spectators behind a basket to lean over the railings and deflect the ball to
favour one side and hinder the other; in 1895 teams were urged to provide a
4-by-6-foot (1.2-by-1.8-metre) screen for the purpose of eliminating
interference. Soon after, wooden backboards proved more suitable. Glass
backboards were legalized by the professionals in 1908–09 and by colleges in
1909–10. In 1920–21 the backboards were moved 2 feet (0.6 metre), and in
1939–40 4 feet, in from the end lines to reduce frequent stepping out-of-
bounds. Fan-shaped backboards were made legal in 1940–41.

A soccer ball (football) was used for the first two years. In 1894 the first
basketball was marketed. It was laced, measured close to 32 inches (81 cm),
or about 4 inches (10 cm) larger than the soccer ball, in circumference, and
weighed less than 20 ounces (567 grams). By 1948–49, when the laceless
molded ball was made official, the size had been set at 30 inches (76 cm).

The first college to play the game was either Geneva College (Beaver
Falls, Pennsylvania) or the University of Iowa. C.O. Bemis heard about the
new sport at Springfield and tried it out with his students at Geneva in 1892.
At Iowa, H.F. Kallenberg, who had attended Springfield in 1890, wrote
Naismith for a copy of the rules and also presented the game to his students.
At Springfield, Kallenberg met Amos Alonzo Stagg, who became athletic
director at the new University of Chicago in 1892. The first college basketball
game with five on a side was played between the University of Chicago and
the University of Iowa in Iowa City on January 18, 1896. The University of
Chicago won, 15–12, with neither team using a substitute. Kallenberg
refereed that game—a common practice in that era—and some of the
spectators took exception to some of his decisions.

The colleges formed their own rules committee in 1905, and by 1913
there were at least five sets of rules: collegiate, YMCA–Amateur Athletic
Union, those used by state militia groups, and two varieties of professional
rules. Teams often agreed to play under a different set for each half of a
game. To establish some measure of uniformity, the colleges, Amateur
Athletic Union, and YMCA formed the Joint Rules Committee in 1915. This
group was renamed the National Basketball Committee (NBC) of the United
States and Canada in 1936 and until 1979 served as the game’s sole amateur
rulemaking body. In that year, however, the colleges broke away to form their
own rules committee, and during the same year the National Federation of
State High School Associations likewise assumed the task of establishing
separate playing rules for the high schools. The National Collegiate Athletic
Association (NCAA) Rules Committee for men is a 12-member board
representing all three NCAA divisions. It has six members from Division I
schools and three each from Divisions II and III. It has jurisdiction over
colleges, junior colleges, the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics
(NAIA), and Armed Forces basketball. There is a similar body for women’s
play.

Basketball grew steadily but slowly in popularity and importance in the

United States and internationally in the first three decades after World War II.
Interest in the game deepened as a result of television exposure, but with the
advent of cable television, especially during the 1980s, the game’s popularity
exploded at all levels. Given a timely mix of spectacular players—such
as Earvin (“Magic”) Johnson, Julius Erving (“Dr. J”), Larry Bird, and Michael
Jordan—and the greatly increased exposure, basketball moved quickly to the
forefront of the American sporting scene, alongside such traditional leaders as
baseball and gridiron football. Four areas of the game developed during this
period: U.S. high school and college basketball, professional basketball,
women’s basketball, and international basketball.

In the early years games were frequently won with point totals of less
than 30, and the game, from the spectator’s viewpoint, was slow. Once a
team acquired a modest lead, the popular tactic was to stall the game by
passing the ball without trying to score, in an attempt to run out the clock. The
NBC, seeing the need to discourage such slowdown tactics, instituted a
number of rule changes. In 1932–33 a line was drawn at midcourt, and the
offensive team was required to advance the ball past it within 10 seconds or
lose possession. Five years later, in 1937–38, the centre jump following each
field goal or free throw was eliminated. Instead, the defending team was
permitted to inbound the ball from the out-of-bounds line underneath the
basket. Decades passed before another alteration of like magnitude was
made in the college game. After experimentation, the NCAA Rules Committee
installed a 45-second shot clock in 1985 (reduced to 35 seconds in 1993),
restricting the time a team could control the ball before shooting, and one year
later it implemented a three-point shot rule for baskets made beyond a
distance of 19.75 feet (6.0 metres). In 2008 the three-point line was moved to
20.75 feet (6.3 metres) from the basket.

More noticeable alteration in the game came at both the playing and
coaching levels. Stanford University’s Hank Luisetti was the first to use and
popularize the one-handed shot in the late 1930s. Until then the only outside
attempts were two-handed push shots. In the 1950s and ’60s a shooting style
evolved from Luisetti’s push-off one hander to a jump shot, which is released
at the top of the jump. West Virginia University guard Jerry West and Purdue
University’s Rick Mount were two players who demonstrated the devastating
effectiveness of this shot.

Coaching strategy changed appreciably over the years. Frank W.

Keaney, coach at the University of Rhode Island from 1921 to 1948, is
credited with introducing the concept of “fast break” basketball, in which the
offensive team rushes the ball upcourt hoping to get a good shot before the
defense can get set. Another man who contributed to a quicker pace of play,
particularly through the use of the pressure defense, was Adolph Rupp, who
became the University of Kentucky’s coach in 1931 and turned its program
into one of the most storied in basketball history.

Defensive coaching philosophy, similarly, has undergone change.

Whereas pioneer coaches such as Henry Iba of Oklahoma A&M University
(now Oklahoma State University) or Long Island University’s Clair Bee taught
strictly a man-to-man defense, the zone defense, developed by Cam
Henderson of Marshall University in West Virginia, later became
an integral part of the game.

Over the years one of the rules makers’ chief concerns was to
neutralize the advantage of taller players. At 6 feet 5 inches (1.96 metres) Joe
Lapchick was considered very tall when he played for the Original Celtics in
the 1920s, but, as even taller players appeared, rules were changed in
response. To prevent tall players from stationing themselves near the basket,
a rule was instituted in 1932–33 prohibiting the player with the ball from
standing inside the foul lane with his back to the basket for more than three
seconds; the three-second rule later applied to any attacking player in the foul
lane. In 1937–38 a new rule forbade any player from touching the ball when it
was in the basket or on its rim (basket interference), and in 1944–45 it
became illegal for any defending player to touch the ball on its downward
flight toward the basket (goaltending)

The first NCAA tournament was played in 1939, and its growth took
place in three stages. The first era ran through 1964, when it was essentially a
tournament for champions of various conferences. There were just eight
teams in the 1939 field, and by 1963 it had been expanded to 25 teams, all
champions of their respective conferences, plus several successful
independent teams. The most outstanding teams of the 1940s and ’50s
participated in both the NCAA and NIT tournaments, but, after the gambling
scandals that followed the 1950 NIT championship, a rule was passed
prohibiting a team from playing in both. Afterward the NCAA tournament
progressively outgrew the NIT.

The first professional league was the National Basketball League

(NBL), formed in 1898.Clara Baer, who introduced basketball at the H. Sophie
Newcomb College for Women in New Orleans, influenced the women’s style
of play with her set of women’s rules, published in 1895. On receiving a
diagram of the court from Naismith, Baer mistook dotted lines, indicating the
areas in which players might best execute team play, to be restraining lines,
with the result that the forwards, centres, and guards were confined to
specified areas. This seemed appropriate because many thought that the
men’s game was too strenuous for women.

Women’s rules over the years frequently have been modified. Until
1971 there were six players on a team, and the court was so divided that the
three forwards played in the frontcourt and did all the scoring while the three
guards covered the backcourt. Senda Berenson staged the first women’s
college basketball game in 1893 when her freshman and sophomore Smith
College women played against one another. In April 1895 the women of
the University of California, Berkeley, played Stanford University. Despite a
multitude of hindrances (such as being thought unladylike), women’s
basketball gradually secured a foothold. In 1971, when women’s rules were
changed to reduce the number on a team from six players to five and women
were freed from the limits imposed by the half-court game, the level of
individual skills and competition quickly rose.

