THE ROLE OF SAVING AND CREDIT ASSOCIATION IN ENHANCING

WOMENS ECONOMIC WELL BEING

JIMMA UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS
DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS

A RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUBMITED TO DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIS IN PARTIAL

FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIRMENT FOR THE BATCHELOR OF ART (BA) DEGREE
IN ECONOMICS

By

BEZAWIT DEREJE
ID‫ ׃‬RU 0126/13

ADVISOR ‫ ׃‬Mr, SAMUEL TOLASA

JANUARY , 2024
JIMMA, ETHIOPIA

i
 ABSTRACT
Saving and credit association services in Jimma ,Oromia Regional State,Ethiopia. The general
objective will to assess socioeconomic contribution of saving and credit cooperative to
improve poor women's living conditions and their socioeconomic and empowerment and
suggest credible recommendations on how the saving and credit services objectives of the
study included to assess the role of saving and credit cooperatives services in poverty
reduction through economic and social development and employment creation ;to examine
the contributions of the saving and credit association improving of income,expenditure,
Shelter,household assets,food access,education and healthcare services and to assess the
improvement of decision making power of members at family and community levels.The
researcher employed qualitative and quantitative approaches and method to collect the
pertinent primary and secondary data from respective sources. The study will found out that
poor women in the study area have shown exemplary role in fighting poverty through
organizing themselves and pooling their meager resources in improving their living and
working conditions.The study will revealed the importance of cooperative services for the
well-being of members,their families and their community.

ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................................2
CHAPTER ONE..........................................................................................................................................5
INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................5
1.1 Background of the study...............................................................................................................5
1.2 Statement of the problem ........................................................................................................6
1.3 Objectives of the study..................................................................................................................7
1.3.1 General Objective....................................................................................................................7
1.3.2 Specific Objectives...................................................................................................................7
1.4 Research Questions..................................................................................................................7
1.5 Significance of the study..........................................................................................................8
1.6 Scope of the study...................................................................................................................8
1.7 Organization of the study........................................................................................................8
CHAPTER TWO.....................................................................................................................................9
REVIEW OF LITERATURE........................................................................................................9
2.1 THEORETICAL LITERATURE............................................................................................9
2.1.1 Concept and Definition of credit...................................................................................9
2.1.2 The evaluation of saving and credit association...........................................................10
2.1.3 Credit association for economic contribution ............................................................10
2.1.4 Income generation...................................................................................................10
2.1.5 Unemployment reduction..........................................................................................11
2.1.6 Types of saving.........................................................................................................11
2.1.7 Types of Credit..........................................................................................................12
2.2 Empirical Literatures..................................................................................................13
2.3 Conceptual Framework..............................................................................................15
CHAPTER THREE...............................................................................................................................16
METHODOLOGY.............................................................................................................16
3.1 Description of the study area..................................................................................16
3.2 Target Popualtion..................................................................................................16
3.3 Type and Source of Data .....................................................................................16
3.4 Sampling method and Sample size........................................................................17
3.5 Method of Data analysis.........................................................................................17
CHAPTER FOUR................................................................................................................................18
TIME AND BUDGET SCHEDULE...............................................................................18
4.1 Time Schedule.................................................................................................18
4.2 Cost Budget.....................................................................................................19
REFERENCES...................................................................................................20
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents a general background of the study, objectives of the study as well as
statement of the problem. The chapter further describes the scope of the study, hypothesis and
significance of the study.

1.1 Background of the study

Women in Ethiopia have been suffering from multiple deprivations that marginalized their
pivotal role expected to play in the social, cultural, economic and political spheres of life of
the society at large. This is attributed by many factors,among st which;lack of financial,
Educational and health care services; low access to and control over resources and limited
opportunity to employment; and minimal participation in the power sharing and decision
making.All of the above stated factors are attributed as the results of the patriarchal value
system that has been practiced by the society for generation. These factors have heavily
been contributed to discourage not only to improve their well being but also to diminish
women's active participation in the overall sociocultural and politico-economical affairs of
the society at large.

