AMALORPAVAM LOURDS ACADEMY
XI - Chemistry
General Procedure for the Systematic Analysis of a Simple Salt
S.No
Experiment
Solubility:
A small amount of salt is taken in
a test tube and dissolved in water
1
Action of heat:
A small amount of salt is taken in a dense white fumes with a glass rod
dry test tube and heated gently.
2 gas
Flame test:
To a small amount of salt taken in
a watch glass, 2 drops of Con. HCl
is added and made into a paste. The
paste is introduced into the Non-
luminous part of the Bunsen flame.
3
Action of Dil.HCl:
To a small amount of salt, 1ml of
4 dil. HCl is added and heated
gently.
I. Preliminary Tests
Observation
Soluble
Insoluble
Colourless, pungent smelling gas giving Presence of Ammonium salt
dipped in Con. HCl and also turns red
litmus paper into blue is evolved.
Evolution of reddish brown gas
with fishy odour.
Salt turns yellow when hot and white
when cold.
Characteristic vinegar like smell.
The salt decripitates (gives crackling
sound) with evolution of reddish brown
No characteristic change
Bluish green flame
Brick red flame
Apple green flame
Crimson red
No characteristic coloured flame
II. Analysis of Acid Radicals
Colourless, odourless gas with
brisk effervescence, turning lime water
milky is evolved.
Reddish brown gas with fishy odour,
turning moist ferrous sulphate paper
brown is evolved.
Colourless gas with smell of vinegar is
obtained.
Inference
May be chloride, sulphate, Nitrate,
Acetate or Ammonium chloride
May be Carbonate or Sulphide
Presence of Nitrate salt
Presence of Zinc salt
Presence of acetate
Presence of lead nitrate
Absence of Ammonium, Nitrate,
acetate, lead nitrate and Zinc salts
Presence of Copper salt
Presence of Calcium salt
Presence of Barium salt
Presence of Strontium
Absence of Copper, Calcium,
Strontium and Barium salts
Presence of Carbonate (CO32- ) is
confirmed
Presence of Nitrate
Presence of Acetate

Action of Con H2SO4:
To a small amount of salt, 1ml of
5 Con. H2SO4 is added and heated
gently.
MnO2 test:
6 To a small amount of salt, a pinch paper blue is evolved.
of MnO2 and Con. H2SO4 are
added and heated gently.
Action of NaOH:
To a small amount of salt, 1ml
ofNaOH is added and heated
7 gently.
Barium Chloride test
8 To a few drops of salt solution, dil.
HCl is added until the
effervescence ceases and then 1ml
of Barium Chloride solution is
added.
Action of Dil.HCl:
To a small amount of salt, 1ml of
9 dil. HCl is added and heated
gently.
Barium Chloride test
To a few drops of salt solution, dil.
HCl is added until the
No characteristic change Absence of Carbonate, Nitrate,
Acetate and Sulphide.
Colourless gas giving dense white fumes Presence of Chloride
with a glass rod dipped in NH4OH is
evolved.
Reddish brown gas turning acidified Presence of Nitrate
ferrous sulphate paper green is evolved.
No characteristic change Absence of Chloride and Nitrate
Greenish yellow gas turning starch iodide Presence of Chloride
No characteristic change Absence of Chloride
Colourless, pungent smelling gas giving Presence of Ammonium salt
dense white fumes with a glass rod
dipped in Con. HCl is evoloved.
No characteristic change Absence of Ammonium salt
On heating with NaOH ammonia gas is evolved
NH4+ + NaOH → Na+ + H2O + NH3(g)↑
HCl + NH3(g) → NH4Cl (white fumes) + H2O
White precipitate soluble in dil. HCl Presence of Carbonate (CO32- )
White precipitate insoluble in Con. HCl 2-
Presence of Sulphate (SO4 )
is obtained
No white precipitate Absence of Carbonate and Sulphate
CO3 2- + BaCl2 → BaCO3 (white ppt)+ 2Cl-
BaCO3 (white ppt) + 2HCl → BaCl2 + CO2↑ + H2O
Confirmatory test for Acid Radicals
Test for Carbonate
Colourless, odourless gas with Presence of Carbonate (CO32- ) is
brisk effervescence, turning lime water confirmed
milky is evolved.
CO32- + 2HCl → 2Cl- + CO2↑ + H2O
Ca(OH)2 + CO2→ CaCO3 (white or milkiness)
White precipitate soluble in dil. HCl Presence of Carbonate (CO32- ) is
confirmed
 HCl is added until the
effervescence ceases and then 1ml
of Barium Chloride solution is
added.
Chromyl Chloride test:
To a small amount of salt, pinch of into another test tube containing NaOH. confirmed
K2Cr2O7 and 3 drops of Con.
H2SO4 are added and heated
gently.
10
Silver Nitrate test:
To a few drops of salt solution, dil.
HNO3 is added until the
effervescence ceases and then 1ml
of Silver Nitrate solution is added.
Copper Turning test:
To a small amount of salt, few
11 Copper Turnings and Con. H2SO4
are added and heated gently.
Brown Ring test:
To a few drops of salt solution,
dil. H2SO4 is added until the
effervescence ceases and then 1ml
of freshly prepared FeSO4 solution
and Con. H2SO4 is added along the
sides of the test tube.
CO3 2- + BaCl2 → BaCO3 (white ppt)+ 2Cl-
BaCO3 (white ppt) + 2HCl → BaCl2 + CO2↑ + H2O
Test for Chloride
Red orange vapours evolved are passed Presence of Chloride (Cl-) is
Yellow solution obtained is added with
dil. Acetic acid and Lead acetate
solution. Yellow precipitate is obtained
4Cl- + K2Cr2O7 + 6H2SO4→ 4HSO4- +2KHSO4 + 2CrO2Cl2↑
(orange brown gas chromyl chloride) + 3H2O
CrO2Cl2 + 4NaOH → Na2CrO4(yellow solution)+ 2H2O + 2NaCl
Na2CrO4 + (CH3COO)2Pb → PbCrO4(yellow ppt) + 2 CH3COONa
Curdy white precipitate soluble in excess Presence of Chloride
of NH4OH is obtained (Cl- ) is confirmed
Cl- + AgNO3 → AgCl(white ppt) + NO3-
AgCl + 2NH4OH → [Ag(NH3)2]Cl(soluble complex
Test for Nitrate
Reddish brown gas with fishy odour, -
Presence of Nitrate (NO3 ) is
turning moist ferrous sulphate paper confirmed
brown is evolved.
Cu acts as reducing agent and reduces nitric acid to NO2 gas.
NO3- + H2SO4→ HSO4- + HNO3
4HNO3 + Cu → Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2↑ + 2H2O
Brown ring is formed at the junction of Presence of Nitrate
two layers (NO3- ) is confirmed
NO3- + H2SO4→ HSO4- + HNO3
6 FeSO4 + 3H2SO4 + 2HNO3→3Fe2(SO4)3 +4H2O +2NO
FeSO4 + NO + 5H2O →[Fe(NO)(H2O)5]SO4
brown ring
Test for Acetate
 Ethyl Acetate Test: A pleasant fruity odour is obtained. The presence of Acetate (CH3COO-
To small amount of salt, add a few ) is confirmed
12
drops of ethanol followed by 1 or 2
ml of H2SO4. Gently heat and cool
and pour into Na2CO3 solution . CH3COOH + C2H5OH → CH3COOC2H5(fruity smell) + H2O

