Design of Gantry Girders

1
Components of an Overhead Crane

2
Crane Notations

3
Data For Overhead Cranes

Load and other details of crane should be obtained from the

manufacturers of cranes.

4
Typical Data for 40t Crane

5
Loads on Gantry Girder

6
Impact Loads

7
Maximum Load Effects

8
Max. S.F., B.M., and Deflection

9
Two Cranes at the Same Span

10
Max. BM for Two Cranes At the
Same Span

11
Limiting Deflection

12
Profiles Used for Gantry
Girders

13
Fatigue Effects
Gantry girders are subjected to fatigue
effects due to the moving loads.

Normally, light and medium duty cranes

are not checked for fatigue effects if the
number of cycles of load is less than 5 x
106.

For heavy duty cranes, the gantry girders

are to be checked for fatigue loads. (See
also IS: 1024 and IS: 807).
14
Fatigue Effects (Cont.)
The fatigue strength is governed by the
following factors
Number of repetitions of load: In most cases
2 x 106 cycles of repetitions are considered to
be the limit of endurance.
The ratio of the maximum stress to the
minimum stress at a section due to
repetitions
R = f min / f max
Where, f max = maximum stress
f min = minimum stress
15
Fatigue Strength Curve-IS 800

16
Steps for Design
 Assume that the lateral load is resisted
entirely by the top flange of the beam plus
any reinforcing plates, channels etc. and the
vertical load is resisted by the combined
beam.
1. Find the maximum wheel load: This load is
maximum when the trolley is closest to the
gantry girder. Increase it for the impact
2. Calculate the maximum bending moment in
the gantry girder due to vertical loads.
3. To simplify the calculations, add the
maximum bending moment due to dead
load to the maximum wheel load moment
17
Steps for Design (cont.)
4. The maximum shear force is calculated. When the
gantry is not laterally supported, the following may
be used to select a trail section.
Zp = Mu / fy Zp (trial) = k Zp (k = 1.40-1.50)

Economic depth ≈ 1/12th of the span.

Width of flange ≈ 1/40 to 1/30th of the span

5. The plastic section modulus of the assumed

combined section

Mp = 2 f y A / 2 = A f y
where A is called the plastic modulus Z p

18
Steps for Design (cont.)
6. Check for moment capacity of the whole
section (as lateral support is provided at the
compression flange)
Mcz = βb Zp fy ≤ 1.2 Ze fy / γm0 <Mu

7. Check top flange for bending in both the

axes using the interaction equation
(My / Mndy)+ (M2/Mndz) ≤ 1.0

8. If the top (compression) flange is not

supported, Check for buckling resistance in
the same way as in step 6 but replacing fy
with the design bending compressive stress 19
Steps for Design (cont.)
9. Check web of the girder at points
of concentrated load for local
buckling or local crushing, and
provide load carrying/ bearing
stiffeners, if necessary.
10. Check for deflection under
working loads

20
Allowable Ecc. Of Load and
Clamping Rails to Girder

21
Column Profiles

22
Column Bracket Details
-Light Cranes

23
Connection at the Top
Flange

24
Torsion on Column due to Longitudinal Forces

25
Gantry Supported on Stepped
Column

26
Two Adjacent Gantry Supported on
Column

27
Do not Connect Girder Webs to
Columns

28
Bracings for Columns

29
Crane Stops

30
Case Study: Hoan Bridge
(Milwaukee Harbor Bridge)

Fatigue Fractures in Center Girder E and outside Girder F.

These girders collapsed on Dec. 23, 2000 after 26 years of
Service
31
Example for Fatigue Design

32
Example for Fatigue Design (cont.)

33
Example for Fatigue Design (cont.)

34
Design a gantry girder, without lateral restraint
along its span, to be used in an industrial
building carrying an overhead travelling crane
for the following data.
 Centre-to-centre distance between columns (i.e., span
of the gantry girder)=7.5 m
 Crane capacity =200 kN
 Self-weight of crane girder excluding trolley=200 kN
 Self-weight of trolley, electric motor, hook etc.=40 kN
 Minimum hook approach=1.2 m
 Distance between wheel centres=3.5 m
 Centre-to-centre distance between gantry rails
(i.e.,span of the crane)=15m
 Self-weight of the rail section=300 N/m
 Yield stress of steel=250 MPa 35
1. Load and bending moment calculations
(a)Load
(i) Vertical loading
Calculation of maximum static wheel load
Maximum static wheel load due to the weight of
the crane=200/4=50kN
W1 =[Wt (Lc –Lt )]/(2Lc )
 =(200+40)(15-1.2)/(2×15)
 =110.4kN
Total load due to the weight of the crane and the
crane load=50+110.4=160.4kN
To allow for impact, etc., this load should be
multiplied by 25% (see Table)
Design load=160.4×1.25=200.5kN 36
Factored wheel load on each wheel,
Wc =200.5×1.5=300.75kN
(ii) Lateral (horizontal) surge load
Lateral load (per wheel)=10% (hook+crabload)/4
 =0.1×(200+40)/4
 =6kN
Factored lateral load=1.5×6=9kN
(iii) Longitudinal (horizontal) braking load
Horizontal force along rails=5% of wheel load
 =0.05×200.5
 =10.025 kN
Factored load Pg =1.5×10.025=15.04 kN