In the early 1980s control of the women’s college game was shifted
from the Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (AIAW) to the
NCAA, a move that not only streamlined the operation and made it more
efficient but also added to the visibility of women’s basketball. The women’s
NCAA championship tournament runs concurrently with the men’s, and many
of the games are nationally televised. Women’s basketball became an
Olympic sport in 1976.

Individual women stars have been heavily recruited by colleges, but the
players frequently found that there was no opportunity for them to play beyond
the college level. Leagues were occasionally formed, such as the Women’s
Professional Basketball League (WPBL); begun in 1978, the WPBL lasted
only three years. Eventually filling the void was the Women’s National
Basketball Association (WNBA). Aligned with the powerful NBA, the WNBA
held its inaugural season in 1997 with eight teams. By 2006 the WNBA had
grown to 14 teams, though following the season the Charlotte Sting
disbanded, and in 2008 the WNBA’s inaugural champion, the Houston
Comets, also folded. The Sacramento Monarchs disbanded in 2009. The
Eastern Conference consists of the Atlanta Dream, the Chicago Sky,
the Connecticut Sun (in Uncasville), the Indiana Fever (in Indianapolis),
the New York Liberty (in New York City), and the Washington (D.C.) Mystics.
The Western Conference comprises the Dallas Wings, the Las Vegas Aces,
the Los Angeles Sparks, the Minnesota Lynx (in Minneapolis), the Phoenix
Mercury, and the Seattle Storm. Women’s professional basketball is played
during the summer months.
LESSON 2 : Facilities and Equipments in Basketball

a.Dimensions: The playing court is a rectangle measuring 28m x 15m.

b. Boundary Lines: Lines (5cm in width) which are out of bounds (side-
lines, end lines).

c. Center Circle: Radius of 1.8m (outer edge).

d. Center Line: Front Court and Back Court (Back court includes center line.)

e.Three-point Field Goal Area: The shot must be made from completely within
the area.
g. Backboards. are made of wood, glass, or fiberglass.
h. Baskets

i. Ball: Of leather or rubber material, 75-78 cm in circumference; 600-650

grams in weight. It must bounce not less than 1.20m and not more than
1.40m in height.

j. Technical Equipment: game clock/stop watch, 24-35 second device, score

sheet, score board, foul markers.
k. Basketball Jersey

l. Basketball Shoes

m. Basketball Socks
n. Basketball Clipboard, Marker, and Eraser

o. Bags and Backpack

p. Whistle - Fox 40 CMG Whistle + Wrist Lanyard

Other equipments:
Headbands
Basketball Compression Sleeve
Basketball Towel
Wristband
Ball Pump

LESSON 3 : PARTICIPANTS AND OFFICIALS

( Their Duties Responsibilities and Functions)
GENERAL OBJECTIVE
-To be able to identify the different participants and officials and their Duties and
functions in conducting a successful game of basketball.

SPECIFIC LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1.Identify the participants and officials of the game .Describe the duties and functions
of each.

2.Differentiatea personal foul from atechnical foul(who can commit such and in what
occasion).
3.Be familiar with the duties and responsibilities of basketball officials.
4.Discuss the duties of the referee,umpire,recorder,scorer,and 30-secondoperator.
5.Discuss the power and responsibilities of the coach,assistant , coach and team
captain.

LEARNINGACTIVITIES
1.Review the specific learning objectives.
2.Read through the lesson.
3.Discuss the different functions and duties of each participant and officials of the
game.
4.Observeanon-going basketball game Take note of the responsibilities of each
official.
5.Enumerate the duties,responsibilities,and the functions of each participant and
official of a basketball game.
RATIONALE FOR THE USE OF THIS INFORMATION
-knowing the participants and officials of basketball game will whether he is a
spectator or sportsman and gain the knowledge of managing the game if the is an
active player of the sport.

PLAYERS,SUBSTITUTES,AND COACHES
 The team is composed of a coach, an assistant coach prayers not more than
12.
 Once the game started the players may not leave the court to gain an Unfair
advantage. During the game, the team captain should advise the Official who
his replacement is when substituted
 The coach must advise the scorer with name and numbers of players, name
of team captain,thecoach,and the assistant coach 20 minutes before the start
of a game.
OFFICIALS AND THEIR DUTIES
-The officials and their assistant during the game are the referee umpire,time keeper,
two scorer and a 30 second operator.
The Duties and Powers of the Referee are:
1.Inspect and approve all equipment.
2.Start the game with a toss of the coin and whoever wins takes the choice of
Baskets.
3.Toss the ball to start the game.
4.Declare the for feiture or default of a game.
5.Make decisions on any point not specially covered in the rules.
6.Check the scorebook two minutes before the game to see if names and numbers of
ball players are listed and the starting line-up or first five of the team is twisted.
7.Check the scorebook and the scoreboard at the end of each quarter(if the game is
in quarters)or half (if the game is conducted in halves).
8.Decide whether a goal shall count in case of conflict in the decisions.
9.Suspend the game for unsportsmanlike conduct and behavior,restore
Order and discipline in the game, and discontinue the game if order is not restored.
10.Make decisions on any point not covered in the situations on or off the court
during playing time intermissions.

Duties of Officials – Referee and Umpire

1.Conduct the game in accordance with the rules.
2.Exchange their positions after each foul or jump ball decision.
3.Callviolations, fouls, and Tie balls in the assigned zone.
4.Ordertime-out or time in.
5.Administer jump ball and penalties for violations.
6.Assist to whom the ball belong son free throws ,time-outs, or out-of bound splays.
7.Blow whistle, Signal time-out, designate the offender ,and announce the name of
the foul for the recorder and other bench Officials to know.
8.Give permission to players to leave the court and beckon substitutes into the game.
9.Secure the game ball in order that neither team uses it for practice.
10.Indicate goals by giving aim Signal and call foul for unsportsmanlike conduct and
remove offender from the game if necessary.

The referee and Umpire’s Duties start 20 minutes Before the game and Terminate
with the
Expiration of playing time Neither official shall have The authority to set-aside
question decisions made by the other
There are two kinds of foul that the official can call .y is a personal foul if it involves
Pushing,Charging,Tripping,Holding,and Body contact of an individual player. The foul
become technical. If is committed by unsportsmanlike conduct either by the player or
Officials of the team , illegal entry ,of the player and exercise time outs more that
the allowed time a coach can call.
For personal foul, the offender is charged with one foul and the offended player is
awarded(a)one free basket was made (b)two free throws if the foul occurred durra
field goal attempt and the basket was missed and (c) no free throw but the ball is
awarded to offended player’s team if it was before the fifth common team foul of the
half ( if played by quarters )
Or before common team foul (if the game played in halves)

Duties of Scorers
1.Record points scored, player Foul, team foul and charged Time-out in the official
Scorebook of the game.
2.Sound a signal for and cheese time out.

Duties of the Timers

.1.One timer will keep record of playing time, and time of stoppage.
2.Handlethestopclockplacedinfrontofhimon at able for two timers to see.
3.A second stop watch is used in timing time-outs. The timer is provided with a horn
to notify
The expiration of the playing time me.
4.One of the timers shall operate the 30-seconds device and indicate violation by
Sounding the Signal.

5.Notify Officials and timer when there are two Minutes or less remaining in fourth
quarter or
Second half.

Lesson 4: Stretching Activities Before and After

the Game
STRETCHING

Stretching relaxes your mind and tunes up your body. Regular stretching
will reduce muscle tension and make the body feel more relaxed and help
coordination by allowing for more free and easier movement.

The Stretches
LESSON 5: FUNDAMENTAL MOVEMENTS IN BASKETBALL

General Objectives
To be able to introduce, identify, and execute the different fundamental
movements used in the game of basketball.

Specific Learning Objectives

1. Acquire the habit of good basic basketball position for quick
movements and agile reflex action
2. Identify the best foot placement, weight distribution, head and trunk
position while playing basketball
3. Practice one's footwork and body control
4. Use the fundamental movements in starts, steps, and stops for
efficient and effective basketball stance
5. Execute effective pivots, turns, and circular motions in playing
basketball
Improve the jumping skills of the player

Rationale for the use of this information

One of the first and foremost tasks is to teach the individual how to
move and control his body. Fundamental movements are sometimes called
the basics of basket ball. They are essential tools for each person to learn.