Oxalic acid test:- Smell of vinegar or acetic acid The presence of Acetate (CH3COO-
Take a small quantity of the salt ) is confirmed
on a watch glass and mix it with
solid oxalic acid and make a paste
with few drops of water. Rub the H2C2O4 (oxalic acid) + 2CH3COO-→ C2O4 2- + 2CH3COOH
paste and smell.

Test for Sulphate

Barium Chloride test White precipitate insoluble in Con. HCl 2-
Presence of Sulphate (SO4 ) is
13 To a few drops of salt solution, is obtained confirmed
dil. HCl is added until the
SO4 2- + BaCl2 → BaSO4 (white ppt) + 2Cl-
effervescence ceases and then 1ml
BaSO4 (white ppt) + conc. HCl→no reaction
of Barium Chloride solution is
added.

Lead acetate test:- A white ppt is formed which is soluble Presence of Sulphate (SO42- ) is
To a little of the water extract in excess of hot ammonium acetate confirmed
1ml of lead acetate solution is solution.
added. SO42- + (CH3COO)2Pb → PbSO4 (white ppt) + 2CH3COO-

III. Analysis of Basic Radicals

Preparation of Original Solution
To 1g of salt, 3ml of water is added in a test tube and shaken well. The clear solution so obtained is called as Original
solution.
Group Identification
Zero Group: Reddish brown precipitate is Presence of Ammonium (NH4+) salt
To a few drops of original obtained
1
solution, 1ml of NaOH and No reddish brown precipitate Absence of Ammonium salts
Nessler's Reagent are added.

Group - I White precipitate is obtained Presence of Group - I (Lead)

2
To a few drops of original
No white precipitate Absence of Group - I (Lead)
solution, 2ml of dil.HCl is added.
Pb2+ + 2HCl → PbCl2 + 2H+
The white ppt is lead chloride which is soluble in hot water but insoluble in
cold water
 Group - II
3 To the above Group - I solution,
H2S gas is passed.
Group - III
4 To a few drops of original
solution, 1ml of NH4Cl and 2ml of
NH4OH are added.
Group - IV
5
To the above Group-III solution,
H2S gas is passed.
Group - V
6 To a few drops of original
solution, 1ml of NH4Cl, 2ml of
NH4OH and 2ml of (NH4)2CO3
solutions are added.
Group - VI
7 To a few drops of original
solution, 1ml of NH4Cl, 2ml of
NH4OH and 2ml of Ammonium
hydrogen phosphate solutions are
added.
Ammonium (Zero Group)
To a few drops of original
1
solution, 1ml of NaOH and
Nessler's Reagent are added.
To a few drops of original
1 solution, K2CrO4 solution is
added.
To a few drops of original solution A yellow precipitate soluble in hot water Lead (Pb2+) is confirmed
KI is added. To the yellow
2 precipitate 1ml water is added,
boiled and cooled.
Black precipitate is obtained Presence of Group - II (Copper)
No black precipitate Absence of Group - II
The black precipitate is copper sulphide CuS.
Gelatinous white precipitate is Presence of Group-III
obtained (Aluminium)
No Gelatinous white precipitate Absence of Group - III
Al3++ 3NH4OH → Al(OH)3 (white gelatinous precipitate)+ 3NH4+
Dirty White precipitate is obtained Presence of Group - IV (Zinc)
No dirty white precipitate Absence of Group - IV
Zn(OH)2 + H2S → ZnS (dirty white precipitate) + 2H2O
White precipitate is obtained Presence of Group - V (Barium or
Calcium)
No white precipitate Absence of Group - V
Ba2+ + (NH4)2CO3 → BaCO3(white barium carbonate) + 2NH4 +
Ca2+ + (NH4)2CO3 → CaCO3(white calcium carbonate) + 2NH4+
White precipitate is obtained Presence of Group - VI (Magnesium)
No white precipitate Absence of Group - VI (Magnesium)
Mg2++ (NH4)2HPO4 + NH4OH→MgNH4PO4(white precipitate) + 2NH4+ +
H2O
IV. Confirmatory test for Basic Radicals
Ammonium (Zero Group)
Reddish brown precipitate is obtained Ammonium (NH4+) is confirmed
2[K2HgI4] + NH3(g)↑+ 3KOH → NH2.HgO.HgI↓(brown ppt) +7KI + 2H2O
Lead (Group - I)
Yellow precipitate is obtained Lead (Pb2+) is confirmed
K2CrO4 + Pb2+ → PbCrO4 (yellow ppt) + 2K+
and reappearing as “golden yellow
spangles” on cooling
 boiled and cooled.
To a few drops of original
1 solution, 1ml of acetic acid and
potassium ferrocyanide solutions The chocolate brown precipitate is copper ferrocyanide Cu2[Fe(CN)6]
are added.
To another part of the blue
2 solution, add acetic acid and
potassium iodide solution.
To a few drops of original
solution, NH4OH and Aluminon
Reagent solutions are added.
1
To a few drops of original
solution, potassium ferrocyanide and insoluble in dil. Acid is obtained
solution is added.
1
To a few drops of original
solution, NaOH is added.
2
To a few drops of original
1 solution, K2CrO4 solution is
added.
To a few drops of original
solution, 1 ml of NH4OH and
1
Ammonium Oxalate solution is
added.
PbCl2 + 2KI → PbI2 (yellow precipitate) + 2Cl-
Copper (Group - II)
Chocolate brown precipitate is obtainedCopper (Cu2+) is confirmed
White precipitate is formed in brown Copper (Cu2+) is confirmed
solution
The white precipitate is Cu2I2 and the brown colouration is due to I2
Aluminium (Group - III)
A bright red lake is obtained Aluminium (Al3+) is confirmed
Al(OH)3 (white gelatinous precipitate) + 3HCl → AlCl3 + 3H2O AlCl3 +
3NH4OH → Al(OH)3( blue colour adsorbs on this precipitate) + 3NH4Cl
Zinc (Group - IV)
Bluish white precipitate soluble in NaOH Zinc (Zn2+) is confirmed
2 Zn2+ + K4[Fe(CN)6] → Zn2[Fe(CN)6] (white or bluish white precipitate) +
4K+
White precipitate soluble in excess of Zinc (Zn2+) is confirmed
NaOH is obtained
Zn2+ + 2NaOH → Zn(OH)2 ↓(dirty white precipitate) + Na+ Zn(OH)2 ↓(dirty
white precipitate) + 2NaOH → Na2ZnO2(soluble) + 2H2O
Barium (Group - V)
Yellow precipitate is obtained Barium (Ba2+) is confirmed
(CH3COO)2Ba + K2CrO4 → BaCrO4(yellow ppt) + 2CH3COOK
Calcium (Group - V)
White precipitate is obtained Calcium (Ca2+) is confirmed
(CH3COO)2Ca + (NH4)2C2O4 → CaC2O4 (white ppt of calcium oxalate) +
2CH3COONH4
Magnesium (Group - VI)
 To a few drops of original Blue precipitate is obtained Magnesium (Mg2+) is confirmed
solution, Magneson Reagent is
added.
1
Result:
The given Simple Salt contains
1. Acid Radical :
2. Basic Radical :
Therefore the given simple salt is .

