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ICEPP-2021 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1009 (2022) 012002 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1009/1/012002

Biophysical and Socioeconomic Characterization of the Timari

River Micro-basin in the Central Tropics of Peru

E Erazo-Toscano1, C Alvarez-Montalván2,*, R Caballero-Salas1, A Baltazar-Ruíz1,

Y Rojas-Castillo1 and M Alomia-Lucero1

1Universidad Nacional Del Centro Del Peru, Marical Castilla Avenue, Huancayo,
12006, Peru
2Universidad Continental, San Carlos Avenue, Huancayo, Junín, 12000, Peru.
E-mail: calvarez@continental.edu.pe

Abstract. The study was carried out in the Timari river micro-basin belonging to the Rí o Negro
district of the Satipo province, with the objective of evaluating the influence of the vulnerability
to contamination of surface water resources in the Timari-Rí o Negro river micro-basin. The
results in the physical aspect were: area 1061.16 ha with length of channel 7.36 km and 44
tributaries, slope of the channel 12%, mean elevation of 1176.47 meters above sea level; the
biophysical aspect presents: temperature from 19.87ºC to 24.16ºC, precipitation from 1693 mm
to 2063 mm, evapotranspiration from 1083.31 mm to 1519.81 mm and slopes ranging from flat
to steep. The population in the socioeconomic aspect presents 40% illiteracy and 60% some
degree of education, productive activities are based 83% on agriculture and 17% trade,
monoculture predominates with 60% and diversified crops at 40%. The flow rate was 0.248 m 3
/s; while the raw surface water quality index presents 81.28 characterized as good quality and
ends with 41.87 as poor quality.

1. Introduction
Peru ranks eighth in the world ranking with the largest amount of fresh water in the world with 1,768,172
cubic hectometres of water corresponding to 1.89%; This natural resource is key and necessary for social
and economic development and an essential source. Access to quality water without biological pollutants
and drinking water are the main factors for reducing poverty at the global level [1]. However, at the
national, regional and local levels there is a problem related to water, where it is observed that there is
an absence of comprehensive management in relation to the socio-institutional government, little
knowledge of the regulations and ignorance of the fragility of surface water contamination. On the other
hand, the head of the river basin of the Timari River is the main source of water recharge that is currently
not protected according to the Regulation of Water Resources 29338, Forestry and Wildlife Law 29763
and Regulation of Marginal Fajas RJ No. 153- 2016-ANA[2].
Therefore, in the micro-basin. there is a permanent deterioration in the hydrological system and as a
consequence a decrease in the water supply, caused by soil erosion and deforestation due to the presence
of intensive and extensive agriculture that generates contamination to springs, sources of recharge and
marginal bands, which cause the quality and quantity of the water to be disturbed [3]. Pollution of surface
water resources in the Timari river micro-basin is probably high. Faced with this, the objective was
raised, the biophysical and socioeconomic characterization of the micro-basin. This data will be a
baseline for the integral management of the province and region.

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IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1009 (2022) 012002 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1009/1/012002

2. Methodology

2.1. Study location

The research was carried out in the Timari river micro-basin, which is part of the hydrographic system
of the Satipo river basin. It has an area of 1061.16 ha and perimeter 16719.68 m as shown in Figure 1;
comprising the native communities of San Luis de Timari, San Miguel, C.P Pérez Godoy and a sector
of the urban area of the Río Negro district up to the confluence with the Río Negro. The micro-basin is
located within the Río Negro district, Satipo province, Junín department.