To teach the person to move effectively (because the bottom line is

getting the job done) and also efficiently (moving the best way) is the reason
to discuss this topic. The teacher has to teach the student to conserve time
and space and to reduce wasted motion so he can develop balance and
quickness with a purpose.

Basketball is a game of quickness (hand and foot) and speed (overall

body motion) used at the proper time. One should continually emphasize the
principle of doing things right, doing things quickly, and then making the right
move quickly at the right time.

Basic Stance in Basketball

The students need to learn to be ready to move at all times, developing
the habit of a good basic position to ready them for quick movements.
Teach them the feeling of good position. This means being ready for
anything, and feeling quick. If the basic position is consistently emphasized
the individual will soon learn to assume it automatically.

1. Foot Position
he best foot position in most situations is the staggered stance. Feet
should be about shoulder width apart, with the heel of one foot along the
same horizontal line as the toes of the other.
Figure 10. The staggered stance
(top view). A heel and-toe relationship,
shoulder- width apart.

The parallel stance used in side-to-side movement, as well as for

catching the ball and stopping, stopping after dribbling, and responding when
a defender moves laterally.

Figure 11. The parallel stance (top view).

Toe-to-toe relationship, shoulder-width
apart.

Weight Distribution- Body weight should be evenly distributed from side to

side, from front to back, and between feet, to maintain equilibrium. Heels
should be down, with most of the weight on the balls of the feet, although
pressure is felt on the toes and heels.

Head and Trunk Position- The head is the key for good balance. Make the
player keep the head centered over the support base. It should also be
centered from front to back. The player should be taught an erect trunk
position with shoulders, back, and trunk slightly forward of the vertical plane.
(See illustration)

Figure 12. Head, the key to balance, carried up

and alert the apex of the triangle.
Arms and Legs - The joints of the ankles, knees, hips, shoulders, elbows,
and wrists should be relaxed and ready. The hands and arms should be bent
and kept close to the body for balance and quickness. "Stay low" to maintain
a low center of gravity for stability.

 Be ready for action.

 Keep knees bent with hands and head up; get low.
 Stay in the stance.
 Keep weights on the whole foot with the heels down.

COACHING TIPS FOR BASIC POSITION

The Starts, Steps, and Stops in Basketball

Starts- This is the first skill that uses basic position the player must learn.
There is a shifting of weight in the desired direction of movement in making a
quick start. Teach the players to keep their feet in contact with the floor as
much as possible.(See illustration)

Figure 13. Moving laterally left weight

to the desired direction of
movement (over left foot

Front Foot First - From the basic position shift the weight in the direction of
the movement and start by taking the first step with the nearest foot. To move
to the right, the first step is taken with the right foot and vis-a-vis.

Point-Push-Pull - This is used on defensive mode. The player should use a

sliding motion keeping feet aligned to the shoulder, using very short, quick
shuffle steps. The lead foot points in the direction of desired movement as a
short, quick slide step (lead foot first) is taken. This is quickly followed by a
pulling slide step taken with the trail foot to regain basic position. (See
illustration)
 Figure 14. Point
and Push

COACHING TIPS FOR STARTS

Be ready to start by maintaining basic stance.
Learn that using the floor works to your advantage; keep feet on the floor
when starting.
Shift your weight in the desired direction of movement, and lead with the
head moving first in that direction.

 Stay down when starting

 For defensive slides, use the point-push-pull technique.
 Use the principle of front or lead foot first.
 Move and start in straight lines

Steps (Pivot) - This is the motion that rotates the body in a circular fashion
around the ball of one foot while the player maintains basic position to secure
the ball in the defensive stance or on offense. The area is approximately one-
meter radius.

For beginning all motion changes, the pivot is one of the most important
player tools for quickness and balance. It is also one of the least used and
poorly learned skills in basketball. It can be done with either foot as the
stationary center of rotation. When body rotation is toward the front, the pivot
is called the front turn. Likewise, a rear turn is used to pivot a player's back
side to the rear. The pivot is the first move that players use when changing
from one position to another and when rebounding. (See illustrations)
Figure 15. Right foot pivot-front turn. Starting position (a) and ending position
(b)

Figure 16. Pivoting: a rotation of the body where the ball of the non-pivoting
foot remains stationary.

Figure 18. Changing position (a) and rebounding (b)

The Pivot Foot
 Pivoting is a restricted motion. The player's position upon getting
the ball determines which foot becomes the pivot foot:
 If the player catches the ball in the air, the first foot that touches the
ground becomes the pivot foot.
 If the player catches the ball with both feet on the ground, he can
choose his pivot foot; if the ball is caught while one foot is on the
ground, that foot becomes the pivot foot.

The only way to free the pivot foot while retaining possession of the ball is to
start dribbling.

COACHING TIPS FOR STEPS

 Stay down in basic stance and keep the head level.
 Keep the feet wide apart.
 Maintain balance and keep the head up.
 Pivot quickly but properly.
 Use the pivot to turn up to a half turn (180 degrees); repeat pivots if more
turning is necessary.

Stops- There are two recommended Basketball stops used by players.

These are (1) the one count "quick stop," and (2) the two-count “stride stop”.
These stops are used when the player is able to use balance position,
properly, move quickly and finally, stop quickly with balance and control.

The Quick Stop- This a jump stop. When running, a player does a quick stop
by jumping surface, and landing allel or staggered stance. Both feet hit the
floor at the same time. For getting into quick basic position for shooting,
passing, or dribbling, the quick stop is used. It can be used very effectively
after dribbling or receiving a pass. (See illustration.)

Figure 20. Quick stop (a) and landing in basic position (b).
The Stride Stop
This action is a two-count stop executed by landing on the rear foot
(first count) with the front foot hitting immediately afterward (second count). It
is used primarily to reverse direction when running forward.

COACHING TIPS FOR STOPS

 Use the quick stop when running.
 When running and changing direction, use the stride stop.
 For quick stop, jump from one foot and land in basic position on two feet
at once.
 Stay close to the floor.
 Stay low making the stride stop.
LESSON 6 : BALLHANDLING
According to Krause (1991), ball handling encompasses all offensive moves
with the basketball – passing, dribbling, catching, shooting, individual moves
and rebounding. This lesson’s discussion of ball handling includes only the
skills of passing, catching, and dribbling. Passing and catching are the most
important of all the individual offensive fundamentals with the ball. Dribbling is
the secondary offensive weapon that should never be misused or overused.

BALLHANDLING
In Physical Education Handbook of Belmonte et al, good ball handling is
considered a big asset to a team. Once a team has possession of the ball, the
handler seldom commits error of bad passing and receiving. Fancy or
sensational ball handling may come one when one has mastered the
orthodox way of handling the ball. Fancy ball handling is good if no error is
committed.

PASSING
There are several ways of passing a ball. A ball may be passed with one hand
or two hands. It may be straight to the chest, it may be thrown above
intercepting opponent, or it may bounced. The ball maybe thrown from a low
position or in high position; for example, a player jumps high, keeps the ball
above his head with two hands, and flicks the ball to his teammate while still
on the jump.

TYPE OF PASSES

CHEST PASS
This pass is used when there is no one between the thrower and receiver.
The ball is gripped in front of the chest with both hands and thrust forward by
the arm and a flick of the wrists. The chest pass is the basic air pass for
effective, efficient ball movement.

BOUNCE PASS
This pass is recommended primarily for backdoor moves and emergencies,
when passer must get out of a trap or when the defender is playing in high-
passing lanes. The pass should be thrown hard enough that it bounces up to
the receiver at the hip level. For more power, players should step forward with
the pass.
BASEBALL PASS
A baseball pass is used to throw the long pass (usually over half court length).
Players should keep two hands on the ball as long as possible. They should
use a stance with the body parallel to the sidelines and then plant the back
foot, step with the front foot, and throw the ball by the ear similar to the
baseball Cather's throw.