1. Lead Nitrate
S. Experiment Observation Inference
Solubility: Soluble May be chloride, sulphate, Nitrate,
A small amount of salt is taken Acetate or Ammonium chloride
1 in a test tube and dissolved in
water
2 Action of heat: The salt decripitates (gives crackling Presence of lead nitrate
A small amount of salt is taken in sound) with evolution of reddish brown
a dry test tube and heated gently. gas

3 Flame test: No characteristic coloured flame Absence of Copper, Calcium,

To a small amount of salt taken Strontium and Barium salts
in a watch glass, 2 drops of Con.
HCl is added and made into a
paste. The paste is introduced into
the Non-luminous part of the
Bunsen flame.

II. Analysis of Acid Radicals

4 Action of Dil.HCl: Reddish brown gas with fishy odour, Presence of Nitrate
To a small amount of salt, 1ml of turning moist ferrous sulphate paper
dil. HCl is added and heated brown is evolved.
gently.
5 Action of Con H2SO4: Reddish brown gas turning acidified Presence of Nitrate
To a small amount of salt, 1ml of ferrous sulphate paper green is evolved.
Con. H2SO4 is added and heated
gently.

MnO2 test: No characteristic change Absence of Chloride

6
To a small amount of salt, a pinch
 To a small amount of salt, a pinch
of MnO2 and Con. H2SO4 are
added and heated gently.

7 Action of NaOH: No characteristic change Absence of Ammonium salt

To a small amount of salt, 1ml
ofNaOH is added and heated
gently.
8 Barium Chloride test No white precipitate Absence of Carbonate and Sulphate
To a few drops of salt solution,
dil. HCl is added until the
effervescence ceases and then 1ml
of Barium Chloride solution is
added.

Confirmatory test for Acid Radicals

Copper Turning test:
To a small amount of salt, few
Copper Turnings and Con.
9 H2SO4 are added and heated
gently.
Brown Ring test:
To a few drops of salt solution,
dil. H2SO4 is added until the
effervescence ceases and then 1ml
of freshly prepared FeSO4
solution and Con. H2SO4 is added
along the sides of the test tube.
Test for Nitrate
Reddish brown gas with fishy odour, Presence of Nitrate (NO3-) is
turning moist ferrous sulphate paper confirmed
brown is evolved.
Cu acts as reducing agent and reduces nitric acid to NO2 gas.
NO3- + H2SO4→ HSO4- + HNO3
4HNO3 + Cu → Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2↑ + 2H2O
Brown ring is formed at the junction of Presence of Nitrate
two layers (NO3- ) is confirmed
NO3- + H2SO4→ HSO4- + HNO3
6 FeSO4 + 3H2SO4 + 2HNO3→3Fe2(SO4)3 +4H2O +2NO
FeSO4 + NO + 5H2O →[Fe(NO)(H2O)5]SO4
brown ring

III. Analysis of Basic Radicals

Preparation of Original Solution
To 1g of salt, 3ml of water is added in a test tube and shaken well. The clear solution so obtained is called as
Original solution.
Group Identification
1 Zero Group: No reddish brown precipitate Absence of Ammonium salts
 To a few drops of original
solution, 1ml of NaOH and
Nessler's Reagent are added.

Group - I White precipitate is obtained Presence of Group - I (Lead)

To a few drops of original
solution, 2ml of dil.HCl is added. Pb2+ + 2HCl → PbCl2 + 2H+
The white ppt is lead chloride which is soluble in hot water but insoluble in
2 cold water
IV. Confirmatory test for Basic Radicals
Lead (Group - I)
To a few drops of original Yellow precipitate is obtained Lead (Pb2+) is confirmed
solution, K2CrO4 solution is K2CrO4 + Pb2+ → PbCrO4(yellow ppt) + 2K+
1 added.
To a few drops of original A yellow precipitate soluble in hot Lead (Pb2+) is confirmed
solution KI is added. To the water and reappearing as “golden
yellow precipitate 1ml water is yellow spangles” on cooling
added, boiled and cooled.
PbCl2 + 2KI → PbI2 (yellow precipitate) + 2Cl-
2
Result:
The given Simple Salt contains
1. Acid Radical : Nitrate
2. Basic Radical : Lead
Therefore the given simple salt is Lead Nitrate.
2. Aluminium Nitrate
S. Experiment Observation Inference
No Solubility: Soluble May be chloride, sulphate, Nitrate,
A small amount of salt is taken Acetate or Ammonium chloride
1 in a test tube and dissolved in
water of heat:
Action Evolution of reddish brown gas Presence of Nitrate salt
A small amount of salt is taken in with fishy odour.
2 a dry test tube and heated gently.
Flame test: No characteristic coloured flame Absence of Copper, Calcium,
To a small amount of salt taken Strontium and Barium salts
in a watch glass, 2 drops of Con.
HCl is added and made into a
paste. The paste is introduced into
the Non-luminous part of the
Bunsen flame.

