H ( Rp) Pe esa crete lea a eka Ges Ratio Percentag: eam Pie Area and Perimeter Vert SolidsPreface This topical series is written in accordance to the latest Mathematics syllabus as prescribed by the Ministry of Education. It is designed to help pupils reinforce and strengthen their mathematical concepts and problem solving skills. Each topic includes worked examples with detailed solutions. Review exercises are provided at the end of every topic to consolidate concepts learnt and to help pupils gauge their level of competency. Pupils will find this book very useful as they will be guided at a manageable pace to develop their understanding of the mathematical concepts and hence inject the much needed confidence in them in order to do well in Mathematics.TOPIC 1: TOPIC 2: TOPIC 3: TOPIC 4: TOPIC 5: TOPIC 6: Contents See ees ~~, ALGEBRA. 1.1 Using Letters As Numbers. 1.2 Simplifying Algebraic Expressions. 1.3 Word Problems TOPICAL REVIEW 1. ANGLES IN GEOMETRIC FIGURES .. 2.1 Finding Unknown Angles. TOPICAL REVIEW 2. NETS 3.1 Solid: 3.2 Nets of Solids TOPICAL REVIEW 3....... FRACTIONS .. 44 4.1 Dividing By A Proper Fraction 41 4.2 Dividing A Proper Fraction By A Proper Fraction 44 4.3. Word Problems........... 47 TOPICAL REVIEW 4 51 RATIO... bs 5.1 Ratio And Fraction 4 5.2 Comparing Ratios. 60 5.3 Word Problems... 63 TOPICAL REVIEW 5... ee PERCENTAGE 73 6.1 Finding Percentages us 6.2 Word Problems (1)... 76 6.3 Word Problems (2) 80 TOPICAL REVIEW 6 84TOPIC 7: SPEED 7.1 Distance And Speed... 87 7.2 Average Speed..... 92 7.3 Word Problems. 96 TOPICAL REVIEW 7.. 102 TOPIC 8: CIRCLES... 106 8.1 Radius, Diameter and Circumference Of A Circle. 8.2 Perimeter Of Semicircles And Quadrants ..... 8.3 Area Of A Circle. - 8.4 Area Of Semicircles And Quadrants . 8.5 Word Problems TOPICAL REVIEW 8 . TOPIC 9: PIE CHARTS... 123 TOPICAL REVIEW 9. 132 TOPIC 10: AREA AND PERIMETER... 136 10.1 Area And Perimeter Of Composite Figures TOPICAL REVIEW 10... 147 TOPIC 11: VOLUME OF SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS. sess 152 11.1 Volume of Solids. 152 11.2 Volume of Liquids . 164 TOPICAL REVIEW 11 167 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION PRACTICE (1)... PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION PRACTICE (2). ANSWER KEY .....0c.ccscccsccsesccscessceseeeeee 2 ) SM i ee over jie TRINY use letters to represent unknown numbers Y write simple algebraic expressions simplify algebraic expressions Y evaluate simple algebraic expressions by substitution Y¥ solve word problems involving algebraic expressions eG 1.1, Using Letters As Numbers _ Examples Write an expression for each of the following. (a) 5 more than x Ans: x+5 or 5 +x (b) 3 less than x. Ans: x-3 (c) Thrice of x. Ans : 3x (a) Half of x. am Ans : 3 © Caseo Publications Pe LtdExercise Write an expression for each of the following. 1. Add a to 8. 2. Subtract 6 from b. 3. The product of 7 and e. 4. Divide d by 4. 5. The quotient when 5 is divided by e. 6. Take away f from 9. 7. Thrice of g. 8. A quarter of h. 9. Half of j. 10. 2 more than twice of k.Examples (a) Write an expression in terms of y for each of the following. (b) Find the value when y = 18. 1. The sum of y and 3. (a) y+3 . (b) 18 +3=24 The difference between y and 20. (a) 20-y (b) 20-18 =2 3. The product of y and 7. (a) yx7=Ty (b) 18 x 7 = 126 (a) (b) Find the value when p = 20. Write an expression in terms of p for each of the following. 14. The sum of 20 and p. (a) (b) 2. The difference between p and 18. (a) (b) © Cateo Publications Pte Lid3. The product of 30 and p. (a) (b) 4. Divide 4 by p. (a) (b) 5. Divide p by 5. (a) (b) 6. Add 3 to the product of 5 and p. (a) (b) 7. Divide the product of p and 12 by 4, (a) (b) 8. Half of the sum of p and 10. (a) (b) hARAMAhaAd ‘\k bi Examples Exercise (3 Write an expression for the following. Paul has p packets of sweets. There are 10 sweets in each packet. How many sweets does Paul have? Ans : p X 10 = 10 sweets Write an expression for each of the following. 