Saving and Credit cooperative Society is a form of financial institution formal in nature, and
owned, controlled, used and democratically governed by members themselves. Its purpose
is to encourage saving among members and is using the pooled funds to make loans to its
members at reasonable rates of interest and providing related financial services to enable
members improve their economic and social conditions.A peculiar feature about saving and
credit cooperative societies is that are not for profit and also not for charity,but for service
to members according to the International Fund for Agriculture Organization/IFAO.

Saving and Credit Association is considered not only as a powerful governance and
management tool but also strategic development instrument to reduce women poverty by
availing opportunities and redressing equity.As it is well known that poverty has a variety of
manifestation , which have been affected about lack of income and productive resources
sufficient to ensure sustainable development; food security and malnutrition ; limited access
to education and health care services; inadequate housing; unsafe environment and social
discrimination and exclusion from participation in decision making process. It is the means of
engaging women's ideal mind and passive hands into productive spears to changes the ugly
face of poverty that is limited their creativity,imagination and productivity in the society.

In recent years,the informal and semi-formal lending institutions ( such as Iqub, Iddir, Money
lenders e.t.c ) are becoming the dominant and important source of finance for poor
households specially women in socioeconomic and institutional factors affecting women
loan repayment performance ; investigate the main source of finance in the area; and
provide the mechanisms of improving the effectiveness of women borrowers.

1.2 Statement of the problem

According to the Worlds Banks database, women have a higher unemployment rate than men
in virtually every country. In general, women also make up the majority of the lower paid,
unorganized informal sector of most economies. These statistics are used to justify giving
priority and increasing women's access to financial services on the grounds that women are
relatively more disadvantaged than men. ( www.genderstats.worldbank.org).

“Empowerment of women and gender equality are prerequisite for achieving political,social,
economic,cultural and environmental security among people”.Access to credit and
participation in income generating activities is assumed to strengthen women's bargaining
position within the household and thereby allowing them to influence a greater number of
strategic decisions.This study focus on the role of saving and credit association in creating
employment and income opportunities to women and subsequently in empowering them to
play an achieve role in the economic,political and sociocultural sphere.

The economic empowerment approach attributes women's subordination to lack of economic

power.It focuses on improving women's control over material resources and strengthening
women's economic security.Women may work in a rand of areas,including savings and credit
training and skills development, new technologies or marketing as well as provide supports as
child care, health services, literary programs and legal education and aid. The consciousness
raising approach asserts that women's empowerment require awareness of the complex factors
causing women's subordination.
 1.3 Objectives of the study

1
.3.1 General Objective

The main objective of the study is to assess the contribution of women saving and credit
cooperatives services delivered to poor women to change their status in terms of
financial,human and social capital assets building and socioeconomic empowerment of poor
women of those cooperative members.

1.3.2 Specific Objectives

 To assess the role of saving and credit association in poverty reduction through income
generation, social action and employment creation.

 To examine contributions of the savings and credit association to improve poor

women's income,expenditure,shelter,household assets,food access,access to education
and health care services and other opportunities for the members , and other
opportunities for the members.

 To assess the improvement in decision making power of women cooperative members

at family and community levels.

 Identifying the role of saving and credit association in creating awareness and self
confidence.

 To investigate the socioeconomic characteristic of women's respondent.

 To identify the demographic, institutional, and cooperative factors that influence the
level of women's participation.

1.4 Research Questions

Women are the majority of the poorest of the poor in Ethiopia. As a result microfinance
services are being provided to poor women.However there are questions as to the access of
women microfinance and its contribution to the betterment of their life at individual,
household , enterprise or community level. The following are the major questions to the
impact of saving and credit association on the life of poor women household.

 Do microfinance services have an impact on increasing or improving the income and

living conditions of poor women?