Figure 1. Location Map

2.2. Sampling method

2.2.1. Biophysical characterization. It began with the delimitation, based on the digitization and
homogenization of the information; Obtaining limits by downloading district limits from the geoserver
of the Ministry of the Environment (MINAM), elaborated by the National Institute of Statistics and
Informatics (INEI), the district limits of Peru were obtained and the limit of the micro-basin was
extracted. Once the limits were obtained, a satellite location map was prepared to collect base
information with the help of GPS and the following was achieved: UTM coordinate of main tributaries,
tributaries, Pérez Godoy town center, native communities of San Miguel, San Luis de Timari , bridge,
access roads, cultivation areas, deforested areas, wooded areas, catchment areas, springs and outlet [2].
For the processing of maps, the ArcGIS 10.5 software and Microsoft Excel 2013 were used, the maps
were prepared at a scale of 1: 18,000 as: location map, topographic, hydrographic, life zones, slopes,
precipitation, temperature and evapotranspiration. WordClim [2] data were used for processing the
temperature, precipitation and evapotranspiration map. Maps and spatial analysis tools were used for
physical characterization; the following parameters[4]:

• Linear morphometrics: Perimeter, length of the main channel, current order and number of runoff.
• Surface parameters: Micro-basin area
• Morphometric of unevenness: Slope of the main channel, average slope, hypsometric curve and slope
map.

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 ICEPP-2021 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1009 (2022) 012002 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1009/1/012002

• Morphic variables that are calculated by formulas: Basin shape, drainage density, coefficient of
compactness and / or Gravelius, shape coefficient, elongation index, massivity coefficient, orographic
coefficient; current order (see Table 1).

Table 1: The whole formulas applied to determine the Morphic variables of the basin
Coefficient formulas of morphic variables
Shape of the watershed using Miller’s coefficient (Cc) Orographic coefficient (Co)
𝐴
𝐶𝑐 = 4𝜋 𝑃2 ℎ2
𝐶𝑜 =
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝐴
𝐴: 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑟𝑜 − 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑚 2 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
𝑃2: 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑚2 ℎ2 = 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑑 (𝐾𝑚)
𝐴 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑟𝑜 − 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝐾𝑚2 )

𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝐷𝑑) 𝐸𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 (𝐼𝑎)

𝐿𝑡𝑐 𝐿𝑚
𝐷𝑑 = 𝐼𝑎 =
𝐴 𝐼
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
𝐿𝑡𝑐: 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙, 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐼: 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝐾𝑚) 𝐿𝑚: 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝐴: 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝐾𝑚2 )

𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝐾𝑐) 𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝐾𝑓)

𝑃 𝐴
𝐾𝑐 = 0,28 𝐾𝑓 = 2
√𝐴 𝐿𝑎
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
𝑃: 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐴 : 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐾𝑚2 )
(𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒)(𝐾𝑚2 ) 𝐿𝑎 : 𝐴𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ(𝐾𝑚)
𝐴: 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎(𝐾𝑚2 )
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝐾𝑚)

𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑚)

𝐾𝑚 = 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝑘𝑚2 )

2.2.2. Socioeconomic characterization. We made an evaluation inside the micro-basin in the different
sectors; where information on its weaknesses and deficiencies were obtained through applying a survey
based on the methodology proposed by [2,5], for this, field visits, direct observation and a survey were
applied to community actors; 30 families were evaluated in the following information: education,
economy, agricultural activities, basic services.

3. Results and discussion

3.1. Biophysical description

3.1.1. Physical description. The following information is shown in Table 2. The area corresponds to
1061.16 ha with perimeter 16,719.18 m, channel length 7362.9 m, 44 runoff and channel slope at 12%
characterized as moderate. Likewise, it has an average elevation of 1176.47 meters above sea level,
where 62% of its area is found in elevation ranges from 636 meters above sea level to 1141 meters above
sea level; while 38% correspond to ranges from 1212 m.a.s.l to 1680 m.a.s.l; therefore, the micro-basin
is in the maturity phase and in equilibrium. These results represent the relationship between the altitude
and the surface, presenting a strong inclination in the upper part of the micro-basin where rapid surface
runoffs are formed [6] and in this area there is strong and prolonged precipitation with dangers of

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ICEPP-2021 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1009 (2022) 012002 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1009/1/012002

contamination to the waters in the part low [5].