1. Peter has p marbles. John has 15 marbles more than Peter. How many marbles does John have? Ans: ________ marbles 2. Collin has $f. He spends $4 on lunch. How much does he have left? Ans: $___ 3. Jack has 4 times as many stickers as Ivan. Ivan has b stickers. How many stickers does Jack have? Ans; _____________ stickers 4. Mary baked m cookies. She baked three times as many cookies as Rita. How many cookies did Rita bake? cookies © Caso Publications Pie LidHilda is h years old now. How old will she be in 6 years’ time? Ans: _________ years old There are p slices of cake in 6 boxes. How many slices of cake are there in each box? Ans: slices 20 marbles are shared among k children. How many marbles does each child get? Ans: marbles Joan saves $x a day. How much does she save in 2 weeks? Ans: $.Examples Find the value of > +3 when a = 6, 6 a prs aes z+ 55 =34 Exercise (4 Find the value of each of the following when a 1. Sa+2 2. 3a-9 3. 7438-4 4, 20-2042 2 2 4 & 5. 2rd 6. 543 7 10+ 2 Bert 4 44 , 8 a (© Casco Publications Pre Led BaeExamples Simplify these expressions. (a) (b) () (d) (e) atata Ans: 3a b+ 2b+ 3b Ans: 6b 9c - 2c + 3c Work from left to right: 9¢ — 2c + 3c = 7c + 3c = 106 5d+4-3d-3 Regroup: 5d + 4 —- 3d - 3 = 5d- 3d +4-3=20d+1 10 -3e +6 + 5e Regroup: 10 — 3e + 6 + 5e = 10 + 6 + 5e - 3e = 16 + 2eExercise ays Simplify these expressions. 1. ee 7 2. 2b-b+3b | 3. 4¢c+3-2c+8 4. d+7+8d-5—2d 5. 3e-e-4-e+7 6. 8-3f+ 7f-7-2F 7. 10g - 8 - 5g + 15 8. 11h-6h-9+3h+9 | 9 14-44 2+94+7 10. 8-4k+2k+9+ 2k | | (© Casco Publications Ple Lid oySolve these word problems. Show your working clearly. 1. 2. Mark is p years old, James is twice as old as Mark. Keith is 3 years younger than James. (a) Find James’ age in terms of p. (b) Find Keith's age in terms of p. (c)_ If p = 4, how old is Keith? van bought a pen for $b and a book that cost three times as much as the pen. He gave the cashier $100. (a) Find the amount of money that Ivan spent in terms of b. (b) Find the amount of change Ivan received in terms of b.. (c)_ If b = 8, how much was the change that Ivan received?Mrs Ng baked some biscuits. She packed 12 biscuits into each bag. There were n bags of biscuits altogether. The biscuits were then shared equally among 4 boys. (a) How many biscuits did each boy get? Give your answer in terms of n. (b) If there were 5 bags of biscuits, how many biscuits did each boy get? Julie had x number of beads. She gave 25 beads to her sister and used an equal number of the remaining beads to make each of 3 necklaces. (a) How many beads did she use to make each necklace? Give your answer in terms of x. (b) If Julie had 100 beads, how many beads were used to make each necklace? Isaac has 3c marbles. Joshua has thrice as many marbles as Isaac. Basil has 9 fewer marbles than Joshua. - (a) How many marbles do they have altogether? Give your answer in terms of c. (b) If c = 8, find the number of marbles they have altogether. © Caivo Publications Phe Ltd6. 3 pens cost $6m and a marker cost $4. Grace bought 9 pens ang 6 markers. (a) How much did Grace pay altogether in terms of m? (b) If m= 4, how much did she pay altogether? 7. Aaron scored y marks in his English test. He scored 8 marks more than Ben but 12 marks fewer than Collin. (2) What was the total scored by the three boys in terms of y? (b) If Aaron scored 80 marks, what was the total scored by the three boys? 8. The length of a rectangle is 12 cm and its perimeter is (2p + 30) cm. (a) What is the breadth of the rectangle in terms of p? (b) If p = 10, what is the breadth of the rectangle?9. Oscar is x years old now. His brother is three times as old as he. (a) What will their total age be in 5 years’ time? Give your answer in terms. of x? (b) I Oscar is 12 years old now, what will their total age be in 5 years’ time? Max walked a distance of r km. Ken walked 6 km less than Max. Joe walked half the distance walked by Ken. (a) What was the distance walked by Joe in terms of r? (b) If r= 10 km, what was the distance walked by Joe? © Casco Publications Ple LidNeen eeu We Cen 1. Write an expression for each of the following. (a) Peter is r years old. His brother is twice as old as he. How old was his brother 5 years ago? (b) Jack bought a camera for $3p. He paid $100 to the cashier. How much change did he receive? 