37
 (b) Maximum bending moment
 (i) Vertical maximum bending moment
 Without considering the self-weight,
 M1 =Wc L/4=300.75×7.5/4=563.90kNm

 M2 =2Wc (L/2-c/4)2/L
 =2×300.75(7.5/2-3.5/4)2/7.5
 =662.90 kNm
 Assume that the self-weight of the gantry girder is 1.6
kN/m
 Total dead load=1600+300 (self weight of rail)=1.9 kN/m
 Factored DL=(1.9×1.5)=2.85 kN/m
 BM due to dead load=wl2 /8=(2.85×7.52 /8)
 =20.04 kNm
 (ii) Horizontal bending moment
 Moment due to surge load=2×9(7.5/2-3.5/4)2 /7.5 38
39
40
(iii)Bending moment due to drag (assuming the
rail height as 0.15 m and depth of girder as 0.6 m)
Reaction due to drag force (assuming the rail
height as 0.15 m and depth of girder as 0.6 m)
Reaction due to drag
force=Pge/L=15.04(0.3+0.15)/7.5=0.093
M3 =R(L/2-c/4)=0.903(7.5/2-3.5/4)=2.59kNm
Total design bending moment Mz
=662.9+20.04+2.59=685.53 kNm
Shear force
(i) Vertical shear force
Shear forcedue to wheel load
WL (2-c/L)=300.75(2-3.5/7.5)=461.15kN
 41
Maximum ultimate shear force
Vz =10.94+461.15=472.09 kN
(ii)
Lateral shear force due to surge load
Vy =9(2-3.5/7.5)=13.8kN
Reactions due to drag force=0.903 kN
And maximum ultimate reaction
Rz =472.09 kN+0.903
 =472.99 or 473 kN
2. Preliminary selection of the girder
Since L/12=7500/12=625, we choose the
depth as 600 mm. Therefore, approximate
width of the beam=L/30=250 mm. 42
a. Properties of the sections
ISMB 600 @1.23 kN/m ISMC 300@ 0.363 kN/m
A=15600 mm2 A=4630 mm2
tf =20.3 tf =13.6
tw =12 mm tw =7.8 mm
B=210 mm B=90 mm
Izz =91800x104 mm4 Izz =6420x104 mm4
Iyy =2650x104 mm4 Iyy =313x104 mm4
R=20 mm Cy =23.5 mm

43
44
 (i)
Elastic properties of the combined section
 Total area A=AB +Ach =15600+4630=20230 mm2 .
 The distance of NA of the built-up section from the extreme
fibre of tension flange:
y [15600 600 / 2  4630 (600  7.8  23.5)] / 20230 365.07mm
h1  y  hB / 2 365.07  600 / 2 65.07mm
h2 (hB  tch )  y  C y (600  7.8)  365.07  23.5
219.23 mm
h3 607.8  365.07  7.8 234.93 mm
I Z I ZB  AB h12  ( I y ) ch  Ach h22
918000 104  156000 65.07 2  313 104  4630 219.232
1.2097 109 mm 4 1.274 109 (required for deflection control )
Z zb 1.2097 109 /(365.07) 3.31106 mm3
Z zt 1.2097 109 /( 242.73) 4.98 106 mm3 45
 4 4
I yy combined 2650 10  6420 10
4 4
9070 10 mm
Iy for tension flange about y  y axis
3 4 4
I tf 20.3 210 / 12 1566.6 10 mm
For compressio n flange about y  y axis
I cf 1566.6 10 4  6420 10 4 7986.6 10 4 mm 4
Z y ( for flange alone ) 7986.6 10 4 / 150 532,443 mm3

46
b.Calculation of plastic modulus (see section
12.4.2 and Fig. 12.15)
The plastic neutral axis divides the area into
two equal areas, i.e., 10115 mm2
Dp =4630/(2x12)=193 mm
Ignoring fillets, the plastic section modulus
below the equal-area axis is

