The Alfa Laval Cleaning In Place

Procedures for Plate Heat Exchangers

Revision 5 / 2022-06-17
Table of Contents

Contents
1. General .................................................................................................................. 4
1.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 4
1.2 Environmental Regulations and Cleaning ....................................................... 4
1.3 Safety instructions ............................................................................................ 5
1.3.1 Warning!................................................................................................. 5
1.3.2 Personal Protective Equipment .............................................................. 5
1.4 Why use Alfa Laval Cleaning agents ............................................................... 6
1.5 Warning: Chemicals NOT to be used!.............................................................. 6
1.6 Safety Notice – Lethal Hydrogen Sulfide gas (H2S) ........................................ 6
1.6.1 Where is H2S found ................................................................................ 6
1.6.2 What CIP equipment to use.................................................................... 7
1.6.3 How to clean safely today ...................................................................... 7
1.7 Importance of proper sizing of CIP equipment and usage of liquids. ........... 7
1.7.1 Sufficient volume for the whole cleaning process ................................... 7
1.7.2 No flooding ............................................................................................. 7
1.7.3 Sizing guidelines .................................................................................... 7
1.8 Recommendations to avoid surprises ............................................................. 7

2. Cleaning in Place-programs (CIP), clean a closed heat exchanger. .................. 8

2.1 Program # 1 Calcium carbonate/in-organic scaling........................................ 8
2.2 Program # 2 Calcium carbonate/in-organic scaling (Re-usage) .................... 9
2.3 Program # 3 Calcium carbonate scaling, green-line ..................................... 10
2.4 Program # 4 Calcium carbonate scaling with powder form chemicals ....... 11
2.5 Program # 5 Biological/Organic fouling (without scaling) ........................... 12
2.6 Program # 6 Biological/Organic fouling (without scaling) – Re-usage ....... 13
2.7 Program # 7 Biological/Organic fouling with in-organic scaling in the
organic fouling ................................................................................................ 14
2.8 Program # 8 Biological/Organic fouling with in-organic scaling in the
organic fouling (Re-usage) ............................................................................. 15
2.9 Program # 9 Organic fouling, green-line ....................................................... 16

3 Cleaning of opened PHE .................................................................................... 17

3.1 Manual cleaning of opened PHE, single plates ............................................. 17
3.2 Manual cleaning of Semi welded cassettes of opened PHE ........................ 18

4 When is the heat exchanger up for cleaning, cleaning intervals? .................. 19

4.1 General signs .................................................................................................. 19
4.2 Cleaning interval dependencies ..................................................................... 19
4.3 Monitor intervals with Alfa Laval Performance Audit PHE ........................... 19

Page 2 / 30
5. Important considerations prior to cleaning ...................................................... 20
5.1 General............................................................................................................. 20
5.2 Fouling groups ................................................................................................ 20
5.2.1 The organic fouling group ..................................................................... 20
5.2.2 Inorganic fouling ................................................................................... 20
5.2.3 Appearance is often a mixture .............................................................. 20
5.3 CIP program preparations .............................................................................. 21
5.3.1 Waste handling .................................................................................... 21
5.3.2 Setting up the PHE ............................................................................... 21
5.3.3 How much cleaning liquid is to be used? .............................................. 21
5.3.4 Verify your volume calculations and the safe procedures before going
“live” to avoid surprises .................................................................................... 22
5.3.5 Safe filling and drainage of cleaning agent from heat exchanger .......... 22
5.4 Correct cleaning temperature ........................................................................ 23
5.4.1 Minimize down time of the Heat Exchanger to be cleaned ................... 23
5.4.2 How long does it take to reach the correct cleaning temperature?........ 24
5.4.3 Hints of how to set up the supportive heating ....................................... 25
5.4.4 The effect of trapped AIR on the secondary side .................................. 25
5.5 Flow of cleaning liquid.................................................................................... 26
5.5.1 Always keep the cleaning liquid in circulation! ...................................... 26
5.5.2 What flow is needed? ........................................................................... 26
5.6 CIP program cleaning stop ............................................................................. 26
5.6.1 The cleaning is done. ........................................................................... 26
5.6.2 No cleaning effect from start................................................................. 26
5.6.3 Flush .................................................................................................... 26
5.7 Handling of used cleaning agents and waste ............................................... 27
5.7.1 Neutralization of used cleaning agents UPDATED ............................ 27
5.7.2 Waste handling .................................................................................... 27
5.8 Precautions when cleaning Copper Brazed Heat Exchangers (CB / BHE) .. 28
5.8.1 Acidic cleaning (inorganic).................................................................... 28
5.8.2 Alkaline cleaning (organic) ................................................................... 28
5.8.3 Value guidance for safe alkaline cleaning of BHE ................................ 28
5.8.4 Cleaning recommendations of BHE from Alfa Laval MT&C .................. 28
5.9 Precautions when cleaning stainless steel. .................................................. 29
5.10 Some comments about titanium. ................................................................... 29
5.11 Cleaning Semi Welded cassettes ................................................................... 30

Revision history ............................................................................................................ 30

Page 3 / 30
1. General
1.1 Introduction
This document is presenting information of how to clean heat exchangers in a safe
and efficient way without opening the heat exchanger or disconnecting it from its
position in the production system. This is called Cleaning In Place, from here-on
named CIP.
The purpose of aiming to keep heat exchangers clean is to give the owner full
value of the equipment invested in for a cooling/heating process.
A variety of topics are covered and must be considered for the safety of the
personal, equipment and environment when performing cleaning of the heat
exchanger.

1.2 Environmental Regulations and Cleaning

As a rule, cleaning solutions are strong alkaline or acidic liquids. Alkalinity or acidity
of the cleaning solution is reduced during the cleaning process, but the solutions
are still strong acids or alkalis.
In several cases, industrial plants (particularly chemical plants) have waste
treatment utilities that are capable of handling cleaning agent effluents. This
simplifies the cleaning process since neutralization is not necessary.
However, the situation gets more complicated when waste treatment utilities are
not available for treatment of cleaning waste. In these cases, the cleaning
chemicals need to be neutralized prior to discharge.
We do not recommend neutralization when circulating in the heat exchanger
though there is a risk of getting a reaction between the liquids that can be difficult
to control.
The neutralization may be performed either directly in the circulation tank following
each cleaning procedure with immediate discharge or in a separate storage tank.
We recommend the neutralized chemicals to be analyzed for any type of
hazardous compounds that were removed from the system prior to disposal. The
fouling deposits may contain heavy metals or other toxic compounds.

Check with your local authority for regulation of wastewater disposal.

Page 4 / 30
1.3 Safety instructions
1.3.1 Warning!
Corrosive cleaning liquids. Can cause serious injuries to skin and eye!