2. Simplify each of the following. (a) 4x-10+x+6 (b) 10-5y+6y+8 3, Find the value of each of the following given that w = 6, (a) 20-3” (oy) auto 34, Mr Toh has p boxes of apples. There are 25 apples in each box. If he sells 30 apples, how many apples does he have left? 5. Charmaine bought 6 books at $2g each and had $3g left. How many books could she buy with the same amount of money if each book cost $5? 6. 3 apples cost $w. 2 oranges cost $1.50. Find the cost of 12 apples and 8 oranges. 7. Rose has $15y. Anne has + as much money as Rose. If Anne spends $20, how much does she have left? we ©. Casco Publications Pte Ltd cas “ay8. The length of a rectangle is thrice its breadth. Its bread is fom. (a) Express the perimeter of the rectangle in terms of I- (b) Given that f = 5 cm, find the area of the rectangle. 9. Mary is g years old. Her mother is four times as old as her but 3 years younger than her father. How old will Mary's father be in 2 years’ time? Amy, Betty and Christy paid a total of $y for a present, Amy paid twice as much as Betty and Christy paid $4 more than Betty, (a) How much did Betty pay for the present? (b) If y = $60, how much did Amy pay for the present?~ Geometric Figures In this chapter, you will learn to ¥ find unknown angles related to triangles ¥ find unknown angles related to four-sided figures ¥ find unknown angles involving triangles and four-sided figures Example The figure below is not drawn to scale. ADB is a straight line. BCD is an isosceles triangle and CD = CB. Find ZADC and ZACD. V3" NS A D B Solution 4CDB = 55° (Angles opposite the equal sides of an isosceles triangle) ZADC = 180° — 55° (Angles on a straight line) = 125° ZACD = 180° — 35° — 125° (Sum of angles in a triangle) = 20° © Casco Publications Pte LtdExercise (1 1. The figure below is not drawn to scale. ABC is an equilateral triangle, BD is parallel to EA, Find “EAC and 2 ADB. A E— 2. The figure below is not drawn to scale. DEF and EGH are right-angled triangles. Find ZEGH and 2DEH. 3. The figure below is not drawn to scale. PQR is an iso: iangle. PQ = PR. PTS and QT are straight lines. Find ane 4PSQ and ZQPS. Pp A4. The figure below is not drawn to scale. XYZ is a straight line and WYV is an isosceles triangle. Find / WVY and 2XWY. 5. The figure below is not drawn to scale. PQR and PSR are triangles. PQR is a right-angled triangle. Find ZRPQ and ZQRS. ues ukExample The figure below is not drawn to scale. PQRS is a parallelogram. PST and QUT are Straight lines, Find 2RST and 2PTQ. Solution 4PSR = 180° — 68° (Angles between two parallel sides PS and QR) = 112° 180° — 112° (Angles on a straight line) 68" ZSUT = 56° (Vertically opposite angles) ZPTQ = 180° — 68°— 56° (Sum of angles in a triangle) 2£RST = 561. The figure below is not drawn to scale. AC, DG and EDF are ‘straight lines. BCDE is a trapezium. Find 2x and y. B ( a 4140" 50° 70° 2. The figure below is not drawn to scale. ABCD is a rhombus. EC and FD are straight lines. Find Za and Zb. FOO 8 3. The figure below is not drawn to scale. PQRS is a parallelogram. UR and TR are straight lines. Find UPS and 2 PQR. © Casco Publications Pte Ltd4. The figure below is not drawn to scale. AC is a straight line. EB jg Parallel to DJ. Find 2 CAD and 2 AFH. 5. The figure below is not drawn to scale. ABCD is a parallelogram and PQRS is a rhombus. Find 2PFC and ZADR. G8Exercise 1. The figure below is not drawn to scale. DEFG is a square and ABF is an isosceles triangle. Find DAB and “AFH. Ae 2. The figure below is not drawn to scale. PQRS is a rectangle. PQT and STR are isosceles triangles. Find ZQRT and ZQTR. 3. The figure below is not drawn