Sreedhar’s CCE RRB NTPC-HISTORY

RRB NTPC - HISTORY

INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
 INTRODUCTION:-
This Civilization was flourished between 3300 to 1400 B.C.
This civilizaton was matured around indus and its tributaries
The Indus Valley Civilization was established around 3300 BC.

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It flourished between 2700 BC and 1900 BC (Mature Indus Valley Civilization).
It started declining around 1900 BC and disappeared around 1400 BC.
 Pre-Harappan civilization has been found at Mehrgarh, Pakistan which shows the
first evidence of cotton cultivation. Indus people are first to grow cotton cultivation
in the word.
Dimensions:-
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West—————————— Sutkagengor (in Baluchistan)
East——————————— Alamgirpur (Western UP)
North————————— Mandu (Jammu)
South————————— Daimabad

E (Ahmednagar, Maharashtra)
Some Indus Valley sites have also been found in as far away as Afghanistan and
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Turkmenistan.
Contemporary civilizations
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Mesopotamian civilizations - Tigris and Euphrates rivers - Iraq and Kuwait.

Indus vally civilizations - Indus river - India and Pakistan
Egypt civilizations - Nile river - Egypt
Chinese civilizations - huang ho
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 Indus Valley Civilisation important sites In India:
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S.No Site Year River Discovered by State Country

1 Harappa 1921 Ravi river Daya Ram Sahni West Bengal Pakistan
2 Mohenjo-Daro 1922-23 Indus R.D.Banerjee Indus Pakistan
3 Chanhudaro 1931-35 Indus R.C. Majumdar Indus Pakistan
4 Lothal 1954 Gulf of Khambe S.R. Rao Gujarath India
5 Kalibangan 1953-61 Ghaggar Gosh, Lal, North Rajathan India
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Thapar
6 Banawalli 1973-74 Saraswathi R.S.Bist Haryana India
7 Surkotada 1964 Rann of Kutch Joshi Gujarath India
8 Ropar 1953-56 Sutlej Y.D.Sarma West Bengal India
9 Alamgiripur 1931 Yamuna B.B.Lal U.P. India
10 Rangapur 1931 Badar Watts Gujarath India
11 Dholavira 1991-92 Joshi, Bist Gujarath India
12 Daimabad Maharastra India
13 Amri 1929 Indus Majumdar Indus Pakistan

NOTE:-
The civilization was first discovered during an excavation campaign under Sir
John Hubert Marshall in 1921–22 at Harappa following the discovery of seals by J
Fleet.
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Sreedhar’s CCE RRB NTPC-HISTORY
Most cities had similar patterns.
 The Mesopotamia, Egypt, China and the Indus Valley Civilization, the four great
civilizations of the ancient world, the first three (Mesopotamia, Egypt, and China)
have been broadly studied and well-known to everyone.
 Overall morethan 1500 sites are excavated
 Total area 1.3 millions squre kilometers this is in traingle shape.
 Important Animal - Ox with hump
 Important Bird - Pigeon
 Important Tree- Ravi
 Important Symbol - Swastick
 Important Crops - Wheat and Barley

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 Important God - Ammatalli(Mother Goddess, Pasupathi-surrounded by Tiger,
Elephant, Rhinoceros, Buffallo)
 They don’t now Horse
 They used the matal bronze and copper
 They don’t now about iron
 Horse evidence are avalible in Surkotada
 Characteristics :-
1) Town planning
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2) Public Places
3) Great bath
4) Great Grannary

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5) Social structure
 Agrucilture:-
 Agriculture was the most important occupation. The first civilization to cultivate
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cotton.
 Animals were domesticated like sheep, goats and pigs.
 Crops were wheat, barley, cotton, ragi, dates and peas.
 Trade:-
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 Trade was conducted with the Sumerians.
 Metal products were produced including those with copper, bronze, tin and
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lead.
 Gold and silver were also known. Iron was not known to them.
 Religion:-
 No structures like temples or palaces have been found.
 The people worshipped male and female deities.
 A seal which was named ‘Pashupati Seal’ has been excavated and it shows an
image of a three-eyed figure.
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 Marshall believed this to be an early form of Lord Shiva.
 Note:-
 Excellent pieces of red pottery designed in black have been excavated.
 Faience was used to make beads, bangles, earrings and vessels.
 The civilization also was advanced in making art works.
 A statuette named ‘Dancing Girl’ has been found from Mohenjodaro and is
believed to Be 4000 years old
 A figure of a bearded Priest-King has also been found from Mohenjodaro.
 Disposal of the dead was by burial in wooden coffins.
 Later on, in the H Symmetry culture, bodies were cremated in urns.
 Harappa:-
 Harappan ruins were discovered by Marshall, Daya Ram Sahni.
1) Cemetery H & R37.
2) Coffin burial.

