Facts About

KETONE
INTRODUCTION

A carbonyl carbon bonded to two carbon atoms distinguishes ketones from carboxylic
acids, aldehydes, esters, amides, and other oxygen-containing compounds.

Ketones are organic compounds with the structure RC(=O)R’, where R and R’ can be a
variety of carbon-containing substituents.

Acetone is the smallest ketone.

Ketones are a type of chemical that your liver produces when it breaks down fats when
there’s not enough usable glucose.

Molecules of the anti-inflammatory agent cortisone contain three ketone groups.

HISTORY

Ketones were first discovered in the urine of diabetic patients in the mid-19th century.

In the 1920s, a drastic "hyperketogenic" diet was found remarkably effective for
treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy in children.

In 1967, circulating ketones were discovered to replace glucose as the brain's major fuel
during the marked hyperketonemia of prolonged fasting.

The terms Ester and Ketone were introduced by Leopold Gmelin for two classes of
organic compounds.
 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Ketones are colorless.

Ketones have higher boiling points than alkanes with the same number of carbon atoms.
This is because ketones have stronger intermolecular forces than alkanes.

Ketones have a characteristic odor that can vary depending on the specific ketone. For
example, acetone has a sweet, fruity odor, while MEK has a sharp, solvent-like odor.

Ketones are generally soluble in organic solvents, such as ethanol, ether, and acetone.

Polar in nature due to the presence of a polar carbonyl group.

 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Nucleophilic addition

Ketones can react with nucleophiles (electron-rich species) to form new carbon-carbon
bonds. This is one of the most important reactions of ketones, and it is used in the
synthesis of many different organic compounds.

Reduction

Ketones can be reduced to alcohols using a variety of reducing agents. This reaction is
also important in organic synthesis, and it is used to produce many different alcohols,
including ethanol and isopropanol.

Oxidation

Ketones can be oxidized to carboxylic acids using a variety of oxidizing agents. This
reaction is less common than the nucleophilic addition and reduction reactions, but it is
still important in some synthetic applications.

Condensation

Ketones can react with other ketones or aldehydes to form new carbon-carbon bonds
and molecules of water. This reaction is used to synthesize a variety of different organic
compounds; example plastic.
 APPLICATION

Solvents: Ketones are excellent solvents for a wide range

of organic materials, including paints, varnishes,
lacquers, and adhesives. They are also used to
clean and degrease surfaces.

Food Additives: Ketones are used as food additives to improve

the flavor and aroma of foods. They are also used
as preservatives and to prevent the discoloration
of foods.

Plastics: Ketones are used as starting materials in the

synthesis of a variety of plastics, including
polyester, nylon, and acrylic.

Acetone: Acetone is the most common ketone and is used

in a wide range of applications, including as a
solvent for nail polish remover, paint thinner, and
adhesives; as a fuel additive to improve the
performance of octane boosters; and as a
starting material in the synthesis of
pharmaceuticals and plastics.

TEST OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN KETONES

2,4- Dinitrophenyl Hydrazine Test Materials:

• Organic Compound

• Rectified Spirit

• 2,4- dinitrophenyl hydrazine solution

• test tube

• Droppers

Procedure:

1. Take a small quantity of organic compound in a

test tube.
 2. Add a small amount of rectified spirit using a
dropper.

3. Make sure to shake well the test tube to

dissolve the compound in rectified spirit.

4. By the used of another dropper , add a small

quantity of 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine solution
into the test tube.

This test involves adding a few drops of 2,4-

dinitrophenyl reagent to the organic compound
in the presence of a mild acid called sulfuric acid.
A positive test for ketones leads to the formation
of a yellow to orange precipitate.

Sodium Bisulphite Test Materials:

• Organic Compound

• Saturated Solution of Sodium bisulphite

• Boiling tube

• Dropper

• Cork

Procedure:

1. First , take a small quantity of Saturated

solution of sodium bisulphite in a boiling tube.

2. Add a small quantity of organic compound

using a dropper.

3. Then, cork the test tube to avoid splitting it

solution and shake it well and leave it for a
minute.

This test is also known as the Iodoform Test,

where if yellow precipitate of Iodoform forms it
indicates the presence of a ketone , it is positive.
This test is based on the reaction of the methyl
 ketone with sodium bisulphite and iodine to form
iodoform which became yellow precipitate.

Note: This test is not specific for all ketones but

mainly for methyl ketones. Other Ketones may
not give a positive result with this test.