OVERHEAD PASS
This is a valuable pass over the defense.
The position of the ball allows the passer to show the ball and use the pass
fakes. Teach players to keep the ball up by throwing to a high target. This
pass is hard to handle when it is dropping. For more power, players should
step forward with the pass.

PUSH PASS
This is a quick pass used to pass through or by a closely guarding defender.
The pass is made above or below the defender’s arm after finding an opening
through which to pass.

CATCHING
Catching or receiving the ball is an act that controls some offensive move of a
team against the opponent. Catching the ball in a basketball game needs
concentration and accurate reflexes with agility and high coordination
movement. A little “give” with the hands and arms to absorb the recoil is very
important for an effective and controlled receiving of the thrown ball. A player
should move to meet a basketball when catching it.
LESSON 7 : SHOOTING

Shooting is the backbone of the game. It is the point that counts, and the team
that make the baskets more than the opponent in a given time wins the game.
It can be made from a run, jump, pivot, or stationary position. A player can
make a long or short shots from side, in front, or underneath the basket. It is
on this regard that the following principles should be essentially borne in mind.

SHOTS – the ultimate purpose of every move in the game is to get a player
into a good scoring position. The accuracy of a shot at the basket depends on
balance and speed of execution. Jumping and throwing are two separate
movements that must be properly coordinated.

JUMP SHOT –this is the most common shot because of the tremendous
opportunities it provides particularly for 3-point shots. One hand is used to
hold the ball in place, and the other to shoot it toward the basket. The ball is
released at the top of the jump.

LAY-UP –after charging past opponents, the player jumps close to the basket
and lays the ball in. The player’s wrist remains stiff while the hand pushes the
ball in from underneath.

DUNK –the player dunks or jams the ball into the basket with one or both
hands, thus preventing any opponent from stopping it. This is the most
spectacular shot.

Teaching players the shooting skill and develop them to become shooting
ROBOTs –scoring machines.
This acronym means:

R-ange
O-pen
B-alance
O-ne
T-eammate

2 DIFFERENT ELEMENTS

1. THE APPROACH –This is the acceleration phase toward the basket.

Keep the ball on the side away from the defender. The last dribble is
 timed when using a dribble dive. As a beginner, use a “gallop” move
with a lay-up.

2. THE JUMP –Raise the knee when jumping and straighten it just before
the peak of the jump. The players should (1) use the backboard to their
advantage, (2) shoot softly with a feather touch, and (3) focus on the
ball and the target.

For a beginner to have an effective and accurate set-and-jump shot, some

pointers are to be considered:

1. BALANCE- A shooter needs to be on balance to get a good shot.

2. GRIP- The grip is done by placing the ball in the shooting hand while
holding the palm up in front of the body.
3. WRIST- Cock the wrist back and lock it for the action.
4. ELBOW- The elbow should be kept up and in front of the wrist.
5. TARGET- Focus on a specific target on the rim or the backboard.
6. RELEASE- Thrust the ball up towards the target.
7. FOLLOW-TRHOUGH- Complete the elbow extension with a follow-
through motion.

THE FREE THROW SHOOTING

A free throw is the privilege given player to score one or two points by
unhindered throw for a goal from within the free throw circle and behind the
free throw line.

The difference of free throw to field goal shooting are alignment (foot
position), keeping the weight forward, focusing on the same specific target for
each shot, pausing at the bottom of the shot, and establishing a ritual. See the
illustration for a complete free throw technique. Players should know how a
good shot looks and feels and be able to shoot free throws with eyes closed.
A shot should be executed with controlled tension –not too relaxed or too
tight.
LESSON 8:
REBOUNDING

Rebounding is the skill used to regain control of the ball. One must
understand that having the ball in your possession will control the game and
the team can either gain or lose points.
Rebounding is gaining possession of the ball after an unsuccessful shooting
attempt.
Rebounding is either defensive (at opponent's court) or offensive (at your
own team's basket). The keys to effective rebounding are positioning of
players, aggressiveness, and timing of the jump.

Rebounding Tools

Rebounding requires discipline. The keys to rebounding are determination

and technique although height and jumping ability are advantages.

Reasons For Rebounding

Rebounding is a very important skill the players should have due to its
importance in getting and maintaining control of the ball while playing
basketball and its key role in the offense of any team.
The following are the reasons for rebounding:

1. Ball Possession - All players like to shoot the basketball. It may sound
simple but without ball possession a player cannot make a shot.
2. Fast Break - In the same as ball possession, the ability of a team to begin
a fast break depends entirely on rebounding and turnovers by opponents.
That is the reason why teams with a well-developed fast break are also the
teams that have effective defensive rebounders.
3. Winning - There is a high correlation of successful rebounding with winning
a basketball game. A team that gains possession of the ball can make an
offensive maneuver. An effective rebounder allows a team to pull ahead.

General Rebounding Techniques

The following fundamentals of rebounding are listed below:
1. See the shot.
2. Assume the shot will be missed.
3. Locate the opponent.
4. Go to the opponent and block out.
5. Go to the ball.
6. Get and maintain possession of the ball.
7. Move the ball out or down the court.

Players have to learn some of the skills to be done after an offensive rebound
is successfully executed.
1.Ball Tipping - It involves slapping at the ball with both hands to the basket.
2. Shot without Dribbling - Player should be encouraged to go up with the
shot after a rebound without dribbling the ball.
3. Shot after Dribbling- This occasion is called for when the rebound is done
away from the basket and has an open lane to the goal.
4. Passing after Rebounding - The pass is the second option after shooting.
Thus a player should locate a teammate to whom he could pass the ball for
an easy shot.

5. Dribbling after Rebounding - This option is done when a shot or a pass is

impossible to make. In this situation, the dribbling player is always sur-
rounded by the defensive team so before making this decision he has to look
first for a shot, and then for a passing opportunity before dribbling when they
get an offensive rebound.

Coaching Tips For Rebounding

 Rebounding is the responsibility of all players on the team.

 Ball possession, the fast break, and winning are all closely associated
with good rebounding.
 The best rebounding technique emphasizes blocking out the opposing
player. Blocking out techniques include the following:
1. Being aware when a shot is taken and assuming it will be a miss.
2. Finding, going to, and blocking out an opponent while paying atten- tion to
the direction and distance of the shot.
3. Going to and capturing the ball and getting it into protected position under
the chin.
Offensive rebounders should look to shoot, pass, and dribble, in that order.
Defensive rebounders should either pass, dribble, or hold the ball, depend-
ing on their skills and the situation.
 LESSON 9: OFFICIAL SIGNALS

Time Management Signals

These officiating basketball hand signals are used to communicate
between the referee and the time keeper in order to notify starting and
stopping of the clock.

Stop Clock – To stop the clock at any point in the game, the referee will
raise one hand straight over head with his palms facing out and finger tips
pointed.

Start Clock – Beginning with one hand raised above head, the start of the
clock is indicated by dropping the raised hand directly towards the floor.
Full Timeout – When an official wishes to signal for a full timeout it is
indicated by two arms spread to the sides forming a “T” shape.

Thirty Second Timeout – To indicate a thirty second timeout has been

called by one of the teams, the official will take both hands and place them
on top of his shoulders with his elbows out.

Jump Ball – When both players have control over the ball at the same
time, it is indicated by both thumbs pointing upwards with arms extended.
Substitution – If a substitute player wishes to enter the game it is
indicated by having one hand facing the time keeper, raised in a “stop”
manner, and the other hand waving the substitute player into the game.

Basketball Foul Signals

When a player commits a personal foul, the referee will give a specific
signal to indicate the type of foul and which player has committed the foul.
Player Control Foul (Charge) – One hand on the back of the head and
the other pointing in the opposite direction of the play indicates a charge
call has been made.
Hand Check – When a player commits a hand check foul, it is signaled by
having one arm extended in front of the chest with the fingers up, and the
other arm grabbing the wrist.