3
 II. Analysis of Acid Radicals
Action of Dil.HCl: Reddish brown gas with fishy odour, Presence of Nitrate
To a small amount of salt, 1ml of turning moist ferrous sulphate paper
dil. HCl is added and heated brown is evolved.
4 gently.
Action of Con H2SO4: Reddish brown gas turning acidified Presence of Nitrate
To a small amount of salt, 1ml of ferrous sulphate paper green is evolved.
Con. H2SO4 is added and heated
gently.
5
MnO2 test: No characteristic change Absence of Chloride
To a small amount of salt, a pinch
of MnO2 and Con. H2SO4 are
added and heated gently.
6
Action of NaOH: No characteristic change Absence of Ammonium salt
To a small amount of salt, 1ml
ofNaOH is added and heated
gently.
7
Barium Chloride test No white precipitate Absence of Carbonate and Sulphate
To a few drops of salt solution,
dil. HCl is added until the
effervescence ceases and then 1ml
of Barium Chloride solution is
added.

8
Confirmatory test for Acid Radicals

Test for Nitrate

Copper Turning test:
To a small amount of salt, few
Copper Turnings and Con.
H2SO4 are added and heated
gently.
Reddish brown gas with fishy odour, Presence of Nitrate (NO3-) is
turning moist ferrous sulphate paper confirmed
brown is evolved.
Cu acts as reducing agent and reduces nitric acid to NO2 gas.
NO3- + H2SO4→ HSO4- + HNO3
4HNO3 + Cu → Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2↑ + 2H2O

Brown Ring test: Brown ring is formed at the junction of Presence of Nitrate
To a few drops of salt solution, two layers (NO3- ) is confirmed
dil. H2SO4 is added until the
effervescence ceases and then 1ml
 effervescence ceases and then 1ml
NO3- + H2SO4→ HSO4- + HNO3
of freshly prepared FeSO4
6 FeSO4 + 3H2SO4 + 2HNO3→3Fe2(SO4)3 +4H2O +2NO
solution and Con. H2SO4 is added
FeSO4 + NO + 5H2O →[Fe(NO)(H2O)5]SO4
along the sides of the test tube.
brown ring

9
III. Analysis of Basic Radicals
Preparation of Original Solution
To 1g of salt, 3ml of water is added in a test tube and shaken well. The clear solution so obtained is called as
Original solution.
Group Identification
Zero Group: No reddish brown precipitate Absence of Ammonium salts
To a few drops of original
solution, 1ml of NaOH and
Nessler's Reagent are added.
1
Group - I No white precipitate Absence of Group - I (Lead)
To a few drops of original
solution, 2ml of dil.HCl is added.
2
Group - II No black precipitate Absence of Group - II
To the above Group - I solution,
H2S gas is passed.
3
Group - III Gelatinous white precipitate is Presence of Group-III
To a few drops of original obtained (Aluminium)
solution, 1ml of NH4Cl and 2ml
Al3++ 3NH4OH → Al(OH)3 (white gelatinous precipitate)+ 3NH4+
of NH4OH are added.
4
IV. Confirmatory test for Basic Radicals
Aluminium (Group - III)
To a few drops of original A bright red lake is obtained Aluminium (Al3+) is confirmed
solution, NH4OH and Aluminon
Reagent solutions are added. Al(OH)3 (white gelatinous precipitate) + 3HCl → AlCl3 + 3H2O AlCl3 +
3NH4OH → Al(OH)3( blue colour adsorbs on this precipitate) + 3NH4Cl
1
 Result:
The given Simple Salt contains
1. Acid Radical : Nitrate
2. Basic Radical : Aluminium
Therefore the given simple salt is Aluminium Nitrate.
3. Zinc Sulphate
S. Experiment Observation Inference
No
Solubility: Soluble May be chloride, sulphate, Nitrate,
A small amount of salt is taken Acetate or Ammonium chloride
in a test tube and dissolved in
1 water
Action of heat: Salt turns yellow when hot and white Presence of Zinc salt
A small amount of salt is taken in when cold.
2 a dry test tube and heated gently.
Flame test: No characteristic coloured flame Absence of Copper, Calcium,
To a small amount of salt taken Strontium and Barium salts
in a watch glass, 2 drops of Con.
HCl is added and made into a
paste. The paste is introduced into
the Non-luminous part of the
Bunsen flame.

3
II. Analysis of Acid Radicals
Action of Dil.HCl: No characteristic change Absence of Carbonate, Nitrate,
To a small amount of salt, 1ml of Acetate and Sulphide.
dil. HCl is added and heated
4 gently.
Action of Con H2SO4: No characteristic change Absence of Chloride and Nitrate
To a small amount of salt, 1ml of
Con. H2SO4 is added and heated
gently.
5
MnO2 test: No characteristic change Absence of Chloride
To a small amount of salt, a pinch
of MnO2 and Con. H2SO4 are
added and heated gently.
6
 Action of NaOH: No characteristic change Absence of Ammonium salt
To a small amount of salt, 1ml
ofNaOH is added and heated
gently.
7
Barium Chloride test White precipitate insoluble in Con. HCl Presence of Sulphate (SO42- )
To a few drops of salt solution, is obtained
dil. HCl is added until the
effervescence ceases and then 1ml
of Barium Chloride solution is
8 added.
Confirmatory test for Acid Radicals
Test for Sulphate
Barium Chloride test White precipitate insoluble in Con. HCl Presence of Sulphate (SO42- ) is
To a few drops of salt solution, is obtained confirmed
dil. HCl is added until the
effervescence ceases and then 1ml SO4 2- + BaCl2 → BaSO4 (white ppt) + 2Cl-
of Barium Chloride solution is BaSO4 (white ppt) + conc. HCl→no reaction
added.
Lead acetate test:- A white ppt is formed which is soluble Presence of Sulphate (SO42- ) is
To a little of the water extract in excess of hot ammonium acetate confirmed
1ml of lead acetate solution is solution.
added. SO42- + (CH3COO)2Pb → PbSO4 (white ppt) + 2CH3COO-
9
III. Analysis of Basic Radicals
Preparation of Original Solution
To 1g of salt, 3ml of water is added in a test tube and shaken well. The clear solution so obtained is called as
Original solution.
Group Identification
Zero Group: No reddish brown precipitate Absence of Ammonium salts
To a few drops of original
solution, 1ml of NaOH and
1 Nessler's Reagent are added.
Group - I No white precipitate Absence of Group - I (Lead)
To a few drops of original
solution, 2ml of dil.HCl is added.
2
Group - II No black precipitate Absence of Group - II
To the above Group - I solution,
H2S gas is passed.
3
 Group - III
To a few drops of original
solution, 1ml of NH4Cl and 2ml
4 of NH4OH are added.
Group - IV
To the above Group-III
solution, H2S gas is passed.
5
To a few drops of original
solution, potassium ferrocyanide NaOH and insoluble in dil. Acid is
solution is added.
1
To a few drops of original
solution, NaOH is added.
No Gelatinous white precipitate Absence of Group - III
Dirty White precipitate is obtained Presence of Group - IV (Zinc)
Zn(OH)2 + H2S → ZnS (dirty white precipitate) + 2H2O
IV. Confirmatory test for Basic Radicals
Zinc (Group - IV)
Bluish white precipitate soluble in Zinc (Zn2+) is confirmed
obtained
2 Zn2+ + K4[Fe(CN)6] → Zn2[Fe(CN)6] (white or bluish white precipitate) +
4K+
White precipitate soluble in excess of Zinc (Zn2+) is confirmed
NaOH is obtained
Zn2+ + 2NaOH → Zn(OH)2 ↓(dirty white precipitate) + Na+ Zn(OH)2 ↓(dirty
white precipitate) + 2NaOH → Na2ZnO2(soluble) + 2H2O