Meta- dinitrobenzene Test Materials:

• Organic Compound

• Meta- dinitrobenzene

• Dilute sodium hydroxide

• Test tube

• Spatula

Procedure:

1. Take the small quantity of organic compound in

a test tube.

2. Add a small quantity of meta- dinitrobenzene

using a spatula.

3. With the used of dropper, add a small amount

of Dilute sodium hydroxide solution to the Test
tube.

4. Make sure to shake well the test tube.

The meta- dinitrobenzene test is a chemical test

used to detect the presence of ketones in a
compound. It involves reacting the compound
with meta- dinitrobenzene and if a ketone is
present, it forms a violet colouration which
slowly fades away. This test is useful for
distinguishing ketones from other types of
compounds.

Sodium Nitroprusside Test Materials:

• Organic Compounds
 • Sodium Nitroprusside crystals

• Dilute Sodium Hydroxide

• Distilled Water

• Test tube

• Dropper

• Spatula

Procedure:

1. Using a Spatula, take a few crystals of sodium

nitroprusside in a test tube.

2. Add a small amount of distilled water to the

test tube.

3. Shake the test tube well to dissolve the

crystals in water.

4. To this solution, add the small quantity of

organic compound using a dropper.

5. Now, add a small quantity of Dilute sodium

hydroxide solution using another dropper.

The ketone will formed by the sodium hydroxide

where it reacts with the nitroprusside ion which
form a red or purple color.

Sodium nitroprusside test also known as the

Ketone Test , is a chemical test used to detect the
presence of ketone in a solution. Thus , if the
ketone is present , the solution will turn into
purple or red color where the intensity of the
color changed indicating the concentration of
the ketone.

NOMENCLATURE

Ketones take their name from their parent alkane chains. The ending -e is removed and
replaced with -one.
The common name for ketones are simply the substituent groups listed alphabetically +
ketone.

Some common ketones are known by their generic names. Such as the fact that
propanone is commonly referred to as acetone.

Naming Aldehydes and Ketones in
the Same Molecule
As with many molecules with two or more
functional groups, one is given priority while the
other is named as a substituent. Because
aldehydes have a higher priority than ketones,
molecules which contain both functional groups
are named as aldehydes and the ketone is named
as an "oxo" substituent. It is not necessary to give
the aldehyde functional group a location number,
however, it is usually necessary to give a location
number to the ketone.


Naming Diketones • For diketones both carbonyls require a location

number. The ending -Dione is added to the end of
the parent chain.


Naming Cyclic Ketones and • In cyclic ketones the carbonyl group is assigned
Diketones location position #1, and this number is not
included in the name, unless more than one
carbonyl group is present. The rest of the ring is
numbered to give substituents the lowest possible
location numbers. Remember the prefix cycle is
included before the parent chain name to indicate
that it is in a ring. As with other ketones the –e
ending is replaced with the –one to indicate the
presence of a ketone.
 • With cycloalkanes which contain two ketones
both carbonyls need to be given a location
numbers. Also, an –e is not removed from the end,
but the suffix –dione is added.


2-bromo-5-methylcyclohexanone

Naming Carbonyls and Hydroxyls in • When and aldehyde or ketone is present in a

the Same Molecule molecule which also contains an alcohol functional
group the carbonyl is given nomenclature priority
by the IUPAC system. In the case of alcohols, the
OH is named as a hydroxyl substituent. However,
the l in hydroxyl is generally removed.


4-hydroxy-2-butanone

Naming Carbonyls and Alkenes in • When carbonyls are included with an alkene the
the Same Molecule following order is followed:

• (Location number of the alkene)-(Prefix name for

the longest carbon chain minus the -ane ending)-
(an -en ending to indicate the presence of an
alkene)-(the location number of the carbonyl if a
ketone is present)-(either an –one or and -anal
ending).

• Remember that the carbonyl has priority so it

should get the lowest possible location number.


4-penten-2-one

REFERENCES
https://byjus.com/chemistry/physical-properties-of-aldehydes-and-ketones/

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/25177-ketones

https://www.britannica.com/science/ketone

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Che
mistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Nomenclature_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones

https://youtu.be/JAQ060bSZG8?feature=shared

https://youtu.be/1IaaMeGQwdg?feature=shared

PREPARED BY
ALCANTARA, MARY GRACE

ARQUION, LENDREI

BUCTOT, KATHLEEN

COLENDRA, DANIEL