Blocking – If a defensive player commits a blocking foul the official will

have both hands, in fists, touching his hips, and his elbows in tight against
his body.
Holding – The holding signal is made by having one arm extended
upwards in front of the face, and the other hand grabbing the wrist.

Pushing – To signal a pushing foul, the official will have both hands
extended straight in front of him, with his palms facing outward.
Intentional Foul – When a player commits an intentional foul, the official
will put both arms above his head and cross them.

Technical Foul – To signal a technical foul has occurred the referee

will place both his hands in front of him and put them in the formation
of a letter “T”.

Double Foul – If two players have committed a foul at the same time,
the referee will put both hands, in fists, extended out towards the sides.
Illegal Hand Use – An illegal hand use foul is signaled by the official
putting both of his hands in front of him, at waist level, and grabbing
one of his wrists with the other hand.

Basketball Violation Hand Signals

A violation is a rule which is broken, but it does not result in a player
picking up a personal foul. The other team is awarded possession of
the ball.

Traveling – When a player has committed a traveling violation, the

official will signal it by placing both of his hands in front of him and
moving them in a circle.

Carrying or Palming – In order to signal a palming or carrying

violation, the referee will have one hand at the side, flipped over from
palm up to palm down.
Double Dribble – The official will signal a double dribble violation has
been committed by putting both of his hands in front of him, with palms
down, and alternating them up and down, as if dribbling a basketball.

Three Seconds – The official will indicate that a player has committed
a three second violation by having three fingers raised, and the hand
makes a swiping motion back and forth at the side.

Five Seconds – In order to signal a five second violation the official

will have five fingers raised with arm extended upward.
Ten Seconds – The ten second violation is shown when the official has
ten fingers raised with both arms extended upwards.

Kicking the Ball – When a player kicks the ball, the referee will have
one foot raised in front.
Hand signal Indicators
These indicators allow officials to communicate information to the
scorer’s table during the game.

Two Point Basket Scored – When a two point basket is scored, the
official will extend one arm parallel to the floor and point with two
fingers.

Three Point Basket Scored – The official will extend both arms
directly upwards with fingers pointed to signify that a player has scored
a Three Point Basket.
Counting – The referee indicates he is counting for a timed violation by
moving his hand back and forth from the middle of the chest to straight
in front continuously. Each movement represents one second.

Basket Counts – To indicate a basket counts, when a foul has also

occurred, the referee will drop his hand from shoulder height directly
down.
Basket Does Not Count – To “wave off” a basket, or indicate it does
not count because a foul has occurred, the referee will start with both
hands at the shoulders, elbows out, and extend hands out directly
towards the side.

Bonus Free Throws – When a player at the free throw line is to be

awarded a bonus free throw, the official will extend both of his arms out
to his sides completely straight and then move one up and down.
Lane Violation – If a player is shooting a free throw and a lane
violation occurs, the referee will signal it by raising one of his arms out
to his side and holding it there until the free throw is completed.

Conclusion
Basketball referee hand signals can seem complicated because there
are so many. Whether you are a referee, parent, player, commentator,
or just a student of the game, this referee officiating hand signal guide
will help give you a better understanding of the hand signals that
referees use on the basketball court!

LESSON 10: THE DIFFERENT OFFENSIVE PLAYS

General Objective

To be able to discuss the different offensive play used in a basketball

game.

Rationale for the use of this information

As popular saying goes, “The best defense is offense.” The following

are taken from the different offensive plays of different famous basketball
coaches.

Information Chart

ATTACKING PLAYER

DEFENDING PLAYER

PATH OF PLAYER

BALL

PATH OF BALL

PATH OF DRIBBLER

INSIDE SCREEN OUTSIDE SCREEN

 An attacking player stationed on the free-throw line or near this line

with his back to the basket is termed a Post player.

 An attacking player stationed beside or near the basket facing the rear
court is termed a Pivot player.

Play 1
Offensive player 4 whips the ball to 3 and cuts in front,
calling for the return pass. Just after 4 crosses in front of 3,
player 3 chest passes to 2 who breaks to the ball. Simultaneously, player 4
continues to the opposite corner of the court to screen player 1’s guard.

Play 2
Player 5 snaps the ball to 3 and screen blocks as
shown. Player 3 snaps the ball to 2, who comes up to meet
the pass. After 3 bounce passes to 2, he cuts to his left and
behind 5’s screen to receive a return pass from 2.

Play 3
This play may be used advantageously immediately after
Play 1. The offensive guard (4) has the ball and snaps it to 3.
Player 3 snaps the ball to 2 who meets the pass. Player 3
then drives toward the free-throw line, calling for a return
pass.

Play 4
The center (3) feints a pass to 1 and then floor-bounces
to 2. Player 2 comes up aggressively and with the proper
timing, receives the ball. Now player 3 quickly starts forward
and laterally to screen 4.

JUSTIN (SAM) BARRY

University of Southern California

Sam Barry went to Troy in 1930 from the University of Iowa. Excluding
the war years, Barry has been head baseball and basketball coach ever
since, also holding the job of assistant football coach. Under his leadership,
Trojan basketball teams have won five P.C.C., Southern Division titles and
three P.C.C., playoff championships.

Troy’s mentor was an all-around athlete at Lawrence (Wis) College where he

starred in football, baseball, and basketball.

The University of Southern California Offense

 The Southern California offense stresses ball control and steadiness
and features a delayed or deliberate style of attack. The guards control the
ball until the front line starts a play designed to open a good shot close to the
basket. The front line consists of a pivot operator (usually the center) and the
two wing men (forwards) who originate each play by moving to various
blocking spots or positions.

The formation used at Southern California might well be called a Two-

Two-One. (Two guards in the backcourt line, two forwards or wing men in a
second line with the center or pivot man in the third line working in or near the
basket and occasionally moving to the free throw line.)

Play 1
The play is set up for 2. Player 4 passes to 5 and
half screens, as shown. Player 5 passes to 3 who meets
ball, then 5 drives behind 4 and sets up block on left
side of free-throw lane.

Play 1A
This alternate is designed to free player 1 if his
guard has been switching to stop 2 in Play 1. All moves
follow Play 1 pattern until 2 starts his drive for the
basket.

Play 2
This is a scoring play for a left-hander. Player 4
passes to 5 and stops as shown. Player 5 passes to 3
and follows the ball employing an outside screen.

Play 2A
This play gives 4 the opportunity to employ a long
cut and drive around a triple block set up by 1, 2, and 3.
All moves follow Play 2 pattern until 3 checks his dribble.

Play 3
This play employs a scissors by 4 and 5 and sets up
a scoring play for 1. Player 5 passes to 4 and uses an
outside screen behind 4’s opponent to reach his blocking
position.
Play 3A
This is a scoring play for 2. Player 5 starts the play
by passing to 4 and cutting to the left side of the free-
throw lane.

Play 4
This is a scissors and double block scoring play for
5. Player 1 breaks to a post position on the free-throw
line receiving the ball from 4, who follows the pass and
cuts as shown.

Play 4A
Player 4 again passes to 1 who receives the ball at
the free-throw line. Player 2 sets up a block as shown.

JOHN W. BUNN
Springfield (Mass) College

John Bunn is a member of the National Rules Committee and an officer

of the National Basketball Coaches Association. Currently coach at
Springfield College, Bunn undoubtedly gained most prominence as coach of
the Stanford Indians during the days of Hank Luisetti and the team which
gained the national championship.

John is the author of Basketball Methods which is a standard textbook of

the game. A member of the National Association of Basketball Coaches for
twenty-five years, he was elected president in 1949.

The Springfield College Offensive Pattern

The Springfield College plan of offense is woven about a continuous

passing pattern and a fast break formation. The continuous passing pattern is
used to coordinate the movements of all players and to weld the team into a
unit. The continuous passing pattern serves as a method of playing “keep
away” or for freezing the ball at the end of the game as well as for developing
unbalanced play situations for various defenses.