In shape parameters, the micro-basin is slightly widened according to the Miller coefficient at 0.48 km2
generating greater susceptibility to floods with an elongation index of 1.92 km / km2 where the surface
water travel time is short than, in elongated, low drainage density with 2.62 km / km 2, being the poorly
drained area with slow hydrological response. The compactness coefficient is round oval to oblong oval
with torrential hazards, coefficient of slightly flattened shape with 0.26 km / km2 being its length from
the outlet to the furthest point of the runoff. On the contrary, with a previous investigation there is no
similarity with the form factor is 0.27, compactness coefficient 1.36 and average slope at 51%; this
probably means a gradual modification of the shape in the basin [2]. Furthermore, the study shows that
the micro-basin is less prone to have intense rain simultaneously over its entire surface [4]. The relief
takes the determining character in erosive phenomena, because of the mass coefficient 101.79 km / km2
and orographic coefficient with 0.11 km defined as rugged relief, this index combines both determining
parameters in erosive processes both in the average height, slope, water potential and surface runoff
flow [7]. In addition, the erosion and severity of these parameters can impact the water recharge zones,
reducing the filter capacity of the water towards the internal layers and in the sources such as
sedimentation, contaminating the water bodies by the dragging of agrochemicals, feces, garbage, etc [8].

Table 2. Morphometric analysis of the Timaríriver micro-basin

Morphic variables (V.M.) Result Characterization Response
Linear
Perimeter 16719.68
Main channel length 7362.9 7.36 km
Number of runoffs 44 low
Superficial
Area 1061,16 ha Micro basin 10.61 km2
Unevenness
Slope of the main channel 12% 10 - 30 Moderate
Average elevation 1176,47 msnm Maturity phase Balance
Morphic variables that are calculated formulas
Basin shape 0.48 km2 0,40 – 0,60 Slightly widened
Drainage density 2.62 km/km2 <5 Come down
Compactness coefficient 1.44 km/km2 1.25 – 1.50 From round oval to oblong oval
Shape coefficient 0.26 km/km 0.2 – 0.5 Slightly flattened
Elongation index 1.92 km/km 1.4 – 3.0 Moderately elongated
Massivity coefficient 101.79 m/km2 > 70 Very mountainous
Orographic coefficient 0.11 km Rugged relief

3.1.2. Hydrography and Climate. As we see in Table 2, the micro-basin has 4 stream orders, the first
order 44 tributaries belonging to the nascent class with 12.82 km, second order 13 stream class tributaries
with 5.09 km, third order 4 stream class tributaries with 4.65 km and fourth order a tributary called
secondary river with 5.22 km, being a total of 62 rivers reaching a length of 27.79 km. In the ecological
and economic zoning of the province of Satipo there are 58 rivers that are part of the hydrographic
system of the Satipo river basin, the Timari River being a tributary. This micro-basin is fed by 44
tributaries in its path[9]. The micro-basin has two types of climate, being the moderately humid and
semi-warm climate with a small water deficit (B2rB'4a ') covering an area of 72.65 ha, being 6.85% and
93.15% humid and semi-warm climate with a small water deficit (B3rB'4a ') with 988.51 ha. As [10]
states, these climates are found in Satipo, Rí o Negro, Llaylla, Mazamari and San Martin de Pangoa in
the ZEE-Satipo and according to the Holdrige bioclimatic map, this type of climate has a temperature
in ranges from 17 to 24ºC. and average annual rainfall of 1000 to 1500 mm.