47
Ay 20.3 210 (493  20.3 / 2)
 (493  20.3) 12 (493  20.3) / 2
3399.1103 mm3
Above the equal  area axis
Ay 4630 (114 .8  23.5)  210 20.3 (114 .8  7.8  10.15)
3 3
 86.7 12 86.7 / 2 880.692 10 mm
Z pz 3399.1103  880.692 103 4279.792 103 mm3
For the top flange only
Z py 20.3 2102 / 4  (300  2 13.6) 2 7.8 / 4  2 90 13.6
(150  13.6 / 2) 719479.8 mm3
48
3. Check for moment capacity
Check for plastic section
b/t of the flange of the
I-beam=[(210-12)/2]/20.3=4.87<9.4
b/t of the flange of the
channel=(90-7.8)/13.6=6.04<9.4
d/t of the web of the
I-section=(600-2×20.3)/12=46.6<84
Hence the section is plastic.
a. Local moment capacity
1.2 Ze fy /1.1=1.2×3.31×106 ×(250/1.1)×106 =902.72
kNm
Mdz=fy Zp /1.1=(250/1.1)×4279.792×10-3
=972.68kNm>902.72kNm 49
Hence take Mdz =902.72 kNm
Mdz =(fy /1.1)×Zp (top flange)=(250/1.1)×719479.8×10-
6
=163 kNm
1.2 Ze fy /1.1 =1.2×532443×(250/1.1)×10-6
=145.2kNm<163kNm
Hence take Mdy =145.2 kNm
B. Combined local capacity check
685.53/902.75+19.84/145.2=0.759+0.137=0.896<1
Hence the chosen section is the right choice.
4. Check for buckling resistance
As per IS 800 (Clause 8.2.2), the design bending
strength
Md =βb Zp fbd
50
We have
 b 1.0
h 600  7.8 607.8 mm
KL 7500 mm
E 2 105 N / mm 2
t f 20.3  7.8 28.1 mm
I yy
ry 
A
I yy (2650 104 )  (6420 10 4 ) 9070 10 4 mm 4
A 15600  4630 20230 mm 2
9070 10 4
ry  66.96 mm
20230 51
Note: The above formula is valid for I-section only.
For more accurate values of Mcr for a compound
section, the formula given in E1.2 (Annex E) of the
code may be used.
Non-dimensional slenderness ratio

 b Z pz f y
LTZ 
M cr
1.0 4279.792 103 250
 6
0.7992
1675.22 10
Along the z  direction
LTZ 0.5[1   LT (LTZ  0.2)  2LTZ ]
2
0.5[1  0.21(0.7992  0.2)  0.7992 ] 0.882 52
Note: Since the channel will normally be connected
by intermittent welds to the I-section, αLT value has
been taken as 0.21. If heavy welding is involved,
take αLT as 0.49.
1
 LTZ 
 LTZ 
 2
LTZ  2
LTZ 
0.5
 1.0

1


0.882  0.882  0.7992 2

2 0.5

0.7967
f bd  f y  LT / m 0
m 0 1.10 ( from Table 5 of the code)
 f bd 0.7967 250 / 1.1 181.07 N / mm 2 53
 M dz  b Z pe f bd
1.0 181.07 4279.792 10  3
M dz 774.9 kNm  685.53kNm
Thus the beam is satisfactory under vertical loading. Now it
is necessary to check it under biaxial bending.
For top flange only
M dy ( f y / 1.1) Z yt
(250 / 1.1) 719,479 10 6 163.5 kNm
 1.2 532433250 /(1.1106) 145.2kNm
Hence M dy 145.2kNm

54
a. Check for biaxial bending
In order to check for biaxial bending, we
substitute the terms with their values in the
following equation:
Mz My
 1.0
M dz M dy
We have
658.53 19.84
 0.85  0.137 0.987  1.0
774.9 145.2
Hence the beam is safe. 55
5.Check for shear capacity
For vertical load,
Vz 472.09kN
 
Shear capacity  Av f yw / 3 1.10
600 12250 /  3 1.10 10 3

944.75 kN  472.09kN
The max imum shear force is 472.09 kN , which is less than
0.6 times the shear capacity, i.e.,
0.6 944.75 566.85kN
Hence it is safe in vertical shear and there is no reduction
in the moment capacity.
56
a.Weld design
The required shear capacity of the weld is
given by
q VA y / I z
y h3 234.93
2
A 4630 mm , V 472.09 kN
9 4
I z 1.2097 10 mm
3

q 472.09 10 4630 234.93 / 1.2097 10 9

424 N / mm
57
This shear is taken by the welds. Hence use
a minimum weld of 4 mm (442 N/mm per
weld) connecting the channel to the top
flange of the I-beam.
For lateral shear force
Fy 13.8 kN
 3 1.10
Shear capacity Vny  Av f yw
250 /  3 1.1210 20.3  300 7.810 3

866.41 kN  13.8kN
Hence it is safe for resisting lateral shear.

