Kamata Yan

Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region II – Cagayan Valley
Schools Division of Tuguegarao City
CAGAYAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL-JUNIOR HIGH
Feasibility Testing of Modified 2-stroke
Engine for Agricultural Tractors

An Investigatory Project in Physical Science
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Subject Research II
Researchers:
CALLUENG, JHAECEL A.
DAWAY, KIRZTEN MYLES
MOSADA, RHONA MARJORIE M.
SANTIAS, ANAPAUSIN B.
ADDATU, KEVIN JAMES GABRIEL
CABASAG, ALJEO U.
CATULIN, JONATHAN D.
SAQUING, DOEL ANDREI
Teacher:
KRISBURT DELOS SANTOS
June 9, 2023
Address: Bagay Road, San Gabriel, Tuguegarao City, 3500

Telephone Nos: (078) 844-1252, (078) 844-7768
Email Address: cnhs.tuguegarao@deped.gov.ph
Jhaecel A. Callueng
203 Gumabay Street, Carig Sur, Tuguegarao City
calluengjhaecel@gmail.
09358833256
I. PERSONAL INFORMATION:
 Date of Birth: February 04, 2007
 Place of Birth: Tuguegarao City, Cagayan
 Age: 16
 Nationality: Filipino
 Religion: Roman Catholic
 Father's Name: Ricardo Callueng Jr.
 Mother's Name: Maricel Callueng
II. EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:

 Primary:
Carig Elementary School
Carig Sur, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan
2013-2019
 Secondary:
Cagayan National High School
Bagay Road, San Gabriel, Tuguegarao City
2019-2023
III. RESEARCH EXPERIENCE:

 April 3 - 4, 2023
2023 SCHOOL - BASED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FAIR
Research Expo and Exhibit Cum Symposium
Theme: "Environmental Sustainability and Resiliency through Science
Innovation and Technology
IV. RESEARCH UNDERTAKEN:

 "Feasibility Testing of Modified 2-stroke Engine for Agricultural Tractors"

Telephone Nos: (078) 844-1252, (078) 844-7768
Kirzten Myles G. Daway

Zone 2 Dayag Street Bayo, Iguig, Cagayan
kirztenmylesdaway@gmail.com
09654954472
 Date of Birth: August 12, 2007
 Place of Birth: Iguig, Cagayan
 Age: 15
 Religion: Christianity
 Father's Name: Romeo I. Daway
 Mother's Name: Mary Joy M. Gumabay

 Primary:
Bayo Elementary School
Bayo, Iguig Cagayan
2013-2019Secondary:
 Secondary:
2019-2023

 April 3 - 4, 2023


Telephone Nos: (078) 844-1252, (078) 844-7768
Rhona Marjorie M. Mosada

Cataggaman Pardo, Cagayan
rhonamarjorie@gmail.com
+639939628529
 Date of Birth: February 11, 2007
 Age: 16
 Father's Name: Amadito C. Mosada Jr.
 Mother's Name: Mirasol M. Mosada

 Primary:
Cataggaman Elementary School
Cataggaman Viejo
2013-2019
 Secondary:
2019-2023

 April 3 - 4, 2023


Telephone Nos: (078) 844-1252, (078) 844-7768
Anapausin B. Santias
01 Andrews Village, Caritan Centro, Tuguegarao City
santiasanapausin@gmail.com
09978827154
 Date of Birth: March 13, 2007
 Age: 16
 Religion: Baptist
 Father's Name: Vicente J. Santias Jr.
 Mother's Name: Sheila B. Santias

 Primary:
Tuguegarao North Central School
Provincial Road, Caritan Centro, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan
2013-2019
 Secondary:
Bagay Road, San Gabriel Tuguegarao City
2019-2023

 April 3 - 4, 2023


Telephone Nos: (078) 844-1252, (078) 844-7768
Kevin James Gabriel G. Addatu

176 Barsabal Street, Cataggaman Nuevo, Tuguegarao City
kaddatu25@gmail.com
09556651748
 Date of Birth: March 11, 2007
 Place of Birth: Cataggaman Nuevo, Tuguegarao City
 Age: 16
 Father's Name: Geronimo S. Addatu
 Mother's Name: Carmela G. Addatu

 Primary:
Cataggaman Viejo, Tuguegarao City
2011-2019
 Secondary:
2019-2023

 April 3 - 4, 2023


Telephone Nos: (078) 844-1252, (078) 844-7768
Aljeo U. Cabasag
134 Calimag St., Cataggaman Nuevo, Tuguegarao City
aljeocabasag5@gmail.com
09063186521
 Date of Birth: October 31, 2006
 Age: 16
 Father's Name: Alvimar U. Cabasag
 Mother's Name: Susan U. Cabasag

 Primary:
Cataggaman Viejo, Tuguegarao City
2013-2019
 Secondary:
2019-2023

 April 3 - 4, 2023


Telephone Nos: (078) 844-1252, (078) 844-7768
Jonathan D. Catulin
Cattaran, Solana, Cagayan
jonathancatulin@gmail.com
09268113607
 Date of Birth: April 9, 2007
 Place of Birth: Tuguegarao City
 Age: 16
 Religion: Christian
 Father's Name: Crisanto M. Catulin
 Mother's Name: Rosiebel De Guzman Catulin

 Primary:
Cattaran Elementary School
Cattaran, Solana, Cagayan
2013-2019
 Secondary:
2019-2023

 April 3 - 4, 2023


Telephone Nos: (078) 844-1252, (078) 844-7768
Doel Andrei Saquing

#9 Gumabay St., Pallua Norte
doelandreis@gmail.com
09925098263
 Date of Birth: April 17, 2007
 Place of Birth: Tuguegarao City
 Age: 16
 Father's Name: (Deceased)
 Mother's Name: Cristina Saquing

 Primary:
Pallua Integrated School
Pallua Sur, Tuguegarao City
2013-2019
 Secondary:
2019-2023

