PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ALGERIA

- Belhadj Bouchaib University- Ain Temouchent

- Institute of Science & Technology

- Department of Electrical Engineering

Exam – Semester 01 -
Field: Science and Technology
Faculty: Electrical engineering
Specialty: Telecommunications
Module: English

THEME;

By: BENSAAD sarra safaa

 DAOUDI Racha

 TENNAH Yousra 

DOUMBIA Doussouba Alou

DIENTA Nana Bintou 

Supervised by prof :
 Ms.Ouzza

School Year :2020/2021

 I. Introduction:
Cognitive Radio Networks (CRNs) are emerging as a solutionto increase the
spectrum utilization by using unused or lessused spectrum in radio
environments. The basic idea is to allowunlicensed users access to licensed
spectrum, under the conditionthat the interference perceived by the licensed
users is minimal.New communication and networking technologies need to
bedeveloped, to allow the use of the spectrum in a more efficientway and to
increase the spectrum utilization. This means that anumber of technical
challenges must be solved for this techniqueto get acceptance. The most
important issues are regardingDynamic Spectrum Access (DSA), architectural
issues (with focuson network reconfigurability), deployment of smaller cells
andsecurity.

I. History:
The concept of cognitive radio was first proposed by “Joseph
Mitola III” in a seminar at KTH Royal Institute of Technology in
Stockholm in 1998 and published in an article by Mitola and Gerald
Q. Maguire, Jr. in 1999. It was a novel approach in wireless
communications.
II. Types of Cognitive Radio:
Depending on transmission and reception parameters, there are two main
types of cognitive radio:

1) Full Cognitive Radio ( Mitola radio), in which every possible

parameter observable by a wireless node (or network) is
considered.
2) Spectrum-Sensing Cognitive Radio, in which only the radio-
frequency spectrum is considered.

- Other types are dependent on parts of the spectrum available for cognitive
radio:

 Licensed-Band Cognitive Radio, capable of using bands assigned to

licensed users (except for unlicensed bands, such as the U-NII band or
the ISM band).
 Unlicensed-Band Cognitive Radio: which can only utilize unlicensed parts
of the radio frequency (RF) spectrum. One such system is described in
the IEEE 802.15 Task Group 2 specifications, which focus on the
coexistence of IEEE 802.11 and Bluetooth.

 Spectrum mobility: Process by which a cognitive-radio user changes its

frequency of operation.

 Spectrum sharing: Spectrum sharing cognitive radio networks allow

cognitive radio users to share the spectrum bands of the licensed-band
users. However, the cognitive radio users have to restrict their transmit
power so that the interference caused to the licensed-band users is kept
below a certain threshold.

 Sensing-based Spectrum sharing: In sensing-based spectrum sharing

cognitive radio networks, cognitive radio users first listen to the
spectrum allocated to the licensed users to detect the state of the
licensed users. Based on the detection results, cognitive radio users
decide their transmission strategies.

 Database-enabled Spectrum Sharing: In this modality of spectrum

sharing, cognitive radio users are required to access a white space
database prior to be allowed, or denied, access to the shared spectrum.
The white space database contain algorithms, mathematical models and
local regulations to predict the spectrum utilization in a geographical
area and to infer on the risk of interference posed to incumbent services
by a cognitive radio user accessing the shared spectrum.

III. BASIC CONCEPTS:

The term ”cognitive radio” was first defined by “Joseph Mitola ” in his
PhD thesis at Royal Institute of Technology ,Stockholm, Sweden [1].
It is important to point out the
 difference between the terms Software Defined Radio (SDR)and
cognitive radio. SDR is a radio set where most of radio and
intermediate frequency functionality is done in digital form, to
compare with classical radio technology. By this, SDR allows for
more flexibility in radio operation. On the other hand ,Cognitive
Radio (CR) is about the control entity that helps SDR to determine
the operation mode as well as the particular parameters to use in the
particular networking situation.
IV. Architecture of cognitive radio:
The six functional components of a CR architecture are:

1. The user's sensory perception which includes the haptic (touch) interface,
acoustics, video, and detection and perception functions.

2. Local environment sensors (location, temperature, accelerometer, etc.)

3. System applications (independent media services like a network game).

4. SDR functions (which include RF detection and SDR radio applications).

5. The functions of cognition (for control, planning and learning systems).

6. Local effector functions (speech synthesis, text, graphics and multimedia

posters).

Figure 1: cognitive radio architecture

Conclusion:
The consolidated approach highlighted in this paper can help
create less complex, cost effective solution. It can drastically
reduce operator’s investment as CR use unlicensed spectrum. As
the IoT phenomenon grows, tens of billions of devices will need to
communicate with each other in real-time. The highlighted CR
approach will help operators cater to massive spectrum
requirements and help build a connected world.

The paper has provided a short overview of cognitive radionetworks

and some of the most important technical challenges.These
networks are expected to be part of the future generationwireless
networks. They offer huge promises for users in termsof ability to
freely move among different networks, obtainingcheap services as
well as new advanced services and businessmodels. At the same
time, this technology demands for solvingvery complex research
questions regarding dynamic spectrumaccess, multi-dimensional
routing and optimization, security.Alltogether, there is high
expectation that new technical solu-tions will appear to allow the
advance and acceptance of thenew technology.