1.3.2 Personal Protective Equipment

Cleaning agents used for CIP are strong acid or alkaline liquids. They can cause
serious injuries to skin and eyes.
Read instructions on the containers of the liquids on what actions to take if liquid
should get into contact with skin or eye.
When CIP unit is in use, wear the proper personal protective clothing:

Safety boots must Safety gloves must Eye-protection Hard hat

be worn be worn must be worn

Face visor to Breathing Apron to protect Protective clothing

protect from splash protection to avoid from splash as Chemical
inhaling cleaning resistant splash
agent vapor suit

It is strongly recommended to have a Safety Shower and an Eye Wash Station in

the working area!

Page 5 / 30
1.4 Why use Alfa Laval Cleaning agents
• The liquids are carefully selected formulations.
• They have been tested and approved by our laboratory
• Alfa Laval guarantees that the liquids are corrosion safe for all
common metals and compatible with gaskets and our gasket
adhesives if the procedures given are followed and the cleaning
agents prescribed are used.
• Brazing materials have limitations when doing alkaline cleaning.
See section 5.8.2.
• The solutions supplied are concentrated.

1.5 Warning: Chemicals NOT to be used!

• Hydrochloric acid (HCl) - aggressive to the plate as well as personal safety
• Sulphuric acid (H2SO4) - aggressive to plate & gasket as well as personal safety
• Nitric acid (HNO3) - aggressive to the gasket as well as personal safety

1.6 Safety Notice – Lethal Hydrogen Sulfide gas (H2S)

Risk of lethal gas release when CIP of heat exchangers within applications where
hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S) is present and might be generated from fouling
deposits.

1.6.1 Where is H2S found

Typically, the fouling material found inside heat exchangers that are used in sour or
acid gas service will release H2S gas when exposed to hydrogen based acidic
cleaning chemicals. These gases can build up to very dangerous concentrations
since H2S is an extremely toxic gas, which can be lethal at low concentrations.
Hydrogen sulfide can be found in most oil & gas, upstream crude oil handling, and
refinery applications, but also in some petrochemical and mining applications.
Before offering any CIP in these industries confirm with the customer no hydrogen
sulfide is present - or can be generated - in concerned process. The customers'
confirmation should be documented in writing.

Page 6 / 30
1.6.2 What CIP equipment to use
Performing CIP on heat exchangers that operate in applications where hydrogen
sulfide (H2S) is present, or can be formed, is extremely dangerous unless the CIP
equipment, chemicals and procedures are specifically designed to mitigate this
risk.
The standard Alfa Laval CIP units and cleaning chemicals are not meeting these
special design requirements.

CONSEQUENTLY, you shall not offer or perform any standard CIP of PHEs within
any process in which H2S is present.
Instead, consult Alfa Laval Headquarter where a project is running to create
the proper and safe cleaning procedures for these systems.

1.6.3 How to clean safely today

If fouling material within heat exchangers that are used in sour or acid gas
service will is or may be present, offer mechanical cleaning instead of CIP.
Manual cleaning without cleaning agents do not release any hydrogen sulfide
and is safe to execute.

1.7 Importance of proper sizing of CIP equipment

and usage of liquids.
1.7.1 Sufficient volume for the whole cleaning process
When cleaning a plate heat exchanger, it is important to dimension the tank
capacity required and cleaning agents needed for the job. There shall be sufficient
space in the tanks to accommodate the whole volume of the liquid needed to
circulate for the cleaning process; but also, room for adding additional cleaning
agent to maintain the strength and effective cleaning.
1.7.2 No flooding
When one abort the cleaning process, all the liquid taken out of the heat exchanger
and connecting pipes and hoses must have room in the tanks. Otherwise, there is
a risk of flooding the floor with the hot acidic or alkali cleaning agent.
1.7.3 Sizing guidelines
Guidelines how to properly size the needed volume is found in Chapter 5

1.8 Recommendations to avoid surprises

In order to avoid surprises, perform a “dry run” using only water on every heat
exchanger to be cleaned. Do not add cleaning agents before securing the risk of
leakage and safe handling throughout the entire cleaning process.
Doing this as realistically as possible one identifies all steps needed to perform a
safe a thorough cleaning. More of this is described in Chapter 5.

Page 7 / 30
2. Cleaning in Place-programs (CIP),
clean a closed heat exchanger.
2.1 Program # 1 Calcium carbonate/in-organic scaling
Products: AlfaPhos – AlfaNeutra – AlfaAdd – pH strips
Program:
1. Follow the Generalized description of the CIP-procedure; chapter 7 Operating
Instructions of the Operating & Maintenance Manual for your CIP unit.
2. Before starting any work, read through sections regarding safety equipment,
practical work; see chapter 1, 4 and 5.
3. IMPORTANT! Secure all connections with bundle strap/duct tape in order for them
not to open by accident.
4. Fill the CIP unit with water (max 90 % of the liquid required) and test run the system
in order to spot leakages before mixing the cleaning agents into the liquid.
5. Heat up the PHE to 40 – 50 °C (104 – 122 °F).
6. If any chemical reaction that produces foam is expected between AlfaPhos and the
scaling, or the surfaces may be oily or fatty, add AlfaAdd. 0,5 – 1 vol % of the total
diluted cleaning solution. AlfaAdd enhances the performance of the cleaning.
7. Gently add 1 part AlfaPhos with the 9 parts of water that circulates in the heat
exchanger Avoid splash or vapor!
8. Now heat up the solution to 60 – 70 °C (140 – 158 °F).
9. Run the CIP unit for 2-4 hours, until the PHE is clean.
10. The pH-value shall never exceed the value 2.5 during the cleaning. This is
controlled by measuring the pH-value in equable periods during the cleaning. To
lower the pH-value, add AlfaPhos to the solution.
11. Does the cleaning agent have effect? No color or pH-change within 30-60 minutes,
follow CIP program cleaning stop, in section 5.6.
12. When the cleaning is finished the solution is to be neutralized. Neutralizing while
circulating through the PHE might cause unwanted reactions, e.g. flocculation
leading to blockage of the PHE channels
Consequently, it is NOT recommended perform a neutralization like this.
Instead, return the cleaning solution completely from the PHE to the CIP tanks
utilizing the return valve setting. Set valves to recycle the liquid through the pump
and tank. Begin adding neutralization agent AlfaNeutra or AlfaCaus slowly until pH
value reaches 6.5-7.5 Follow the recommendations in Section 5.7.
13. Drain the CIP tank from the neutralized cleaning liquid considering environmental
and safety aspects as described in section 1.2.
A possible intermediate storage is an IBC tank.
14. Refill the CIP unit with fresh water and enter as soon as possible into the heat
exchanger. Flush the CIP-unit and the heat exchanger with water for 15-20 minutes
before the heat exchanger is put into operation.
15. Treat the flushing water as a used cleaning agent and dispose accordingly.

Contact Alfa Laval sales company if you have further questions and
information on CIP-cleaning.