 What are the major causes for the significance or insignificance of the impact of saving
and credit association services on the life of poor women?

 Does saving and credit association have an impact on empowerment of women?

 What are the major problems faced by poor women clients and what are the necessary
support services or interventions to be made by policy makers,microfinance
institutions,Donors and training institutions ?
 Does the impact of microfinance really go beyond income smoothing?
1.5 Significance of the study

The main objective of the study is to look into the role of saving and credit association
enhancing women.The finding of the study will to show the economic , political and social
benefits of saving and credit associations delivery to women in addition to its impact in
enhancing their awareness and self confidence.Furthermore, the study also identifies the
challenges that women face with saving and credit associations. The findings of study will
serve as a source of information for people that need to know the role of saving and credit
associations enhancing women's economic well being.

1.6 Scope of the study

The issue of the research is very broad and it will be studied from various aspects such as ;its
consequence,contribution,effectiveness,etc.However, this study mainly focus on assessing
the extent to which saving and credit associations contribution to empowerment in
economic,socio cultural at household level, political, knowledge, self confidence and use of
time.The study will designed in such a way that comparison of clients empowerment levels
before and after the intervention of microfinance made.

1.7 Organization of the study

This study is structured under four chapters.The First chapter of the dissertation is devoted
to introductory part; including the statement of the problem ,objectives of the
study,research questions,significance of the study , scope of the study and organization of
the study.

The second chapter deals with the review of related literature consisting of generality the
conceptual review and empirical studies elsewhere ,emergence of savings and credit
association in the world , development of saving and credit association in
Ethiopia ,development of saving and credit association in oromia,the role of saving and
credit cooperative on women social development ,on empowerment creation and their
empowerment.

The Third chapter and describe the study area. the research design and methods,universe of
the study , sampling methods ,tools and procedures of data collection.In addition , it
explains about data processing and analysis , and consideration research process.

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 THEORETICAL LITERATURE

2.1.1 Concept and Definition of credit

Credit defined as the power or ability to obtain goods and services in exchange for a promise
to repay for them latter, in similar manners credit is the power or ability to obtain money by
the borrowing process in return for a promise to repay the obligation in the future
(abbess,2013).

A financial institution (FI) is a company engaged in the business of dealing with finical and
monetary transactions such as deposits,loans,investments,and currency exchange.Financial
institutions encompass a broad range of business operations within the financial services
sectors including banks,trust companies ,insurance companies, brokerage firms, and
investment dealers. Virtually everyone living in a developed economy has an ongoing or at
least need for the services of financial institutions.(ADAM HAYES 2019)

Informal institutions are adopted when there is a gap between formal institutions and
“practical interests and desires”.As Tsai points out “adaptive informal institutions and the
creators of informal adaptions have convergent interests.By definitions , this means that
while local state and non state actors benefit mutually from the resulting adaptive informal
institutions, those arrangements transgress existing formal institutional
mandates(Tsai,2007:p39).”

A development orientated institutional perspective needs to emphasis more explicitly the

role of informal institutions in shaping formal ones (such as the law).It is therefore necessary
to further analyses the ways in which informal institutions (customs) gradually change the
actions and interactions of agents in all sorts of social organizations (households,groups and
villages,as well as firms and governments).(CassonM.C&DellaGiusta 2010)

Access to credit services has a significant positive effect on individuals productivity level.This
suggests that lack of access to credit service may deny low income and poor societies.This
means credit is could significantly influence poor societies and empowering individuals to
tap economic opportunities.In addition in constitutes and integration of the process of
commercialization of the economy and is convey sense means of agreeing poverty,saving
and credit associations are the key input in every development programs this is true for both
rural and urban development is not provide to the development it cannot be achieved
access to capital markets necessary in financing the adoption of New technologies (Anbes,
2013).