 April 3 - 4, 2023


Telephone Nos: (078) 844-1252, (078) 844-7768
RESEARCH ABSTRACT
Agriculture is a major component of the Philippine economy, with crops such as
bananas, coconuts, pineapples, rice, and sugarcanes mass-produced for export. Agricultural
machinery has been created to be the industry standard for land preparation, tillage, and other
agricultural operating activities. Tractors are the most common source of mechanical power
for farms and fields. Improving machine performance and maximizing energy utilization is
critical in mechanized agriculture. To increase the technical qualities of tractors and other
machinery, as well as their performance in the manufacturing process, complex steps are
required. The goal of this research is to determine the feasibility of a modified 2-stroke
engine for agricultural tractors. The researchers used the technical developmental research
design to carry out the studies. The study gives tabulated findings of the modified 2-stroke
engine's fuel consumption, exhaust emissions, and compression ratio for each of these
operation modes during the engine's operational duration. The modified 2-stroke engine was
compared to a normal engine of agricultural tractors and the results for this were also
tabulated. The agriculture field, fuel industry, automotive technology field, mechanical
operators, industry field, natural sciences research institute, and future researchers will all
profit immensely from the study. After modifications and testing, acceptance testing was
performed to gauge public opinion and potential demand for the modified 2-stroke engine.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researchers would like to thank a great number of people that assisted them
greatly along their journey in the study. The completion of the research would not have been
accomplished without them. Their contributions are well-recognized and appreciated. The
researchers would like to offer their heartfelt gratitude to the following people in particular:
To Mr. Krisburt Delos Santos, our beloved teacher, we like to acknowledge the
support and guidance of our teacher, who provided valuable feedback and insights throughout
the research process. Their expertise and wisdom have been invaluable in shaping the
direction of this study.
To Mrs. Carmen A. Acain, our kind principal, for her guidance and consent, as well
as her generosity that enabled the researchers the conduction of their study.
To the researcher's families, for letting us get involved in our research. We appreciate
you all for understanding us. The never-ending support is enabling us to do this study with
more patience.

Telephone Nos: (078) 844-1252, (078) 844-7768
To our dear friends, we would like to express our sincere gratitude to our close group
of friends for their unmatched emotional support throughout all aspects of this study
experience. Your constant presence has given us comfort and motivation.
The researchers want to sincerely thank every one of the volunteers of Cagayan
Emission Testing, who gave up their time and energy to take part in this research study. This
study would not have been feasible without their eagerness to share their knowledge and
perspectives.
To the Almighty Father, who spiritually guided us and showed us not to lose hope
until the finish of our journey.
The presence of each of them provided us with ongoing motivation and inspiration to
pursue the beauty of our research.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE………………………………………………………………………………… i
RESEARCH ABSTRACT………………………………………………..…………………. ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT…………………………………………………………………….. iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………………………. iv
CHAPTER I…………………………………………………………………...…………….. i
A. INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………...…….………… ii
B. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK………………………………..………………….. iii
C. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM…………………………...…………………….
iv
D. SCOPE AND LIMITATION………………………..……………….……………..... v
E. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY…..……………………………………….…...... vi
F. DEFINITIONS OF TERMS AND NOMENCLATURE….……………………........ xi
CHAPTER II……………………………………………………………………………...… xii
A. THEME 1………………………………………………………………...……..….. xiii
B. THEME 2…………………………………………………………………………... xiv
C. THEME 3……………………………………………………………….……….…. xv
D. THEME 4…………………………………………………………………..………. xvi

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E. THEME 5…………………………………………………………………….......... xvii
F. THEME 5……………………………………………………………………......... xviii
G. THEME 6……………………………………………………………………........... xix
H. THEME 7………………………………………………………………………........ xx
I. THEME 8…………………………………………………………………………... xxi
J. THEME 9………………………………………………………………….………. xxii
K. THEME 10………………………………………………………………………... xxiii
L. THEME 11………………………………………………………………………... xxiv
M. THEME 12………………………………………………………………………… xxx
N. THEME 13…………………………………………………………………………... xl
O. THEME 11……………………………………………………………………………. l
P. THEME 12…………………………………………………………………………... lx
Q. THEME 13…………………………………………………………………………. lxx
R. THEME 11………………………………………………………………………... lxxx
S. THEME 12………………………………………………………………………….. xc
CHAPTER III………………………………………………………………………………… c
A. RESEARCH DESIGN.……………………………………………………..……….. ci
B. RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT………………………………………….…………. cii
C. RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS……………………………………………...……… cc
D. RESEARCH GATHERING PROCEDURE……………………………………..… ccc

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E. RISK ASSESSMENT AND SAFETY MEASURES…………………….………… cd
F. DATA ANALYSIS……………………………………………………………..……. d
CHAPTER IV……………………………………………………………………………..… dc
A. DISCUSSION OF TREATMENTS……………………………………………...... dcc
CHAPTER V………………………………………………………...……………….…… dccc
A. CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………….. cm
B. RECOMMENDATIONS………………………………………………..……...…… m
REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………...…. mi

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CHAPTER 1:
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
This chapter contains information on the background of the study, research aims, the
study's problem, scope and constraints, and conceptual framework. This will assist the reader
in understanding what is to be looked for.
A. INTRODUCTION
Engines are machines that convert energy from fuel to mechanical energy, thereby
creating motion. Internal combustion engines found in vehicles, boats, ships, airplanes, trains,
and tractors, are among the most common types of engines.
Agricultural machinery has been designed as a standard for land preparation, tillage,
and other agricultural operational tasks. Tractors are the primary source to provide
mechanical power to farms and fields (Kepner et al., 1978). Agricultural machineries play an
important role in improving performance, productivity, and reducing costs of agricultural
operations. During the recent decades, agricultural machines have been developed to reduce
labor costs as well as improve the timeliness of field operations (Schäfer-Landefeld et al.,
2004). Moreover, agricultural machine efficiencies have a significant effect on the yield
which in turn impact the overall cost of production (Pitla et al., 2014).
Early farm engines required attention. Protection from the elements and regular
cleaning and oiling were critical, as was care during the break-in period. According to a