Page 8 / 30
2.2 Program # 2 Calcium carbonate/in-organic scaling
(Re-usage)
Products: AlfaPhos – AlfaCaus/AlfaNeutra – AlfaAdd – pH strips
Program:
1. Follow the Generalized description of the CIP-procedure; chapter 7 Operating
Instructions of the Operating & Maintenance Manual for your CIP unit.
2. Before starting any work, read through sections regarding safety equipment,
practical work; see chapter 1, 4 and 5.
3. IMPORTANT! Secure all connections with bundle strap/duct tape in order for them
not to open by accident.
4. Fill the CIP unit with water (max 90 % of the liquid required) and test run the
system in order to spot leakages before mixing the cleaning agents into the liquid.
5. Heat up the PHE to 40 – 50 °C (104 – 122 °F).
6. If any chemical reaction that produces foam is expected between AlfaPhos and the
scaling, or the surfaces may be oily or fatty, add AlfaAdd. 0,5 – 1 vol % of the total
diluted cleaning solution. AlfaAdd enhances the performance of the cleaning.
7. Gently add 1 part AlfaPhos with the 9 parts of water that circulates in the heat
exchanger Avoid splash or vapor!
8. Now heat up the solution to 60 – 70 °C (140 – 158 °F).
9. The CIP unit is run for 2-4 hours, until the PHE is clean.
10. The pH-value shall never exceed the value 2.5 during the cleaning. This is
controlled by measuring the pH-value in equable periods during the cleaning. To
lower the pH-value, add AlfaPhos to the solution.
11. Does the cleaning agent have effect? No color or pH-change within 30-60 minutes,
follow CIP program cleaning stop, in section 5.6.
12. When the cleaning is finished, drain the PHE completely from the cleaning solution
and store in separate tank, e.g. an IBC-tank for re-using the remaining strength of
the cleaning solution.
13. Mix 1 part AlfaNeutra with 40 parts of water. No heating is needed.
14. The solution is entered into PHE until it is filled up. This solution should be
circulated for 30 min to passivate the newly cleaned PHE. When the time has
passed drain the PHE completely from the passivation solution. Drain it into the
CIP tank. Start circulating the solution between the pump and tank. Now neutralize
this solution by gently adding AlfaPhos until the pH-value reaches 6.5 – 7.5.
15. Drain the CIP tank from the passivation solution considering environmental and
safety aspects as described in section 1.2.
16. Refill the CIP unit with fresh water and enter as soon as possible into the heat
exchanger. Flush the CIP-unit and the heat exchanger with water for
15-20 minutes before the heat exchanger is put into operation.
17. Treat the flushing water as a used cleaning agent and dispose accordingly.

Contact Alfa Laval sales company if you have further questions and
information on CIP-cleaning.

Page 9 / 30
2.3 Program # 3 Calcium carbonate scaling, green-line
Products: Alpacon Descalant III – Alpacon Degreaser III / AlfaAdd – pH strips-
Program:
1. Follow the Generalized description of the CIP-procedure; chapter 7 Operating
Instructions of the Operating & Maintenance Manual for your CIP unit.
2. Before starting any work, read through sections regarding safety equipment,
practical work; see chapter 1, 4 and 5.
3. IMPORTANT! Secure all Connections with bundle strap/duct tape in order for them
not to open by accident.
4. Fill the CIP unit with water (max 90 % of the liquid required) and test run the system
to spot leakages before mixing the cleaning agents into the liquid.
5. Heat up the PHE to 40 – 50 °C (104 – 122 °F).
6. If any chemical reaction that produces foam is expected between Alpacon
Descalant III and the scaling, e.g calcium carbonate, or the surfaces may be oily or
fatty, add 5 vol % Alpacon Degreaser III or AlfaAdd. 0,5 – 1 vol % of the total diluted
cleaning solution. Mix thoroughly before use.
7. Mix 1 part Alpacon Descalant III with 10 parts of water that circulates in the heat
exchanger Avoid splash or vapor!
8. Now heat up the solution to 50 – 70 °C (122 – 158 °F).
9. The CIP unit is run for 3-6 hours, until the PHE is clean.
10. The pH-value shall never exceed the value 2.5 during the cleaning. This is
controlled by measuring the pH-value in equable periods during the cleaning. To
lower the pH-value, add Alpacon Descalant III into the solution.
11. Does the cleaning agent have effect? No color or pH-change within 30-60 minutes,
follow CIP program cleaning stop, in section 5.6.
12. When the cleaning is finished the solution is to be neutralized. Neutralizing while
circulating through the PHE might cause unwanted reactions, e.g. flocculation
leading to blockage of the PHE channels
Consequently, it is NOT recommended perform a neutralization like this.
Instead, return the cleaning solution completely from the PHE to the CIP tanks
utilizing the return valve setting. Set valves to recycle the liquid through the pump
and tank. Begin adding neutralization agent AlfaNeutra or AlfaCaus slowly until pH
value reaches 6.5-7.5 Follow the recommendations in Section 5.7.
13. Drain the CIP tank from the neutralized cleaning liquid considering environmental
and safety aspects as described in section 1.2.
A possible intermediate storage is an IBC tank
14. Refill the CIP unit with fresh water and enter as soon as possible into the heat
exchanger. Flush the CIP-unit and the heat exchanger with water for 15-20 minutes
before being put into operation.
15. Treat the flushing water as a used cleaning agent and dispose accordingly.

Contact Alfa Laval sales company if you have further questions and
information on CIP-cleaning.

Page 10 / 30
2.4 Program # 4 Calcium carbonate scaling with powder
form chemicals
Products: Alfa P-Scale / Kalklöser-P – Alfa P-Neutra / Neutra-P – AlfaAdd – pH strips
(can also be labelled Kalklöser-P and Neutra-P respectively)
Program:
1 Follow the Generalized description of the CIP-procedure; chapter 7 Operating
Instructions of the Operating & Maintenance Manual for the CIP unit.
2 Before starting any work, read through sections regarding practical work; see
chapter 1, 4 and 5.
3 IMPORTANT! Secure all connections with bundle strap/duct tape in order for them
not to open by accident.
4 Fill the CIP unit with water (max 90 % of the liquid required) and test run the
system in order to spot leakages before mixing the cleaning agents into the liquid.
5 Heat up the PHE to 40 °C (104 °F).
6 Is any chemical reaction that produces foam expected between
Alfa P-Scale / Kalklöser-P and the scaling, or the surfaces may be oily or fatty, add
AlfaAdd. 0,5 – 1 vol % of the total diluted cleaning solution. AlfaAdd enhances the
performance of the cleaning.
7 Mixing of Alfa P-Scale / Kalklöser-P
1 bag with 10-15 liters of water.
2 bags with 15-20 liters of water
8 IMPORTANT! Turn of the pump in order to avoid dust and vapor when emptying
the bags with Alfa P-Scale / Kalklöser-P. Empty the bags into the water. Do not
empty all bags needed at once! Close lid and allow salt do dissolve and circulate
before continuing empty bags.
9 The solution is circulated into PHE and fill up the system to the calculated cleaning
solution volume. See section 5.3.
10 The pH-value shall never exceed the value 2.5 during the cleaning. This is
controlled by measuring the pH-value in equable periods during the cleaning. To
lower the pH-value, add Alfa P-Scale / Kalklöser-P to the solution.
11 Now heat up the solution to 50 – 60 °C (122 – 140 °F).
12 The CIP unit is run for approximately 2-4 hours, until the PHE is clean.
13 When the cleaning is finished solution is being neutralized by adding 1 bag
Alfa P-Neutra / Neutra-P per bag Alfa P-Scale / Kalklöser-P until the pH-value
reaches 6.5 - 7.5. The neutralization should be performed carefully and with
continuous circulation for 30 min.
14 Drain the PHE and tank from the liquid considering environmental and safety
aspects as described in section 1.2.
15 Flush the CIP-unit and the heat exchanger with water for 15-20 minutes before
being put into operation.
16 Treat the flushing water as a used cleaning agent and dispose accordingly.