CONTINUITY: 1- (5 passes to 4), 2- (2 movers to ball), 3-

(4 passes to 2), 4- (4 cuts to corner), 5-(1 moves to right
of basket), 6- (5 breaks to left side of backcourt), 7- (2
passes to 5), 8- (1 breaks to free -throw line).
Play 1
This play is set up for player 1.1 (5 passes to 4), 2-
(2 fakes to his right nad breaks back toward 4), 3-(4
passes to 2), 4-(4 breaks to the left corner)

Play 1A
This is a scoring play for player 4. 1-(5 passes to
4), 2- (2 fakes to his left and breaks back toward 4), 3- (4
passes to 2), 4- (4 cuts to left corner), 5- (2 passes to 4)
6- (2 cuts to right corner).

Play 2
This is another scoring play for player 4. 1- (5
passes to 4), 2- (2 fakes toward cor- ner and turns back),
3- (4 passes to 2), 4- (4 cuts to left corner), 5- (1 moves
to right side of lane arnd then breaks to free-throw line).

Play 2A
A dribble-scoring play for player 5 cutting off the
post at the free-throw line. 1- (5 passes to 4), 2- (2 fakes
toward basket), 3- (4 passes to 2), 4- (4 cuts to left
corner), 5- (1 moves to right side of lane and waits), 6 (5
moves to left side of court).

HOWARD G. (JAKE) CANN

New York University

Jake Cann was undoubtedly the greatest all-around athlete in New York
Univer. sity history. While he showed to great advantage in basketball, he was
also a promi- nent member of the Violet football and track teams. In 1917, he
was captain of the basketball team and 1919 leader of the football eleven.

His exploits in the National A.A.U. basketball championship tournament

in Atlanta, Georgia, in 1920, in which he scored thirty-two field goals to help
N. Y.U win the national crown, earned him the award as the "greatest
basketball player in the world."

NEW YORK UNVERSITY's BASIC FORMATION NUMBER 1

(Figure Eight)
 In outlining two basic formations it should be clearly understood that
these formations are adopted only after the fast break has been attempted or
is impossible. These formations are (1) The Figure Bight, and (2) The Single
Pivot.

Figure Eight Formation

Movement of the players on this formation is easily followed by noting

the change of positions 1,2,3,4, and 5. In this formation, the center is not
necessarily used as the pivot man although he is in that position more often
than any other player. The guards (4) and (5) are in charge of the backcourt
and if a play calls for them to cut through, they are replaced by the forwards
(2) and (3). A tall forward (3) is stationed in one of the corners and frequently
replaces the center (1) in the pivot position.

Split-the-Post Play
A simple split-the-post play showing
movement of the players in the circulation used in
the single pivot formation.
Play 1 Moving Pivot
This play starts with three men in the backcourt and a man in each
corner. Player 4 dribbles to a sliding pivot position in the left corner.

Play 1A
In play 1, the defense may or may not
switch to stop the split-the-post tactics of 1 and 2.

Play 2. Guard Around

This play originates from the Single Pivot
formation and has proven especially effective. It is
used consistently to both sides.

Play 2A
The player 4 does not succeed in freeing
himself from his guard, pivot player 1 passes the
ball to 5 who has stopped after screening. for 4.

Play 3
Success depends upon proper timing,
passing and l cutting. The center of the court
must be kept open.

Play 3A
This alternate play is used often to con-
fuse scouting notes. Player 2 again passes to 1
and cuts diagonally across the free- throw lane
toward the right corner.

Play 4 Single Post

This play works well against teams which
employ a tight backcourt defense.

Play 4A
Play 4 is so simple that the post player (1)
has many options. Should 4 and 5 be closely
guarded, 1 can try a simple turn shot, one hand,
two-hand set shot, or jump shot.

DR. HAROLD C. (RED) CARLSON

University of Pittsburgh
 Ked Carlson has compiled an enviable record as an athlete, coach, and
student health director at the University of Pittsburgh. Born in Murray City,
Ohio, Carlson became a Pennsylvanian at an age of two. He graduated from
Fayette City High School, Bellefonte Academy, and went on to the University
of Pittsburgh where he won twelve letters, playing as a regular for four years
in three sports.

Carlson was named freshman baseball coach at Pittsburgh in 1920,

coached a year of football at Braddock High School, and then became
freshman football coach at Pitt in 1922.

Carlson's Figure Eight in Continuity

In Carlson's famous Figure Eight in Continuity, three players are active

while two are in comparative rest. While three figure eight continuities are
used, each is adapted able for two locations on the court, and the number of
continuities can therefore be Considered six.
Basic Formation No. 1
One man out, four men in including pivot man
(5). Enclosed circle indicates locations of the ball.

Play 1
Player l passes to 3 and cuts for the basket to
receive a return pass for a shot at the basket.

Play 2
When 2 passes to 1, the arrows indicate the
possibilities of the same plays on the opposite side
of the floor from the first side pass.

Basic Formation No. 2

Two men out, three men in, with no stationary
pivot man.

Play 1
This first play is to same-side wing man for a
return pass (a). The passer-out re- places the
passer. If the play appears no good, then 4 can
pass to 2 (b), or to 3 (c).

Play 2
Should 4 pass the ball to 2 in the preceding
play, 4 will replace 2 on the free- throw line and a
pivot play may be inaugurated.

Play 3
Player 4 passes back to replacer 5 and the
formation is as shown. Player 5 passes to wing
man 3 for a return or for a new sequence.

EVERETT N. CASE
North Carolina State University
 Everett Case probably has the distinction of having started his career as
the youngest coach in his field. At the age of eighteen, he started coaching at
Connersville (Ind.), High School. His Frank- fort teams played in every state
tournament from 1922 to 1931, winning the champion- ships in 1925 and
1929. In all, he won the title four times (again in 1936 and 1939). In 1942,
Case was commissioned in the Navy and served as athletic director at the
various bases to which he was assigned.

NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY'S

Basic Three-Two Formation

Play 1
Player 2 fakes a pass or shot, and after of
4 screens 2's guard, 2 dribbles down the center
of the floor.

Play 2
Player 4 has the ball. He passes to 5, meets
the pass. Player 4 then screens who 3's guard
and 3 cuts toward the basket.

Play 3
Player 4 has the ball and passes to 5.
Player 5 passes to 3, and then cuts inside and
screens for 3.

Play 4
Player 5 has the ball and, as he gives the
signal, 3 comes out and screens 5's guard.

Play 5
Player 4 passes to3 who comes out to meet
the pass. Player 2 cuts across and screens 4's
guard.
North Carolina State University's
Basic Two-Three Formation

Play 1
Player 5 has the ball and passes to 3. Player 5
continues through and screens 3sguard.

Play 2
Player 4 has the ball and passes to 1, who cuts
into the free-throw lane. After has passed the ball
to 1, he (4) crosses over and screens 5's guard.

Play 3
Player 5 has the ball and passes to 1, who cuts
into the free-throw area to receive the direct pass.

Play 4
Player 1 comes out and screens 4's guard. Player
4 passes the ball to 5 and then screens 5s guard.

Play 5
Player 4 passes to5 after which he cuts across the
floor and screens 3s guard. Player 3 comes
around the screen and is open for a pass from 5.
FORREST B. (FROSTY) COX
Formerly of the University of Colorado

A sound education in basketball fitted Frosty Cox for the position of

head coach of basketball at the University of Colorado in 1935. At the
University of Kansas, he was an outstanding football and basketball star and,
after graduation, assisted Phog Allen.

He played on Newton's championship teams of 1924 to 1927, and then

enrolled at the University of Kansas. An All-Big Six conference selection in
football and basketball, Cox was one of the best athletes in the midlands
during his undergraduate days.

THE UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO'S DOUBLE POST ATTACK

The Double Post Attack developed by Frosty Cox employs a standard

Three-Two formation with the two post men stationed in line with the free-
throw stripe. Plays operate from either side of the court, and each provides a
number of options. The post ball handlers should be good one-hand
marksmen and adept in follow-in ability.

Double Post Attack

The Basic Double Post Attack with
Options. Player 1 passes to 2 and cuts for the
basket as shown. Player 5 moves out to
receive the pass from 2.