2
Result:
The given Simple Salt contains
1. Acid Radical : Sulphate
2. Basic Radical :Zinc
Therefore the given simple salt is Zinc Sulphate

4. Calcium Acetate
S. Experiment Observation Inference
No
Solubility: Soluble May be chloride, sulphate, Nitrate,
A small amount of salt is taken Acetate or Ammonium chloride
in a test tube and dissolved in
1
water
Action of heat: No characteristic change Absence of Ammonium, Nitrate,
A small amount of salt is taken in acetate, lead nitrate and Zinc salts
a dry test tube and heated gently.
2
 Flame test: Brick red flame Presence of Calcium salt
To a small amount of salt taken
in a watch glass, 2 drops of Con.
HCl is added and made into a
paste. The paste is introduced into
the Non-luminous part of the
Bunsen flame.
3
II. Analysis of Acid Radicals
Action of Dil.HCl: Colourless gas with smell of vinegar is Presence of Acetate
To a small amount of salt, 1ml of obtained.
dil. HCl is added and heated
4 gently.
Action of Con H2SO4: No characteristic change Absence of Chloride and Nitrate
To a small amount of salt, 1ml of
Con. H2SO4 is added and heated
5 gently.
MnO2 test: No characteristic change Absence of Chloride
To a small amount of salt, a pinch
of MnO2 and Con. H2SO4 are
6 added and heated gently.
Action of NaOH: No characteristic change Absence of Ammonium salt
To a small amount of salt, 1ml
ofNaOH is added and heated
7 gently.
Barium Chloride test No white precipitate Absence of Carbonate and Sulphate
To a few drops of salt solution,
dil. HCl is added until the
effervescence ceases and then 1ml
of Barium Chloride solution is
added.
8
Test for Acetate
Ethyl Acetate Test: A pleasant fruity odour is obtained. The presence of Acetate (CH3COO
-

To small amount of salt, add a ) is confirmed

few drops of ethanol followed by
1 or 2 ml of H2SO4. Gently heat
and cool and pour into Na2CO3 CH3COOH + C2H5OH → CH3COOC2H5(fruity smell) + H2O
solution .
 Oxalic acid test:- Smell of vinegar or acetic acid The presence of Acetate (CH3COO-
Take a small quantity of the salt ) is confirmed
on a watch glass and mix it with
solid oxalic acid and make a paste
with few drops of water. Rub the
H2C2O4 (oxalic acid) + 2CH3COO-→ C2O4 2- + 2CH3COOH
9 paste and smell.
III. Analysis of Basic Radicals
Preparation of Original Solution
To 1g of salt, 3ml of water is added in a test tube and shaken well. The clear solution so obtained is called as
Original solution.
Group Identification
Zero Group: No reddish brown precipitate Absence of Ammonium salts
To a few drops of original
solution, 1ml of NaOH and
1 Nessler's Reagent are added.
Group - I No white precipitate Absence of Group - I (Lead)
To a few drops of original
solution, 2ml of dil.HCl is added.
2
Group - II No black precipitate Absence of Group - II
To the above Group - I solution,
3 H2S gas is passed.
Group - III No Gelatinous white precipitate Absence of Group - III
To a few drops of original
solution, 1ml of NH4Cl and 2ml
4 of NH4OH are added.
Group - IV No dirty white precipitate Absence of Group - IV
To the above Group-III
5 solution, H2S gas is passed.
Group - V White precipitate is obtained Presence of Group - V (Barium or
To a few drops of original Calcium)
solution, 1ml of NH4Cl, 2ml of Ba2+ + (NH4)2CO3 → BaCO3(white barium carbonate) + 2NH4 +
NH4OH and 2ml of (NH4)2CO3
Ca2+ + (NH4)2CO3 → CaCO3(white calcium carbonate) + 2NH4+
solutions are added.
6
IV. Confirmatory test for Basic Radicals
Calcium (Group - V)
To a few drops of original White precipitate is obtained Calcium (Ca2+) is confirmed
solution, 1 ml of NH4OH and
 solution, 1 ml of NH4OH and
(CH3COO)2Ca + (NH4)2C2O4 → CaC2O4 (white ppt of calcium oxalate) +
Ammonium Oxalate solution is
added. 2CH3COONH4
1
Result:
The given Simple Salt contains
1. Acid Radical : Acetate
2. Basic Radical : Calcium
Therefore the given simple salt is Calcium Acetate