Contact Alfa Laval sales company if you have further questions and
information on CIP-cleaning.

Page 11 / 30
2.5 Program # 5 Biological/Organic fouling (without
scaling)
Products: AlfaCaus – AlfaAdd – AlfaPhos – pH strips
Program:
1. Follow the Generalized description of the CIP-procedure; chapter 7 Operating
Instructions of the Operating & Maintenance Manual for your CIP unit.
2. Before starting any work, read through sections regarding safety equipment,
practical work; see chapter 1, 4 and 5.
3. IMPORTANT! Secure all connections with bundle strap/duct tape in order for them
not to open by accident.
4. Fill the CIP unit with water (max 90 % of the liquid required) and test run the
system in order to spot leakages before mixing the cleaning agents into the liquid.
5. Heat up the PHE to 40 – 50 °C (104 – 122 °F).
6. As a performance booster it is possible to add AlfaAdd. 0,5 – 1 vol % of the total
diluted cleaning solution.
7. Gently add 1 part AlfaCaus with the 9 parts of water that is circulating in the heat
exchanger Avoid splash or vapor!
8. Now heat up the solution to 60 – 70 °C (140 – 158 °F).
9. The CIP unit is run for 2-4 hours, until the PHE is clean.
10. The pH-value shall never go below the value pH 12 during the cleaning. This is
controlled by measuring the pH-value in equable periods during the cleaning. To
raise the pH-value, add AlfaCaus to the solution.
11. Does the cleaning agent have effect? No color or pH-change within 30-60 minutes,
follow CIP program cleaning stop, in section 5.6.
12. When the cleaning is finished the solution is to be neutralized. Neutralizing while
circulating through the PHE might cause unwanted reactions, e.g. flocculation
leading to blockage of the PHE channels
Consequently, it is NOT recommended perform a neutralization like this.
Instead, return the cleaning solution completely from the PHE to the CIP tanks
utilizing the return valve setting. Set valves to recycle the liquid through the pump
and tank. Begin adding neutralization agent AlfaPhos slowly until pH value reaches
6.5-7.5 Follow the recommendations in Section 5.7.
13. Drain the CIP tank from the neutralized cleaning liquid considering environmental
and safety aspects as described in section 1.2.
A possible intermediate storage is an IBC tank.
14. Refill the CIP unit with fresh water and enter as soon as possible into the heat
exchanger. Flush the CIP-unit and the heat exchanger with water for
15-20 minutes before the heat exchanger is put into operation.
15. Treat the flushing water as a used cleaning agent and dispose accordingly.

Contact Alfa Laval sales company if you have further questions and
information on CIP-cleaning.

Page 12 / 30
2.6 Program # 6 Biological/Organic fouling
(without scaling) – Re-usage
Products: AlfaCaus – AlfaAdd – pH strips
Program:
1. Follow the Generalized description of the CIP-procedure; chapter 7 Operating
Instructions of the Operating & Maintenance Manual for your CIP unit.
2. Before starting any work, read through sections regarding safety equipment,
practical work; see chapter 1, 4 and 5.
3. IMPORTANT! Secure all connections with bundle strap/duct tape in order for them
not to open by accident.
4. Fill the CIP unit with water (max 90 % of the liquid required) and test run the
system in order to spot leakages before mixing the cleaning agents into the liquid.
5. Heat up the PHE to 40 – 50 °C (104 – 122 °F).
6. As a performance booster it is possible to add AlfaAdd. 0,5 – 1 vol % of the total
diluted cleaning solution.
7. Gently add 1 part AlfaCaus with the 9 parts of water that is circulating in the heat
exchanger Avoid splash or vapor!
8. Now heat up the solution to 60 – 70 °C (140 – 158 °F).
9. The CIP unit is run for 2-4 hours, until the PHE is clean.
10. The pH-value shall never go below the value pH 12 during the cleaning. This is
controlled by measuring the pH-value in equable periods during the cleaning. To
raise the pH-value, add AlfaCaus to the solution.
11. Does the cleaning agent have effect? No color or pH-change within 30-60 minutes,
follow CIP program cleaning stop, in section 5.6.
12. When the cleaning is finished the cleaning solution is to be drained from the PHE
completely. Drain it into the CIP tank or directly into a storage of an IBC tank/-s
13. The stored cleaning solution shall be allowed to settle and particles to sediment.
Further analysis of its effectiveness is to be done
14. Refill the CIP unit with fresh water and enter as soon as possible into the heat
exchanger. Flush the CIP-unit and the heat exchanger with water for
15-20 minutes before the heat exchanger is put into operation.
15. Treat the flushing water as a used cleaning agent and dispose accordingly.

Contact Alfa Laval sales company if you have further questions and
information on CIP-cleaning.

Page 13 / 30
2.7 Program # 7 Biological/Organic fouling with in-
organic scaling in the organic fouling
Products: AlfaCaus – AlfaPhos – AlfaAdd – pH strips
Program:
1. Follow the Generalized description of the CIP-procedure; chapter 7 Operating
Instructions of the Operating & Maintenance Manual for your CIP unit.
2. Before starting any work, read through sections regarding safety equipment,
practical work; see chapter 1, 4 and 5.
3. IMPORTANT! Secure all connections with bundle strap/duct tape in order for them
not to open by accident.
4. Fill the CIP unit with water (max 90 % of the liquid required) and test run the system
in order to spot leakages before mixing the cleaning agents into the liquid.
5. Heat up the PHE to 40 – 50 °C (104 – 122 °F).
6. Follow the procedures in Program # 5, section 2.5, removal of Biological/Organic
fouling. Start at point 6.
7. When the organic cleaning phase is finished the biological fouling has removed and
the cleaning solution shall be taken care of as described in program # 5, before the
next cleaning step of the solids and in-organic dirt can start.
8. Flushing with fresh water is possible in-between the 2 cleaning cycles. However,
any in the PHE remaining AlfaCaus may be minor, and this will be “concurred” by
the AlfaPhos when it is entered in the next stage.
9. Now proceed with Program # 1, section 2.1, removal of Calcium carbonate/in-
organic scaling.
10. Follow the procedures there to the last point 15.

Contact Alfa Laval sales company if you have further questions and
information on CIP-cleaning.