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 ICEPP-2021 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1009 (2022) 012002 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1009/1/012002

Table 3. Climatic characteristics of the micro-basin

Altitude Temperature Accumulated Evapotranspiration
Life Zones
(m.a.s.l.) (0C) Precipitation Potential Annual
636 – 650 24 – 24,16 0C 1693 – 1700 1500 – 1519,81
650 – 740 Bosque Húmedo 1700 – 1800 1400 – 1500
740 – 900 Tropical (bh-T) 23 – 240C 1300 – 1400
1800 – 1900
900 – 950 1200 – 1300
900 –1100 Bosque Húmedo 22 – 230C 1900 – 2000 1100 – 1200
1100 -1200 Pre montando 21 – 220C
2000 - 2063 1083,31 – 1100
1200 – 1680 Tropical (bh-PT) 19,87 – 210C

According to Table 3, the micro-basin has two life zones: Tropical Humid Forest (bh-T) that ranges
from 636 m.a.s.l to 950 m.a.s.l covering 363.47 ha and represents 34.25% with a temperature that varies
from 24.16ºC to 23ºC, Annual accumulated precipitation from 1693 mm to 1900 mm and
evapotranspiration (ETP) from 1500 mm to 1300 mm. Therefore, the temperature, precipitation and the
annual accumulated ETP is directly proportional to the altitude, being higher temperature, less
accumulated precipitation and greater potential evapotranspiration. The temperature 24ºC, precipitation
2000 mm, evapotranspiration that varies from 1 to 0.5 and precipitation that exceeds evapotranspiration
in a humid zone at an altitude of 500 meters above sea level. Likewise, it manifests the maximum
existence of forest wealth and biodiversity in all the extension. Government measurements also show
that the climatic conditions present humidity due to the coincidence of strong and low rainfall intensities
(between 6000 and 250 mm / year); at the same time, agreeing with Holdrige where annual precipitation
tends to decrease in relation to altitude, being 1500 mm above 2000 m.a.s.l [11]. The Premontane
Tropical Humid Forest (bh-PT) from 900 meters above sea level to 1680 meters above sea level and
occupies 697.69 ha with 65.75% temperature ranging from 22ºC to 19.75ºC, the temperature decreases
according to the elevation of the micro-basin reaches 19.75ºC at 1680 m.a.s.l with annual accumulated
precipitation from 1900 to 2063 mm / year and an annual ETP of 1083.31 to 1100 mm / year. In addition,
the temperature varies from 17ºC to 24ºC, precipitation from 1500 to 2000 mm / year and
evapotranspiration from 1 to 0.5, surpassing evapotranspiration to precipitation. The data from the FCA
climate station (2018) is similar to the results obtained where the temperature varies from 17.95ºC to
34.23ºC, humidity at 83%, accumulated precipitation 1793.20 mm / year, with a higher concentration of
rainfall from September to May and at an altitude of 645 meters [11].

3.1.3. Use of current land.

Table 4. Distribution of ranges of slopes in the micro-basin of the Timari River

Range Description Area (ha) Percentage (%)
<2% Flat 11,57 1,09
2–4% Slightly Flat 9,51 0,90
4–8% Slightly Inclined 35,91 3,38
8 – 15 % Inclined 41,10 3,87
15 – 25 % Moderately steep 59,77 5,63
25 – 50 % Steep 329,52 31,05
50 – 75% Very steep 411,86 38,81
> 75 % Steep 161,92 15,26
Total 1061,16 100,00

According with Table 4, based on long slopes, life zones, relief and classified into 8 ranges: flat slope
represents 1.09% with 11.57 ha, distributed in small areas. The slightly flat range represents 0.90% with
9.51 ha distributed in small areas of urban zone until the outlet; the slightly sloping to sloping range
represents 3.38% with 35.91 ha and 3.87% with 41.10 ha; distributed from the Pérez Godoy town center

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IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1009 (2022) 012002 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1009/1/012002

to the confluence of the river. Slopes with ranges moderately steep, steep to very steep comprise 5.63%
with 59.77 ha; 31.05% with 329.52 ha and 38.81% with 411.86 ha distributed in the upper and middle
part including native communities and areas suitable for permanent crops, pastures, forestry production
and slopes with a steep range represents 15.26% with 161.92 ha this is distributed in the headwaters that
comprise the recharge zones and protection areas of the San Miguel native community.
A determining factor in the contamination of surface water, where migration towards marginal areas
and high slopes increases soil erosion due to agricultural activities, water contamination by sediments
and remains of agrochemical products that lead to the eutrophication of the water channel surface areas
due to excessive nutrient intake [4]. In addition, the slope is a determining factor in surface runoff, a
very steep one favors surface runoff and a lower slope retains water favoring infiltration. Concordant
[8].