58
 6. Web buckling
 At points of concentrated loads (wheel loads or reaction) the web of the
girder must be checked for local buckling (see section 10.11)
 The dispersion length under wheel (assuming the diameter of wheel to
be 150 mm and assuming an angle of dispersion of 450 )
b1 150 mm
n1 600 / 2  2 7.8 315.6 mm
web slenderness  2.5d / t
2.5 [600  2(20.3  20)] / 12
108.2
Stress reduction factor ( From Table 8 of IS 800 : 2007) 0.426
f cd 0.426 250 / 1.1 96.8MPa
Buckling resis tan ce (b1  n1 )tf cd (150  315.6)12 96.8 10 3
540.8 kN
Maximum wheel load 300.75 kN  540.8 kN
Hence buckling resis tan ce is satisfactory. 59
7. Web bearing (see section 10.11)
Load dispersion at support with 1:2.5
dispersion
Minimum stiff bearing:

Rx /(tf yw / 1.1)  n2
n2 (20.3  20) 2.5 100.75 mm
Rx 473 kN (sup port reaction )
3
b1 473 10 /(12 250 / 1.1)  100.75 72.68 mm
Web bearing at sup port requires a
min imum stiff bearing of 73 mm
60
8.Check for deflection at working load
Serviceability vertical wheel load excluding
impact=160.4 kN
Deflection at mid-span
 WL3 [(3a / 4 L)  (a 3 / L3 ) /(6 EI )
where
a ( L  c) / 2 (7500  3500) / 2 2000
(i ) Vertical
Combined I zz 1.2097 109 mm 4
160.4 103 7500 3
 5 9
[3 2000 / 4 7500 
6 2 10 1.2097 10
 2000 3 / 7500 3 ]
8.43 mm  L / 750 10 mm 61
(ii)Only the compound top flange will be
assumed to resist the applied surge load as
in the bending check.
I I z ch  I F 7986.6 10 4 mm 4
6 103 75003
 5 4
[3 2000 / 4 7500  20003
/ 75003
]
6 2 10 7986.6 10
4.78  10 mm (Table 6 of IS 800 : 2007)

62
9. Fatigue strength
The gantry girder has to be checked for fatigue strength. The
details of calculatios for the fatigue strength are provided in
Chapter 17 (see examples 17.1 to 17.13).
Assuming 2 bracket plates,
Reaction on each bracket plate=473/2=236.5kN
Horizontal reaction=9 kN
For the calculation required for the bracket connection see
example 5.20 in Chapter 5. But since the bracket will also be
subjected to fatigue loads, it will be better to use HSFG bolts
rather than ordinary black bolts.

63
Design a simply supported gantry girder
to carry an electric overhead travelling
crane, given:
Span of gantry girder=6.5 m
Span of crane girder=16 m
Crane capacity=250 kN
Self weight of crane girder excluding
trolley=200 kN
Self weight of trolley=50 kN
Minimum hook approach=1.0 m
Distance between wheels=3.5 m
Self weight of rails=0.3 kN/m
64
Load for Maximum Moment:
Weight of trolley+lifted load=250+50=300kN
Self weight of crane girder=200kN
For maximum reaction on gantry girder, the
moving load should be as close to gantry as
possible. Fig. shows the load position.
200 kN (Total)
300 kN


1m

16 m

RA RB

65
 300 15  200 8
RA  381.25 kN
16
 Thisload is transferred to gantry girder through two
wheels, the wheel base being 3.5 m
 Load on gantry girder from each wheel=381.25/2=190.63
kN
 Factored wheel load=190.63×1.5=286 kN
 Maximum moment due to moving loads occur under a
wheel when the c.g. of wheel load and wheel are equdistant
from the centre of girder. This is shown in Fig.

286 kN 286 kN
3.5 m

A D C E B

0.625 1.75 0.875 0.875 2.375

3.25 m 3.25 m
66
 286 0.625  286(3.25  0.875)
RB 
6.5
209 kN
Max moment M E 209 2.375 496.375kN  m
Moment due to impact 0.25 496.375 124.094kN  m
Assume self weight of girder 2kN / m
 Dead load due to self weight  rails 2  0.3 2.3 kN / m
 Factored DL 2.3 1.5 3.45 kN / m
6.52
Moment due to DL 3.45  18.22 kN  m
8
Factored moment due to vertical loads
M z 496.375  124.094  18.22 638.689 kN  m
Maximum moment due to horizontal force ( surge ) :
Horizontal force transverse to rails
10% of weight of trolley plus load lifted
10
 250  50 30kN 67
100
  Assuming double flamed wheels, this is distributed over 4 wheels
  Horizontal force on each wheel=7.5 kN
 Factored horizontal force on each wheel=1.5×7.5=11.25 kN
 For maximum moment in gantry girder the position of loads is
same as shown in Fig. except that it is horizontal. Hence, by
proportioning, we get

11 .25
My  496.375 19.55 kN  m
286
Shear forces :
For max imum shear force on the girder , the trailing
wheel should be just on the girder as shown in fig .
286 3.0
 Vertical shear due to wheel loads 286  418 kN
6.5
Vertical shear due to impact 0.25 418 104.5 kN
68
 286 kN 286 kN