Page 14 / 30
2.8 Program # 8 Biological/Organic fouling with
in-organic scaling in the organic fouling (Re-usage)
Products: AlfaCaus – AlfaPhos – AlfaAdd – pH strips
Program:
1. Follow the Generalized description of the CIP-procedure; chapter 7 Operating
Instructions of the Operating & Maintenance Manual for your CIP unit.
2. Before starting any work, read through sections regarding safety equipment,
practical work; see chapter 1, 4 and 5.
3. IMPORTANT! Secure all connections with bundle strap/duct tape in order for them
not to open by accident.
4. Fill the CIP unit with water (max 90 % of the liquid required) and test run the system
in order to spot leakages before mixing the cleaning agents into the liquid.
5. Heat up the PHE to 40 – 50 °C (104 – 122 °F).
6. Follow the procedures in Program # 6, section 2.6 – Re-usage. removal of
Biological/Organic fouling. Start at point 6.
7. When the organic cleaning phase is finished and the biological fouling has removed,
the cleaning solution is stored for further sedimentation and analysis for the
possibility of re-usage. Now the next cleaning step of the solids and in-organic dirt
can start.
8. Flushing with fresh water is possible in-between the 2 cleaning cycles. However,
any in the PHE remaining AlfaCaus may be minor and this will be “concurred” by the
AlfaPhos when it is entered in the next stage.
9. Now proceed with Program # 2, section 2.2, removal of Calcium carbonate/in-
organic scaling – Re-usage.
10. Follow the procedures there to the last point 17.

Contact Alfa Laval sales company if you have further questions and
information on CIP-cleaning.

Page 15 / 30
2.9 Program # 9 Organic fouling, green-line
Products: Alpacon MultiCIP II – pH strips-
Program:
1. Follow the Generalized description of the CIP-procedure; chapter 7 Operating
Instructions of the Operating & Maintenance Manual for CIP unit.
2. Before starting any work, read through sections regarding safety equipment,
practical work; see chapter 1, 4 and 5.
3. IMPORTANT! Secure all connections with bundle strap/duct tape in order for them
not to by accident open.
4. Fill the CIP unit with water (max 90 % of the liquid required) and test run the
system in order to spot leakages before mixing the cleaning agents into the liquid.
5. Heat up the PHE to 40 – 60 °C (104 – 140 °F).
6. Mix 1 part Alpacon MultiCIP II with 10 parts of water.
7. The solution is entered into PHE until it is filled up. Now heat up the solution to
40 – 60 °C (104 – 140 °F).
8. The CIP unit is run for 3-6 hours, until the PHE is clean.
9. When the cleaning is finished the solution is to be neutralized. Neutralizing while
circulating through the PHE might cause unwanted reactions, e.g. flocculation
leading to blockage of the PHE channels
Consequently, it is NOT recommended perform a neutralization like this.
Instead, return the cleaning solution completely from the PHE to the CIP tanks
utilizing the return valve setting. Set valves to recycle the liquid through the pump
and tank. Begin adding neutralization agent AlfaPhos slowly until pH value reaches
6.5-7.5 Follow the recommendations in Section 5.7.
10. Flush the CIP-unit and the heat exchanger with water for 15-20 minutes before
being put into operation.

Contact Alfa Laval sales company if you have further questions and
information on CIP-cleaning.

Page 16 / 30
3 Cleaning of opened PHE
3.1 Manual cleaning of opened PHE, single plates
Task: Removal of deposits
Products: AlfaPhos – Alfa P-Scale – Alpacon Descalant III – AlfaCaus
– Alpacon Degreaser III
Program:

1. Study and follow the Chapter 1 General above. Especially section 1.3 Safety
instructions.

2. Start cleaning when heating surface is still wet, and plates are hanging in
the frame.

3. Use fiber brush and preferably hot water jet to start with.

4. If necessary, put the plates in a suitable tank and use one of the following
cleaning agents to remove deposits:

Oxides, AlfaPhos, Alfa P-Scale,

Carbonates Alpacon Descalant III
Organics, AlfaCaus,
Proteins
Fats, Oils Kerosene, AlfaCaus,
Alpacon Degreaser III

5. Flush the plates with clear preferably hot water.

WARNING! AlfaCaus is based on caustic soda and can cause serious

injuries by skin contact and must be handled with great care.

6. Avoid to clean Copper Brazed units with iron connections (or other iron part)
by simple immersion to the acidic bath.

Page 17 / 30
3.2 Manual cleaning of Semi welded cassettes of
opened PHE
Task: Cleaning of welded channels before opening of unit
Products: Fresh water – AlfaPhos – Alfa P-Scale – Alpacon Descalant III–
AlfaCaus – Alpacon Degreaser III
Program:

1 Study and follow the Chapter 1 General above. Especially section 1.3
Safety instructions.

2 As the welded channels normally contain an aggressive liquid

which has to be removed from the unit, it is wise to arrange
connections for fresh water between the unit and the in- and outlet
valves making it possible to flush out the aggressive liquid with hot
fresh water or other for the purpose suitable cleaning agent.

3 The inlet for the cleaning liquid shall be at the lower connection of
the unit.

4 After opening of the unit, the cleaning of the gasket channels

may proceed according to current instruction section 3.1 with the
plates still hanging in the frame

5 Clean with appropriate cleaning agent as the recommended

cleaning method describes to remove fouling on the welded
side.

6 Flush the plates with clear preferably hot water.

WARNING! AlfaCaus is based on caustic soda and can cause

serious injuries by skin contact and must be handled with great
care.

Page 18 / 30
4 When is the heat exchanger up for cleaning,
cleaning intervals?
4.1 General signs
To find the cleaning intervals for the heat exchanger one can rely on historical data
and records.
Temperature deviations from the designed temperature values is an indication that
the unit is up for a cleaning.
A general rule is that if one can identify an increased pressure drop from design
parameters the situation has gone far beyond the point where the cleaning should
have been performed. One might have to bring in the plate heat exchanger for
reconditioning at an Alfa Laval Service Centre.
One common reason for pressure drop caused by fouling is when the criteria for
proper shear stress is not fulfilled due to change in flow lower than design.

4.2 Cleaning interval dependencies

The cleaning intervals are dependent of:
• the cleanness of the media
• the media behavior at different temperatures
• how well the good shear-stress force (Tao value) can be kept during
operation
• how well the plates got cleaned from previous cleaning.

4.3 Monitor intervals with Alfa Laval Performance Audit

PHE
In 1-phase liquid applications from port size 60 mm and larger Alfa Laval can
perform a monitoring service to establish the current efficiency of the heat
exchanger and when it should be up for cleaning.
When the cleaning is done, a confirmation/verification of the cleaning efficiency can
be made.
This service is called Alfa Laval Performance Audit PHE (former named Alfa
Check); contact your nearest Alfa Laval sales company for information and quote.