60.00%
52.07%
50.00%

40.00%

30.00% 25.01%

20.00%

10.00% 4.94% 4.87% 3.05%

2.02% 2% 1.95% 1.92% 0.93% 0.54% 0.28% 0.24% 0.18%
0.00%

Figure 2. Distribution of current use of the watershed

In Figure 2 is shown that, 3.05% with 32.33 ha encompasses the urban area of the Rí o Negro district, the
Pérez Godoy town center, the native communities of San Luis de Timari and San Miguel. Annual crops
of Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Zea maiz L., Cúrcuma longa L., Ananas comosus (L.) Merrill occupy
7.71% with 81.82 ha where, Ananas comosus (L.) Merrill occupy 4.94% with 52.35 ha. The musa sp
classified as a semi-perennial crop occupies 1.92% with 20.38 ha distributed in small areas. Perennial
crops occupy 4.20% with 44.59 ha being Teobroma cacao L. 21.24 ha, Coffea arabica L. 1.92 ha and
citrus 21.43 ha distributed in the micro-basin. The pastures 0.24% with 2.58 ha located near the source
and water recharge zone.
Deforested areas constitute 4.87% with 51.67 ha distributed in the upper part of the micro-basin in areas
of protection and forest production. Likewise, the degraded areas comprise 25.01% with 265.39 ha due
to migratory agriculture, extensive with slopes greater than 50%. The secondary forest represents
52.07% with 552.52 ha; It does not present forest richness being: Jacaranda copaia Aubl., Rollinia
pittieri Safford., Cecropia angustifolia Trecul, Apeiba membranacea Spruce ex Bentham, Inga
thibaudiana DC., Mauritia flexuosa L.F., etc. Likewise, there are forest plantations of 9.88 ha, most
notably Pinus tecunumani distributed in small areas. This result is similar to PAT Plan de Conditioning
Territorial - SATIPO (2011-2021) where, in the province of Satipo, its deforestation rate is 1,567.70 ha
/ year for coffee crops, tropical crops and subsistence crops; The main cause is the opening of the
agricultural frontier and deforestation, producing an ecological imbalance in the headwaters. Against
this, the inappropriate use of the soil reduces the recharge of the aquifer by up to 50%, increasing the
loss of soil due to water erosion. Also, it states that the vegetation cover is a stabilizing and determining
factor in the infiltration of water, since it allows greater contact with the soil and reduces the speed of

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IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1009 (2022) 012002 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1009/1/012002

surface runoff, erosion, impact of rain drop, dryness; since this favors the conservation of the subsurface
flow of water (soil porosity, roughness) [8,12].

3.2. Socioeconomic Description

3.2.1. Academic training of the population. In the micro-basin, 148 families were determined by
counting, constituting approximately 622 inhabitants, of which sector V has a higher concentration of
76.35% distributed in the lower part until the outlet.

