CEE 4634

Environmental Engineering Sessional II

Design of Wastewater Conveyance

System
Course Teacher Maisha Hossain
Lecturer
Department of Civil & Environmental
Engineering Islamic University of Technology
Basic Functional Elements

❑ House connections: Collect wastewater from houses

❑ Network of sewer system: for collecting and conveying the wastewater
❑ Treatment plant: for processing the wastewater
❑ Receiving environment: for disposal of the treated water
Types of Sewerage System

Sewerage
System

Separate Partially
Combined
Combined

Sanitary Storm

Gravity Pressure Vacuum

Types of Sewers

➢ Building Sewers
➢ Lateral or Branch Sewers
➢ Main Sewers
➢ Trunk Sewers
➢ Intercepting Sewers
Types of Sewers
Components of a Community’s Wastewater

1. Domestic wastewater: Wastewater generated from households and similar

establishments.
2. Industrial wastewater: Wastewater generated from industrial processes and
manufacturing.
3. Infiltration: The process of water seeping into the ground through soil or other porous
materials.
4. Inflow: The process of water entering a sewer system from sources like roof drains,
foundation drains, or direct connections.
5. Stormwater: Rainwater or melted snow that runs off surfaces like rooftops, streets, and
parking lots.
Average Wastewater Flows

➢ The average wastewater flow from an area is influenced by its water consumption rate
and the nature of the area.
➢ For industries that don't have internal recycling programs, around 85 to 95% of the water
they use ends up in the sanitary sewer system.
Peak Wastewater Flows

Components of wastewater flow:

1. Peak flows from residential, institutional and commercial zone
2. Peak discharge of industrial wastewater
3. Peak infiltration allowance
Basic Design Consideration

• Wastewater flow estimation -industrial, commercial & residential.

• Hydraulic-design equation
• Sewer pipe materials
• Minimum pipe sizes
• Minimum and maximum velocities
• Slopes and cover
• Evaluation of alternative alignments or designs
• Selection of appropriate sewer appurtenances
Hydraulic Design Equation

• The Manning equation is commonly used

• Manning n value not less than 0.013 recommended for new sewers and 0.015 for older
sewer considering –
first class construction
pipe sections not less than 5 feet long
true and smooth inside surfaces etc.
Pipe Sizes

• Minimum size for lateral sewer is 8 inches (200mm)

• Smallest sewers must be > the building sewer connections
• Most common size of building connection is 6 inches. However 4 or 5 inches also often
used in low discharges.
Flow Velocities

✓ Minimum velocity
2.0 ft/sec (0.6 m/sec) with flow at half full or full depth
3.0 ft/sec (1m/sec), if access for cleaning is difficult
✓ Maximum average velocities
8-10 ft/sec (2.5-3.0 m/sec) at design depth of flow
✓ Minimum (self-cleansing velocity) and maximum velocities (non scouring velocity) may
be specified in state and local standards
✓ Maximum allowable velocity:
2.5-3.0 m/sec for concrete sewer
3.0-3.5 m/sec for vitrified sewer
2.0-2.5 m/sec for brick sewer
3.5-4.0 m/sec for cast iron sewer
Sewer Pipe Slopes

✓ Sewers with flat slopes may be required to avoid excessive excavation

✓ In such cases, the sewer sizes and slopes should be designed so that the velocity of flow
will increase progressively, or at least will be steady throughout the length of the sewer.
Sewer Appurtenances

Sewer Appurtenances:
• Manholes
• Drop inlets to manholes
• Building connections
• Junction chambers
Manholes
The number of manholes must be adequately spaced so that the sewers can be easily inspected and maintained.

SIZE:
• Manholes in small sewers are usually about 4 feet in diameter when the sewers have circular cross sections
• In large sewers, larger manholes may be required to accommodate larger cleaning devices

SPACING:
• Sewers < 24 inch (600mm) - manhole intervals ≤ 350 ft (100m)
• Sewers 27 – 48 inch (700-1200mm) - manhole intervals ≤ 400 ft (120m)
• Sewers > 48 inch (1200 mm) - Manholes may be placed at greater intervals depending on local conditions like
breaks in grade, location of street intersections, etc.

PLACEMENT:
• Upper end of sewers
• at changes in slope
• at changes in directions
• Pipe junctions
Steps in the Design
1. Prepare the contour map of the Industrial Village area. Examining the contour carefully, draw the layout of
wastewater sewer network and location of ETP. Divide the whole area into sub-areas contributing to the trunk
sewer. Show all lateral branches, mains from each sub-area and mark all the junctions (nodes) of branch
sewers/main sewers with the Trunk sewer.
2. Calculate each sub area or service area (in hectors) contributing to each junction/node for determining
infiltration rate allowance for each sub area.
3. Calculate population/unit used under each sub area
4. Calculate total water consumption (lpd) for each sub area
5. Calculate average wastewater flow per day for each type of unit
Average ww flow (per day) = multiplying factor x water consumption rate of the unit per day
Steps in the Design
6. Calculate peak ww flow per day for each unit
Peak ww flow per day = avg. ww flow per day x peaking factor
Steps in the Design
7. Calculate infiltration allowance (m3/ha-d) for each sub area using calculated size of the sub area
Infiltration and inflow (I/I) = infiltration allowance (m3/ha-d) x area (ha)

8. Calculate Cumulative Peak flow contributing to each node

Total Flow, Q (m3/sec) = total peak ww flow towards each node + Infiltration and inflow
Design of Trunk Sewer
9. Determine size of the pipe segment in between two successive nodes using manning’s formula.

Assume,
➢ Pipes are flowing full
➢ Slope of pipe = from Contour diagram
➢ n = 0.013 (for new concrete / pvc pipe)

Use next larger size as pipe diameter (𝐷𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 ) if the calculated diameter doesn’t match with standard available
pipe sizes.
Design of Trunk Sewer
10. Calculate “𝑄𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 ” using “𝐷𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 "
11. Calculate velocity, 𝑉𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 using manning’s equation

(Check 𝑉𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 with V - minimum (self-cleansing velocity) and V– maximum (non-scouring velocity).
Revise diameter/ slope to satisfy this factors.)

12. Using (Q/𝑄𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 ) in Hydraulic element Diagram

Find out: (d/𝐷𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 ) and (V/𝑉𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 )

13. Determine V (Check Vmin and Vmax)

Longitudinal Profile of a Trunk Sewer
14. From contour diagram of the area find out ground surface elevation at each node along the trunk sewer trench
line.
15. Calculate sewer pipe invert elevation at each end (upper and lower) for each segment of pipe
invert elevation of sewer pipe at upper end = Ground Elevation – 2 m cover – Pipe thickness (50 mm) – Diameter
of the pipe
16. Calculate sewer pipe Crown elevation at each end
Crown elevation of sewer pipe at upper end = Ground Elevation – 2 m cover – Pipe thickness (50 mm)
RESOURCES USED

1. Lecture notes of Samia Syeoti Ramim Miss