Guard Around Play

Player 1 passes to 5 and drives around
the outside. Option is post player 5 passing
off to 1. Player 2 moves over as the ball is
passed and sets a screen for 3. Player 3
moves on around 5, who has dribbled up for
Option 2.
EVERETT DEAN
Stanford University

Everett Dean came to Stanford from Indiana University in 1938. While at

Indiana, Everett coached baseball as well as basketball, winning three Big
Ten titles in each sport. In 1942, his team repeated the performance and
added the N.C.A.A. championship. In 1946, Dean was sent to Europe by the
U.S. Army as civilian consultant on the athletic program for the Armed Forces.
He is the author of Progressive Basketball, which is used by more than two
hundred universities and colleges as a text.

The Stanford University Offense

The Stanford offense is a versatile freelance offense featuring a four-

man weave combined with strong pivot play. Sometimes fast passing around
the horn is substituted for the weave. This style provides many natural play
options and equal scoring opportunities. The movement is executed at a
moderate rate, but sufficiently fast to keep the offense alert and to compel the
defense to watch their men in movement. This offense can be operated with
either inside or outside screens.

Play 1
Player 4 passes to 2 and screens. Player 2
dribbles and passes to center (1). Player 2 starts
right, and cuts left to pick-off for 4. Player 1 passes to
open cutter. Players5 and 3 interchange.

Play 2
Player 5 passes to 4 who passes to 1. Player
4 screens for 3 and they double-cut off the center
(1). Player 1 gives ball to the open man. Player 3
may shoot or dribble in or set-screen on 5.
Play 3
Player 4 passes to 2 and screens. Player 1
pulls into play to open center for dribbler.

Play 4
Player 5 passes to 4, who passes to 2. Player
4 screens for 2, who dribbles across to the side of
the pivot man who stations himself at the foul ring.

Play 5
Player 5 passes to 4;4 passes to 2, while 5
cuts around 1 to double pivot post. Player 2 back
to4 who passes to 5.

RULES AND REGULATION

BASKETBALL RULES
The rules of basketball can vary slightly depending on the level of play (for
example professional rules differ from college rules) or where the game is
played (international rules are different from USA professional rules). These
rule differences, however, are usually just variations on the basic game of
basketball and the majority of the rules discussed below can be applied to
most any game of basketball played.

The winner of a basketball game is the team with the most points. You get
points by throwing the basketball through the opponent's hoop or basket. In
regular play a basket made from within the three point line is worth 2 points
and a basket shot from outside the three point line is worth three points. When
shooting a free throw, each free throw is worth 1 point.

Rules for the offense

The basketball team on offense is the team with the basketball. When a
player has the basketball there are certain rules they must follow:

1) The player must bounce, or dribble, the ball with one hand while moving
both feet. If, at any time, both hands touch the ball or the player stops
dribbling, the player must only move one foot. The foot that is stationary is
called the pivot foot.

2) The basketball player can only take one turn at dribbling. In other words,
once a player has stopped dribbling they cannot start another dribble. A
player who starts dribbling again is called for a double-dribbling violation and
looses the basketball to the other team. A player can only start another dribble
after another player from either team touches or gains control of the
basketball. This is usually after a shot or pass.

3) The ball must stay in bounds. If the offensive team looses the ball out of
bounds the other team gets control of the basketball.

4) The players hand must be on top of the ball while dribbling. If they touch
the bottom of the basketball while dribbling and continue to dribble this is
called carrying the ball and the player will lose the ball to the other team.

5) Once the offensive team crosses half court, they may not go back into the
backcourt. This is called a backcourt violation. If the defensive team knocks
the ball into the backcourt, then the offensive team can recover the ball
legally.

Defensive Rules

The team on defense is the team without the basketball.

1) The main rule for the defensive player is not to foul. A foul is described as
gaining an unfair advantage through physical contact. There is some
interpretation that has to be made by the referee, but, in general, the
defensive player may not touch the offensive player in a way that causes the
offensive player to lose the ball or miss a shot.

Rules for everyone

1) Although the foul rule is described above as a defensive rule, it applies

exactly the same to all players on the court including offensive players.

2) Basketball players cannot kick the ball or hit it with their fist.

3) No player can touch the basketball while it is traveling downward towards

the basket or if it is on the rim. This is called goaltending. (touching the ball on
the rim is legal in some games).

Every player on the court is subject to the same rules regardless of the
position they play. The positions in basketball are just for team basketball
strategy and there are no positions in the rules.

BASKETBALL: FAULS

Basketball is sometimes called a non-contact sport. Although, there is plenty

of legal contact between players, some contact is considered illegal. If an
official decides that the contact is illegal, they will call a personal foul.

Most of the fouls in a game are committed by the defense, but the offense can
commit fouls as well. Here are list of some of the types of fouls.

Typical Defensive Fouls

Blocking - A blocking foul is called when one player uses their body to
prevent the movement of another player. This is often called when the
defensive player is trying to draw a charge, but does not have their feet set or
initiates the contact.
 Referee signal for blocking foul

Hand Check - A hand check foul is called when a player uses their hands to
impede or slow the movement of another player. This is usually called on the
defensive player covering the player with the ball on the perimeter.

Holding - Similar to a hand check foul, but is generally called when a player
grabs another player and holds on to prevent them from moving.

Illegal Hand Use - This foul is called for any use of the hands on another
player that the referee thinks is illegal. It's generally called when you hit
another player on the arm during shooting or when trying to steal the ball.

Typical Offensive Fouls

Charging - Charging is called on the player with the ball when they run into a
player that already has position. If the defensive player doesn't have position
or is moving, then generally the official will call blocking on the defender.

Referee signal for a charging foul

Moving Screen - A moving screen is called when the player setting the pick
or screen is moving. When setting a screen you have to stand still and
maintain position. Sliding a bit over to block your opponent will cause a
moving screen foul to be called.

Over the Back - This foul is called when rebounding. If one player has
position, the other player is not allowed to jump up over their back to try and
get the ball. This is called on both offensive and defensive players.

Who Decides?

The officials decide if a foul is committed. While some fouls are obvious,
others are more difficult to determine. The referee has the final say, however,
arguing will get you nowhere.

Sometimes referees will call the game "close". This means they are calling
fouls with just a little bit of contact. Other times the referees will call the game
"loose" or allow more contact. As a player or coach you should try to
understand how the referee is calling the game and adjust your play
accordingly.

BASKETBALL: THE CLOCK AND TIMING

Source: US Navy

How long is a basketball game?

Basketball games are played a set amount of time. It's different for different
leagues and levels of play:

 High School - High school basketball games are made up of four 8-

minute quarters or two 16-minute halves.
 College - NCAA college basketball games consists of two 20 minute
halves. This is the same for the WNBA and international games.
 NBA - NBA games are made up of four 12-minute quarters.

When does the clock run?

The clock runs whenever the ball is in play. The clock is stopped whenever
the ball goes out of bounds, a foul is called, free throws are being shot, and
during time outs. When the ball is inbound, the clock starts once a player
touches the ball.

In the NBA the clock stops after a made shot during the last two minutes of
the game and overtime. For college it stops during the last minute of the game
and overtime.

Overtime

If the game is tied after regulation time, there will be overtime. Overtime is 5
minutes long in most leagues. Additional overtimes will be added until one
team ends up on top.

The Shot Clock

In order to speed up the game and to prevent teams from stalling, a shot clock
was added. This is how long you have to shoot the ball. If the ball changes
possession or hits the rim of the basket, the shot clock starts over. The length
of the shot clock is different for different basketball leagues:

 NCAA College Men - 35 seconds

 NCAA College Women - 30 seconds
 NBA - 24 seconds

Not all states have a shot clock for high school. Where they do, it generally
follows the NCAA rules.

Time outs

In order to give your team some rest, call a play, or just stop the game for a
while, teams can call a time out. There are different rules on time outs for
different leagues:

High School - Players on the floor or the coach can call a time out. There are
five time outs per game including three 60-second time outs and two 30-
second time outs.