Page 19 / 30
5. Important considerations prior to cleaning
5.1 General
The dirt and fouling found in a heat exchanger get deposited when the media is
passing through.
The dirt is covering the plate and reduces the heat transfer. It also increases the
pressure drop over the heat exchanger.
The loss from the fouling is double, reduced heat transfer and an increased energy
consumption from the pump working against a higher pump head.
When identifying what fouling one should expect to find, one must monitor the media
and what it may have encountered on its way into the heat exchanger.
Samples of the media could be sent to our laboratory for investigation.
Whatever substances found in the media must be looked upon how it
reacts/behaves at the temperature found in process through the heat
exchanger.

5.2 Fouling groups

There are two different groups of fouling/deposits: organic and inorganic.
5.2.1 The organic fouling group
It consists of biological matter, fat, oil, and other organic deposits. This type of
fouling is removed by alkaline cleaning agents.
5.2.2 Inorganic fouling
Inorganic fouling are metallic oxides, rust, calcium carbonate, and other inorganic
scale. These deposits are removed by using acidic cleaning agents. If the media is
exposed to the atmosphere, one could expect to find organic fouling in the heat
exchanger.
5.2.3 Appearance is often a mixture
Quite often both types of fouling are found together in a heat exchanger. Then one
must perform a multistep cleaning.
When doing this multistep cleaning, one must remove one fouling at a time.
The recommendation is to start with the Organic fouling, that covers the surface as
a protective film.
Second step is to address the inorganic.
Important to rinse in-between with fresh water. If not, it will reduce the effect of the
second step.
This rinsing water needs to be neutralized prior to disposal.

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5.3 CIP program preparations
5.3.1 Waste handling
• Agree with customer what to do with the used CIP waste.
• The dirt removed from the heat exchanger is originating from the process and is
consequently the property of the customer
• Federal, State and local laws governing disposal of materials can differ. Support the
customer to ensure proper disposal compliance with proper authorities before
disposal.
• The chemical reaction when neutralizing AlfaPhos and AlfaCaus / Alfa Neutra:
AlfaPhos with Alfa Neutra/Alfa Caus generate sodium phosphates + water
The pH will then be close to 7, the sodium phosphates being formed is a salt and
nontoxic.
• The chemical reaction when neutralizing Alfa P-scale / Kalklöser-P with
Alfa P-Neutra/ Neutra-P generates sodium sulfamate.
• The composition of the waste is strongly affected of which deposits that has been
removed during cleaning and can only be established by having samples tested
WARNING! The neutralized liquids are still hazardous to potential aquatic life.
Neutralized solutions cannot be disposed of to open water bodies.

5.3.2 Setting up the PHE

• Make sure the heat exchanger can be isolated and locked-out from the system and
the CIP unit connected!
• IMPORTANT! Secure all Connections with a lock / bundle strap / duct tape in order
for them not to open by accident.
• Make sure there is electricity available.
• Always wear your personal protective equipment (PPE)

5.3.3 How much cleaning liquid is to be used?

Follow the Generalized description of the CIP-procedure. See section Operation in
Manual for CIP unit.
Calculate the cleaning liquid volume required -
VTotal= Vheatexchanger + Vhoses + Vpiping + Vpump + Vcovering the heater
Vpiping is the piping volume, from frame plate to the isolating valves.
Fill the CIP unit with hot water (max 90% of the liquid required) and test run the
system, to secure that there are no leakages, before mixing the cleaning agents
into the liquid.
Make sure you do not leave the CIP unit without supervision during the entire
period of the cleaning operation.

Page 21 / 30
5.3.4 Verify your volume calculations and the safe procedures before going
“live” to avoid surprises
To understand each step and action in the cleaning process, a recommendation is
to follow the steps in the cleaning programs but to use water only.
Add the 90 % water and secure the calculated volume is possible to circulate and
that it covers the heaters.
If it does not there is a calculation error and adjust accordingly. Make sure the
additional volume is noted for the future cleaning intervention.
Activate the immersion heaters to secure they work according to plan and water is
circulating.
Having done this and filling up with the remaining cleaning volume (here the last
10 %, in water only), fill the heat exchanger as when to clean and heat up. Now is
the correct time to map how much of the heat exchanger and connecting pipes that
are filled. The whole heat exchanger up to the top of the upper port must be filled
to get an efficient cleaning.
This volume, and eventual additional “boosting” cleaning agent, is to be handled in
a safe matter. When extracting all the liquid from the heat exchanger into the
tank/tanks shall not get flooded. Hereafter the used cleaning agent is to be
deposited somewhere and this procedure and logistic chain must be secured
safely.
Every heat exchanger installation is unique and ought to be tested equally to avoid
surprises and incidents.

5.3.5 Safe filling and drainage of cleaning agent from heat exchanger
It is important to secure that all cleaning agents can be filled into and drained out of
the heat exchanger in a safe and controlled way.
This is done by two actions, prepare the heat exchanger installations and secure a
certain capability on the CIP unit:
1. The heat exchangers to be
equipped with connections that
allows to circulate the cleaning
liquid from the lowest point of
the lower inlet pipe. Also, that
there is a good venting that can
release air into the top
port/connection. The lower
connection is positioned to the
pipe at 6 o´clock.
See illustration to the right.

Page 22 / 30
 2. A valve configuration
on the cleaning unit
that enables the
pump to evacuate
the cleaning liquid
out from the heat
exchanger as well
pumping in normal
operation from the
tank.
Important to connect
the hoses according
to the manufacturers´
instructions so that
draining is possible
without disconnecting
any hose.
See illustration to the
right

5.4 Correct cleaning temperature

5.4.1 Minimize down time of the Heat Exchanger to be cleaned
When cleaning heat exchangers one wants to do it as efficient as possible and
keep the cleaning effect at an optimum.
Keeping the cleaning liquid in the heat exchanger at 70 °C (158 °F) one has the
optimal effect.
Saying this, one must plan the whole cleaning intervention carefully and keep track
of every volume.
A rule of thumb is: If cleaning at 70 °C (158 °F) and completing a cleaning step
take 3 hours, then cleaning at 60 °C (140 °F) will take 6 hours and
at 50 °C (122 °F) will take12 hours.
The heat exchanger functionality to heat and cool is active even if the water on the
secondary side not to be cleaned isn´t circulating. Unless drained and plugged, the
liquid volume on the other side is also to be included in the volume to be heated
up.
If second side remain being filled up, keeping that volume at 70 °C (158 °F) will
support the cleaning effect on the primary side. In paragraphs below some hints
how to arrange this are given.