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1
contributor, George Cormack, “Too much care cannot be exercised in the starting up and
operation of a new gas engine. Carelessness during the first few days running may cause
damage that will discount the maximum efficiency of any machine for all time.”
During last century the worldwide energy consumption showed more than 20-fold
increase and is expected to continue its growth in future. One of the biggest problems of the
21st century is linked with eventual depletion of fossil fuels, growing ambient air pollution
and global warming occurring because of the increased CO 2 (carbon dioxide) emissions. Fuel
consumption increases because of the growing number of diesel engine powered heavy duty
haulage trucks, agricultural tractors and self-propelled machines as well as personal light duty
cars.
Today’s conditions of production and environmental requirements force equipment
users to reduce fuel consumption and toxicity of exhaust. Environmental advantages that
would be essentially important for reducing air pollution caused by transport and agricultural
sectors in order the amount of the exhaust gases should comply with the stringent Philippine
emission standards.
Gas emissions cause many human diseases and some pollutants are considered as
carcinogenic. Agriculture is generally considered as an activity with low energy
consumption. In most developed countries consumes about 2-3% of the total energy
consumed. In the Philippines, this consumption is about 14.8% of the total energy spent.
Additionally, engine emissions are released in the open air where the effects to the
environment are considered of lower importance than the emissions in the Cities. But
emissions even in open air can contribute to air pollution and it is worth estimating them.
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2
The basic exhaust emissions from engines contain combinations of NO and NO 2 that
are indicated as NOx by emission analysts. The effect of nitrogenous pollutants on plants is
somehow complicated because all plants for their growth process require nitrogen. Uptake of
excess N into leaves can cause mineral nutrient imbalances in plants. The exposure of plants
to NOx pollution has been shown to lead to changes in activities of nitrate and nitrite
reluctances in leaves. High concentration of NO2 to the atmosphere can also cause many
health problems such as breathing. NOx can also contribute to the acid rain formation.
Carbon monoxide can be a problem for people in high concentrations. CO reacts with
hemoglobin causing a reduction of oxygen capacity of the blood. Hydrocarbons are related
with atmospheric pollution because of the direct toxicity of some compounds and their role as
precursors of photochemical ozone.
The flawless, economical, and ecological operation is required from tractor’s engines
and their equipment. The best ecological and economical tractor operation results are not
reached only by technical development. Complex measures are required to improve technical
characteristics of tractors and other machinery, also their performance in the production
process. Fuel consumption and emissions depend on the engine speed and load
characteristics. In order to use the tractors effectively, they must be adopted to intended
works in the best possible way. When composing tractor and machine units, the focus should
be to the tractor working at optimum load conditions. By working with agricultural
equipment in a skilled way, it is possible to save fuel and reduce exhaust emissions. But this
requires knowledge of the operation subtleties and ability to assess the interaction between
tractor’s systems and mechanisms.

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3
It is always desired to have the most power converted from the engine to traction
power which results in lower energy loss during the agricultural operation (Al-Aani et al.,
2016). Improper selection of tractor size can cause excessive operating costs. So, knowing the
parameters that affect efficiency would improve the performance of agricultural machinery
(Summer and Williams, 2007).
It was found that for monitoring operating performance of the modified engine it is
necessary to have tools and methods that, by using data provided by the researchers and
controlled during modified engine’s operational time, would allow to directly determine fuel
consumption, exhaust emissions, and speed.
Purpose of research – to test the feasibility of the modified 2-stroke engine for
agricultural tractors.
Traditional internal combustion engines are too large after compared to the
combustion volume and the total volume demanded inside a vehicle. They may have many
reciprocating parts which limit the maximum revolution, and consume a considerable portion
of output energy. It is approximately 1:25-50, which means a space of 40 to 70 liters under a
hood for a common 1.5 liter engine itself is needed.
The modified engine's second unit was reduced from 1:25-50 to 5-10. Demands
needed for this engine were met; more compact and more rotary that works at the usual 4-
stroke or 2-stroke with same process.
It does not have reciprocating parts such as connecting rods, valves, springs, or a
camshaft. A single central part acts as a piston for all 4 chambers. It moves as a pendulum
and
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4
as two rotary tube shaped small gas controllers. The modified engine is referred as a 2-stroke
as it uses one chamber twice in one cycle. It is approximately 5-8 times smaller than
traditional IC engines. Cooling and lubricating is also not an issue. Besides being efficient, it
is considerably cheaper in value due to the weight of its non-rotary/propeller shaped piston
and other small parts.

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5
B. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
Creating blueprint and

replacing of piston and
carburetor from the
engine
Modification of the
2- stroke engine
Conduct exhaust
emissions testing, fuel
consumption, torque,
rpm, horse power,
volume of cylinder, Modified Engine for
stroke length, fuel inlet, Agricultural Tractor
and compression ratio of
the modified 2-stroke
Efficiency of the engine.
modified engine
Conduct comparison of
the exhaust emissions
testing, fuel
consumption, torque,
rpm, horse power,
volume of cylinder,
stroke length, fuel inlet,
and compression ratio
between the modified 2-
stroke engine and the
normal engine of an
agricultural tractor.

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6
C. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
This study aims to test the Feasibility of a Modified 2-stroke Engine for Agricultural
Tractors.
Specifically, it aims to answer the following questions:
1. What are the specifications of the modified 2-stroke engine in terms of
A. Engine Type
B. Displacement
C. Compression Ratio
D. Maximum Power
E. Maximum Torque
F. Cylinder Bore
G. Stroke
H. Ignition
2. What is the comparison of the modified 2-stroke engine and the normal engine on
agricultural tractors in terms of
A. Volume of the Cylinder (CC)
B. Stroke Length (mm)
C. Fuel Inlet (mm)
D. Compression (psi)

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7
agricultural tractors in the emission test results in terms of
A. Carbon Monoxide (CO)
B. Hydrocarbon (HC)
C. Natrium Oxide (NOx)
D. Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
E. Oxygen (O2)
agricultural tractors in the fuel consumption results in terms of
A. 1 liter in 30 minutes
B. 1 liter in 1 hour
C. 2 liters in 3 hours
D. 3 liters in 6 hours
E. 4 liters in 8 hours
agricultural tractors in the torque and RPM in terms of
A. Horsepower
B. Max Torque
C. RPM (max speed)