2.1.2 The evaluation of saving and credit association

Where saving banks began purely as a save repositories for house hold at all saving and
credit associations where created from the every out set to provide house hold with
credit,the 19th and 20th centuries were periods of rapid urbanization both in Europe and in
America. The growth of cities created a tremendous need for mortgage finance.To fill this
need various private groups began to organize building and loan association called building
societies in England and Canada.The first institution in the USA was oxford provident
building association (OPBA),found in Philadelphia in 1931.(Peters,Rose,2006)

Saving and credit association went through their first period of rapid growth in the 1920s
their asset from $ 2.8 billion of in 1992 to 7.4 billion in 1928,the number of association rose
from 8600 to over 21000(maroon,2004).

2.1.3 Credit association for economic contribution

For countries like,Ethiopia ,where is seeded through out the country the development of
credit and saving(macro fiance) institution is crucial for the society.Saving and credit have
played a great role in economic development of the country,specifically poor country among
those role income generation and unemployment reduction are the main one (merikoha
2004).

2.1.4 Income generation

Different rural area countries are organized and borrowing starting with an extremely small
loan association and participation on different business activities and earn profit (marquis
2013).
Mixed results of microfinance projects around the world support what CGAP emphasizes as
the link between microfinance and financial inclusion: poor households need access to the full
range of financial services to generate income, build assets, smooth consumption, and manage
risks — financial services that a more limited micro credit model cannot provide. The term
microfinance in its traditional sense is no longer adequate in addressing the needs of the poor,
and, as extensive studies have proved it, can have an adverse impact on individuals and
communities where a mere extension of funds deepens inequality and weakens long-term
opportunities for the financial well being of poor individuals and families.(Elena Mesropyan
2018)

2.1.5 Unemployment reduction

Saving and credit association development program for the launching this model at rural
areas, the societies are advantageous not only by earning loan and saving but also in that areas
they get the opportunity of employment, thus it makes to reduce unemployment. Saving and
credit association have direct and indirect impact on socioeconomic development by
promoting and supporting entrepreneurial development, creating productive employment,
raising incomes and helping to reduce poverty.UN (2009)

2.1.6 Types of saving

Compulsory individual saving

Client can save any amount but a minimum of birr 2 per client is compulsory collection made
at center meeting place on the data and condition agreed up on during developing group by
law and center. That means place, time and amount, withdrawal up to 50% of the deposit,
from the account at a time is possible. (Merikoha 2004).It is positive imposed up on loan.
Every loan client is required to deposit an upfront saving of at least 50% of the total amount
of the credit she/he applied for she/he is also obliged to save 1% of the balance as a monthly
ongoing saving. The movement she/he has repaid aim of her/his debts, she/he can with draw
her /his saving(ACSI April 2009).

Voluntary individual saving

Members and non members can save as voluntary individual saving. Client of non client can
also come to office and save by his name any amounts during office working hours. With
draw is possible during working hours. Voluntary saving is in turn composed mainly of
saving deposit/pass book saving and time deposit. With pass book saving account, clients
receive a record book where their deposit and withdrawal are entered, so they can keep track
of their transaction. Passbook account holders can easily deposit money and earn interest
income. Time deposits are the one that allow clients to lock in to an interest rate for specific
period of time. (Mekonnenyelewumwosen 2004)

This can be practiced by any one irrespective of loan under voluntary saving one can use pass
book saving ,private account, joint account ,micro account, fixed timed deposit, on -interest
bearing saving /government and non-government savings. Muday bank (piggy bank) a small
metallic box by which a client saves money home. (ACSI April, 2009.)
Center saving

Center saving is contribution to be made by each member of center. Center saving collection
is made at center level and center meeting place. Penalties for disobeying group and center by
law will be deposited in this account. Withdrawal from this account is not possible until the
center dissolved. However, the members can withdrawal contribution from his /her center
saving it his /her member ship. (UN, 2013)

