‫ﻣﺤﺎﺿﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻢ ‪2‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺃﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺛﺔ‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺃﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ –ﻗﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎء ‪-‬ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ ‪ -‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ ‪) 2‬ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺛﺔ(‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻬﺪ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻅﺮ )ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻞ(ﻛﺮﻭﻳﺎ‬

‫)ﺣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺷﺮﻭﺩﻳﻨﺠﺮ ﻷﺷﺒﺎﻩ ﺫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺣﺪﺍﺛﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻳﺔ(‬
‫‪Particles in spherical symmetric potential fields and the hydrogen‬‬
‫‪atom.‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﻼﺑﻼﺳﻴﺎﻥ)‪( the Laplacian‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺣﺪﺍﺛﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻳﺔ‬
‫‪ .2‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺷﺮﻭﺩﻳﻨﺠﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺣﺪﺍﺛﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻳﺔ‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻦ‬
‫‪ .4‬ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺷﺮﻭﺩﻳﻨﺠﺮ‬

‫‪ .1‬ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﻼﺑﻼﺳﻴﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺣﺪﺍﺛﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻳﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺷﺮﻭﺩﻳﻨﺠﺮ ﺗﻜﻤﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻼﺑﻼﺳﻴﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺣﺪﺍﺛﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ)ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻜﺎﺭﺗﻴﺔ‪،‬ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻳﺔ‪،‬ﺍﻻﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ‪: (......،‬‬

‫= ‪Ηˆ ψ‬‬
‫‪Eψ‬‬
‫‪2 2‬‬
‫‪(−‬‬ ‫‪∇ + U (r ))ψ =Eψ‬‬ ‫)‪(1‬‬
‫‪2m‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺪﺍﺛﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﺈﻧﻨﻲ ﺳﺄﻋﺮﺽ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻮﺟﺰ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻼﺑﻼﺳﻴﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺣﺪﺍﺛﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﺇﺣﺪﺍﺛﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (q 1 ,q 2 ,q 3 ,…….‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺪﻻ‬
‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ )‪ (x,y,z‬ﺃﻭ )∅‪، (r,θ,‬ﻳﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺘﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺣﺪﺍﺛﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫) ‪r = r (q1 , q 2 , q 3‬‬ ‫)‪(2‬‬
‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺪﺍﺛﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻜﺎﺭﺗﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪r = xe x + ye y + ze z‬‬ ‫)‪(3‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻧﺠﺪ‪:‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺃﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ –ﻗﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎء ‪-‬ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ ‪ -‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ ‪) 2‬ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺛﺔ(‬

‫‪‬‬
‫‪dr‬‬ ‫‪∂x  ∂y  ∂z ‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪ex +‬‬ ‫‪ey +‬‬ ‫‪ez‬‬ ‫)‪(4‬‬
‫‪dq i ∂q i‬‬ ‫‪∂q i‬‬ ‫‪∂q i‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺠﻬﺔ )‪ (4‬ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪dr‬‬ ‫‪ ∂x   ∂y   ∂z ‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ +‬‬ ‫‪ +‬‬ ‫‪ = Hi‬‬ ‫)‪(5‬‬
‫‪d i‬‬ ‫‪∂ i   ∂q i   ∂q i ‬‬
‫‪ qq‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫ﻳﺪﻋﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ H i‬ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻻﻣﻲ )‪ ،(Lami factors‬ﻭﺑﺈﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﻣﺘﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ‪ e i‬ﻟﻺﺣﺪﺍﺛﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﻤﺔ ﻧﺠﺪ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪‬‬
‫‪dr‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫⇒ ‪= H i ei‬‬
‫‪dq i‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫=‬‫=‪dr H‬‬‫‪i‬‬ ‫‪dq‬‬ ‫‪e‬‬
‫‪i i‬‬ ‫‪d‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪e‬‬
‫‪i i‬‬

‫‪where d  i = H i dq i‬‬ ‫)‪(6‬‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ d  i‬ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻁﻮﻝ ‪،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮﻱ ﻳﻌﻄﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪dv = d 1.d  2 .d  3‬‬

‫‪dv = H 1H 2 H 3dq1dq 2dq 3‬‬ ‫)‪(7‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﻧﻌﻠﻢ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺣﺪﺍﺛﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻳﺔ ﻳﻌﻄﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪dv = r 2 sin θ drd θ d φ‬‬