to scale. ABC is an equilateral triangle. PQCB is a parallelogram. SRCT is a trapezium. ST is parallel to RC. Find ZACR and ZRCQ. © Casco Publications Phe Lid4. The figure below is not drawn to scale. ABCD is a rhombus. ACE and XD are straight lines. Find 2DCE and 2BDE. 5. The figure below is not drawn to scale. Find the sum of Zp, 2q, Zr, Zs and Zt.2. The figure below is not drawn to scale. ABCD is a trapezium and CEDF is a rhombus. AB // DC. Find 2BAD and 2BCE. 3. The figure below is not drawn to scale. ABC and CDE are isosceles triangles. Find 7CDE and / ABE.4. The figure below is not drawn to scale. ABCD is a parallelogram and CDEF is a trapezium. CD i EF. Find ECF and 2BCF. A D 5. The figure below is not drawn to scale. PQR is an isosceles triangle and WQ2Y is a parallelogram. Find 2WXR and ZRZY. P RZIn this chapter, you will learn to identify and name basic solids, identify and count the faces of basic solids. identify the nets of basic solids. identify the solids formed by a given net. SNN8 Types of solids Cube Cuboid Cylinder Cone Square-based | Triangular-based | Rectangular-based Prism Pyramid Pyramid Pyramid © Gato Pubicoions Pre Lid fe any he ayName of solid | Number of faces Shape(s) of faces Cube 6 SquaresName of solid Number of faces Shape(s) of facesMatch the correct solid figures to the given objects.3.2 Nets of Solids What is a net of a solid? A net is a pattern made when the surface of a three-dimensional solid is laid out flat showing each face of the solid. Examples Nets of different solids Square-based Pyramid Cuboid Triangular Prism © Casco Publications Poe Ledl — Examples Which of the following is the net of the solid shown? oy 7] (2) (3) (a) Solution: The answer is (2). ‘The figure shows a cube. Both (1) and (4) are net ts be folded to form a cube because it has 7 faces. Of cuboids. (3) cannot "% © Gall viata el?!Exercise 1, Which of the following nets would form the solid shown below? Cp (1) (2) (3) (4) 2. — Identify the net that would form the given solid. (1) (2) (3) (4) i © Casco Publications Ple Lidwa AA (1) (2) (3) (4) 4. Which of the following is the net of the prism below? (1) (2) ) (4)5. Which of these is the net for the cuboid shown below? (1) (2) (3) (4) g © Cai Babhctions Phe Lid aes)1. Which of the following nets would form a cube? — (1) (2) (3) 2. Which of the following is not a net of a cuboid? a) (2) (4) (3) (4)3. Which of the following solids would the net shown below fold into? a) (2) (3) (4) 4. Which of the following solids would the net shown below fold into? A ADS (4) oR Pew fia3. 4. Which of the following solids would the net shown below fold into? (1) (2) (3) (4) Which of the following solids would the net shown below fold into? (4)5. Which of the following is the correct net for the (1) (3) solid shown below? (2) (4)Circle the correct answer, 1, How many faces are there in the solid shown below? (1) 4 (2) 5 (3) 6 (4) 8 2. Which one of these nets can be folded to make a cube? (1) (2) (3) (4) 3. Which of these solids is a prism? _ _— (1) (2) (3) (4) | aN) | Lo © Cat Fb Pt , j | ieee tri? Ware es “gn Wa ee4. Which of these nets can be folded to form a cuboid? (1) (2) 4+ — fe L (3) (4) 5. Which of the following is not a net of a solid? a) (2) ] (3) (4) /\ Ty V/In this chapter, you will learn to apply the algorithm to divide a whole number by a fraction. Y use the ‘invert and multiply’ algorithm to divide a proper fraction by a proper fraction ¥ solve word problems involving division of fractions. 4.1 Dividing By A Proper Fraction Examples (a) How many one-fifths are there in 1 whole? Dividing by 7 is the same multiplying by 8. Ai iar etx se (b) How many one-sixths are there in 4 wholes? 4 ‘- 4% —=4%6=24 Dividing by 2 is the same multiplying by 6. © Caseo Publications Pe LedExercise ay 1. Find the value of each of the following. 4 (a) t+2 (o) 145 1 1 (c) 2+ 9 (@) 3+5 1 1 (e) 5+5 ) 8+5 (9) 6+5 (h) 10+ 2 7 “© Caso Pubes PHExamples (a) How many two-thirds are there in 2 wholes? 