Page 23 / 30
5.4.2 How long does it take to reach the correct cleaning temperature?
The first step is to calculate the amount of energy E needed to raise the liquid
volume V from one temperature to another, delta T (dT).
Secondly, how high effect do we have on the heat source to put in to reach the
Energy needed? This ratio gives the time to raise the temperature a certain level.
The total volume, the volume calculated above with cleaning agent plus if there is a
volume trapped on the secondary side must be given in cubic meter (m3).
1 m3 = 1000 liter = 220 Imperial gallon = 264 US liquid gallon.
The temperature is given in degrees Celsius [°C] and
Farenheiht within brackets (°F).
The there is a constant that tells us that 1.16 kWh is the energy to increase a
trapped volume of 1m3 water 1 °C (1.8 °F).
The energy formula is E [kWh] = V x dT x 1.16
Next step is to add the energy from a source. Having immersion heaters in the CIP
unit is the most common and safest.
If you have access to steam to speed up the heating; or heat from the process on
the secondary side of the heat exchanger temperature can be raised for the
immersion heaters heating operation.
Depending on the amount and effect P [kW] on the immersion heaters we can then
calculate the time in hours.
Time [h] = E [kWh] / P [kW]
An example
Liquid on primary side in a heat exchanger incl connecting pipes: 450 liters
Liquid on secondary side incl connecting pipes: 450 liters
Liquid in CIP unit, pipes and hoses: 85 liters
Temperature of liquid at start-up: 15 °C (59 °F)
Cleaning temperature: 70 °C (158 °F)
Total volume to be heated up [m3]: (450+85+450) liters = 985 liters = 0.985 m3
Total temperature increase [ °C]: (70 – 15) °C = 55 °C (99 ºF)
Energy needed [kWh]: 0.985 x 55 x 1.16 = 63 kWh
How long time (t) does it take to heat up?
Using a 12-kW immersion heater: t12 [h] = 63 / 12 = 5.25 h = 5 h 15 min
Using 24-kW: t24 [h] = 63 / 24 = 2.62 h = 2 h 37 min
Using 48-kW: t48 [h] = 63 / 48 = 1.31 h = 1 h 19 min

Planning is essential and preserving the heat in-between the different cleaning
faces is crucial.
Reducing the downtime and thereby minimizing the financial loss is very important.
Keeping the heat under control and monitoring the progress thoroughly is crucial to
get the cleanness needed, getting the thermal performance back.

Page 24 / 30
5.4.3 Hints of how to set up the supportive heating
If the temperature on the secondary side, that is not to be cleaned, is relatively high
level, from 40 – 50 °C (104 – 122 °F) and above, one shall take use of it to support
to keep the heat up in the cleaning liquid and the efficiency there too,
Especially when doing multistep cleaning, as mentioned in sections 2.7 & 2.8.
Close the isolating valves on this “not to be cleaned side”. For the media to expand
when getting heated up lower the trapped liquid level allowing air to be in the pipe
behind the upper valve.
This is a precaution so that the increased temperature does not lead to increased
pressure and the incompressible liquid can damage the plate pack or the valves.

5.4.4 The effect of trapped AIR on the secondary side

If the “other side” for some reason contains air only, as when cleaning a SWHE in
an ammonia application and the cassette is evacuated from its media, the time to
heat up will go faster though and consequently also the cleaning. Isolating valves
to be closed and trap the air.
The sum of the total energy to heat the cleaning liquid needed plus the trapped air
on the secondary side can be calculated as:
The energy formula to heat trapped AIR: E [kWh] = V x dT x 0.00036
Having the same volume as in the earlier section on the secondary and raising it
from 15 °C (59 °F) to 70 °C (158 °F), the energy required is:
Esecondary (AIR) = 0.45 m3 x 55 °C x 0.00036 kWh/(°C*m3) = 0.00891 kWh
Eprimary (TO BE CLEANED) = (0.45 + 0,085) m3 x 55 ºC x 1.16 kWh/(°C*m3) = 34.133 kWh
Etotal = 34.133 + 0.00891 = 34.14191 kWh
Theoretically this gives a substantial heating time reduction.

Doing the same comparison between different heating capacity looks as follows.
Using a 12-kW immersion heater: t12 [h] = 34.142 / 12 = 2.845 h = 2 h 51 min
Using 24-kW: t24 [h] = 34.142 / 24 = 1.455 h = 1 h 27 min
Using 48-kW: t48 [h] = 34.142 / 48 = 0.73 h = 0 h 44 min

A disclaimer must be raised here though, the conditions with the material trapping
the air, frame, pipes, and valves is affecting the trapped temperature and must be
heated up as well. That has not been considered in the above calculations.

Page 25 / 30
5.5 Flow of cleaning liquid
5.5.1 Always keep the cleaning liquid in circulation!
There must always be a flow, even if not very much. The chemical reaction is
instant if the unreacted cleaning components can access the fouling and the
reaction products have to be carried away to maintain the correct chemical
environment for optimal reaction rate.
5.5.2 What flow is needed?
A remark sometimes raised is if to match design flow when cleaning?
In our CIP assortment, our CIP units have pump flows from 3 - 40 m3/h.
Never consider production flow because it is irrelevant to “compete” with that – the
criterium is to make fresh chemicals to reach the fouling and the reaction products
have to be carried away to maintain the correct chemical environment for optimal
reaction rate.

5.6 CIP program cleaning stop

5.6.1 The cleaning is done.
If there has been a color change of the cleaning liquid and the pH levels have been
adjusted during the cleaning process, the cleaning process shall come to a halt
when the pH-level required for an effective cleaning has been at a steady state for
45-60 minutes.
Drain and follow section 5.3, either to finish the cleaning or start the next phase of
the cleaning cycle. (from organic fouling removal to in-organic)

5.6.2 No cleaning effect from start

If there is no change on the color of the cleaning liquid OR the pH level is not
changing within 30-60 minutes after starting the cleaning process with the active
cleaning agents, the operation shall be stopped; either the unit was clean already
from the beginning or the wrong cleaning agent and program is used.
An example of the cleaning agent is not getting effect could be that the inorganic
fouling is covered by oil or organic fouling. This layer is preventing the acidic
cleaning agent to reach down to the inorganic fouling.

5.6.3 Flush
In both the above situations the PHE shall be drained from the cleaning agents and
afterwards flushed with fresh water and sent for re-usage or destruction.

Page 26 / 30
5.7 Handling of used cleaning agents and waste
5.7.1 Neutralization of used cleaning agents
For neutralization of the cleaning liquid the ratio is always dependent on how much
of the cleaning effect of the liquid that has been used. A good start is to start from
“new” not used cleaning agents as seen below.
• 1-liter 10 v% AlfaCaus solution is neutralized to pH 8,5 by 0.142-liter 10 v%
AlfaPhos solution and to pH 7,0 by 0.166-liter 10 v% AlfaPhos.
• 1-liter 10 v% AlfaCaus solution is neutralized by 0.014-liter concentrated/pure
AlfaPhos to Ph 8,5 and to pH 7,0 by 0,016-liter pure AlfaPhos.
• 1-liter 10 v% AlfaPhos solution is neutralized to pH 7.0 by 6,07-liter 10 v% AlfaCaus
solution.
• 1-liter 10 v% AlfaPhos solution is neutralized to pH 7.0 by 0,607-liter pure AlfaCaus.
• 1-liter 10 v% AlfaPhos solution is neutralized to pH 7,0 by 0,27-liter pure AlfaNeutra.
• 1 bag used Alfa P-Scale / Kalklöser-P diluted in water is neutralized with
1 bag Alfa P-Neutra / Neutra-P
Important to measure pH continuously in order to reach desired level.
Knowing one’s volume is the important beginning.
Then to understand how much of the cleaning agent that has been "consumed" is
difficult.
Due to this, less neutralization liquid than above given recommendations can be
used. The neutralization point can be missed so the pH-value tips over on the other
side. Because of that, when one is reaching 75-80 % of the calculated
neutralization volume, slow down.
Add small volumes at a time and stir around prior to measuring the pH.