‫‪where dq1 = dr‬‬
‫‪dq 2 = d θ‬‬
‫‪dq 3 = d φ‬‬ ‫)‪(8‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺃﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ –ﻗﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎء ‪-‬ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ ‪ -‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ ‪) 2‬ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺛﺔ(‬

‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﻻﻣﻲ ‪ H 1 , H 2 , H 3‬ﻓﻨﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪ (5‬ﻭﻓﻖ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬

‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪ ∂x ∂y ∂z ‬‬
‫‪H1 = H1 ‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ ∂r ∂r ∂r ‬‬
‫‪ ∂x ∂y ∂z ‬‬
‫‪H2 = H2‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ ∂θ ∂θ ∂θ ‬‬
‫‪ ∂x ∂y ∂z ‬‬
‫‪H3 = H3 ‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫)‪(9‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫∂‬‫‪φ‬‬ ‫∂‬‫‪φ‬‬ ‫∂‬‫‪φ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﻧﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻻﻣﻲ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ‪ H 1‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪ (5‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬

‫‪ ∂x ‬‬ ‫‪ ∂y ‬‬ ‫‪ ∂z ‬‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫=‪H1‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪ ∂r ‬‬ ‫‪ ∂r ‬‬ ‫‪ ∂r ‬‬
‫‪∂x‬‬
‫‪= sin θ cos φ‬‬
‫‪∂r‬‬
‫‪∂y‬‬
‫‪= sin θ sin φ‬‬
‫‪∂r‬‬
‫‪∂z‬‬
‫‪= cos φ‬‬
‫‪∂r‬‬
‫=‬ ‫) ‪( sin θ cos φ‬‬ ‫=‪+ ( sin θ sin φ ) + ( cos‬‬
‫)‪φ‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪H1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫)‪(10‬‬

‫ﻻ ﻧﻨﺴﻰ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫= ‪r‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪+ y‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪+z‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪x = r sin θ cos φ‬‬

‫‪y = r sin θ sin φ‬‬
‫‪z = r cos θ‬‬

‫‪4‬‬
 ‫ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬- ‫ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ‬- ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺃﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ –ﻗﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎء‬ (‫ )ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺛﺔ‬2 ‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ‬

:‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺣﺪﺍﺛﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻳﺔ‬H 2 ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻻﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬

R R

 ∂x   ∂y   ∂z 
2 2 2

H2=   +  + 
 ∂θ   ∂θ   ∂θ 
∂x
= r cos θ cos φ
∂θ
∂y
= r cos θ sin φ
∂θ
∂z
= −r cos φ
∂θ
( r cos θ cos φ ) + ( r cos θ sin φ ) =
+ ( −r cos φ )
2 2 2
H2 r (11)

:‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺣﺪﺍﺛﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻳﺔ‬H3 ‫ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻻﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬

2 2 2
 ∂x   ∂y   ∂z 
H3=   +  + 
 ∂φ   ∂φ   ∂φ 
∂x
= −r sin θ sin φ
∂φ
∂y
= r sin θ cos φ
∂φ
∂z
=0
∂φ
H 3 =( −r sin θ sin φ ) + ( r sin θ cos φ ) + ( 0 ) =r sin θ
2 2 2
(12)

5
 ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺃﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ –ﻗﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎء ‪-‬ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ ‪ -‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ ‪) 2‬ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺛﺔ(‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ)‪ (7،8،10،11،12‬ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬

‫=‬
‫=‪dr d‬‬
‫‪1 H 1dq1‬‬
‫=‪θ d‬‬
‫=‪rd‬‬ ‫‪ 2 H 2dq 2‬‬
‫=‪r sin θ d‬‬
‫=‪φ d‬‬
‫⇒ ‪ 3 H 3dq 3‬‬
‫‪dv = d 1.d  2 .d  3‬‬
‫=‬‫=‪dv H‬‬
‫‪1H 2 H 3dq1dq 2dq 3‬‬

‫‪dv = r 2 sin θ drd θ d φ‬‬ ‫)‪(13‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (1‬ﻳﺒﻴﻦ ﺍﻹﺣﺪﺍﺛﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﻤﺔ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺡ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪.‬‬

‫‪6‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺃﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ –ﻗﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎء ‪-‬ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ ‪ -‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ ‪) 2‬ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺛﺔ(‬