Table 5. Degree of instruction and / or education of the micro-watershed

Nº Degree of instruction Total population %
1 No instruction 12 40
2 Incomplete Elementary 5 17
3 Complete Primary 1 3
4 Incomplete High School 1 3
5 Completed secondary 4 13
6 Upper level 7 23
Total 30 100

According to Table 5, the degree of instruction is very low, due to the fact that it does not have
secondary-level educational institutions within the sector and only has a basic educational institution
that works with a multi-teaching center, located in the native community of San Luis de Timari. Thus,
the micro-watershed has a higher percentage of illiteracy than 40%, where 83.33% in rural areas and
16.67% urban areas. While incomplete and complete primary represents 20%, being 66.67% rural area
and 33.34% urban area, with incomplete and complete secondary education level represents 16.67%.
Likewise, with higher university education it represents 23%, being in the lower part of the micro-basin.
According to the national and provincial government, education presents deficiencies and deficiencies
in infrastructure, pedagogies, human resources, quality in the performance of teachers. This is because
Satipo has 14.4% with higher education, 47.1% secondary education and 29.0% some degree or
complete primary education, 8.5 initial, 28.9% without education, 12.1% % present illiteracy in rural
areas and 4.5% in urban areas. In addition, recent research showed that 40% have completed primary
education, 15% incomplete primary, 25% without any study [2].

3.2.2. Economic description of the micro-basin. According to Figure 3 on the left, in the micro-basin,
83% of the population works in agriculture and 17% in commerce. Being annual, semi-perennial and
perennial crops 7.71%; 1.92% and 4.20%, commerce is located in urban areas, agricultural activities are
based on planting, handling and production of basic foods for consumption and sale. This result agrees
with the regional government and previous investigations, mention that in said micro-basin 100% of the
population is dedicated to the agriculture of traditional crops. Likewise, agriculture is the predominant
economic activity in the central jungle and Satipo.
In addition, in Figure 4 to the figure to the right, where the cultivation modality affects the sustainability
of soils, fertility and conservation. Predominating in the micro-basin monoculture with 60% (ginger,
pineapple, cassava, stick, and banana), associated crop 13.3% (cacao with citrus, forest species, coffee
and banana, guava), diversified crops 23.3% (coffee and cocoa, banana and pineapple, among others)
and 3.3% others (regeneration). Associated or mixed cultivation includes plantations of cocoa, coffee,
fruit plants (mango, citrus), crops are diversified (monocultures such as. Contrary to 2011 where 40%
were associated crops, 35% diverse crops and 25% monoculture [2].

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 ICEPP-2021 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1009 (2022) 012002 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1009/1/012002

Figure 3. Histogram of the productive Figure 4. Histogram of cultivation modalities in the

activities of the micro-basin micro-basin

The “monoculture is a single type of crop, being economically viable; but it affects the environment,
ecosystems, habitat and the economic aspect since, since there is no diversity in planting and harvesting,
it does not allow the soil to recover, leading to an accelerated erosion of soil fertility and erosion. Also,
“organic matter and structure are gradually destroyed, but are not noticeable because erosion occurs at
tolerant levels and crop yield is kept constant by fertilizers; but little by little it loses its structure and
the organic matter decreases giving rise to the appearance of the compact layer that prevents the
infiltration of water and the penetration of the roots, accelerating erosion, making fertilizers less
effective, which finally the erosion process is violent where the land is abandoned by the farmer because
of the appearance of furrows and gullies ”. However, in diversified crops the erosion process is slow
[13].

3.2.3. Conservation and Maintenance of fertility and soils.

Table 6. Fertility maintenance practices, soil conservation, training and technical assistance in the
micro-watershed.
Nº Soil maintenance practices % Soil conservation % Crop management training %
practices
1 Crop rotation 13.3 Reforestation 23.3 Yes 33.3
2 Natural fertilizers 16.7 Agroforestry 20.0 No 66.7
3 Chemical fertilizers 33.3 No technique 56.7
4 Break 23.3
5 No practice 13.3
Total 100

According with Table 6. The 86.7% perform maintenance practices; where 13.3% by crop rotation,
16.7% use of natural fertilizers, 33.3% chemical fertilizers, 13.3% rest of the land used, while 13.3% do
not carry out any activity to maintain their soils. Likewise, 43.3% carry out conservation practices, where
23.3% through reforestation, 20% agroforestry. Also in terms of training, 33.3% received some form of
training in crop management and 66.7% received no training and technical assistance on crop
management. Conventional technological applications increase agricultural production, but excessive
use deteriorates natural resources considerably and sometimes irreversibly [14].