2 2+3F i nie Dividing by 2 is the same multiplying by =. OnIoN (0) Divide 6 wholes by 4. o + i " o x Bla Dividing by ¢ is the same multiplying by 2. 2. Find the value of each of the following. @ 2+5 (b) 35 @ 4+4 @) 3+3 () 5+2 ) 6+4 () 8+3 (ry) 1242 © Casco Publications Pee LtdExamples Find the value of: a,3 (a) (b) 578 moe ot 043Molly buys 12 kg of flour. She uses > kg of flour to bake each cake. How many cakes can she bake? Ans: cakes 1 Mrs Ang has 3 / of coconut oil. She uses 70 many days will the coconut oil last? 1 of coconut oil each day. How Ans; ____ days 1 Jane has 2 of a cake. She cuts it into smaller pieces. Each piece is 2 of the whole cake. How many pieces can she cut it into? Ans; _______ pieces , 3 Aribbon 3 m long is cut into smaller pieces. Each piece is 5 m long. How many pieces of ribbon are there? Ans; pieces © Casto Pibications Pid Fada Calculators are allowed for the following questions: 6. 5 jar was The mass of sugar in a container was 5 kg. The sug Packed ing Packets each containing ;5 kg of sugar. ii 1? (a) How many packets had the sugar been packed into? (b) What was the remaining mass of sugar? Mark has a rectangular sheet of paper with an area of 22 cm?. He cuts il into smaller parts each with an area of 3 com? (a) How many of the smaller parts can he get from the rectangular sheet of paper? (b) What is the remaining area of the rectangular sheet of Paper? 9 , Betty had 75 of a pizza. She gave each of her frien (a) How many friends did she give the (b) What fraction of the pizza was left? ds. 3 of the pizza. pizza to? | : Lagi’ G7 Sci iconK 4.3 Word Problems Example Stella and Freddy made a total of 319 uu After Stella sold 2 3 of her muffins and Freddy sold 95 muffins, Freddy had 3 as many muffins as Stella How many muffins did Freddy make at first? Stella 319 Freddy 95 Tu + 95 = 319 Tu = 319 - 95 = 224 du = 32 2u + 95 = (2 X 32) + 95 = 159 Freddy made 159 muffins at first. G Catculators are allowed for the following questions. 2 1. Mr Tan had 390 apples. He found that ;= of the apples were rotten and threw them away. He then sold 12 of the remainder. (2) How many apples did he sell? (b) If he sold 3 apples for $1.65, how much did he receive altogether? © Caso Publications Pe Ladof the stickers for herself and gay, 2 2. Martha had 154 sti She kept 7 - Stickers. i e remaining stickers equaly 35 stickers to her sister. Then she divided th among her three friends. ' (a) What fraction of the stickers did her sister . (b) How many stickers did each of her friends get? get? 3. Annie saves $245. She saves 3 as much money as Betsy. How much more money must she save so that she has 2 as much money as Betsy? 3 te eavinae ie 1 he een 4. & of Kate's savings is 3 of Sara's Savings. Kate saves $56 less than Sara (a) What is their total savings? b) How much must Sara give t . (b) How mus sive to Kale so that Kate will have $10 mo® e| Ladi (oo OKC Paste ES | Wine)Peter and Paul had 115 ice cream sticks altogether. Paul and Gerard had 145 ice cream sticks altogether. Peter had 2 as many ice cream sticks as Gerard. How many ice cream sticks did each of them have? Janice has two packets, A and B. Packet A is heavier than Packet B by 16 kg. 3 of the weight of Packet B is equal to 2 of the weight of Packet A. Find the weight of 2 packets of A and 3 packets of B. There were 440 children in the hall. When 2 of the boys and + of the giris left the hall, there were an equal number of boys and girls remaining. How many boys and girls were in the hall at first? 49) aes © Casto Pitbicaions Pie Ladje amount on a bicyay 2 of th , spent 2 8. Elmo withdrew 2 of his savings. He SP°M! 3 265 et. HOW mg id §: . He then ha and 2 of the remaining on a helmet was his savings? James had = as many marbles as David. After David gave 44 marbies tp 9 James, he had 2 as many marbles as James. How many marbles did they have altogether? 