Group saving

Group saving is deduction of 10% of loan disbursed to in individual group saving serve as
collateral group saving is affected disbursement withdrawal from this account is impossible.
Group saving will be maintained in a group account for three consecutive years. At the end of
third years, it will be transferred to compulsory individual saving account and then after group
saving will be transferred to this account at the end of every year. Group saving has proven to
be one of the most effective, low cost mechanisms to provide basic financial services to the
poor. They are safe, sustainable and profitable.Repayment rate are the highest in the
microfinance industry. Group saving is a member-owned institution composed of small
number of people who save together and take small loans from those saving. It is more
transparent, structured and democratic version of the informal financial services.
(BILL&MELINDA GATES 2018)

2.1.7 Types of Credit

Revolving Credit

A line of credit is one of credit that comes with a capped limit and can be used up until you
reach the predetermined threshold.It may include regular minimum payments,but
usually,there is not a fixed repayment schedule.

Installment

Installment loans are another type of credit that includes a fixed payment schedule for a
specified duration.

Open credit

Open credit is a type of credit that require full payment for each period,such as per
month .You can borrow up to a maximum amount,similar to a credit card limit,but you are
required to pay the funds borrowed in full at the end of each period.
Liabilities of saving and credit association

Saving deposit provide the bulk of fund available to the saving and loan industry however,
there has been a significant shift in deposit mix in recent years from saving account earning
the lowest interest rate to deposit earnings high or more flexible returns particularly important
among the never higher yield deposit plans offered by the industry are money market deposit
accounts now and super now were authorized for banks and saving and loan association in
1982.both of these deposit accounts are draft able by check and carry interest rates that
change with market condition (marquis, 2010).
One of UN fortunate effects these newer deposit is that saving and loans today are faced with
a costlier and at times a more volatile deposits base one of the most important consists of
advance (loans) from the federal home loans system which provide extra liquidity in periods
when deposit withdrawal are heavy or when loan deemed exceeds loan deemed incoming
deposit. Thrift institution continues to make widening use of secured assets issued against a
growing list to home mortgage and conductor installment loans to supplement their deposit
how and keep funding cost down (MSRWUID 2010).

Trend in revenues and costs of saving and credit association

During themed 1980's and early 1995, saving association was of darkest periods in their long
history. Many saving association were unprofitable or hand very little not worth federal
deposit insurance corporation (FDIC),which purchased size able amount of questionable
industry assesses industry former deposit insurance fund (SAIF),managed by FDI The SALF
continuous to protect savings loan association deposits (up to 100000) to day
(meirkohn,1994),

Regulatory issues of saving and credit association

Currently, MFI in Ethiopia are subject to restriction on the size and terms of their loan birr
5000 and one year respectively. A single borrower limit is a standard regulatory measure to
guard against imprudent behavior by handing financial institution in general to insure some
degree of diversification of their loan port folio (Gebrahiwot Ageba, 9.54)

The credit Delivery model

The model largely drew on the experience of German bank targeting beneficiaries is one the
stipulation of the credit agreement signed between LDS and the governments (Befikedu
Degefa,1999 and Berhanu Nega 1999).

2.2 EMPIRICAL LITERATURE REVIEW

According to Nippierd (2002),empowerment has always been fundamental to the cooperative
idea where people get to achieve goals that would not able to achieve on their
own.Karunakran(2004) added that empowerment is the central issue in association meaning if
the association failed in empowering its members we cannot even talk about existence of
it.Cooperatives provide training,credit facility,employment opportunity and provide high
social value like helping each other,promote self-reliance and self -responsibility.

As indicated by many scholars,lack of economic opportunities and low social values in their
society that place women in dependent position and erode their self-reliance and
confidence.In-cooperative when women become members,they get an opportunity to different
economic and social benefits by the cooperative.The study by Nippierd(2002) showed that are
organize on the principle of one person -one vote.The cooperative form of enterprise provides
women with the opportunity of participating in equal terms with men.He also revealed that in
cooperatives,as a group,members are able to create economies of scale and increase their
influence and barging power.Furthermore,he stated that,the mutual support and
encouragement that a group of entrepreneurs can give each other can be crucial in helping to
maintain their self-confidence,solidarity,social responsibility,equality and caring for other
which are among the core values on which genuine cooperatives are based.