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8
D. SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS
The researchers focused on whether the modified 2-stroke engine is compatible with
engine-powered agricultural tractors rather than a standard inline diesel engine that is only
compatible with vehicles used daily such as cars and trucks most especially in agricultural
tractors. The researchers also did different tests to analyze and see the modified 2-stroke
engine’s exhaust emission, fuel consumption, horsepower, torque, rpm, and compression and
were compared to the normal engine of an agricultural tractor. The volume of a cylinder,
stroke length, and fuel inlet was also compared.
E. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The following groups and people will benefit from this research:
● The Agricultural Field. The study's findings are beneficial to the agricultural field
most especially to the farmers that use tractors because the engine will save them
money. The modernization of agriculture through mechanization is seen as a
mechanism to improve production efficiency and promote cost-effective technologies,
thereby enhancing the meagre farm income.
● To the Fuel Industry. The research will benefit them as the type of fuel that was
used for the modified engine is gasoline. The importance of gasoline fuel will be
higher.
● The Automotive Technology Field. This study will provide the information and
background knowledge of the modified engine to conceptualize its designs,
mechanisms, functions, tests, activities, and performance for its usefulness and
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9
operation ability for agricultural tractors. They can expose and engage in various
activities which involve designing, creating, inventing, and conceptualizing an engine
that is useful and helpful for agriculture.
● To the Mechanical Operators. The study also brought to light the different user-
centered approaches aimed at reducing the unsafe behaviour of operators.
● To the Industry Field. The findings of this research will benefit companies that
manufacture agricultural products/materials such as tractors or reapers.
● Natural Sciences Research Institute. This research can be used as a project to
advance the development of an engine for large-scale innovation.
● Future Researchers. This study can serve as a good reference for future researchers
as they collect data for a bigger project. This could provide valuable insights to
researchers and practitioners on potential improvements from different points of view,
especially taking into account the possibilities offered by the newest technologies.
F. DEFINITION OF TERMS AND NOMENCLATURE
To gain a better understanding of the study titled "Feasibility Testing of Modified 2-
stroke Engine for Agricultural Tractors", the following terms have been operationally
defined:
● Engine – a machine that converts any of various forms of energy into mechanical
force and motion.

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10
● 2 - Stroke Engine – A two-stroke engine is a type of internal combustion engine that
performs two piston strokes during a single power cycle, which is finished in a single
crankshaft rotation.
● Internal Combustion Engine – a heat engine in which the combustion of a fuel
occurs with an oxidizer in a combustion chamber that is an integral part of the
working fluid flow circuit.
● Agricultural Tractors – it is agricultural machines used for crop harvesting, planting,
plowing, and other tasks. It can be two or four-wheeled, depending on the purpose and
brand, and it runs on gasoline and diesel.
● Prototype – a sample or one's model that will be used and created in the future.
● Exhaust – the conduit through which used gases escape.
● Emission – gas emitted or released by the modified engine.
● Flow Meter System - used to measure fluids such as oil and gases at various stages.

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11
Nomenclature
cc cubic centimeter
CO carbon monoxide (engine exhaust gas component)
CO2 carbon dioxide (engine exhaust gas component)
kmph kilometer per hour
HC hydrocarbons (engine exhaust gas component))
HP high pressure
L liter
lb/ft pound-force foot
mL milliliter
mm millimeter
N nitrogen
NOx nitrogen oxide (engine exhaust gas component)
O2 oxygen (engine exhaust gas component)
psi pounds per square inch
ppm particle per million (engine exhaust gas component)
RPM revolutions per minute

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12
CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Following a rigors and in-depth search by academics, this chapter includes Related
Literature and Studies. The linked literature and studies cited in this chapter examine the
various ideas, concepts, generalization, findings, and development relevant to the study,
spanning publications published 10 years ago to the present. This will serve as a guide for the
researchers in designing the project. Moreover, the information contained in this chapter, aids
in familiarizing what the opposites and parallels are to present/existing studies.
A. History and Importance of Tractors in Agricultural Field
The word ‘tractor’ was used for the first time in the beginning of the 1900s when
steam engines were introduced in agriculture to replace the horse as a source of tractive
power on lands. The diffusion of technological innovations in agricultural machinery has
received much attention from economics and management because it can increase labor
productivity and the social surplus of agricultural systems. In particular, tractors, a main
technological paradigm in agriculture, are the most important machines in the farms and play
a vital role in several farm operations.
B. The Role of an Engine in a Tractor

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13
An engine is the soul of the tractor, without it, a tractor can’t work. A quality engine
also makes the tractor efficient for agriculture. In modern days, a tractor is fitted with an IC
(internal combustion) engine. The name “internal combustion” is because the heat energy of
the fuel is converted into mechanical work by burning the fuel inside the engine.
C. Works and Effectiveness of Different Tractors in Modern Agriculture
There are many different tractor alternatives available to meet different needs and
duties. For heavy-duty landscaping projects and chores like digging, carrying, or plowing on
vast gardens, fields, and pastures, subcompact or compact tractors with a horsepower range of
35hp - 60hp is a minimum basis. Subcompact tractors, a scaled-down variant of compact
tractors, are capable of a wide range of gardening activities, including mowing, moving
mulch, and tilling gardens. Compact tractors, which are scaled-down versions of utility
tractors.
D. Environmental Friendly Fuels as Alternatives
Currently, the majority of energy carriers and prime movers are exclusively reliant on
fossil fuels, making great contributions to anthropogenic emissions of pollutants and carbon
dioxide. This in itself is enough of a cause to seek alternatives, and thus investments in
renewable energy and unconventional fuels are flourishing and policies aiming at enhancing
energy efficiency have been put forward.
E. Concerns of Exhaust Emission of Agricultural Tractors
Due to the increased attention paid to environmental sustainability, the environmental
concerns that come from agricultural operations are of increasing worldwide importance. For
agricultural operations, one of the most important issues focuses on exhaust gases emissions
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14
released from tractors during fuel combustion. In particular, the increasing interest is in
reducing the emissions of pollutants from exhaust gases to improve air quality. Emissions to
air, water, and soil are some of the most important causes of environmental burdens from
agricultural processes.
F. Fuel Consumption and Emission of Agricultural Tractor
Fuel consumption and emissions of a specific tractor engine depend mainly on engine
speed and torque. The engine load can be influenced by alternative driving techniques, by the
design of the drive train, and bythe use of implements with different work capacities. This
work deals with the effects of varying engine control strategies and engine transmission
characteristics on the fuel consumption and engine emissions from agricultural tractors.
G. Performance and Limit of Agricultural Engines
Improving machine performance and optimum energy usage are of great importance
in mechanized agriculture. By the correct management of some tractor parameters such as tire
inflation pressure, wheel load, number of drive wheels, and type of driving system, there is a
possibility to optimize the tractor’s traction performance, reduce fuel consumption, and
enhance field productivity. One of the ways to fully utilize the power of a tractor engine is by
increasing the working width in order to the maximum pulling force can be created.
However, in most instances, excessive pulling force leads to slipping the tractor’s wheel
above the allowed limit.
H. Farm Debut of Gasoline Engine