5. Barium Chloride
S. Experiment Observation Inference
No
Solubility: Soluble May be chloride, sulphate, Nitrate,
A small amount of salt is taken Acetate or Ammonium chloride
in a test tube and dissolved in
water
1
Action of heat: No characteristic change Absence of Ammonium, Nitrate,
A small amount of salt is taken in acetate, lead nitrate and Zinc salts
2 a dry test tube and heated gently.
Flame test: Apple green flame Presence of Barium salt
To a small amount of salt taken
in a watch glass, 2 drops of Con.
HCl is added and made into a
paste. The paste is introduced into
the Non-luminous part of the
Bunsen flame.
3
II. Analysis of Acid Radicals
Action of Dil.HCl: No characteristic change Absence of Carbonate, Nitrate,
To a small amount of salt, 1ml of Acetate and Sulphide.
dil. HCl is added and heated
4 gently.
Action of Con H2SO4: Colourless gas giving dense white Presence of Chloride
To a small amount of salt, 1ml of fumes with a glass rod dipped in
Con. H2SO4 is added and heated NH4OH is evolved.
gently.
5
MnO2 test: Greenish yellow gas turning starch Presence of Chloride
To a small amount of salt, a pinch iodide paper blue is evolved.
of MnO2 and Con. H2SO4 are
added and heated gently.
6
 Action of NaOH: No characteristic change Absence of Ammonium salt
To a small amount of salt, 1ml of
NaOH is added and heated
gently.
7
Barium Chloride test No white precipitate Absence of Carbonate and Sulphate
To a few drops of salt solution,
dil. HCl is added until the
effervescence ceases and then 1ml
of Barium Chloride solution is
8 added.
Confirmatory test for Acid Radicals
Test for Chloride
Chromyl Chloride test: Red orange vapours evolved are passed Presence of Chloride (Cl-) is
To a small amount of salt, pinch into another test tube containing NaOH. confirmed
of K2Cr2O7 and 3 drops of Con. Yellow solution obtained is added with
H2SO4 are added and heated dil. Acetic acid and Lead acetate
gently. solution. Yellow precipitate is obtained

4Cl- + K2Cr2O7 + 6H2SO4→ 4HSO4- +2KHSO4 + 2CrO2Cl2↑

(orange brown gas chromyl chloride) + 3H2O
CrO2Cl2 + 4NaOH → Na2CrO4(yellow solution)+ 2H2O + 2NaCl
Na2CrO4 + (CH3COO)2Pb → PbCrO4(yellow ppt) + 2 CH3COONa

Silver Nitrate test: Curdy white precipitate soluble in Presence of Chloride

To a few drops of salt solution, excess of NH4OH is obtained (Cl- ) is confirmed
dil. HNO3 is added until the
effervescence ceases and then 1ml Cl- + AgNO3 → AgCl(white ppt) + NO3-
of Silver Nitrate solution is added. AgCl + 2NH4OH → [Ag(NH3)2]Cl(soluble complex)
9
III. Analysis of Basic Radicals
Preparation of Original Solution
To 1g of salt, 3ml of water is added in a test tube and shaken well. The clear solution so obtained is called as
Original solution.

Group Identification
Zero Group: No reddish brown precipitate Absence of Ammonium salts
To a few drops of original
solution, 1ml of NaOH and
1 Nessler's Reagent are added.
Group - I No white precipitate Absence of Group - I
To a few drops of original
 solution, 2ml of dil.HCl is added.
2
Group - II No black precipitate Absence of Group - II
To the above Group - I solution,
H2S gas is passed.
3
Group - III No Gelatinous white precipitate Absence of Group - III
To a few drops of original
solution, 1ml of NH4Cl and 2ml
4 of NH4OH are added.
Group - IV No dirty white precipitate Absence of Group - IV
To the above Group-III
solution, H2S gas is passed.
5
Group - V White precipitate is obtained Presence of Group - V (Barium or
To a few drops of original Calcium)
solution, 1ml of NH4Cl, 2ml of
NH4OH and 2ml of (NH4)2CO3 Ba2+ + (NH4)2CO3 → BaCO3(white barium carbonate) + 2NH4 +
solutions are added. Ca2+ + (NH4)2CO3 → CaCO3(white calcium carbonate) + 2NH4+
6
IV. Confirmatory test for Basic Radicals
Barium (Group - V)
To a few drops of original Yellow precipitate is obtained Barium (Ba2+) is confirmed
solution, K2CrO4 solution is
(CH3COO)2Ba + K2CrO4 → BaCrO4(yellow ppt) + 2CH3COOK
1 added.
Result:
The given Simple Salt contains
1. Acid Radical : Chloride
2. Basic Radical : Barium
Therefore the given simple salt is Barium Chloride

6. Magnesium Sulphate
S. Experiment Observation Inference
No
Solubility: Soluble May be chloride, sulphate, Nitrate,
A small amount of salt is taken Acetate or Ammonium chloride
in a test tube and dissolved in
1 water
2 Action of heat: No characteristic change Absence of Ammonium, Nitrate,
A small amount of salt is taken in acetate, lead nitrate and Zinc salts
a dry test tube and heated gently.
 Flame test: No characteristic coloured flame Absence of Copper, Calcium,
To a small amount of salt taken Strontium and Barium salts
in a watch glass, 2 drops of Con.
HCl is added and made into a
paste. The paste is introduced into
the Non-luminous part of the
Bunsen flame.
3
II. Analysis of Acid Radicals
Action of Dil.HCl: No characteristic change Absence of Carbonate, Nitrate,
To a small amount of salt, 1ml of Acetate and Sulphide.
dil. HCl is added and heated
4 gently.
5 Action of Con H2SO4: No characteristic change Absence of Chloride and Nitrate
To a small amount of salt, 1ml of
Con. H2SO4 is added and heated
gently.
MnO2 test: No characteristic change Absence of Chloride
To a small amount of salt, a pinch
of MnO2 and Con. H2SO4 are
added and heated gently.
6
Action of NaOH: No characteristic change Absence of Ammonium salt
To a small amount of salt, 1ml of
NaOH is added and heated
gently.
7
Barium Chloride test White precipitate insoluble in Con. HCl Presence of Sulphate (SO42- )
To a few drops of salt solution, is obtained
dil. HCl is added until the
effervescence ceases and then 1ml
of Barium Chloride solution is
added.
8
Confirmatory test for Acid Radicals
Test for Sulphate
Barium Chloride test White precipitate insoluble in Con. HCl Presence of Sulphate (SO42- ) is
To a few drops of salt solution, is obtained confirmed
dil. HCl is added until the 2- -
effervescence ceases and then 1ml SO4 + BaCl2 → BaSO4 (white ppt) + 2Cl 
of Barium Chloride solution is BaSO4 (white ppt) + conc. HCl→no reaction
added.
 Lead acetate test:- A white ppt is formed which is soluble Presence of Sulphate (SO42- ) is
To a little of the water extract in excess of hot ammonium acetate confirmed
1ml of lead acetate solution is solution.
added.
SO42- + (CH3COO)2Pb → PbSO4 (white ppt) + 2CH3COO-
9
III. Analysis of Basic Radicals
Preparation of Original Solution
To 1g of salt, 3ml of water is added in a test tube and shaken well. The clear solution so obtained is called as
Original solution.
Group Identification
Zero Group: No reddish brown precipitate Absence of Ammonium salts
To a few drops of original
solution, 1ml of NaOH and
1 Nessler's Reagent are added.
Group - I No white precipitate Absence of Group - I (Lead)
To a few drops of original
solution, 2ml of dil.HCl is added.
2
Group - II No black precipitate Absence of Group - II
To the above Group - I solution,
3 H 2S gas is passed.