The other study by Vinayagamoorthy (2007) shows that cooperative are empowering women
through fruitful services like credit,training and information that enable the women to
achieve economic independence,improve their living standard and further improves their
recognition in the family as well as in the society.
As discussed by Dessalegnn (1989; 16-21),mutual support networks such as
Iqqub,Eddir,Deboare wide spread in rural areas,involving both women and men.Women
mutual support network,provide a variety of benefits;these are used as potential vehicles
independent economic viability and forms of survival for peasant women particularly for
those with low income.Dessalegn also revealed that despite women's subordinate position that
made the rural women the most vulnerable,they do have still high resilience partly because of
these self help associations practiced by the women.

Ethiopia women are actively involved in all aspects of life in their country.They played
various and important roles in economic,social,cultural and political aspects.However,their
roles have been devalued and they lag behind men in all fields of self-advancement (World
Bank,1998).Therefore,gender related problems have remained a serious concern in
Ethiopia.Hail-Giorgis (2008),by citing a number of studies,indicate that women in Ethiopia
are disadvantageous in all aspects of life and gender inequality persists as the feature of the
country despite the efforts made by government and nongovernmental organizations in the
last regimes.

In the country women are dis-empowered economically,socially and politically.The study

undertaken by many scholars show that women are economically very poor that inhibits their
involvement in the social and political aspects of their
country(Jallale,2005).Alemseged(1999) added that Ethiopian women have very little or no
access to mass media.On the other hand the men have relatively high access to such
services.According him access to mass media has great role on empowerment issue by
increasing among community.

The information collected from women's affair office shows that before the 1974
Revolution,women's organized activities were run mainly by non governmental bodies such
as the Ethiopian Women's Welfare Association,the Ethiopian officers Wives Association,and
Ethiopian Female Students Association.These Associations were,however,limited in
scope ,existed in the cities only.As a result, their contribution to government
policies,laws,regulations or development program was limited (TGE,2003).

After 1974,the Revolutionary Ethiopian Women's Association (REWA) was established by

proclamation based on socialist ideology.The Ethiopian women were organized based on the
proclamation to promote the interest of women.However,due to high interference of the
government there was little improvement in the lives of Ethiopian women,whether in the
social,economic or political sphere,especially of those who lives in the rural areas.

After the fall of the Military Government,the Ethiopian Transitional Government formulated
National policy on Ethiopian Women in 1993 (referred as Women's policy).

The government of Ethiopia in 1995,in its new constitution renewed its commitment towards
the policy on women.This policy on Ethiopian Women has,therefore,been formulated to focus
on what the Government ought to do for women, and what women must do for themselves
through their own free associations (TGE,2003;10-25).

2.3 Conceptual Framework

Technology
Political Factor A. Bank
 High tax rate B. ATM
 Income policy C. VISA

Saving and credit

association

Socioeconomic Education
Factors  Skills
A. Values  Experience
B. Believes  Entrepreneurship
C. Tradition
D. Religion

In the women empowerment literature,”a women is economically empowered when she has
both the ability to succeed and advance economically and the power to make and act on
economic decisions”.To achieve economic advancement,women need the skills and resources
to compete in markets and fair and equal access to economic institutions (Golla,2011).To
have the power and agency to benefit from economic activities,women must have the ability
to make and act on decisions and control resources and profits (Abiyot,2010).
CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Description of the study area

This study will be conducted in southwest part of Ethiopia region,Jimma zone particularity in
Jimma town.Jimma town is found about 335km away from Addis Ababa and 86km far from
Adama city.It is also the largest city in Oroima region of Ethiopia.It has latitude and longitude
of 7°40′n 36°50 ′e / 7.667°n 36.833°e / 7.667; 36.833