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15
In the first place, it begins with the appearance of the earliest farm gas engines and
focuses on this neglected first stage of internal combustion engine use on the farm. It also
recognizes farmers to be more intimately involved with the advent of engines, automobiles,
and ultimately tractors on farms. Farmers adopted the technology willingly to fulfill a need or
satisfy a demand.
I. Agricultural Energy Consumption in the Philippines
The agriculture sector posted the biggest downturn in energy utilization among
sectors, as its levels went down by 14.8 percent to 439.6 MTOE in 2018 from 515.6 kTOE in
2017. The level of energy requirements for the crop production significantly declined by
15.7 percent due to the waning production of major crops during the 4th quarter of 2018, such
as palay, sugarcane and cassava, brought about by typhoons and inadequate irrigation water.
Gasoline and fuel oil consumption of the sector declined by 41.0 percent and 90.8 percent,
respectively.
J. Accidents Occurring in Agriculture and the Awareness
The high rate of injuries occurring in agricultural activities is of major concern in
most countries, despite the ever-increasing efforts made at normative levels. In particular, the
use of agricultural tractors is recognized as the most hazardous activity for farmers due to the
large number of fatalities occurring every year. There is a spread of new approaches to safety
problems in workplaces relying on “safety culture” and “safety management” concepts.
K. Two-Stroke Internal Combustion Engine Movement

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Two-stroke engine only requires two piston movements (one cycle) in order to
generate power. The engine is able to produce power after one cycle because the exhaust and
intake of the gas occur simultaneously. There is a valve for the intake stroke that opens and
closes due to changing pressures. In addition, due to its frequent contact with moving
components, the fuel is mixed with oil to add lubrication, allowing smoother strokes.
L. Two-Stroke Gasoline Engine Fuel Conversion
The thermal efficiency of these gasoline engines will vary depending on the model
and design of the vehicle. However, in general, gasoline engines convert 20% of the fuel
(chemical) energy to mechanical energy—in which only 15% will be used to move the
wheels (the rest is lost to friction and other mechanical elements).
M. Comparison of Two-Stroke and Four-Stroke Engines
Compared to four-stroke engines, two-strokes are lighter, more efficient, have the
ability to use lower-grade fuel, and are more cost-efficient. Therefore, the lighter engines
result in a higher power-to-weight ratio (more power for less weight). However, they lack the
maneuverability possible in four-stroke engines and require more lubrication.
N. New Agricultural Engines for Farmers
The availability of used engines afforded many farmers the opportunity to practice
their skills. As better engines became available, farmers often traded their old engines for a
newer, more reliable engines, one with more horsepower, or even a tractor. The
overpowering significance of the farm gas engine was the role it played in training many
hundreds of thousands of farmers across the country as engine mechanics.
O. Skills Needed for Challenges for Gasoline Agricultural Engines

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While the early farm engines were fairly simple, they required care and basic skills.
With heavy use, cold, damp, or dusty conditions, or months of storage, problems were sure to
develop. The farmers who owned them needed to become engine mechanics; many readily
rose to the challenge. A Kansas farmer put it this way: “To get along well with a gas engine
one
must have patience and common sense. When trouble arises one should stop and think a little
before using a wrench or a pair of pliers or something that does more harm than good. I
generally find some simple thing wrong with my engine, either fuel, ignition, or timing, when
I have trouble.”
P. Compression Ratio and Its Effects on Engine Combustion
The compression ratio (CR) is defined as the ratio of the volume of the cylinder and
its headspace (including the pre-combustion chamber, if present) when the piston is at the
bottom of its stroke to the volume of the headspace when the piston is at the top of its travel
(‘top dead center, tdc). The compression ratio, in this case for a realistic engine it is the
effective one and has two effects on combustion. The first, and obvious effect, is on the
thermodynamic cycle. The pressure and temperature at the end of compression will be
affected by the compression ratio, with a higher compression ratio increasing both these
parameters. Compression ratio will also have a significant effect on the geometry of the
combustion chamber, and a higher compression ratio will often result in a combustion
chamber of a narrower aspect ratio. This means that the flame will contact the piston earlier,
and this will tend to reduce the rate of heat release.
Q. Compression of Diesel Engine

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Good compression on a diesel engine falls in the range of 275 to 400 psi. You
typically don't want to have a variance of more than 10% between cylinders.
R. Carburetor Process
To control the power delivered the engine adjusts the airflow inducted according to the
driver demand. The meter of fuel flow into the inducted air stream is the while keeping the
air/fuel ratio in the optimum range over the engine's entire to the working range. In the
homogeneous air and fuel mixture in order to make the ignition and combustion produced
property
S. Total RPM (Revolutions Per Minute) of a Two Stroke Engine
A 2-stroke is the way to go for high revolutions per minute (RPM) of 8,000 – 14,000
since it completes a spin in half the time of a 4-stroke. These high speeds are ideal for
chainsaws and string trimmers, which require a quick blade to be successful.

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CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter concentrates on the discussion of the research methods and procedures
adhered to by the researcher in order to answer systematically the specific problems posed for
investigation. Specifically, the research method, population and samples, research instrument,
data gathering procedure, and statistical treatment of the data used for the accurate data
analysis and interpretation were explained in this chapter.
A. RESEARCH DESIGN
This study will employ the Technical Developmental Design. Technical
developmental design is a systematic study of designing, developing, and evaluating
engineering prototypes. This study will develop a modified 2-stroke engine for
agricultural tractors which will be evaluated on its efficiency.

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Layout drawing or computer-aided design of the real and finished modified engine. The
modified engine by the researchers was worked by a configuration engineer with the use of a
computer program.
Fig 1: Engineering Configuration of the Modified Engine
B. RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT
In this study, the exhaust emission was conducted in an emission testing center to see
the result of the engine's exhaust. While the experimentation, determination, and comparison
of fuel consumption, horsepower, torque, rpm, compression, the volume of a cylinder, stroke
length, and fuel inlet were conducted in the proponents’ houses.
C. RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS

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The main materials used for engine parts are secondhand motor engine and boat
engine, gears, ceramic bearings and the lubricant oil, iron base alloys such as structural steels,
stainless steels, iron base sintered metals, and cast iron and aluminum alloy parts for the
piston, cylinder head and cylinder block. Fuel gas analyzer, emission gas tester, compression
ratio tester, torque wrench, extractors and pullers, sockets and ratchets, flow meter system,
and gasoline were also used.
While the following blueprints will be also used for the creation of the real engine for
Fig 2: The Cam Shaft Fig 3: The Push Rod
Fig 4: Pistons Fig 5: Visualize Zones and Place Peripherals

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Fig 6: Engine Block Fig 7: Valves
Fig 8: Valve Caps Fig 9: Intake/Exhaust Manifolds

