THE UNIVERSITY OF DODOMA

COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS

DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION ANDMANAGEMENT

COURSE NAME: APPLIED HUMAN RESOURCE RESEARCH

COURSE CODE: HR 325

COURSE INSTRUCTOR: Dr. RICHARD JAFFU

NATURE OF THE WORK: INDIVIDUAL WORK

S\N NAME REG. NUMBER SIGN

1 MODESTUS R WILLIAM T21-03-12064

QUESTION

Describe at least three formulas used to determine sample size in qualitative business research

Describe the concept of Data saturation as used in social sciences

 1) The following are some of the formulas commonly used to determine sample size in
quantitative research along with the scientists associated with each formula:

 Cochran's Sample Size Formula this formula was discovered by scientist known as
William Gemmell Cochran

Formula states that; n=Z2.p.(1-p)/E2

Cochran's formula calculates sample size based on the desired level of confidence (Z), estimated
population proportion (p), and margin of error (E). It is widely used in various fields of research.

 Krejcie and Morgan's Sample Size Formula This formula was discovered by two
Scientists Frank L. Krejcie and Daryle W. Morgan

Formula states that; n = N.p/1+N.p.e2

Krejcie and Morgan's formula is specifically designed for determining sample size in educational
research. It considers the population size (N), estimated population proportion (p), and
acceptable margin of error (e).

 Yamane's Sample Size Formula the formula was discovered by Scientist Taro Yamane

Formula states that; n=N/1+N.e2

Yamane's formula is used to calculate sample size in survey research. It takes into account the
population size (N) and the desired margin of error (e).

2) Data Saturation in Business and Social Sciences

Data saturation refers to the point in qualitative research where collecting additional data ceases
to provide new insights or information. In business and social sciences, data saturation is crucial
as it indicates that researchers have reached a point of informational redundancy, meaning that
further data collection is unlikely to yield significant or substantial new findings.

In business research, data saturation is essential in qualitative studies such as interviews, focus
groups, or case studies. It helps researchers determine when they have gathered enough data to
address their research questions comprehensively.
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In social sciences like sociology or anthropology, data saturation ensures that researchers have
explored the depth and breadth of a phenomenon or topic under study. It indicates when thematic
saturation has been achieved, meaning that key themes and patterns have emerged consistently
across the data.
 REFERENCES

C. R Kothari, (2004) “Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques”

Sharon L.Lohr, (2019) “Sampling Designs and Analysis”

Ranjit Kumar, (2014) “Research Methodology: A Step – by – step Guide for Beginners”