3.5 m 3.0m

6.5 m
 Verticalshear due to self weight=3.45×6.5/2=11.21kN
 Total vertical shear=418+104.5+11.21=533.71 kN
 By proportioning lateral shear due to
surge=(11.25/286)×148.4=16.44kN
 Preliminary Section:
 L/12=6500/12=541.7mm
 L/25=6500/25=260 mm

69
Let us try ISWB 600 with ISMC 300
on compression flange as shown
in fig.

70
 Properties of ISWB 600 @1.312 kN/m
 A=17038 mm2
 b=250 mm
 tf =21.3 mm

 tw =11.2 mm
 Izz =106198.5×104 mm4
 Iyy =4702.5×104 mm4
 Properties of ISMC 300
 A=4564 mm2
 b=90 mm
 tf =13.6 mm

 tw =7.6 mm
 Izz =6362.6×104 mm4
 Iyy =310.8×104 mm4
71
Let distance of N-A from the extreme fibre of
tension flange be
y then,
17038 300  4564 (600  7.6  23.6)
y 360.0mm
17038  4564
I zz 106198.5 104  17038(360  300) 2  310.8 104
 4564 584  360 
2

1127 .452 106 mm 4

I zz 1127 .452 106
Ze   313.18 104 mm4
ymax 360.0
For compression flange about y  y axis,
1
I  21.3 2503  6362.6 104
12
9136.04 104 mm 4
9136.04 104
Z ey for compression flange  609.069 103 mm3
150 72
 PlasticModulus of Section:
 Total area of the section=17038+4564=21602 mm2
 Let plastic N-A be at a distance Yp from tension flange. Then

A 21602
Yp  21.311 .2  250 21.3  
2 2
Yp 510.2 mm
 M p  Moment of forces at yield about plastic N  A
 21.3  510.2  21.3 2

21.3 250 510.2   fy  11 .2  f y

 2  2
600  21.3  510.2
2
21.3
 11 .2 f y  21.3 250 600   510.2  f y
2  2 
 4564(600  13.6  23.6  510.2) f y
4686450 f y
Mp
 zp  4686450 mm3
fy 73
74
 For top flange,
Mp 1 1
 21.3 250  300  2 13.6  7.6
2
Z py  2

fy 4 4
 13.6 
 2 90 13.6 150  
 2 
824.764 103 mm3
Check for Moment capacity :
250  11.2
b / t of flange of ISWB 600  5.6  8.4
2 21.3
600  2 21.3
d / t of web of ISWB 600  49.76  84
11.2
90  7.6
and b / t of flange f channel  6.06  8.4
13.6
Hence, it is a plastic sec tion. 75
Local moment capacity for bending in vertical
plane:
M 
fZ
4686450 1065.110 N  mm
y p 6

1.1
dz

1065.1kN  m
1.2 Z e f y 1.2 313.18 104 250
 854.127 106 N  mm
1.1 1.1
854.127 kN  m
 M dz 854.127 kN  m
For top flange :
f y Z p 250
M dy   824.764 103
1.1 1.1
187.466 106 N  mm 187.446 kN  m
1.2 Z e f y 1.2 609.069 103 250
 166.11 106 N  mm
1.1 1.1
166.11 kN  m
 For top flange, M dy 166.11 kN  m 76
Check for combined local capacity :
Mz My
 1
M dz M dy
638.689 19.525
 0.865  1
854.127 166.11
Hence, adequate.
Check for buckling resis tan ce [clause 8.2.2.1]
M d  b Z p f bd
For plastic sec tion  b 1.0
M d Z p f bd
2 0.5

1.1 2 E  1  LLT / ry  
f cr  2 1 
  
LLT / ry   20  hf / t f 

 77
LLT 6500 mm E 2 105 N / mm2
h f 600  7.6 607.6 mm
I y 4702.5 104  6362.6 104 11065 104 mm 4
A 17038  4564 21602 mm2
Iy 11065.1104
 ry   71.57 mm
A 21602
2 0.5
1.1 2 10
2 5
 1  6500 / 71.56  
 f crb  1  20  607.6 / 21.3  
6500 / 71.57    
323.06 N / mm2
Note : table 14 of IS 800 also may be used to find f crb ).
From Table 13(a ),
f bd 167.8 N / mm2
 M dz 1.0 167.8 4686450 786.39 106 N  mm
786.39 kN  m  638.689 kN  m
Hence, the sec tion is adequate. 78
Check for Biaxial Bending :
fyZy
M dy 
1.1
I y 11065 .1104
Zy   737.67 103 mm3
150 150
250
 M dy  737.67 103
1.1
167.65 106 N  mm
167.65 kN  m
M z M y 638.689 19.525
   