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Sreedhar’s CCE RRB NTPC-HISTORY
3) Granary outside the fort.
4) Phallus worship.
5) Graveyard.
6) Mother goddess.
 Mohenjo-Daro:-
Mohenjodaro ruins were excavated for the first time by R.D. Banerjee

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1) Prepared Garments.
2) Temple like Palace.
3) Pashupati seal.

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4) Statue of a dancing girl.
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5) Ivory weight balance.
6) The Great Bath.
7) The Great Granary.
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8) Priest king statue.

 Kalibangan
1) Lower fortified town.
2) Fire Altar.
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3) Boustrophedon style.
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4) Wooden drainage.
5) Copper ox.
6) Evidence of earthquake.
7) Wooden plough.
8) Camel’s bone.
 Lothal
1) Port Town.
2) Evidence of Rice.
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3) Fire Altar.
4) Graveyard.
5) Ivory weight balance.
6) Copper dog.
 Rangpur
Evidence of Rice.
 Surkotada
1) Horse bone.
2) Stone covered grave.
 Chanhudaro
1) Bangle factory.
2) Ink pot.
3) Only city without citadel.
4) Carts with seated driver.

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Sreedhar’s CCE RRB NTPC-HISTORY
 Daimabad
Bronze Buffalo.
 Amri
Actual remains of Rhinoceros.
 Alamgirpur
Impression of cloth on a trough.
 Ropar
1) Buildings made of stone and soil.
2) Dog buried with humans.
3) One inscribed steatite seal with typical Indus pictographs.
4) Oval pit burials.
 Banawali

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1) Oval shaped settlement.
2) Only city with radial streets.
3) Toy plough.
4) Largest number of barley grains.
 Dholavira
1) Only site to be divided into three parts.
2) Giant water reservoir.
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3) Unique water harnessing system.
4) Dams.
5) Embankments.
6) A stadium.

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7) Rock – cut architecture.
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 Fact# 1: Indus Valley Civilization was the largest among the other four
civilizations of the world (Mesopotamia, Egypt, and China)
The Indus Valley Civilization was spread over an area of 1,30,000 sq. km over
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modern-India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan

The civilization extended from Ghaggar-Hakra Valley in the east to Markran
coast of Baluchistan in the west, from Afghanistan in the northeastern to
Daimabad in Maharashtra in the south.
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 Fact# 2: The Population of Indus Valley Civilization was over 5 million
The civilization had over 5 million inhabitants.
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Most of the inhabitants of the civilization were artisans and traders.

 Fact# 3: Nearly 1500 cities have been discovered
1056 Harappan cities and settlements have been found of which 96 have been
excavated
Most of the settlements are mostly located in the broad region of the Indus and
Ghaggar-Hakra Rivers and their tributaries.
The major urban centers are: Harappa, Mohenjodaro, Dholaviral, Ganeriawala
and Rakhigarhi.
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 Fact# 4: Majority of the population lived in villages and it is not evident
Majority of the population of Indus Valley Civilization lived in villages
it is not evident as the villages may have been constructed of destructible materials
like mud or timber.
Hence, it is difficult to find out the lifestyle and culture in these villages which
have been lost over a period of time without any trace.
 Causes of the decline
People moved eastwards and cities were abandoned.
Writing and trade declined.
Mortimer Wheeler suggested that Aryan invasion led to the decline of the Indus
Valley.
Tectonic movements and floods caused the decline.
A change in the course of the river Indus caused its decline.
Other causes cited include a drying up of the rivers, deforestation and a destruction
of the green cover
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