10. A baker sold 180 buns in the morning and 5 @ Of the remaining buns in the afternoon. She found that the number of buns number of buns she had at fi She had left was i of te rst. How many buns did she have at first?1. Find the value of the following. ar 1 (@) 7+ 5 (b) 18+ l 2. Find the value of the following. 3 (a) 9+5 (o) 12+3 3. Find the value of the following. 8 5 5 5 ® o*2 ® 6*2 4. How many three-fifths are there in 6 wholes? } of John’s spending is ¢ of Peter's spending, Peter spends $64 less than John. What is their total spending?tions. & Caleutat llowing ques ors are allowed for the fallowing qUeSHON™ | ay Solve the following word problems. Show you 4 . a 4 as many ribbons as May 6 Suzy has 3 as many ribbons as Kate an ether, how many ribbons does If they have a total of 400 ribbons altog Maisy have? 1 a 7. Jude spent $180 of his savings on a skateboard and 3 of the remainder on a pair of shoes. If he had 2 of his savings left, how much was his savings? 8. Mrs Yeo gave Debbie some money. Debbie spent 2 of the money on 4 blouse and § 2 of the remaining money on a book. If she had $91 left, how much did ma receive from Mrs Yeo?9. Charmaine bought 2 pens and 4 erasers with ; of her pocket money. Each 1 eraser Cost @ 4S much as each pen. How many more erasers could she buy with the rest of her pocket money? 10. In the Science Club, 36 of the members are boys. $ of the girls left the club. If 4 of the original number of members are a girls, how many a are there in the Science Club now? 53! © Casio Piblcations Pie LtdIn this chapter, you will learn to ¥ express one value as a fraction of another versa Y recognize two quantities that are in direct proportion Y¥_ rsolve word problems on ratio given their ratio and vicg Example Paul is 36 years old and Ken is 32 years old. (a) What is the ratio of Paul's age to Ken’s age? (b) Express Ken's age as a fraction of Paul's age. (c) Express Paul's age as a fraction of the total age of the two men. Solution (a) 36:32=9:8 The ratio of Paul's age to Ken's age is 9 : 8, Ken'sage _ 32 _ 8 (©) pautsage 36 9 Ken is 2 as old as Paul (c) Total age in units = 9 + 8 = 17 Pau'sage _ 9 Totalage 17 P ‘id Paul's age is 2 of the total age of the two men, & fe f f. } y £ aseanli|E 1. 2. 3. xercise aes van’s mass is 48 kg and Ethan's mass is 36 kg. (a) Find the ratio of Ethan’s mass to Ivan's mass. (b) Express Ethan's mass as a fraction of Ivan's mass. (c) Express Ivan's mass as a fraction of the total mass of the two boys. 5 Mary saves = as much money as Susan. (a) Express the ratio of Mary's savings to Susan's savings. (b) Express the ratio of Susan's savings to their total savings. The number of marbles John has is 2 of the number of marbles Isaac has, (a) What is the ratio of the number of marbles Isaac has to the total number of marbles? (b) What fraction of the total number of marbles is the number of marbles John has? © Catco Publications Pre Lid4. ! atio 4: 5:8 Ariel, Brian and Charles share some stickers in the ane he (2) Express the number of stickers Ariel has a5 totay have? Number of stickers the three children ; . ; (b) What fraction of the total number of stickers Ariel and Brian have jg the number of stickers Charles has? (c) How many times the number of stickers Ariel has is the number o Stickers Charles has? Rope A is 4 as long as Rope B. Rope B is 3 as long as Rope C. (a) Find the ratio of the length of Rope A to that of Rope B to that of Rope C. (b) What fraction of the total length of the 3 ropes is the length of Rope A? (c) How many times of the length of Rope A is the length of Rope C? % ff f- Whi» \ fh % t % “y Ae id 4 f ’ (OAs patna PaExercise (2 Bae Example The number of pens Grace has is 3 of the number of pens Hannah has. Hannah has 81 pens. (a) Find the ratio of the number of pens Hannah has to the number of pens Grace has. (b) How many pens do they have altogether? Solution (a) Grace has 5 units of pens. Hannah has 3 units of pens, The ratio of the number of pens Hannah has to the number of pens Grace has is 3: 5, (b) 3 units = 81 1 unit = 81 + 3 = 27 8 units = 8 x 27 = 216 They have 216 pens altogether. 