Renewable Energy Engineering Program

REE 311 Electric Machines

Lecture 6 – Transformers (Chapter 2)
Introduction to Transformers

• A transformer is a device that changes AC

electric power at one voltage to AC electric
power at another voltage level through the
action of a magnetic field.

• It consists of two or more windings wrapped

around a common ferromagnetic core. These
windings are not electrically connected. The
only connection is the common magnetic flux
present within the core. Why do we need transformers?

• One winding (primary winding) is connected to

a source of ac electric power and the second
winding (secondary winding) supplies electric
power to loads.

2
Introduction to Transformers - Construction

Laminated
core

Core form Shell form

3
The Ideal transformer

• Is a lossless device with an input winding and

an output winding.

Turns ratio

Phasor form

4
5
6
7
8
9
10
The Ideal transformer

• Dot convention:

1. If the primary voltage is positive at the dotted

end of the winding then the secondary voltage will
be positive at the dotted end also.

2. If the primary current flows into the dotted end

then the secondary current will flow out of the
dotted end of the secondary.

• Ideal transformer means no losses in active

power and also reactive power

11
Impedance transformation through a transformer

• One interesting property of a transformer is

that it changes the apparent impedance of an
element.

12
Analysis of circuits containing ideal transformers

• If a circuit contains an ideal transformer, then

to analyze the circuit replace the portion of the
circuit on one side of the transformer by an Referring
equivalent circuit with the same terminal c/cs.

• Then the new circuit (without a transformer)

can be solved for voltages and currents.

• In the portion of the circuit that was not

replaced, the solutions obtained will be the
correct values.

• Then the turns ratio can be used to determine

the voltages and currents on the other side of
the transformer.

13
Example 2 – 1

14
Example 2 – 1

15
Example 2 – 1

16
Example 2 – 1

17
 Theory of operation of real single-phase transformers
• The basis of transformer operation can be
derived from Faraday’s law:

d p 1
v p (t )dt
vp = N p
dt
p =
Np 
• How much effect does  have on vs(t)?
• The flux can be divided into:
1. Mutual flux
2. Leakage flux

dM dLp dM dLs

v p (t ) = N p + Np vs (t ) = N s + Ns
dt dt dt dt
e p (t ) eLp (t ) es (t ) eLs (t )

18
 Voltage ratio of a real transformer

dM dLp dM dLs

v p (t ) = N p + Np vs (t ) = N s + Ns
dt dt dt dt
e p (t ) eLp (t ) es (t ) eLs (t )

When is this valid?

v p (t ) Npis (t )
a= 
vs (t ) N s i p (t )
19
Excitation (no load) current in a real transformer
• If when the secondary circuit is open-circuited,
a current will flow in the primary circuit.

• This current is required to produce flux in a

real ferromagnetic core. It consists of:

1. Magnetization current iM, which is the

current required to produce the flux

2. Core-loss current ih+e, which is the current

required to make up for hysteresis and eddy
current losses

20
 Magnetization current in a real transformer
• The magnetization current can be obtained as follows:

Leakage is neglected

• Magnetization current is not sinusoidal. There are

higher frequency components due to saturation.

• Once the peak flux reaches the saturation point, a small

increase in the peak flux requires a large increase in
the peak magnetization current.

• Fundamental component of the magnetization 2

current lags the voltage applied by 90 degrees.

• Higher-frequency components can be quite large

compared to the fundamental.

21
 Core-loss current in a real transformer

• Core-loss current is required to supply power to make

up the hysteresis and eddy current losses in the core.

• Since the eddy currents are proportional to dϕ/dt,

the eddy currents are largest when the flux in the core
is passing through 0 Wb.

1. Core-loss current is nonlinear because the

nonlinear effects of hysteresis.

2. Fundamental component of the core-loss current

is in phase with the voltage applied to the core. 3

22
 Excitation (no load) current in a real transformer

• Total excitation current in the core is the sum of the

magnetization current and the core-loss current:

23
 The equivalent circuit of a transformer

dM dLp dM dLs

• The losses that occur in real v p (t ) = N p + Np vs (t ) = N s + Ns
transformers have to be dt dt dt dt
accounted for in any accurate e p (t ) eLp (t ) es (t ) eLs (t )
model of the transformer. These
include:

1. Leakage flux

2. Magnetization current: lags

voltage by 90 degrees.

3. Eddy current and Hysteresis

losses: in phase with voltage

4. Copper losses

24
 The equivalent circuit of a transformer

dM dLp dM dLs

• The losses that occur in real v p (t ) = N p + Np vs (t ) = N s + Ns
transformers have to be dt dt dt dt
accounted for in any accurate e p (t ) eLp (t ) es (t ) eLs (t )
model of the transformer. These
include:

1. Leakage flux

2. Magnetization current: lags

voltage by 90 degrees.

3. Eddy current and Hysteresis

losses: in phase with voltage

4. Copper losses

25
The equivalent circuit of a transformer

Sec. to Pri.

Approximations!!!!

Pri. To Sec.

26
Approximate equivalent circuit of a transformer

No excitation
branch

27
Thank you

28