‫ﻭﺍﻵﻥ ﻳﻌﻄﻰ ﺍﻟﻼﺑﻼﺳﻴﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﺇﺣﺪﺍﺛﻲ ﺗﺮﻏﺒﻪ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫∂ ‪ ∂ H 2H 3‬‬ ‫‪∂ H 3H 1 ∂ ‬‬
‫‪ ∂q H ∂q + ∂q H ∂q ‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪ 1‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫=∆= ∇‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫)‪(14‬‬
‫∂ ‪H 1H 2 H 3  ∂ H 1H 2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ + ∂q H ∂q‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪ (14‬ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻼﺑﻼﺳﻴﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺣﺪﺍﺛﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﻓﻖ ﻣﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻓﻨﺠﺪ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1  ∂ r .r sin θ ∂ ∂ r sin θ ∂ ∂ r ∂ ‬‬
‫∇‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫‪r sin θ  ∂r 1 ∂r ∂θ r ∂θ ∂φ r sin θ ∂φ ‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫∂ ‪1 ∂ 2‬‬ ‫∂ ‪1‬‬ ‫∂‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪∂2 ‬‬

‫‪∇2‬‬ ‫‪ r 2 ∂r r ∂r + r 2 sin θ ∂θ sin θ ∂θ + r 2 sin 2 θ ∂φ 2 ‬‬ ‫)‪(15‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫• ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ ‪:‬ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻼﺑﻼﺳﻴﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺣﺪﺍﺛﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻜﺎﺭﺗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬

‫)‪.(14‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﺣﺪﺍﺛﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺣﺪﺍﺛﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻜﺎﺭﺗﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪x = r sin θ cos φ‬‬
‫‪y = r sin θ sin φ‬‬
‫‪z =z‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺷﺮﻭﺩﻳﻨﺠﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺣﺪﺍﺛﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻳﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﻧﻌﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪ (15‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪ (1‬ﻓﻨﺠﺪ‪:‬‬

‫‪7‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺃﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ –ﻗﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎء ‪-‬ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ ‪ -‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ ‪) 2‬ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺛﺔ(‬

‫= ) ‪Ηˆ ψ (r ,θ , φ‬‬
‫) ‪Eψ (r , θ , φ‬‬
‫‪2 2‬‬
‫‪(−‬‬ ‫) ‪∇ + U (r ))ψ (r ,θ , φ ) =Eψ (r ,θ , φ‬‬
‫‪2m‬‬
‫‪2 2‬‬
‫‪−‬‬ ‫= ) ‪∇ ψ (r ,θ , φ ) + U (r ))ψ (r ,θ , φ‬‬ ‫) ‪E ψ (r , θ , φ‬‬
‫‪2m‬‬
‫∂ ‪2  1 ∂ 2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫∂‬ ‫∂‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪∂2 ‬‬
‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪sin θ + 2 2‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫‪2m  r 2 ∂r ∂r r 2 sin θ ∂θ‬‬ ‫‪∂θ r sin θ ∂φ 2 ‬‬
‫‪r‬‬

‫) ‪U (r ))ψ (r , θ , φ ) = Eψ (r , θ , φ‬‬
‫∂ ‪2 ∂ 2‬‬ ‫∂ ‪− 2  1‬‬ ‫∂‬ ‫‪1 ∂2 ‬‬
‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪ψ (r , θ , φ ) +‬‬ ‫‪sin θ + 2‬‬ ‫) ‪ψ (r ,θ , φ‬‬
‫‪2mr 2  sin θ ∂θ‬‬ ‫‪∂θ sin θ ∂φ 2 ‬‬
‫‪r‬‬
‫‪2mr 2 ∂r ∂r‬‬
‫= ) ‪+ U (r ))ψ (r ,θ , φ‬‬ ‫) ‪Eψ (r ,θ , φ‬‬
‫‪2 1‬‬ ‫∂‬ ‫∂‬ ‫‪1 ∂2 ‬‬
‫= ‪L‬‬
‫ˆ‬‫‪2‬‬
‫‪− ‬‬ ‫‪sin θ + 2‬‬
‫‪∂θ sin θ ∂φ 2 ‬‬
‫‪but‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪sin‬‬ ‫‪θ‬‬ ‫∂‬‫‪θ‬‬
‫∂ ‪2 ∂ 2‬‬ ‫) ‪Lˆ2ψ (r ,θ , φ‬‬
‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪r‬‬ ‫‪ψ (r ,θ , φ ) +‬‬ ‫= ) ‪+ U (r ))ψ (r ,θ , φ‬‬
‫) ‪Eψ (r ,θ , φ‬‬ ‫) ‪(1 6‬‬
‫‪2mr 2 ∂r ∂r‬‬ ‫‪2mr 2‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (16‬ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺷﺮﻭﺩﻳﻨﺠﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺣﺪﺍﺛﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻳﺔ )ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺎﺛﻞ ﻛﺮﻭﻳﺎ(‬

‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ) ‪ (16‬ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻤﺖ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬
‫‪،‬ﻭﻳﺘﺒﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻗﻮﺍﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻣﻠﺘﻮﻧﻲ ﻳﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻬﻤﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻴﺰﺓ)ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮﺣﺔ( ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎ ﻧﺠﺪ‪:‬‬
‫⇒ ‪ Hˆ , Lˆ =  Hˆ , Lˆz = 0‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫=‪ψ ( r , θ , φ ) R‬‬
‫=‬ ‫) ‪(r )Y m (θ , φ ) R ( r ) P (θ )u (φ‬‬
‫= ‪Lˆ2Y m (θ ,‬‬
‫) ‪φ )  (  + 1)  2Y m (θ , φ‬‬
‫) ‪LˆzY m (θ , φ ) = mY m (θ , φ‬‬ ‫) ‪(17‬‬
‫ﺑﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ )‪ (17‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪ (16‬ﻧﺠﺪ‪:‬‬

‫‪8‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺃﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ –ﻗﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎء ‪-‬ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ ‪ -‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ ‪) 2‬ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺛﺔ(‬

‫∂ ‪2 ∂ 2‬‬ ‫) ‪Lˆ2ψ (r ,θ , φ‬‬

‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪r‬‬ ‫‪ψ (r ,θ , φ ) +‬‬ ‫= ) ‪+ U (r ))ψ (r ,θ , φ‬‬‫) ‪Eψ (r ,θ , φ‬‬
‫‪2mr 2 ∂r ∂r‬‬ ‫‪2mr 2‬‬
‫∂ ‪2 ∂ 2‬‬ ‫) ‪ (  + 1)  2ψ (r ,θ , φ‬‬
‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪r‬‬ ‫‪ψ (r ,θ , φ ) +‬‬ ‫= ) ‪+ U (r ))ψ (r ,θ , φ‬‬
‫) ‪Eψ (r ,θ , φ‬‬
‫‪2mr 2 ∂r ∂r‬‬ ‫‪2mr 2‬‬
‫‪  2 ∂ 2 ∂  (  + 1)  2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪r‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪U‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫‪r‬‬ ‫))‬ ‫= ) ‪ R (r )P (θ )u (φ‬‬ ‫) ‪ER (r )P (θ )u (φ‬‬ ‫‪(1 )8‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪mr‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫∂‬‫‪r‬‬ ‫∂‬‫‪r‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪mr‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪ (18‬ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ )‪ R(r‬ﻓﻘﻂ ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺧﺘﺰﺍﻝ ﺑﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﻝ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪  2 ∂ 2 ∂  (  + 1)  2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪r‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫= ) ‪+ U (r ))  R (r‬‬
‫) ‪ER (r‬‬ ‫) ‪(1 9‬‬
‫‪ 2mr ∂r ∂r‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪2mr‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴﺔ )‪ (19‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ )‪.U(r‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻦ‪:‬‬
‫ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺳﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺷﺒﺎﻩ ﺫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻦ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻴﺰﺓ)ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮﺣﺔ( ) ‪ (19‬ﻣﻊ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ )ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻟﻮﻣﻴﺔ(‬
‫ﻷﺷﺒﺎﻩ ﺫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻦ ﺗﻌﻄﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ze 2‬‬ ‫‪ze k2‬‬
‫= ) ‪U (r‬‬ ‫‪−k‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫‪r‬‬ ‫‪r‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫= ‪k‬‬ ‫)‪(20‬‬
‫‪4πε 0‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ ze‬ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ ‪،‬ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (19‬ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ‪:‬‬
‫∂ ‪ 2 ∂ 2‬‬ ‫‪ (  + 1)  2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪r‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪U‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫‪r‬‬ ‫))‬ ‫= ) ‪ R (r‬‬
‫) ‪ER (r‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪mr‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫∂‬‫‪r‬‬ ‫‪∂r‬‬ ‫‪2mr 2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ze‬‬
‫‪U (r ) = −‬‬
‫‪r‬‬
‫∂ ‪ 2 ∂ 2‬‬ ‫‪ (  + 1)  2 ze k2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪r‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫= ) ‪ R n  (r‬‬
‫) ‪E n  R n  (r‬‬ ‫)‪(20‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪mr‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫∂‬‫‪r‬‬ ‫‪∂r‬‬ ‫‪2mr 2‬‬ ‫‪r‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪9‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺃﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ –ﻗﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎء ‪-‬ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ ‪ -‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ ‪) 2‬ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺛﺔ(‬