4 1. Rita is ¢ as old as Gerry. (a) What is the ratio of Rita's age to Gerry's age? (b) If Gerry is 45 years old, how old is Rita? © Caseo Publications Ple Ltdwe 4 f paper ini 2. The number of paper clips in Box A is 7 of the number of paper clips in| Box B. a (a) Find the ratio of the number of paper olips in Box B to the number o paper clips in Box A. (b) There are §4 more paper clips in Box B than Box A. How many paper clips are there altogether? 3. The length of a garden is 17 times of the breadth of the garden. (a) What is the ratio of the length to the breadth of the garden? (b) If the length of the garden is 40 m, find the perimeter of the garden 4. The perimeter of a rectangular cardboar to its breadth is 5 : 3. Find the area of ¢ is 256 om. The ratio of its length the rectangular cardboard.ir 1 © Casco Publiations Pie Ltd At a funfair, the ratio of the number of adults to the number of children was 4:7. There were & as many gitls as boys. (a) What was the ratio of the number of adults to the number of boys to the number of girls? (b) There were 342 more children than adults. How many people were at the funfair altogether? 7 of the beads in a box were red. The rest were yellow and blue beads in the ratio 7 : 5. There were 312 more red than yellow beads. What was the total number of beads in the box? The number of red ribbons is thrice the number of blue ribbons. The number of red ribbons is half the number of green ribbons. If there were 1540 ribbons altogether, how many more green ribbons than blue ribbons were there? Valerie has 280 Singapore stamps and some foreign stamps. The ratio of the number of New Zealand stamps to the number of Australian stamps is 7:3. If Valerie has 63 fewer Singapore stamps than New Zealand stamps, how many stamps does she have altogether?y) . Gxt 5.2 Comparing Ratios Example To make cookies, Mary mixes flour and sugar in the ratio 3: 1 (a) If she uses 450g of flour, how much sugar does she use? (b) If 250 g of sugar is used, how many grams of flour does she use? Solution = 450 g 450 + 3 = 150g She uses 150 g of sugar. (b) I unit = 250 g 3 units = 3 x 250 = 750 g She uses 750 g of flour. Exercise (3 1. Crystal mixes 200 ml of orange syrup with every 500 ml of water to make a drink for a party. (a) How much water is needed if she uses 60: 10 mI of or: ? (b) How much orange syrup is needed orange syrup if she uses 2000 ml of water?2. To make a doughnut, Joyce uses 80 g of flour with every 15 g of sugar. (a) How many grams of sugar is needed to make 8 doughnuts? (b) How many grams of flour is needed if she uses 90 g of sugar? 3. For every necklace Michelle makes, she uses 18 red beads, 14 blue beads and 6 purple beads. (a) How many blue beads does she need if she uses 54 red beads? (b) How many red beads does she need if she uses 48 purple beads?Julie used 125 g of butter, 900 g of flour and 150 9 Of Sugar to make 50 cookies. (8) What is the ratio of the mass of butter used to that of the flour useq to that of the sugar used? (b)_ Find the mass of butter needed to make 75 cookies. (©) Find the mass of flour needed if she used 600 g of sugar. Mrs Loh needs 5 g of jelly powder, 100 g of sugar and 450 ml of water to make 12 jellies. (a) How much water is needed if she uses 60 g of jelly powder? (b) What is the maximum number of jellies she can make if she has 30 g of jelly powder, 450 g of sugar and 1 litre of water?Example 5.3 Word Problems Maycie had some $2 and $5 notes. The ratio of the number of $2 notes to the number of $5 notes was 1 : 6. Her mother gave her 28 $2 notes and the ratio became 1 : 3, (a) How many $5 notes did Maycie have? (b) How many $2 notes did Maycie have in the end? Solution Before After $2: $5 $2: $5 Soa (x2) ; Sea) (a) 2 units — 4 unit = 1 unit 1 unit = 28 6 units = 6 x 28 = 168 She had 168 $5 notes. (b) 2 units = 2 x 28 = 56 She had 56 $2 notes in the end. gf + © Casco Publications Pte Ltd, | There