Solid Waste Management

Introduction
Unfortunately, waste-to-energy projects and

treatment facilities that have been built, but
then have failed after a short time (an
example in India). So, it is necessary to know
waste generation amount and nature of it
properly.
https://skat.ch/book/waste-to-energy-rapid-assessment-tool/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wziY5kJBWUc
0
CEE Short Course 2022 IUT, June 29 – July 1
MSW Generation in a city
- Low, middle, high, upper middle & lower middle income/class

- Average rate (kg/cap/day) for residential area/domestic waste
- Total DW = Rate x population/1000 (tons/d)
- Similarly for commercial & institutional areas, street sweeps
and others. Then, total MSW generation for a city.
1
CEE Short Course 2022 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LgJ6f2dXS9o
IUT, June 29 – July 1
MSW Characterization - Define
- Waste characterization means finding out how much paper, glass,
food waste, etc. is discarded in your waste stream (composition) and
properties (physical, chemical, biological & mechanical) of it.
- Waste characterization information helps in planning how to reduce
waste, set up recycling programs, W2W programs and W2E
technologies, recovery of values materials, conserve money and
resources.
Adopted from https://www2.calrecycle.ca.gov/WasteCharacterization/General

2
MSW Characterization - Why?
• If organic > 50%, incineration may not be a good solution.

• If anaerobic digestion, may want organic fraction at
hopefully 100%.
• If high of inerts, it is detrimental to incineration, but also
to anaerobic digestion. Stones neither burn nor degrade.
- Important to know the waste characteristics.
- Obtain this through an in-depth, well conducted study,
which is representative of your city.
3
MSW Characterization - Why?
Feasibility of incineration or
pyrolysis technologies will depend
on the calorific value of waste, this
depends on water content.
So if waste is mainly organic and

biodegradable, it will typically also
be very moist. Then, anaerobic
digestion might be good.
4
MSW Characterization: Density
100L
5
3 densities
- Loose (Just fill w/t
compaction)
- Medium (3 layers, 12
blows/layer, 5.5 ib hammar
12’’ free fall)
- Compact (3 layers, 25
blows/layer, 5.5 ib hammar
12’’ free fall)
6
MSW characterization: Quartering technique
It is advisable to limit the time between collection and analysis to a max. 8h, since the waste will
start slowly to degrade.
If waste amount is 200kg or more,
have to take a representative sample
of around 50kg for analysis. The most
commonly used technique for this is
called the "quartering technique".
• Expand the waste, say 200kg or more,
on a flat hard surface, mix it.
• Divide into 4 parts: A, B, C and D.
• Discard 2 opposing quarters, say B and D.
• Combine remaining two, say A and C.
• Repeat steps until approx. 50kg are left.
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MSW Characterization: Composition
Sorting
Pieces < 1 cm are called fines.
Total = 47.39 =100% 8

MSW Characterization: Moisture
Calculating moisture content of biowaste mixtures by Oven Drying Method
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Zz9ZryxUSM
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2 Biowastes: Food waste & saw dust
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MC of 2 Biowastes: Food waste & saw dust
Material is too dry for composting. Add water.

If material is too wet, dry it in the open air.
Alternatively, recalculate the amounts of materials
that we should mix to attain the desired MC.
11
MSW Characterization: Chemical Composition
Chemical composition (dry basis) of MSW is important to implement proper waste management/treatment options. It can be
tested in a lab of Chemistry or Chemical Engg. Dept. or in Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR). 4
methods: UA, PA, fusing point of ash & energy content.
Coal = sample
It is a chemical process. It is important It is one of the first analyses. The test

for large scale trials i.e. boiler trial. It involves heating the substance/sample
is useful for calculation of amount of under various conditions for variable
air required for complete combustion amounts of time to determine moisture,
volatile matter, fixed carbon and ash.
of 1 kg of sample. It is also used to
also used to determine heating value.
determine calorific value
http://mapoly.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Ch.6-Fuels-and-combustion-16-M.pdf
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/proximate-analysis
12
Chemical properties – a sample
oi
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HbO3RhBOgE0 https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2013.873094
13
MSW Characterization: Calorific Value (CV)
Calorific Value Measurement of Solid Biofuels using Bomb
Calorimetry (in Heat Engine Laboratory, ME Dept.)
The calorific value (heating value) is a direct indication of

the energy available for the production of steam and
probably the most important parameter for determining the
commercial usefulness of a substance.
- amount of calories generated when a unit amount of
substance is completely oxidized and is determined using
the bomb calorimeter.
The gross calorific value at constant volume is the absolute value
of the specific energy of combustion, in joules, for a unit mass of a
solid biofuel burned in oxygen (European standard EN 14918).
• Solid biofuels (fuelwood, wood residues, wood pellets, animal Oxygen bomb
waste, vegetal material, ...) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RzAPQPWOlNI
calorimeter
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/calorific-value 14
CV - steps
The gross calorific value of solid biofuels is
determined at constant volume and at the reference
temperature 25°C in a bomb calorimeter.
- sample mass 0.5 g or less in crucible,
- ignition/fuse wire is made of nickel-chromium 0.16-0.2 mm
dia and 10 cm length,
- fasten fuse wire between the two electrodes, bend the wire
downward toward the surface,
- Charge the oxygen bomb,
- lower the bomb completely into the water of 2000 g, Crucible
- start the motor, turn on digital thermometer, record temperatures for 5min @1 min,
- at 6th min, fire the bomb by pressing ignition button, holding it down until
the indicator light goes out,
- take the temperature readings at 45, 60, 75, 90 and 105 seconds after firing and
interpolate between these readings to identify the 60% point after total rise is measured,
- measure time required to reach 60% of total rise by estimating temperature at 60% point,
- Stop the motor when successive readings are constant for 5min.
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CV of various components – a comprehensive review
CV (kJ/kg)
Items Min Max Mean
PP 45769 46239 46004
PE 37600 46479 42845
PS 38930 40116 39523
Rubber 21812 38868 31989
Chemical fiber 20860 29770 23667
Wool 20920 23632 22276
Wood 18126 21178 19614
Fruit peel 16887 18638 18065
Cotton 14211 21374 17083
Vegetable 15784 18042 16818
Printing paper 11825 19734 15065
https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2013.873094
16
CV and other chemical properties
The comparison of the characteristics of

MSW specific components
https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2013.873094
17
CV calculation & power generation
https://doi.org/10.3390/app11093744
18
Selection of Options
A proposed waste management& treatment process in Bangladesh
https://doi.org/10.3390/app11093744
19

Solid Waste Management

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Solid Waste Management

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Introduction

Unfortunately, waste-to-energy projects and

- Low, middle, high, upper middle & lower middle income/class

Adopted from https://www2.calrecycle.ca.gov/WasteCharacterization/General

• If organic > 50%, incineration may not be a good solution.

So if waste is mainly organic and

Total = 47.39 =100% 8

Material is too dry for composting. Add water.

It is a chemical process. It is important It is one of the first analyses. The test

The calorific value (heating value) is a direct indication of

The comparison of the characteristics of

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