M dz M dy 786.54 167.65
0.928  1
Hence, adequate.
79
Check for shear:
Vz 533.71 kN
Av f yw 600 11 .6 250
Shear capacity  
3 1.1 3 1.1
913 103 N
913 kN  533.71
Hence O.K .
0.6 913 547.8, slightly less than V .
Considering it as high shear case may be ignored .
Hence, there is no reduction in moment capacity.
Therefore , moment capacity is adequate as found earlier.
80
 Weld design:
V
Shear stress q  ay 
bI
V
 Shear per unit length  ay 
I
V 549.9 kN
a area of channel 4564 mm 2
I I z 1207.28 106 mm 4
y Dis tan ce of L.G. of channel from N  A
600  7.6  23.6  362.3
224.3 mm
533.71 103
 shear force per unit length q  4564 224.3
1127 .452 10 6

484.6 N / mm 81
 If s is the size of weld provided on each side,
then shear strength of weld
410 1
2 s 0.7   265.12 s N / mm
3 1.25
Equating it to shear force , we get
265.12 s 484.6
s 1.83 N / mm
Hence, provide 5mm int ermittent fillet weld ( which is min imum )
on both sides,
1.83
% welding 100 36.6
5
Pr ovide 5 mm, 40% weld .

82
Check for web buckling:
d=600-2(21.3+17)=523.4 mm, t=11.2 mm
d/t=523.4/11.2=46.7<67.
Hence no need to check (clause 8.4.2.1)
Check for deflection:
At working load, deflection is to be limited to L/750.
For maximum deflection wheel load is as shown in
fig. (a). Fig. (b) shows conjugate beam with M/EI
diagram.
Reaction in conjugate beam
 =1/2 of total M/EI diagram
 =1/2×1.5×(286/EI)+(286/EI)×1.75=715/EI.
Maximum deflection occurs at mid span=moment
of M/EI load in conjugate beam. 83
84
 6.5 1 1.75
EI 715   286 1.5 2.75  1.75 286 
2 2 2
1295.9
Taking EI in kN  m 2 unit ,
1
EI 2 10 1207.8 10  9 200 1207.8 kN  m 2
5 6

10
1295.9
  5.75 10 m 5.75 mm
3

200 1127.452
L 6500
Permissible    8.66 mm
750 750
 deflection requiremen t is satisfied .
Hence, use ISWB 600 with ISMC 300 on compression
flange as shown in fig . 85
Design of gantry column
 Gantry girders are used in various factories and workshops.
Crane girders move over the gantry girders. The gantry
girder is supported on the brackets of columns. These
columns are to be designed as beam columns, since they
are subjected to bending as well as compression. For
economical design, these columns are placed at alternate
spacing of roof column.
 Span of gantry girder=6.5 m
 Span of crane girder=16m
 Crane capacity=250kN
 Self weight of crane girder excluding trolley=200kN
 Self weight of trolley=50kN
 Minimum hook approach=1.0m
 Distance between wheel=3.5 m
 Self weight of rails=0.3kN/m 86
Design a column for the gantry girder.
 Additional data required is given below:
 Overall height of column=8m
 Height of crane rail=6.5m
 Height of bracket=6.0m
 Crane rail eccentricity=0.5m
 Span of truss=16m
 Height of symmetric truss=3.2m
 Weight of truss=18kN
 Live load on roof=16kN
 Wind pressure=1kN/m2
 Weight of cladding=10kN
 Load transferred by truss on each column:
 Dead load=18/2=9kN, vertically downward
 Live load=16/2=8kN, vertically downward 87
Wind forces on column:
Wind normal to ridge produces severe effect
on the columns. Figure shows wind
pressure/suction on the structure.
0.328p 0.4P

0.7p
0.2p
0.25p

88
According to IS:875
On roof, uplift force on windward side when
θ=tan-1 3.2/8=21.80 is=0.328p
On leeward side it is=0.4p
On windward side pressure=0.7p
On leeward side suction=0.25p
Internal suction=0.2p
Wind pressure on windward slope=0.328p-
0.2p=0.128p
Wind pressure on leeward side=0.4p-
0.2p=0.2p
These forces are shown in Fig.
89
 8.61 m
0.128p 0.2p
3.2m
21.80 21.80 H
H
A B
16m

RA RB
 ∑MB =0 gives
 RA =[0.128×1×8.61×cos 21.80×12-0.128×1×8.61×sin21.80
×1.6+0.2×1×8.61×cos21.80×4+ 0.2×1×8.61×sin21.80×1.6] ×3.25
 [Note:In the above calculations 3.25 m is spacing of
trusses]
 RA =6.175kN
 ∑Horizontalforces=0 gives
 2H=(-0.128×1×8.61×sin21.80 +0.2×1×8.61×sin21.80 )3.25
90

Forces at the windward columns at top most
point are
In vertical direction =6.175kN (downward)
In horizontal direction=0.374kN (right
direction)
Tie member of the truss provides restraint
for lateral sway. Let the restraining forces be
T.
Fig. shows the forces on column.