NCAA College - There are a different number of time outs depending on

whether the game is on TV or not. This is because during a TV game there
are media time outs so the TV channel can show ads. For a TV game each
team gets one 60-second time out and four 30-second time outs. For a non-
TV game each team has four 75-second and two 30-second time outs.

NBA - In the NBA each basketball team has six full time outs and one 20-
second time out per half. Only a player in the game can call a time out.

BASKETBALL: EQUIPMENT
 Source: US Air Force

One of the great things about basketball is that you don't need a lot of
equipment to play. Just get a ball and find a goal and you can start a pick up
game. However, there are some official rules about what equipment you need
when playing competitively.

The Ball

Professional leagues such as the NBA have very precise parameters for the
official basketball they use. This includes color, material, size, air pressure,
and bounce. The main thing to know about the basketball is the size. There
are different sizes for different ages as well as for boys and for girls.

Standard Mens Basketball (Size 7) - This is the size used by the NCAA
men, boys high school, as well as the NBA. It has a circumference between
29.5 and 30 inches and weighs between 20 and 22 ounces.

Standard Womens Basketball (Size 6) - This is the basketball used by

NCAA women, girls high school, and the WNBA. It is between 28.5 and 29
inches in circumference and weighs 18-20 ounces.

Junior Basketball (Size 5) - The junior size basketball is for boys and girls
between the ages of 8-12. It is between 27.25 to 27.75 inches in
circumference and weighs 14-16 ounces.

Mini Basketball (Size 3) - For young children ages 5-8, the mini ball is 22 to
22.5 inches in circumference and weighs 10.5 to 11.25 ounces.

The Basket

The basket is made up of the backboard, rim, and net. The rim is 18 inches in
diameter. A regulation backboard is 72 inches wide by 48 inches tall, although
you will find backboards can vary in size.

The rim should be 10 feet from the ground. Typically a 10 foot rim is used
from ages 6th grade and older. For younger kids you can lower the goal so
that they can take a proper shot at the goal. For kindergarten through second
grade children you can try a 6-foot goal. Then move it up to 8 feet for 3rd and
4th grade. Try nine feet for 5th grade. Of course, this depends on the size,
strength, and skill of the player.

The basketball net hooks onto eight rungs on the bottom of the rim. It hangs
down around 15 to 18 inches. The net helps to slow the ball coming through
the hoop and also to help see whether a basket was made or not.

The Uniform

The basketball uniform generally consists of a tank top and shorts. You also
need socks and some good basketball type sneakers. Basketball sneakers
are good for all the starting and stopping required in the game. You can
choose high tops, low tops, or three quarter height shoes. If you play under
the basket a lot you may want high tops to help protect you from getting a
twisted ankle.

You should not wear a watch or a shirt with buttons while playing basketball.
These can scratch or get caught on other players. Also, you may want to wear
a mouthpiece to protect your teeth.

BASKETBALL: THE COURT

Here is a picture of the dimensions and areas of the court used for high
school basketball:

Size of the Basketball Court

 NCAA college and NBA - 94 feet long by 50 feet wide

 High School - 84 feet long by 50 feet wide
 Junior High - 74 feet long by 42 feet wide

Three Point Arc

The three point arc is a certain distance from the basket. Any shot made
outside of the arc is worth three points instead of the normal two. The
distance from the basket to the three point arc changes for different levels of
basketball play:

 NBA - 23 feet 9 inches at the top, 22 feet at the sides

 Men's NCAA college - 20 feet 9 inches
 WNBA - 20 feet 6 inches
 High School and Women's NCAA college - 19 feet 9 inches

Free Throw Line

The free throw line is located 15 feet from the backboard. After certain types
of fouls or violations, players will be awarded a shot, or shots, from the free
throw line.

The Free Throw Lane or Key

The area between the free throw line and the base line is called the "lane" or
the "key". How wide the key is depends on the level of play. It is 12 feet wide
for college and high school basketball, but 16 feet wide in the NBA.

Offensive players are only allowed to be in the lane for 3 seconds before a
shot hits the rim or they will get called for a three-second violation. Also,
players line up on the side of the free throw lane during free throws. They are
not allowed to enter the lane for a rebound until the shooter releases the shot.

The FIBA international free throw lane used to be trapezoidal shaped. This
was changed recently and now they use the NBA shaped lane.

Free Throw and Center Circle

The circle at the top of the key is used for jump balls on that end of the court.
The center circle is for the jump ball at the start of the game or jump balls at
the center of the court.

The Basket

The basket is located 4 feet out from the baseline. The rim should be 10 feet
high.

Out of Bounds

The bounds of the basketball court are described by the sidelines, running the
length of the court, and the base lines (or end lines) at the end of the court.
BASKETBALL POSITION

The rules of basketball do not define any specific player positions. This is
different from many other major sports like football, baseball, and soccer
where at least some players must be in certain positions during the play of the
game (the goalie in soccer, for example). So the positions in basketball are
more part of an overall strategy of the game. There are 5 traditional positions
that most teams have in their offense and defensive schemes. Many players
today are interchangeable or can play many positions. Also, many teams
have rosters and players that allow them to try different set ups like a three
guard offense, for example.

Lisa Leslie typically played the center position

Source: The White House

The five traditional basketball player positions are:

Point guard: The point guard is the team leader and play caller on the
basketball court. A point guard needs good ball handling skills, passing skills
as well as strong leadership and decision making skills. Traditionally
basketball point guards were small, fast players and this is still often the case.
However, Magic Johnson changed the way point guards were used. He was a
big 6-8 player that used his height and size to get great passing angles.
Magic's success has opened the door for all sorts of point guards. The key to
a strong point guard today is leadership, passing, and running the team.

Shooting guard: The shooting guard in basketball has the main responsibility
of making long outside shots including the three-point shot. The shooting
guard also should be a good passer and able to help the point guard with the
ball handling. Shooting guards are often the top scorer on a team. Perhaps
the best shooting guard in the history of basketball was Michael Jordan.
Jordan could do it all, from scoring to defense to rebounding. It's this
versatility that makes a great shooting guard, but all shooting guards should
be able to extend the defense with their outside shot.

Small forward: Along with the shooting guard, the small forward is often the
most versatile player on the basketball team. They should be able to help with
ball handling, make an outside shot, and get rebounds. The small forward is
often a great defensive player as well. The combination of height and
quickness can allow them to defend a number of positions and take on the
best scorer on the opposing team. On many teams today the small forward
and the shooting guard are almost the same position and are called "wing"
players.

Power forward: The power forward on a basketball team is usually

responsible for rebounding and some scoring in the paint. A power forward
should be big and strong and able to clear out some space under the basket.
Many great power forwards in the game today do not score a lot of points, but
lead their team in rebounds. Power forwards are often good shot blockers as
well.

Center: The center is usually the biggest or tallest member of the basketball
team. In the NBA, many centers are 7 feet tall or taller. The center can be a
big scorer, but also needs to be a strong rebounder and shot blocker. On
many teams the center is the final line of defense. Many of basketball's
greatest players (Wilt Chamberlain, Bill Russell, Kareem, Shaq) have been
centers. A strong center presence was long considered the only way to win an
NBA championship. In modern times, many teams have won with other great
players (Michael Jordan), but a strong center is still a prized basketball
position on any basketball team.

Bench: Although only 5 players play at a time on any basketball team, the
bench is still very important. Basketball is a fast paced game and players
need to rest. A strong bench is key to any basketball team's success. In most
games at least 3 players from the bench will play a significant amount of time.
Defensive Positions:

There are two main types of defensive basketball strategies: zone and man-
to-man. In man-to-man defense each player is responsible to cover one
player on the other team. They follow this player wherever they go on the
court. In zone defense, players have certain positions or areas of the court
they cover. The guards usually play at the top of the key with the forwards
playing closer to the basket and on opposite sides. The center usually plays in
the middle of the key. However, there are a wide variety of zone defenses and
combinations of zone and man-to-man that basketball teams play. Teams will
often switch defenses around during a basketball game to see which works
best against a particular opponent.