4 Group - III No Gelatinous white precipitate Absence of Group - III

To a few drops of original
solution, 1ml of NH4Cl and 2ml
of NH4OH are added.
Group - IV No dirty white precipitate Absence of Group - IV
To the above Group-III
solution, H2S gas is passed.
5
Group - V No white precipitate Absence of Group - V
To a few drops of original
solution, 1ml of NH4Cl, 2ml of
NH4OH and 2ml of (NH4)2CO3
solutions are added.
6
Group - VI White precipitate is obtained Presence of Group - VI
To a few drops of original (Magnesium)
solution, 1ml of NH4Cl, 2ml of
Mg2++ (NH4)2HPO4 + NH4OH→MgNH4PO4(white precipitate) + 2NH4+ +
NH4OH and 2ml of Ammonium
H2O
hydrogen phosphate solutions
7 are added.
IV. Confirmatory test for Basic Radicals
Magnesium (Group - VI)
 To a few drops of original Blue precipitate is obtained Magnesium (Mg2+) is confirmed
solution, Magneson Reagent is
1 added.
Result:
The given Simple Salt contains
1. Acid Radical : Sulphate
2. Basic Radical : Magnesium
Therefore the given simple salt is Magnesium Sulphate

7. Ammonium Chloride
S. Observation Inference
No
Experiment

Solubility: Soluble May be chloride, sulphate, Nitrate,

A small amount of salt is taken Acetate or Ammonium chloride
in a test tube and dissolved in
1 water
Action of heat: Colourless, pungent smelling gas Presence of Ammonium salt
A small amount of salt is taken in giving dense white fumes with a glass
a dry test tube and heated gently. rod dipped in Con. HCl and also turns
red litmus paper into blue is evolved.

2
Flame test: No characteristic coloured flame Absence of Copper, Calcium,
To a small amount of salt taken Strontium and Barium salts
in a watch glass, 2 drops of Con.
HCl is added and made into a
paste. The paste is introduced into
the Non-luminous part of the
Bunsen flame.
3
II. Analysis of Acid Radicals
Action of Dil.HCl: No characteristic change Absence of Carbonate, Nitrate,
To a small amount of salt, 1ml of Acetate and Sulphide.
dil. HCl is added and heated
4 gently.
Action of Con H2SO4: Colourless gas giving dense white Presence of Chloride
To a small amount of salt, 1ml of fumes with a glass rod dipped in
Con. H2SO4 is added and heated NH4OH is evolved.
gently.
5
 MnO2 test: Greenish yellow gas turning starch Presence of Chloride
To a small amount of salt, a pinch iodide paper blue is evolved.
of MnO2 and Con. H2SO4 are
added and heated gently.
6
Action of NaOH: Colourless, pungent smelling gas giving Presence of Ammonium salt
To a small amount of salt, 1ml of dense white fumes with a glass rod
NaOH is added and heated dipped in Con. HCl is evoloved.
gently.
7
Barium Chloride test No white precipitate Absence of Carbonate and Sulphate
To a few drops of salt solution,
dil. HCl is added until the
effervescence ceases and then 1ml
of Barium Chloride solution is
8 added.
Confirmatory test for Acid Radicals
Test for Chloride
Chromyl Chloride test: Red orange vapours evolved are passed Presence of Chloride (Cl-) is
To a small amount of salt, pinch into another test tube containing NaOH. confirmed
of K2Cr2O7 and 3 drops of Con. Yellow solution obtained is added with
H2SO4 are added and heated dil. Acetic acid and Lead acetate
gently. solution. Yellow precipitate is obtained

4Cl- + K2Cr2O7 + 6H2SO4→ 4HSO4- +2KHSO4 + 2CrO2Cl2↑

(orange brown gas chromyl chloride) + 3H2O
CrO2Cl2 + 4NaOH → Na2CrO4(yellow solution)+ 2H2O + 2NaCl
Na2CrO4 + (CH3COO)2Pb → PbCrO4(yellow ppt) + 2 CH3COONa

Silver Nitrate test: Curdy white precipitate soluble in Presence of Chloride

To a few drops of salt solution, excess of NH4OH is obtained (Cl- ) is confirmed
dil. HNO3 is added until the
effervescence ceases and then 1ml
of Silver Nitrate solution is added.
Cl- + AgNO3 → AgCl(white ppt) + NO3-
AgCl + 2NH4OH → [Ag(NH3)2]Cl(soluble complex)
9
III. Analysis of Basic Radicals
Preparation of Original Solution
To 1g of salt, 3ml of water is added in a test tube and shaken well. The clear solution so obtained is called as
Original solution.
Group Identification
 Zero Group: Reddish brown precipitate is Presence of Ammonium (NH4+) salt
To a few drops of original obtained
solution, 1ml of NaOH and
1 Nessler's Reagent are added.
Group - I No white precipitate Absence of Group - I (Lead)
To a few drops of original
solution, 2ml of dil.HCl is added.
2
Group - II No black precipitate Absence of Group - II
To the above Group - I solution,
H2S gas is passed.
3
Group - III No Gelatinous white precipitate Absence of Group - III
To a few drops of original
solution, 1ml of NH4Cl and 2ml
4 of NH4OH are added.
Group - IV No dirty white precipitate Absence of Group - IV
To the above Group-III
solution, H2S gas is passed.
5
Group - V No white precipitate Absence of Group - V
To a few drops of original
solution, 1ml of NH4Cl, 2ml of
NH4OH and 2ml of (NH4)2CO3
solutions are added.
6
Group - VI No white precipitate Absence of Group - VI (Magnesium)
To a few drops of original
solution, 1ml of NH4Cl, 2ml of
NH4OH and 2ml of Ammonium
hydrogen phosphate solutions
are added.
7
IV. Confirmatory test for Basic Radicals
Ammonium (Zero Group)
Ammonium (Zero Group) Reddish brown precipitate is obtained Ammonium (NH4+) is confirmed
To a few drops of original
solution, 1ml of NaOH and 2[K2HgI4] + NH3(g)↑+ 3KOH → NH2.HgO.HgI↓(brown ppt) +7KI + 2H2O
Nessler's Reagent are added.
1
 Result:
The given Simple Salt contains
1. Acid Radical : Chloride
2. Basic Radical : Ammonium
Therefore the given simple salt is Ammonium Chloride