‫ﻟﺤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴﺔ ﻳﻠﺰﻣﻨﺎ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪﺓ ‪،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﻬﻤﻨﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻫﻤﻴﺔ ‪،‬ﻭﻟﺬﺍ ﺳﺎﺳﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﻌﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬
‫)‪.(20‬‬
‫ﺑﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺗﻤﻠﻚ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻧﻔﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪E n = − E n‬‬
‫‪8m E n ‬‬
‫= ‪α n2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ρ = αn r‬‬
‫‪2mze 2‬‬
‫=‪λ‬‬ ‫)‪(21‬‬
‫‪α n 2‬‬

‫ﻧﻌﻮﺽ )‪ (21‬ﻓﻲ )‪ (20‬ﻭﺍﻋﺎﺩ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻧﺠﺪ‪:‬‬

‫‪ 1 d 2 d λ ( + 1) ‬‬
‫= ) ‪ ρ 2 d ρ ρ d ρ + ρ − ρ 2  R (ρ‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫)‪(22‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪﻟﺔ )‪ (22‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫‪−ρ‬‬ ‫‪−ρ‬‬
‫=‪R ( ρ ) e‬‬
‫=‬ ‫) ‪F (ρ ) e ρ s L (ρ‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪where‬‬
‫‪L ( ρ ) =a0 + a1 ρ + a2 ρ 2 + ..... + aυ ρ υ‬‬ ‫)‪(23‬‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ s‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻲ ﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ‪،‬ﺑﺘﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ) ‪ (23‬ﻓﻲ )‪(22‬‬
‫ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻞ ﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﻌﻘﺪﺓ ﻳﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﺣﺪﺩ ﻻﻏﻴﺮ) ‪ (Laguerre‬ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻓﻖ ﻭﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺗﻔﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪λ = n ⇒ n = 1, 2, 3,.......‬‬ ‫)‪(24‬‬
‫ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ‪ n‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ)ﺍﻻﺳﺎﺳﻲ( ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻌﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ) ‪ (21‬ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮﺣﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪10‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺃﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ –ﻗﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎء ‪-‬ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ ‪ -‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ ‪) 2‬ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺛﺔ(‬

‫‪E n = − E n‬‬
‫‪2mze 2‬‬ ‫‪2mze 2‬‬
‫=‪λ‬‬ ‫= ‪=n ⇒ α n‬‬
‫‪αn ‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪n 2‬‬
‫‪8mE n ‬‬
‫‪α n2‬‬
‫=‬ ‫⇒‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫‪α ‬‬‫‪  2mze ‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪mz 2e 4‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪z 2c 2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫= ‪E n‬‬‫‪−‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫= ‪‬‬
‫‪−‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪− 2‬‬
‫‪8m‬‬ ‫‪8m  n  ‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪2 n‬‬
‫‪2 2‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫‪me 4‬‬
‫= ‪c‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪2 2‬‬
‫‪2mze 2‬‬
‫=‪ρ α‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪nr‬‬ ‫‪r‬‬ ‫)‪(25‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﺗﺒﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ) ‪ (25‬ﺃﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻋﻜﺴﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﻭﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻣﻊ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺑﻮﺭ ﻟﺬﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺼﻒ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺗﻠﻚ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻄﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪r‬‬
‫‪ 2z‬‬ ‫‪  − z na0  2  +1  2z‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪R n  (r ) = N n  ‬‬ ‫‪r e‬‬ ‫‪L n +1 ‬‬ ‫‪r‬‬
‫‪ na0 ‬‬ ‫‪ na0 ‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪ 2z 3 ( n −  − 1) ! ‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪N n‬‬ ‫‪= ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫)‪(26‬‬