91
Windward column Leeward column

T T

0.9p 8m 0.05p

92
Since, spacing of columns for supporting
trusses is 3.25 m,
Load on windward
column=0.9×1×3.25=2.925 kN/m
And load on leeward
column=0.05×1×3.25=0.1625 kN/m
Noting the standard expressions for
deflection of a cantilever subject to udl is
wl4/8EI and subjected to concentrated load
at free end is wl3/3EI, equating the
deflections of windward and leeward
columns at the top end, we get
93
 4 3 4 3
2.925 8 T 8 0.1625 8 T 8
  
8 EI 3EI 8 EI 3EI

2T
8 3

2.925  0.16258 3

3EI EI
T 4.144

94
Thus, for windward column T=4.144 kN(leftward)
Load from Gantry girder/Crane
Factored load transferred by gantry girder on the
bracket of column=533.71 kN (Total vertical shear
of the previous problem)
Working load transferred=533.71/1.5=356kN
The above load is on windward column. On leeward
column the load transferred at the same time is RB
=Total load-RA =[300+200-381.25 (reaction due to
minimum hook approach]=118.75 kN
By proportioning working load transferred on
leeward column=(118.75/381.25)×356=111kN

95
Crane rail eccentricity=0.5m
Moment on column at 6 m height
M1 =356×0.5=178kN-m
M2 =111×0.5=55.5kN-m
As shown in fig.
P P

55kN-m
178kNm

8m
6m

96
The deflections at the free end in a
cantilever for the following two cases may be
noted. M/EI

L1

L
Conjugate beam

Case(i) beam M  L 
 L1  L  1 
EI  2
P

Case(ii) PL3

3EI
97
The force P in the tie member of truss may
be obtained by equating the sway δ of the
two columns as,
3
PL M 1  L1   PL M 2 
3
L1  
 L1  L      L1  L   
3EI EI  2  3EI EI  2 
 L1 
3L1  L   M 1  M 2 
 2
P 3
2L
3 68  0.5 6 178  55.5
 3
2 8
20.5kN 98
Surge Force
As found factored surge force on the column=16.44
kN
Working load condition, surge force
S=16.44/1.5=11 kN
This force acts at the top of rail as shown in Fig.

S=11kN S=11kN
8m

6.5 m

99
 Summary of loads
 Various loads acting on beam column are summarized in Table:
 Summary of working loads on column in kN unit:
Description DL LL WL CL

Vertical force at A 9↓ 8↓ 6.175↑ -

(VA )
Horizontal force at - - 0.374+4.144 20.5←
A(HA) =4.52←

Vertical load from - - - 356

gantry(VB )
Surge force at B(S) - - - 11→
Self weight of 6 - - -
column (Ws )
Weight of cladding 10 - - -
(Wc )
Wind load over - - 0.9×1×3.25 -
100
column(Ww ) =2.93→
 Load Combination:
 As per IS 875, the following load combinations should be
considered for the limit state design when crane load is also
acting:
 1. 1.5 DL+1.5LL+1.05CL
 2. 1.2 DL+1.2LL+1.05CL+0.6WL
 3. 1.2DL+1.2LL+0.53CL+1.2WL
VA 13kN
HA A 27kN

VB 1.5m 374kN
S 11.6 kN 145.8 47
0.5m
B
Ww 3.5 kN/m
0.35 m 0.5 m

12kN
Ws 6m
Wc
7.2kN

C
154.2
101
 In this case load combination 3 works out to be critical. However,
the readers/design engineers are advised to check the design for
other load combination also.
 Hence,
 VA =1.2×9+1.2×8-1.2×6.175=13kN

 HA =20.5×1.05+1.2×4.52=27kN
 VB =1.05×356=374kN
 S=1.05×11=11.6kN
 Ws =1.2×6=7.2kN
 Wc =1.2×10=12kN

 Ww =1.2×2.93=3.5kN/m
 Those loads are shown in fig.
 Vertical load at base of column=13+374+7.2+12=406.2 kN
 Moments in the column:
 MA =0

 MB just above section above B-B=27×2-3.5×22 /2=47kNm͡ anti- 102

MB just below section at BB=47-374×0.5-
11.6×0.5=-145.8kN-m=145.8kNm clockwise.
Mc =27×8-374×0.5-11.6×6.5+12×0.35-
0.35×8×8/2=-154.2kN-m=154.2 kN-m
clockwise. Variation of moment is shown in
previous fig.
Selection of trial section
Let trial section be 2 ISMB300 @ 400 mm c/c
as shown in fig.

