*

1. d) carbohydrates

① simple carbohydrates

made up of Carbon , Hydrogen & Oxygen

CCHO)

Cn Hzn
On
General formula
:

ce

Glu Frugal s

monosaccharides
<
disaccharides polysaccharides
( ] cellulose
(Eg.) : •
Glucose mono + mono
]
→

f. Condensation
• fructose → starch
☐ maltose ( 2 glu )
Galactose glu Itm)
o
• sucrose C
/ ,
→ glycogen
( most basic unit d-
( 1gal , 1914 )
lactose
]
.

carbohydrate → chitin
☒ simplest form of
sugar
hydrolysis
(-111-20)
• ✓ enzyme

maltose & lactose

Test for reducing sugars ( Benedict 's Test ) Glucose ,
fructose , -

galactose ,

)
( sucrose
✗ reducing
solution ( ]
① Reagent : Benedict 's copper CID sulfate

✗
[ 2cm
3 benedict 's

Blue orange →

I.
Green brick red

☒
change
→
solution :
→
.

fire

☒ Heat the test tube

G- mins )

Non -

reducing sugar

Add HCl → Heat

 complex carbohydrates

starch
& cellulose
↳ Polysaccharides
: ,
glycogen

☒
glucose

②
① starch : linked tgt in long St .
chains

00

② Glycogen :
glucose =
linked tgt in
highly branched chains

↳ &
storage molecule in animals
fungi

③ cellulose →
glucose molecules linked in
long St chains
①

& Starch → 1) insoluble in Hzo I do not affect Xp in cells

Glycogen
form of glucose]
( storage
→
2) too large to diffuse out of cell

3) ✓ compact shapes

4) easily hydrolysed into glucose for cellular

respiration

Test for starch ( iodine test)

↳ result :
yellow
-

brown to blue black

Fats ciipids ) →
component C. Carbon ,
Hydrogen ✗ oxygen ]
FA

⇐ ratio of e-
hydrogen 2 I
:

oxygen
: =

FA
g
-

② £
& fatty FA
-

made of acids
* up
:
glycerol

@
molecules
storage storing energy
→
*

④ used to make steroids & certain hormones

*

function
⑤
☒ used as insulating material to prevent loss of body heat

@ * Solvent for fat-soluble vitamins

 Test for fats ethanol emulsion test

f ethanol
[
H2O

,µ u
mix
- → result :
cloudy white emulsion

, , ,, , , , ,

Proteins made up of C , H . O ,
N
Cmay also contain sulfur)
=

↳ :#
example enzyme antibodies ,

↳ made up of amino acids

}
acid C structure
* Amino general
each amino acid .
diff R -

group
- =

'
Protein is created aa link up in condensation =D
polypeptide chain
=
.

peptide bonds
2
Bonds between aa → →
strong
=

'
chains twisted folded ← coiled
, / more polypeptide .
# 3D structure

" & / changes

Bonds that hold the 3D coiled structure :
weak can be
easily broken by heat in pH

↳ Hydrogen bonds
*
↳ ionic bond

↳ van der Waals (intermolecular bonding]

Denaturation → when the weak bonds are broken & protein loses its 3D shape

↳ caused by heat or unsuitable pH

the structure )
↳ effect : loss of function Cohee
to
✓
the disruption of
: lose solubility 4 percipitate
out
of sold
 Test for protein C. Biunet test )

sulfate
NaOH & copper CID
main
reagent
:

NaOH 04504
① [ [ result :

V. b-
.

Turns violet
mixes =

Enzymes
altered
speed of chemical reactions w/out being
.

up rate →

1. Biological catalysts →

2 .
Made of proteins

work ?
How enzymes
of chemical reaction
→
by lowering activation
energy
a

needed reaction to take place

Activation energy for a
:
→

molecules
→ can break down / build up biological

3. shape of active site is specific to substrate ,

unique 3-D structure

keyword : -
ase

? reactants
substrate

'

Eg Amylase
. can
only digest starch
=

lock & Key hypothesis

catalysed