5.7.2 Waste handling

As described in section 1.2 and 5.3.1 the handling and destruction of the used
cleaning agents can be an issue.
However, it must be taken into utmost care when one plan every cleaning
intervention.
The dirt that is cleaned out is the property of the customer.
Secure in advance with the customer how the cleaning liquids are to be treated.
What does the local and national legislation state?
Please consider the fact that long term impact from these actions will be significant
if shortcuts are taken.
As stressed in the Warning in 5.3.1 - The neutralized liquids are still hazardous to
potential aquatic life. Neutralized solutions cannot be disposed of to open water
bodies.

Page 27 / 30
5.8 Precautions when cleaning Copper Brazed Heat
Exchangers (CB / BHE)
Copper do not have the wide passive behavior of stainless steel. In a narrow pH
range copper can stay passive if carbonates are present. A protective layer of
copper carbonates is then formed. This level corresponds to a conductivity of
50 µS/cm (5 mS/m), which should not be below. Consequently, CB heat
exchangers cannot be used for distilled or deionized waters.
5.8.1 Acidic cleaning (inorganic)
Our range of acidic cleaning agents contain efficient inhibitor systems to treat CB.

5.8.2 Alkaline cleaning (organic)

At pH values above 11 soluble copper oxides are formed. Consequently, in hard
waters the risk of copper corrosion is substantial. High sulfate concentration at low
alkalinity also implies a corrosion risk.

5.8.3 Value guidance for safe alkaline cleaning of BHE

The following values can be given as guidance to reduce the corrosion risk on
copper:
• pH 7.5-10
• sulfate, SO 2-4 < 150 ppm
• c(HCO3-) / c(SO42-) > 1.5
• c(HCO -)3 < 4 mmol
• c(Ca2+)/c(HCO +3) > 1
• ammonia, NH3 < 10 ppm
• free CO2<10 ppm
• Langlier index greater than or equal to 0

5.8.4 Cleaning recommendations of BHE from Alfa Laval MT&C

What is the fouling?
Organic fouling - Circulate 5 % AlfaCaus at 50 °C (122 °F) for maximum 2hrs.
In-organic fouling (scaling) then the BHE can be circulated with 5% AlfaPhos at
50 °C (122 °F) for max. 2 hrs. 5 % is 1 part cleaning agent and 19 parts water.
As in all other cleaning interventions keep track of pH variations as described in
section 5.5. Abort the cleaning as soon as the steady state is observed
Important is that all the remains of the cleaning chemical are removed by a water
flushing after the cleaning. The pH of the flushing water exiting the BHE should be
around neutral (pH 6.5-7.5).
To check if there are any defects after the cleaning then one can:
1. If one has a borescope one can look into the first channels.
2. Another way is to look at the color of the rinse water which should be clear
(green color might indicate corrosion on copper).
3. To secure the unit to be leak proof, a leak test can be performed and then
follow the instructions in the Instruction Manual BHE.

Page 28 / 30
5.9 Precautions when cleaning stainless steel.
Stainless steel has very good corrosion resistance to both acidic and alkaline
diluted water solutions. However, care should be taken when waters contain high
amount of chloride ions. Chloride ions break the passive layer and cause localized
corrosion.
The most serious case is crevice corrosion as it occurs at the lowest concentration
of chloride ions. Crevice formation may occur if the medium is fouling. Under a
dense deposit layer crevice can be formed.
Important parameters for initiation of crevice corrosion attacks are temperature,
pH, presence of oxygen and other oxidizing agents, geometry of crevices formed,
presence of free chlorine etc.
The highest possible wall temperature must be considered at risk estimations.
Addition of free chlorine makes the situation worse.
The following values can be given as guidance to reduce the corrosion risk on
stainless steel. The values are valid for pH=7.0. Higher pH value gives much less
risk.

* chloride ions, Cl-

<700 ppm at 20 °C (68 °F)
<200 ppm at 50 °C (122 °F)
<100 ppm at 75 °C (167 °F)
* free chlorine, Cl2
< 0.5 ppm for continuous chlorination
< 2 ppm for chock chlorination

5.10 Some comments about titanium.

If chloride ions cannot be avoided, Titanium (Ti or TiPd) are the materials to use.
Observe that when exposed to hot alkali, titanium will lose its shiny surface and an
additional grey protective passivation layer will be formed. This has only a cosmetic
impact and do not affect mechanical functionality.
For fluorides to affect titanium, it must be in the form of HF (hydrogen fluoride), but
many criteria have to be fulfilled at the same time for this to happen. For example,
pH must be low in combination with temperature > 70 °C (158 °F).
Fluoride bound in for example fluorosilicates do not affect the metal.

Page 29 / 30
 5.11 Cleaning Semi Welded cassettes
All semi-welded units where a natural refrigerant as NH3 and compressors are
present, one also has oil.
Allowing oil to enter the cassette is devastating for the thermal process. Just a
fraction of a millimeter, 0.02 mm (20 µm) reduces the performance by 20-30 %.
Important here is to have oil traps in front of the SWHE not allowing the oil to enter.
Also, the regular maintenance/overhaul of the compressor is crucial to minimize
the amount of oil in the circuit.
The golden rule for the semi-welded side is:
"Never introduce anything wet that can freeze on the refrigerant side. If so, this
has to be dried out thoroughly and that is a costly and time-consuming process that
may not work anyway."
This refrigerant circuit was 100 % dry when the system was filled and put into
operation. Risking that one does not get it equally dry will cause problem with ice
blockage etc. when put into operation again.
Oil traps and regular overhaul of compressor rules on the semi-welded side.
Fouling or oil in the heat exchanger will make the compressor work harder, causing
more wear and tear on it and consequently more frequent maintenance.
On the gasketed side one may clean. When cleaning, heat is crucial for the
efficiency. In a system with refrigerants the pressure will increase on the refrigerant
side IF it gets heated up, and any safety release valve will open as well.
So, to avoid this the refrigerant will have to be evacuated and add nitrogen blanket
gas to the welded side when cleaning the gasketed side.
It is not easy, but the system can be so designed so this is possible.

Revision history
Revision Date Updates / changes

Rev.5 June 17th, 2022 Section 5,7, update of Neutralization data

Rev. 4 June 11th, 2021 Cover page update

Rev.3 May 24th, 2021 Typing errors and formatting.

Rev.2 May 12th, 2021 Fahrenheit added to all temperature.

Minor typing errors corrected.

Rev.1 Feb 2nd, 2021 Revised & extended procedures published.

Focus on Safety, planning and procedures.

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