103
Properties of the trial section:
A=2×5626.38=11252.76 mm2
Depth of section=300 mm
Flange:140×12.4 mm
Web thickness=7.5 mm
Izz =2×8603.6×104 mm4
 Iyy=2[453.9×104
+5626.38×2002]=45918.84×104 mm4
 zpzz=2×651731 mm3 zpyy =110458 mm3
 Check for local capacity of the section
 b/tf =70/12.4=5.64<9.4ɛ
Hence it is a plastic section. 104
Since deflection governs the design, choose
I, using the deflection limit of L/750,
Y
ISMB 300
ISMB 300

Z Z

400 mm
Y

105
 Ag f y 11252.76 250
Nd   2557445 N
m 0 1.1
N 406.2 103
n  0.159
Nd 2557445
 b z pz f y
M dz 
m 0
2 651731250
1
1.1
296241103 N  mm
Re duced Plastic Re sis tan ce
For rolled sec tions,
M ndz 1.1M dz (1  n) M dz
1.1296241(1  0.159) M dz
274053 296241
Hence M ndz 274053 106
 Check for axial capacity of the section
 Since roof truss restraints the top edge of column partially,
the effective length of column is taken as given below.
 For bending about Z-Z plane,

KLz 1.5 8 12m

For bending in Y  Y plane
KL y 0.85 6 5.1 m
I zz 2 8603.6 10 4
Now, rz   123.7 mm
A 2 5626.38
I yy 45918.84 10 4
ry   202 mm
A 2 5626.38 107
 KLz 12 1000
Hence  97
rz 123.7
KL y 5.11000
and  25.74
ry 202
KLz
Hence, is critical
rz
Equivalent axial load at bottom of column
M
P 
Extreme fibre dis tan ce
6
154.2 10
406.2 103 
300 / 2
1028.41103 N
300
Now, h / b f   1.2
140  400
and t f  100 mm 108
Hence, the column belongs to buckling class
b [Ref. Table 10 of the code]
Hence, from Table 9b of the code, for
KL/r=97 and fy =250N/mm2
fcd =134-7/10(134-118)
 =122.8 N/mm2
Hence axial capacity of the column
 =122.8×2×5626.38
 =1381.839×103 N
Thus axial capacity>axial load.
Hence O.K.

109
 Check for buckling resistance in bending
(clause 8.2.2).
Since it is doubly symmetric I-section,
20.5
2
 EI y h f  1  LLT / ry 

M cr  1    
2 LLT  20  h f / t f  
2 
 
where, LLT 5.1m 5100 mm
E 2 105 N / mm 2
I y 45918.84 10 4 mm 4
140
hf  70 mm
2
t f 12.2
ry 202 mm
2 0.5
 2 10 45918.84 10 70 
2 5 4
1  5100 / 202  
Hence, M cr  2  1    
2 (5100)  20  70 / 12.2  
1724.695 106 N  mm 110
  b Z pz f y
LT 
M cr
12 651731250
 6
0.435
1724.695 10
LT 0.5[1   LT LT  0.2  2LT ]
For rolled sec tions  LT 0.21

Hence, LT 0.5 1  0.2(0.435  0.2)  0.4352 
0.619
1
xLT 
2
LT  LT 
 2LT 
0. 5

1
 0.944 1

2
0.619  0.619  0.435 2

 xLT 0.944 111
 Lateral torsional buckling resistance
 b Z p f bd
xLT f y
 b Z p
m 0
250
12 651731
1.1
296.24 106  154.2 106
Check for overall Buckling
KL
Now, 97
rz
 2E  2 2 105 2
f cr   209. 79 N / mm
KL / rz 2 97 2
250
 z  1.092
209.79 112
 From Table 14, corresponding to KL/r=97, fy
=250 N/mm2 ,
 fcr =122.8
Hence, Pdz =122.8×2×5626.38=1381.839×103 N
P P
 Amplifying factor 1  z  0.2 1  0.8
Pdz Pdz
406.2 103 0.8 406.2
1  (1.092  0.2) 3
1 
1381.839 10 1381.839
1.2625  1.2355
 Amplifying factor k z 1.2355
M 2 145.8
2   0.9455
M 1 154.2
Cmz 0.6  0.4 0.9455 0.978  0.4
 Cmz 0.978 113
Check (clause 9.3.2.2)
P K z Cmz M z
 1
Pd M dz
406.8  1.2355 0.978 154.2 10 
6
Thus,  6 
1381.839  296.242 10 
0.923  1.0
Hence o.k .

114
Note:
1. Check the section for limit state of deflection
also.
2. As the moment and forces are less above the
gantry girder level, one can take outer member of
the column up to roof level and stop inner member
just below rail as shown in fig.
In design of such column, eccentricities of loads
are to be assessed properly.

115
THANK YOU!

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