was no change in the number of $5 notesExercise (4 tio 7 : 5. Tom gave half of hig in the ral 1. Tom and Jerry shared some marbles in + of marbles Tom had to the marbles to Jerry. Find the ratio of the numbe! number of marbles Jerry had in the end. 2. The ratio of the number of cookies in Box A to the number of cookies in Box B is 8 : 3. Nick transfers 7 of the cookies in Box A to Box B. What jis the new ratio of the number of cookies in Box A to the number of cookies in Box B? 3. Kate has some twenty-cent and fifty-cent coins in a box. The ratio of the number of twenty-cent coins to the number of fifty-cent coins is 2 : 3. She removes 30 fifty-cent coins and the ratio becomes 7 : 8 (a) How many twenty-cent coins does Kate have? i (b) How many fifty-cent coins does she have in the end?4, The ratio of the number of boys and girls in Badminton Club was 4: 7. After 35 boys and 20 girls joined the club, there were an equal number of boys and girls. (a) How many boys were there at first? (b) How many children were there in the end? 5. The ratio of the number of paper clips John had to the number of paper clips Peter had was 5 : 8. Peter gave 36 paper clips to John and they then had an equal number of paper clips each. How many paper clips did each of them have at first? 6. Helena, Rachel and Sandy had the same number of seashells at first. Helena gave Rachel 16 seashells and Sandy gave Rachel 24 seashells. In the end, the ratio of Helena’s seashells to Sandy's seashells became 6 : 5 How many seashells did each of them have in the end? © Casco Prolications Pte Ltdr 7 'g age is 3: 8. Mabel is 39 The ratio of Mabel's age to her mother's age 'S wa Mabel be 2 as one younger than her mother. In how many years’ time 5 das her mother? S Calculators are allowed for the following questions. 8. Rose and Anne have some ribbons. If Rose gives Anne 24 ribbons, she will have the same number of ribbons as Anne. If Anne gives Rose 24 ribbons, Rose will have twice as many ribbons as Anne. How many ribbons does each of them have? they have altogether?10. On Saturday, Hannah read 2 of a book. On Sunday, she read another 56 pages and the ratio of the number of pages read to the number of pages unread became 7 : 8, How many pages are there in the book? 3 11, At first, Luke had 49 4S many ice cream sticks as George. After Luke won another 24 ice cream sticks and George won another 30 ice cream sticks, the ratio of the number of ice cream sticks Luke had to that of George became 2 : 5. How many ice cream sticks had Luke at first? 12. 3 The ratio of the number of boys to girls in a hall is 7 : 4. > of the boys wear glasses and 3 of the girls wear glasses. 285 pupils do not wear glasses (a) How many pupils are there in the hall? (b) How many pupils wear glasses? © .Caico Pubheations Pte Lidratio § : 3: 4. The toy s in the 13. Agnes has some $2, $5 and $10 note J of notes does she na’ value of the notes is $260. How many of each tyP 14. The ratio of the number of apples and pears in Box A is 3: 1. The ratio of the number of apples and pears in Box B is 2 : 1. There are twice as many fruits in Box A than Box B. (a) Find the ratio of the number of apples in Box A to the number of apples in Box B. (b) After 63 apples are transferred from Box A to Box B, the ratio of the number of apples to pears in Box A becomes 3 : 2. How many {nit are there in Box A now? 15. The number of pens and the number of pencils 4:1. After another 84 pens and 48 pencils wer 3: 1. How many pens and pencils were there al in a box was in the ratio © added, the ratio became together at first?Solve the following word problems. Show your working clearly. 41. The ratio of red marbles to green marbles is 4 : 7. The ratio of green marbles to blue marbles is 2 : 3. Find the ratio of the number of red marbles to the number of blue marbles to the number of green marbles. 2. Peter's mass is 1 as much as George’s mass. If George's mass is 18 kg more than Peter, find their total mass. “90