‫‪ na0  2n ( n +  ) ! ‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺼﻒ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺓ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻦ )‪:(17‬‬

‫‪11‬‬
 ‫ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬- ‫ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ‬- ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺃﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ –ﻗﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎء‬ (‫ )ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺛﺔ‬2 ‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ‬

ψ n m ( r , θ , φ ) R=
= (r )Y m (θ , φ ) R n  (r )Pm (θ )u m (φ )
ψ n m ( r , θ , φ ) = R (r )Y m (θ , φ )
 r
 2z   − z na0  2  +1  2z  m
ψ n m ( r , θ , φ ) = N n   r e L n +1  r Y  (θ , φ )
 na0   na0 
where
1
  2 + 1  (  + m ) !  2
(θ , φ ) = ( −1) θ im φ
m
 
m m
Y  P ( )e
 4π  (  − n ) ! 
 

1 im φ
u m (φ ) = e (27)
2π
:‫ﻭﺷﺮﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ )ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﺮﺓ( ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬
ψ n m ψ n m = δ nn ′δ ′δ nn ′ (28)

12
 ‫ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬- ‫ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ‬- ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺃﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ –ﻗﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎء‬ (‫ )ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺛﺔ‬2 ‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ‬

:‫ﻭﺧﻼﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬

Quantum Numbers from Hydrogen Equations

The hydrogen atom solution requires finding solutions to the separated equations which obey the constraints on the
0T 0T 0T 0T 0T

wavefunction. The solution to the radial equation can exist only when a constant which arises in the solution is
0T 0T 0T

restricted to integer values. This gives the principal quantum number:

0T 0T

‫ﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﺣﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺭﻱ ← ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻛﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻲ‬

Similarly, a constant arises in the colatitude equation which gives the orbital
0T 0T 0T

quantum number: 0T

‫ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻱ)ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺒﻲ( ← ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺭﻱ‬

Finally, constraints on the azimuthal equation give what is called the magnetic quantum
0T 0T 0T

number: 0T

‫ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺃﻟﺴﻤﺘﻲ ← ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻁﻴﺴﻲ‬

13
 ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺃﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ –ﻗﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎء ‪-‬ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ ‪ -‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ ‪) 2‬ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺛﺔ(‬

‫‪ .4‬ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺷﺮﻭﺩﻳﻨﺠﺮ‪):‬ﺍﻟﻨﺺ ﻣﺄﺧﻮﺫ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﺎﺿﺮﺍﺗﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎء ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ‪ 2‬ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ‪ :‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﺠﻼﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ‪(.‬‬
‫‪0T‬‬ ‫‪0T‬‬

‫‪http://maljalali.jeeran.com‬‬
‫‪0T‬‬ ‫‪0T‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺬﺭﺓ‬

‫‪Electronic Structure Of Atom‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻯ‪:‬‬
‫• ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫• ﺍﻷﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺓ‬
‫• ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺑﺎﻭﻟﻲ ﻭﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻫﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫• ﺑﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫• ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺬﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫• ﻧﺺ ﺍﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻱ)ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺑﺎﻭﻟﻲ(‬

‫‪ .1‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪14‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺃﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ –ﻗﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎء ‪-‬ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ ‪ -‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ ‪) 2‬ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺛﺔ(‬

‫ﺗﺘﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ ﻭﻓﻖ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ ‪،‬ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺭﺍ ﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻳﺔ )‪ (orbitals‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺮﺍﺕ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﺍ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺍ)ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺩﺭﺓ( ﻛﻞ ﻛﺮﺓ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫‪0T‬‬ ‫‪0T‬‬

‫ﺃﻥ ﺗﺤﻮﻱ ﻋﺪﺩﺍ ﺃﻋﻈﻤﻴﺎ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﻗﻢ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻗﺮﺏ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻱ ﻟﻠﻨﻮﺍﺓ‬
‫‪،‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻌﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩﻱ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻱ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺗﺤﻜﻤﻪ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺷﺮﻭﺩﻳﻨﺠﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ ﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﻢ ‪،‬ﻭﻧﺤﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺼﺪﺩ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﻢ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺯﻱﻉ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻧﻮﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺓ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ﺟﺪﺍ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻹﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺓ‪:‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ‪ n=1,2,3,……..7‬ﻭﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺍﻧﺸﻄﺎﺭ ‪،‬ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﺒﻘﺔ)‪. ( degeneracy‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻔﺮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫=‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺭﻱ)ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ( ‪  0,1, 2,3,......n − 1‬ﻭﻳﻤﺜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ‪،‬ﻭﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻣﻨﺸﻄﺮﺓ)ﻣﺘﻔﺮﻋﺔ( ﻭﺗﻮﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﻻ ﻣﻨﻄﺒﻘﺔ )‪.(nondegeneracy‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻁﻴﺎﻑ ﺗﻮﺻﻒ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺓ‬
‫=‬‫‪ 0,1, 2,3........n − 1‬‬
‫‪ = s , p , d , f , g , h .......where‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺑﺄﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﺃﻱ‪:‬‬
‫‪s ⇔ 0 p ⇔ 1 d ⇔ 2 f ⇔ 3...etc‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ)ﺍﻷﺣﺮﻑ(‪.‬‬