Based on the 2007 census conducted by the Central statistics authority this zone has a
total population of 2,486,155, an increase of 26.76% over the 1994 census,of whom
1250,527 are men and 1,235,628 women;with an area of 15,568.58 square
kilometers,Jimma has a population density of 159.69.while 137,688 or 11.31% are
urban inhabitants, a further 858 or 0.03% are pastoralists.A total of 521,506
household were counted in this zone, which results in an average of 4.77 persons to
household, and 500,374 housing unit (authority,2021).

Figure 1: Map of the study area

3.2 Target Popualtion

The study population for this study will be the customer and the employers in the saving and
credit associations.

3.3 Type and Source of Data

Both primary and secondary will be used for this study.The primary data will be collected
from a sample of 80 youth respondents;out of the total women population of the town.This
study mainly use primary data which will be collected through questionnaire. The researcher
will use both open and close ended method questioners .The secondary data will be collected
from different written sources like text books,published documents, and the reports of the
different organizations offices.

3.4 Sampling method and Sample size

The researcher will use simple random technique to select sample respondents for the
study. Simple random sampling is the randomized selection of a small segment of individuals
or members from a whole population.It provides each individuals or member of a population
with an equal and fair probability of being chosen.The simple random sampling method is one
of the most convenient and simple sample selection techniques.The following formula will be
used so as to calculate sample size from the given population above.

n =N/(1+N) (E)2 was derived by Yamene;

Where ;n= total sample size

N= Number of target population

e =Error term,which is (0.1),to minimize sample size

In this formula the significance level is represented by the confidence level and is
expressed as a percentage.A 10% significance level corresponds to a confidence level of 90%.

3.5 Method of Data analysis

The collected data will be analyzed by a descriptive statistics like tables, pie charts,histogram
and bar graph .Data interpretation are the final work for the study. The reasonable explanation
of the problem to interpret, the researcher will be used both qualitative and quantitative
method.After necessary data will collected the data are edited,classified and illustrated with
statement.

CHAPTER FOUR
TIME AND BUDGET SCHEDULE

4.1 Time Schedule

The following table shows the allocating of time for each specific task by researcher.
No Activities Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
1 Title 
selection
2 Literature  
searching
3 Finalizing 
proposal
4 Submission 
of proposal
5 Actual data   
collection
6 Data 
analyzing
7 Report 
writing
8 Submission 
of research
9 Final paper 
presentation

4.2 Cost Budget

Cost budget involves allocating the cost estimates to individual work activates. The
researcher estimates the cost budget in the following table.

No Item(material No of unit Unit Total

required) required cost Cost

1 Pen and pencil 2 and 1 20 and 5 25.00

2 Paper 1 pack 700.00

3 Transportation 2 times 30 200 and 30 1300.00

4 CDR 2 10 20.00
5 Flash or 1 200 and 220 420.00
memory(4GB and
8GB)
6 Telephone expense 5 55 275.00
8 Typing and 300.00
printing 50 6
9 Miscellaneous cost 800.00

TOTAL 3840.00

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Khander, 2003, micro credit program delivery model, 1st edition; July 2013, p, 12-45.

Merikoha, 2004, 2013, loan association for economic contribution, income

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Dejene (1993).The Informal and semi-formal sector in Ethiopia.A study of

Iqqbs,Iddirs and Saving and credit associations,University of Addis Ababa,Ethiopia

DessalgenRahmto (1989).Rural Women in Ethiopia ;Problems and Prospects.Paper

Prepared for the Seminar on Gender Issues in Ethiopia,Institute of Ethiopian
Studies,Adiss Ababa.Decemmber 1989.

Wikipedia .org/wiki/ saving _and_credit_association

ACSI Annual Report (2014), unpublished.

Marquise (1948), money and capital markes city. Http:WWW.economist.com Micro

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