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Fig 10: Camshaft Housing Fig 11: Add Sides to the Engine Block
Fig 12: Ends of the Camshaft Fig 13: Tensioner and Valve Wheels Fig 14: Engine
Belt
D. RESEARCH GATHERING PROCEDURE

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E.1 PRE-EXPERIMENTAL STAGE
Engineering Configuration
Researchers will collect the materials needed to craft the alternate engine. Then there
will be experiments that will be done before things are settled. They are required to be tested
for emissions tests, fuel consumption, and compression.
Finally, the researchers will collect the results for exhaust emission, fuel consumption,
horsepower, torque, rpm, and compression, the volume of the cylinder, stroke length, and fuel
inlet of the modified 2-stroke engine and will be compared with the normal engine of an
agricultural tractor.
E.2 EXPERIMENTAL STAGE
A. Preparation of Materials of the Modified 2-stroke Engine
Materials and parts needed for the modified engine were purchased. Starting
with the used motorcycle engine and boat engine, gearbox, ceramic bearings, and
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lubricating oil. Iron-based alloys such as mild steels, stainless steels, iron-based
sintered metals, and cast iron and aluminum alloy parts were also used for the piston,
cylinder head, and cylinder block.
B. Maintenance of the Engine Parts of the Motorcycle Engine And Boat Engine
First, remove any debris that is present in the engines. The debris was all
removed as it can cause issues in the engines over time. It will also make it easier to
properly maintain the engines once the dirt is removed. When the engine is free of
debris and warmed up. A WD-40 degreaser and a brush were used to clean the parts.
Following the manufacturer's guidelines, the formula was set on the engines for
about three to five minutes.
Next, a bristled brush was used to scrub off the grease. After that, the engines
were rinsed with a hose.
C. Assemble the Perspective Design
All the parts of the engines were disassembled and the available parts were
sorted out.
D. Assemble the Modified 2-stroke Engine
Assemble all parts under adult guidance. Combine the available parts of the
second-hand motor and boat engine with compatible and safe tools.
E. Assemble the Carburetor of the Modified 2-stroke Engine
The method of making the modified carburetor comprises forming an
extrusion, changing air jet needles for less fuel consumption cutting a carburetor body
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of desired length from the extrusion, inserting a melded venture in the through
passage, melding a fuel bowl from plastic material and securing the fuel bowl to the
body by means of a spring clip.
F. Paint the Modified 2-stroke Engine
The engine block was thoroughly cleaned before painting. Masking tape was
used to cover any areas of the block that should not be painted, such as the pan rails,
engine mounting holes, and the oil filter adapter mating surface. The corners of the
block were scraped off with a razor blade where the masking tape overhangs. Then
the engine block was painted with spray paint. A primer was also sprayed for the
modified engine.
E.3 POST-EXPERIMENTAL STAGE
A. Determination of the Emission Test Results of the Modified Engine.
The modified engine was taken to the emissions test center to see its exhaust
emission results under the guidance of a professional. When the researchers started
the engine and the hose from the emissions test machine was inserted into the
modified 2-stroke engine's exhaust. In a 20-second count, the results were then
calculated by the emission test machine. The researchers wrote down the results. This
is the result when the modified 2-stroke engine is still cold. Next, the researchers ran
the modified 2-stroke engine for 10 minutes to allow it to get hot. After a 20-second
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count, the results were then calculated by the emissions testing machine, and the
results were recorded again. The results were then compared to the normal engine of
an agricultural tractor.
B. Determination of the Fuel Consumption of the Modified Engine
3000 mL of gasoline was poured into a beaker and was transferred again in a
large bottle to determine the fuel consumption of the modified 2-stroke engine. A
stopwatch was used to determine how much fuel it can consume in 30 minutes, 1
hour, 1 hour, and 30 minutes until it will consume it all. The results were then
compared to the normal engine of an agricultural tractor.
C. Determination of the Compression Ratio of the Modified Engine
The compression ratio of the modified 2-stroke engine was measured using a
compression tester to determine how much compression the modified engine makes.
First, the fuel flow of the modified 2-stroke engine was disconnected. The hose that
connects to the fuel pump has been pulled. Second, all of the ignition systems and
spark plugs were pulled off to avoid the ground. Next, the compression gauge was
connected to the opposite end of the hose and tested on the modified engine cylinder.
The results were recorded on paper and labelled 1 through 3 to keep the results in
order. The compression gauge and hose were removed after the test.
E. RISK ASSESSMENT AND SAFETY MEASURES
RISKS:
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1. There can be a leakage in the engine.
2. If there is a fire in the area, the engine may explode.
3. If the engine is not correctly handled, it can cause accidents like
dropping it because of its weight.
SAFETY MEASURES:
1. Wear safety equipment (such as gloves, boots, and goggles) and know
the safety precautions for protection.
2. Wash hands after applying or doing something on the engine.
3. Use the right tools/materials for the right parts of the engine and make
sure they are still in good condition.
4. If something is wrong with the engine or the tools/materials are in poor
condition, do not use them and report it to the professionals
immediately.
5. Look around your surroundings to see if there are any potential sources
of fire or trouble.
F. DATA ANALYSIS
For any cylinder with a base radius, and height, the volume will be base times the
height. Therefore, the cylinder's volume of base radius 'r', and height 'h' = (area of base) ×
height of the cylinder. Since the base is the circle, it can be written as. Volume = πr2 × h. The
shorter the stroke, the lower the piston acceleration at a given rpm, allowing shorter-stroke
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engines to generally operate at higher revs, and therefore produce more power. Higher engine
speeds require more intake- and exhaust-valve area to fill and empty the cylinder in the
shorter time available. In the analysis of the Compression Ratio of the Modified Engine, a
compression tester was used to determine the compression ratio.
Modified 2-stroke Normal Engine on Agricultural
Engine Tractor
Volume Of Cylinder
Stroke Length
Fuel System
Compression
In the analysis of the Emission Testing Result of the Modified engine, the table
below which shows the emission performance standard was used for interpretation.
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Emissions Target Judgment
Carbon Monoxide (CO) <4.5 % Passed
Hydro Carbon (HC) <10000 ppm Passed
Natrium Oxide (NOx) 0.0 Passed
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) --- Passed
Oxygen (O2) --- Passed
Lambda --- Passed
In the analysis of the Fuel Consumption of the Modified Engine, a beaker was used to
measure 3L of gasoline fuel then transferred it into a large bottle. The calculation is to add
240 mL of fuel per 30 minutes. A stopwatch was used to time the engine while operating.
While in the Analysis of the Normal Engine of an Agricultural Tractor, the researchers
predicted its fuel consumption using its consumption in a 1L of diesel engine. The calculation
is to add 265 mL of fuel per 30 minutes. The calculated fuel consumption is shown below.
FUEL Modified 2-stroke Engine Normal Engine on
Agricultural Tractor
1L (30 mins) 240mL 265mL
1L (1 hour) 480mL 530mL