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ICEPP-2021 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1009 (2022) 012002 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1009/1/012002

3.2.4. Basic services in the micro-basin.

Table 7. Population with and without access to basic services in the micro-basin
Nº Basic services Sectors with access to basic Sectors without adequate access to
services basic services
1 Eletrification 5 0
2 Water 1 4
3 Drain 1 4
4 Garbage collector 1 4
Total 8 12
Percentage % 40 60

As it`s shown in Table 7. Access to basic services is deficient; since only 40% of the population have
access to it, of which 62.5% has electrification, 37.5% water, sewage and garbage collector. Currently
in the micro-basin there is an aqueduct for the supply of water for human consumption for the lower
part of the micro-basin through a treatment plant. While the rural areas of the middle and upper part
consume piped water without any treatment. 60% do not have treated water and drainage. The local
government reports that 341 homes have potable water services, hygienic services, electricity, and rural
areas only have electrification. This report agrees with a previous study on the economic valuation of
the water environmental service in the Timari river micro-basin where 15% have access to basic services
and 85% do not have it, demonstrating population growth in recent years [2].
Also in Table 8. We noticed that; the septic system with construction of adequate material predominates
at 73.65% with 109 families distributed in the urban area of Río Negro up to the outlet; while 26.35%
with 43 families in rural areas, 17.57% use ground ponds, 4.73% latrines and 4.05% open or free field.
For sewage and wastewater in urban areas, the use of the sewerage system prevails. However, the
inhabitants of rural areas have home construction of directed drains that are discharged directly to the
fringes and banks of the river, as well as to backyards. Furthermore, it is estimated that more than 1.4
billion people do not have access to safe water and almost 4 billion lack adequate sanitation, and the
problem is exacerbated in rural and rapidly expanding urban areas United Nations Environment Program
Environment (UNEP, 2003).

Table 8. Physical contamination by septic system in the micro-basin

Nº Type of septic system Amount of Septic System in %
the Micro-basin
1 Latrines 7 4.73
2 Pool 26 17.57
3 In the field or free 6 4.05
4 Hygienic service (adequate material) 109 73.65
Total 148 100

4. Conclusion
The area is 1061.16 ha with a channel length of 7.36 km and 44 runoff, a slope of the main channel 12%
characterized as moderate and an average elevation of 1176.47 m. s. n. m. Due to its shape, the micro-
basin is elongated with 0.42 km2 and low drainage density, moderately mountainous relief with an
orographic coefficient of 0.11 km. The biophysical aspect has two types of climate: moderately humid
and semi warm with a small water deficit (B2rB'4a '), humid and semi warm climate with a small water
deficit (B3rB'4a'), two life zones (bh - T, bh-PT), temperature ranging from 19.87ºC to 24.16ºC, annual
accumulated precipitation from 1693 mm to 2063 mm and potential evapotranspiration from 1083.31
mm to 1519.81 mm, slopes ranging from 2% to > 75%, current use comprises 3.05% of urban area;
7.71% annual crops; 4.20% perennial crops; 0.24% grasses; 4.87% deforested area; 25.01% degraded
area and 52.07% secondary forest. In the socioeconomic aspect, the population presents 40% illiteracy

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ICEPP-2021 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1009 (2022) 012002 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1009/1/012002

and 60% some degree of education, while the productive activities are based 83% on agriculture and
17% on commerce, monoculture predominates at 60% and 40% diverse or associated crops of the of
which 86.7% carry out soil maintenance practices. Likewise, 40% of the population has access to priority
basic services, while 60% have access to one or two services. In the case of the septic system in rural
areas, 26.35% use earthen ponds, latrines or open fields.

5. References

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