8. Ammonium Carbonate
S. Experiment Observation Inference
No
Solubility: Soluble May be chloride, sulphate, Nitrate,
A small amount of salt is taken Acetate or Ammonium chloride
in a test tube and dissolved in
1 water
Action of heat: Colourless, pungent smelling gas Presence of Ammonium salt
A small amount of salt is taken in giving dense white fumes with a glass
a dry test tube and heated gently. rod dipped in Con. HCl and also turns
red litmus paper into blue is evolved.
2
Flame test: No characteristic coloured flame Absence of Copper, Calcium,
To a small amount of salt taken Strontium and Barium salts
in a watch glass, 2 drops of Con.
HCl is added and made into a
paste. The paste is introduced into
the Non-luminous part of the
Bunsen flame.
3
II. Analysis of Acid Radicals
Action of Dil.HCl: Colourless, odourless gas with Presence of Carbonate (CO32- ) is
To a small amount of salt, 1ml of brisk effervescence, turning lime water confirmed
dil. HCl is added and heated milky is evolved.
4 gently.
Action of Con H2SO4: No characteristic change Absence of Chloride and Nitrate
To a small amount of salt, 1ml of
Con. H2SO4 is added and heated
gently.
5
MnO2 test: No characteristic change Absence of Chloride
To a small amount of salt, a pinch
of MnO2 and Con. H2SO4 are
added and heated gently.
6
 Action of NaOH: Colourless, pungent smelling gas giving Presence of Ammonium salt
To a small amount of salt, 1ml of dense white fumes with a glass rod
NaOH is added and heated dipped in Con. HCl is evoloved.
gently. On heating with NaOH ammonia gas is evolved
NH4+ + NaOH → Na+ + H2O + NH3(g)↑
HCl + NH3(g) → NH4Cl (white fumes) + H2O
7
Barium Chloride test White precipitate soluble in dil. HCl Presence of Carbonate (CO32- )
To a few drops of salt solution,
dil. HCl is added until the
effervescence ceases and then 1ml
of Barium Chloride solution is
added.
8
Confirmatory test for Acid Radicals
Test for Carbonate
Action of Dil.HCl: Colourless, odourless gas with Presence of Carbonate (CO32- ) is
To a small amount of salt, 1ml of brisk effervescence, turning lime water confirmed
dil. HCl is added and heated milky is evolved.
gently.
CO32- + 2HCl → 2Cl- + CO2↑ + H2O
Ca(OH)2 + CO2→ CaCO3 (white or milkiness)
Barium Chloride test White precipitate soluble in dil. HCl Presence of Carbonate (CO32- ) is
To a few drops of salt solution, confirmed
dil. HCl is added until the
effervescence ceases and then 1ml CO3 2- + BaCl2 → BaCO3 (white ppt)+ 2Cl-
of Barium Chloride solution is BaCO3 (white ppt) + 2HCl → BaCl2 + CO2↑ + H2O
added.
9
III. Analysis of Basic Radicals
Preparation of Original Solution
To 1g of salt, 3ml of water is added in a test tube and shaken well. The clear solution so obtained is called as
Original solution.
Group Identification
Zero Group: Reddish brown precipitate is Presence of Ammonium (NH4+) salt
To a few drops of original obtained
solution, 1ml of NaOH and
Nessler's Reagent are added.
1
Group - I No white precipitate Absence of Group - I (Lead)
To a few drops of original
solution, 2ml of dil.HCl is added.
2
Group - II No black precipitate Absence of Group - II
To the above Group - I solution,
3 H2S gas is passed.
Group - III No Gelatinous white precipitate Absence of Group - III
To a few drops of original
solution, 1ml of NH4Cl and 2ml
of NH4OH are added.
4
Group - IV No dirty white precipitate Absence of Group - IV
To the above Group-III
solution, H2S gas is passed.
5
Group - V No white precipitate Absence of Group - V
To a few drops of original
solution, 1ml of NH4Cl, 2ml of
NH4OH and 2ml of (NH4)2CO3
solutions are added.
6
Group - VI No white precipitate Absence of Group - VI (Magnesium)
To a few drops of original
solution, 1ml of NH4Cl, 2ml of
NH4OH and 2ml of Ammonium
hydrogen phosphate solutions
7 are added.
IV. Confirmatory test for Basic Radicals
Ammonium (Zero Group)
Ammonium (Zero Group) Reddish brown precipitate is obtained Ammonium (NH4+) is confirmed
To a few drops of original
solution, 1ml of NaOH and
Nessler's Reagent 2[K2HgI4] + NH3(g)↑+ 3KOH → NH2.HgO.HgI↓(brown ppt) +7KI + 2H2O
are added.
1
Result:
The given Simple Salt contains
1. Acid Radical : Carbonate
2. Basic Radical : Ammonium
Therefore the given simple salt is Ammonium Carbonate
 Group
List of Salts Cations Symbol Anions Symbol
No
Lead nitrate Lead -
1 Pb2+ I Nitrate NO3
Aluminium nitrate Aluminium -
2 Al3+ III Nitrate NO3
Zinc Sulphate Zinc 2-
3 Zn2+ IV Sulphate SO4
4 Barium chloride Barium Ba2+ V Chloride Cl -
Magnesium sulphate Magnesium 2-
5 Mg2+ VI Sulphate SO4
6 Ammonium chloride Ammonium NH4+ Zero Chloride Cl -
+
7 Ammonium carbonate Ammonium NH4 Zero Carbonate CO32-

List of Cations Symbol Group No

1 Ammonium NH4+ Zero
2 Lead Pb2+ I
3 Aluminium Al3+
III
4 Zinc Zn 2+
IV
5 Calcium Ca 2+
V
6 Barium Ba 2+
V
7 Magnesium Mg 2+
VI

List of Anions Symbol

Nitrate -
1 NO3
Sulphate 2-
2 SO4
3 Chloride Cl -
Carbonate 2-
4 CO3
5 Acetate CH3COO-