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2L (3 hours) 1,440mL (1.4L) 1,590mL (1.5L)
3L (5-6 hours) 2,880m L (2.8L) 3,180mLl (3.1L)
In the analysis of the Torque and RPM of the Modified 2-stroke, a tachometer was the
device used to measure the RPM or Revolutions Per Minute of the rotating body of the
modified 2-stroke engine. Running at lower RPMs equates to higher torque and thus lower
horsepower while making higher RPM power outputs less torque and higher top horsepower.
MAX TORQUE AND MODIFIED ENGINE NORMAL ENGINE
RPM
HORSE POWER 10HP 6.5HP
MAX TORQUE 56.5lb/ft 46 lb/ft
RPM(max speed) 725RPM 465RPM

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CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. DISCUSSION OF TREATMENTS
Table 1. a
The Characteristics of the Modified 2-stroke Engine
Table 1. b

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The Modified Parts of the Modified 2-stroke and Comparison to the Normal Engine of an
Agricultural Tractor
Table 1. c
The Analysis of the Exhaust Emission Test Results of the Modified 2-stroke and Comparison
to the Normal Engine of an Agricultural Tractor
Table 1. d
The Analysis of the Fuel Consumption of the Modified 2-stroke and Comparison to the
Normal Engine of an Agricultural Tractor

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Table 1. e
The Analysis of the Torque and RPM of the Modified 2-stroke and Comparison to the
Normal Engine of an Agricultural Tractor

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CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
A. CONCLUSION
This research investigated the modified engine. Primary data were collected by doing
various tests on the modified engine. As mentioned earlier in the introduction, the purpose of
this study is to test the feasibility of the modified engine for agricultural tractors.
The modified engine is an efficient prototype for agricultural tractors, according to the
following conclusions. First, the modified engine's exhaust emission is lower than that of
other engines, making it more environmentally friendly. Second, the modified engine is
powered by gasoline. The fuel (gasoline) it uses is less expensive than that used by other

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agricultural tractors like diesel fuels. Finally, when operating, the modified engine uses a
small amount of gasoline fuel, making it difficult to run out of fuel depending on its speed.
● The modified 2-stroke engine's design could be improved with proper materials, as
shown in the blueprint.
● The modified 2-stroke engine is not yet ready for installation in a tractor.
● The modified 2-stroke engine's parts are all inexpensive and were purchased second-
hand to save money.
● The modified 2-stroke engine is still far from being used in terms of reliability
because it still has parts that need to be upgraded and improved.
B. RECOMMENDATIONS
The researchers believe that the experimentation raises several hypotheses that merit
further research about the modified engine for agricultural tractors. In particular, the
researchers offer the following recommendations:
B.1 Oversight, Education, and Outreach
1. Investigate ways to continue and expand the development of modified engines for
2. Investigate ways to provide farmers with engines that can be used on their land, as
well as engines that are less toxic to the environment.

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3. Encourage researchers to continue developing engines or develop an effective plan
for developing engines for agricultural tractors.
B.2 Further Research and Experimentation
1. Create the finished engine based on the modified prototype engine.
2. Examine the effectiveness of the finished agricultural tractor engine and how it can
be improved in the future.
3. Examine how the finished engine benefits farmers and collect feedback to ensure
that the modified engine is beneficial while also protecting the environment.
4. Conduct additional experiments with the modified engine, as well as surveys and
interviews with farmers who use the finished engine. With a higher success rate than
the current study, and the ability to evaluate potential drawbacks.
REFERENCES
Al-Aani, Faris Salim, Matthew Darr, Benjamin Ross Covington, and Levi John Powell. 2016.
“THE PERFORMANCE of FARM TRACTORS as REPORTED by CAN-
BUS MESSAGES.” Research Gate. July 2016.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305776735_THE_PERFORMANCE
_OF_FARM_TRACTORS_AS_REPORTED_BY_CAN-BUS_MESSAGES.
Aldaba, Rafaelita. 2014. “Revving the Engine of Philippine Manufacturing.” East Asia
Forum. March 1, 2014. https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2014/03/01/revving-
the-engine-of-philippine-manufacturing/.

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Bautista, Elmer. 2016. “Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Rice Production in the Philippines
Based on Life-Cycle Inventory Analysis.” Edited by Masanori Saito. Research
Gate. January 2016.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273636139_Greenhouse_gas_emissi
ons_from_rice_production_in_the_Philippines_based_on_life-
cycle_inventory_analysis.
Culture, Safety. 2023. “The Benefits of Using Agricultural Machinery.” SafetyCulture.
March 29, 2023. https://safetyculture.com/topics/agricultural-machinery/.
Duarte, Vanessa, and Soumodip Sarkar. 2009. “Welcome - CEFAGE.” Research Gate.
December 2009. http://www.cefage.uevora.pt.
Fargnoli, Mario, and Mara Lombardi. 2019. “Safety Vision of Agricultural Tractors: An
Engineering Perspective Based on Recent Studies (2009–2019).” Safety 6 (1):
1. https://doi.org/10.3390/safety6010001.
Homdoung, N., N. Tippayawong, and N. Dussadee. 2014. “Effect of Ignition Timing
Advance on Performance of a Small Producer Gas Engine.” Cmuir.cmu.ac.th,
January. http://cmuir.cmu.ac.th/jspui/handle/6653943832/53541.

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Janulevičius, Algirdas, Antanas Juostas, and Gediminas Pupinis. 2013. “Engine Performance
during Tractor Operational Period.” Energy Conversion and Management 68
(April): 11–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2013.01.001.
Lopatin, O P. 2020. “Development of Tractor Gas-Diesel Modifications.” IOP Conference
Series: Earth and Environmental Science 548 (September): 062034.
https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/548/6/062034.
Lindgren, M., and P.-A. Hansson. 2002. “PM—Power and Machinery.” Biosystems
Engineering 83 (1): 55–65. https://doi.org/10.1006/bioe.2002.0099.
Moinfar, AbdolMajid, Gholamhossein Shahgholi, Yousef Abbaspour Gilandeh, and Tarahom
Mesri Gundoshmian. 2020. “The Effect of the Tractor Driving System on Its
Performance and Fuel Consumption.” Energy 202 (July): 117803.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.117803.
Meyer, Carrie A. 2013. “The Farm Debut of the Gasoline Engine.” Agricultural History 87
(3): 287–313. https://doi.org/10.3098/ah.2013.87.3.287.
Smith, Patrick, John Heywood, and Wai Cheng. 2014. “Effects of Compression Ratio on
Spark-Ignited Engine Efficiency.” SAE Technical Paper Series, October, 14.
https://doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-2599.
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Shekikhachev, Y A, V I Batyrov, L Z Shekikhacheva, A L Bolotokov, and H L Gubzhokov.
2020. “Prediction of Service Life of Auto-Tractor Engine Parts.” IOP
Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 862 (3): 032001.
https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/862/3/032001.
Zareei, J., and A. H. Kakaee. 2013. “Study and the Effects of Ignition Timing on Gasoline
Engine Performance and Emissions.” European Transport Research Review 5
(2): 109–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12544-013-0099-8.
Winterbone, Desmond E., and Ali Turan. 2015. “Reciprocating Internal Combustion
Engines.” Advanced Thermodynamics for Engineers, 345–79.
https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-63373-6.00016-2.

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DOCUMENTATIONS:

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42

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Project Data Logbook
Date Activity Person/s Involved Comments

October 31, 2022 – Gathering of The Researchers The researchers
November 30, 2022 Materials. were able to gather
the materials
needed for the
making of the
modified 2-stroke
engine.
December 1-9, 2022 Fixing of the The Researchers The Researchers
modified 2-stroke were able to fix the
engine. modified 2-stroke
engine.
January 12, 2023 Going to Cagayan The Researchers and The adult
Emission Testing Elimar Callueng personnel were
Center for questions (Cagayan Emission able to give
about how to conduct Testing Center information how to
the experiment. Personnel) conduct the
experiment of
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exhaust emission.
January 13-17, 2023 Conduction of fuel The Researchers The researchers
consumption of the were able to
modified 2-stroke conduct the fuel
engine. consumption of the
modified 2-stroke
engine.
January 18-20, 2023 Editing of manuscript The Researchers The researchers
to put the gathered were able edit the
results for the fuel manuscript to put
consumption of the the gathered
modified 2-stroke results for the fuel
engine. consumption of the
modified 2-stroke
engine.
January 25-31, 2023 Conduction of The Researchers The researchers
horsepower and were able to
torque of the conduct the
modified 2-stroke experimentation of
engine. the horsepower
and torque of the
modified 2-stroke
engine.
February 6-10, 2023 Conduction of the The Researchers The researchers
rpm, compression, were able to
the volume of a conduct the
cylinder of the experimentation of
modified 2-stroke the rpm,
engine. compression, the
volume of a
cylinder of the
modified 2-stroke
engine.
February 13-17, Conduction of the The Researchers The researchers
2023 stroke length and fuel were able to
inlet of the modified conduct the
2-stroke engine. experimentation of
the stroke length
and fuel inlet of
the modified 2-
stroke engine.
February 27, 2023 Conduction of the Cagayan Emission The researchers
exhaust emission of Testing Center and the Cagayan
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the modified 2-stroke Emission Testing

engine. Center headed by
Elimar Callueng,
were able to
conduct the
experimentation of
the exhaust
emission of the
modified 2-stroke
engine.
May 7-13, 2023 Editing of manuscript The Researchers The researchers
to put the gathered were able to edit
results for the the manuscript.
horsepower, torque,
rpm, compression,
the volume of a
cylinder, stroke
length, fuel inlet, and
exhaust emission of
the modified 2-stroke
engine.
May 31, 2023 Finalization of the The Researchers The researchers
manuscript and data were able to
gathered. finalize the
manuscript and
data gathered.

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Republic of the Philippines

Feasibility Testing of Modified 2-stroke

Engine for Agricultural Tractors

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Subject Research II

DAWAY, KIRZTEN MYLES

MOSADA, RHONA MARJORIE M.

ADDATU, KEVIN JAMES GABRIEL

SAQUING, DOEL ANDREI

KRISBURT DELOS SANTOS

Address: Bagay Road, San Gabriel, Tuguegarao City, 3500

II. EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:

III. RESEARCH EXPERIENCE:

IV. RESEARCH UNDERTAKEN:

Address: Bagay Road, San Gabriel, Tuguegarao City, 3500

Kirzten Myles G. Daway

II. EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:

III. RESEARCH EXPERIENCE:

IV. RESEARCH UNDERTAKEN:

Address: Bagay Road, San Gabriel, Tuguegarao City, 3500

Rhona Marjorie M. Mosada

II. EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:

III. RESEARCH EXPERIENCE:

IV. RESEARCH UNDERTAKEN:

Address: Bagay Road, San Gabriel, Tuguegarao City, 3500

II. EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:

III. RESEARCH EXPERIENCE:

IV. RESEARCH UNDERTAKEN:

Address: Bagay Road, San Gabriel, Tuguegarao City, 3500

Kevin James Gabriel G. Addatu

II. EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:

III. RESEARCH EXPERIENCE:

IV. RESEARCH UNDERTAKEN:

Address: Bagay Road, San Gabriel, Tuguegarao City, 3500

II. EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:

III. RESEARCH EXPERIENCE:

IV. RESEARCH UNDERTAKEN:

Address: Bagay Road, San Gabriel, Tuguegarao City, 3500

II. EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:

III. RESEARCH EXPERIENCE:

IV. RESEARCH UNDERTAKEN:

Address: Bagay Road, San Gabriel, Tuguegarao City, 3500

Doel Andrei Saquing

II. EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:

III. RESEARCH EXPERIENCE:

IV. RESEARCH UNDERTAKEN:

Address: Bagay Road, San Gabriel, Tuguegarao City, 3500

Agriculture is a major component of the Philippine economy, with crops such as

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direction of this study.

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experience. Your constant presence has given us comfort and motivation.

until the finish of our journey.

pursue the beauty of our research.

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B. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK………………………………..………………….. iii

C. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM…………………………...…………………….

D. SCOPE AND LIMITATION………………………..……………….……………..... v

E. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY…..……………………………………….…...... vi