‫• ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻁﻴﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺭﻱ ‪ m  =−, − + 1,......,0,....., + − 1, +‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺷﺮﻁ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻻﻧﺸﻄﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻛﻞ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻋﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪ m s = ±‬ﻳﺸﻄﺮ ﻛﻞ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻁﻴﺴﻲ‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻁﻴﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻴﻨﻲ‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﻴﻦ ﻁﺎﻗﻴﻴﻦ‬
‫‪ .3‬ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺑﺎﻭﻟﻲ ﻭﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻫﻮﻧﺪ‪:‬‬
‫ﻟﻦ ﻧﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺪﺃﻳﻦ ﻭﻗﺪ ﻭﺭﺩﺍ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺑﺎﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺓ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻤﻠﻜﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻹﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺍﺗﻔﻘﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﺧﺘﻠﻔﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺗﻔﻘﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﻠﻔﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻁﻴﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺗﻔﻘﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻁﻴﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﻠﻔﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻁﻴﺴﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻫﻮﻧﺪ ﻳﺆﻛﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻮﺯﻉ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺄﻛﺒﺮ ﻋﺰﻡ‬
‫ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻁﻴﺴﻲ ﺫﺍﺗﻲ ﻭﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺑﺄﻛﺒﺮ ﺳﺒﻴﻦ )ﻣﺜﻼ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ‪ p‬ﺗﺴﺘﻮﻋﺐ ﺳﺖ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻠﻮ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ‬
‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ )½‪(ms=+‬ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺐ ﻭﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ‬
‫)½‪ (ms=-‬ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺐ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﺑﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﻟﻠﺘﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﻧﺒﺪﺃ ﺑﺒﻨﺎء ﻛﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻱ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﻩ ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫• ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻱ ‪ K‬ﻭﻓﻴﻪ‪:‬‬
‫‪n=1 (a‬‬
‫‪=0‬‬ ‫‪(b‬‬
‫‪15‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺃﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ –ﻗﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎء ‪-‬ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ ‪ -‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ ‪) 2‬ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺛﺔ(‬

‫‪m = 0‬‬ ‫‪(c‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪ms = ±‬‬ ‫‪(d‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪ (e‬ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﻲ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻁﻴﺴﻲ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻌﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻲ ﻟﻼﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺑﺎﻭﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻮﻱ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (f‬ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻣﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺯﻱﻉ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ ‪ 1s‬ﻭﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺇﻧﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻱ‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺭﻳﺔ ‪ s‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﺱ‬
‫‪ 2‬ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻌﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻲ ﻟﻼﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻭﺻﻒ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻭﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻱ ‪ L‬ﻭﻓﻴﻪ‪:‬‬
‫‪n=2 (a‬‬
‫‪ = 0,1‬‬ ‫‪(b‬‬
‫=‪m‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫=‪m‬‬
‫‪o‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪(c‬‬
‫= ‪m‬‬
‫= ‪m1‬‬
‫‪−1, 0, +1‬‬

‫‪ (d‬ﻛﻞ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ )‪(c‬ﺗﻨﺸﻄﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻴﻦ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻁﻴﺴﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻴﻨﻲ ‪. m s = ± 1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪ (e‬ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﺒﻨﺪﻳﻦ )‪ (c‬ﻭ )‪ (d‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﻄﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺛﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻫﺰﺓ ﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺑﺎﻭﻟﻲ ﺛﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻻﺣﻆ ﻅﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺭ ‪. s‬‬ ‫‪2s 2 2 p 6‬‬ ‫‪ (f‬ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻱﻉ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻱ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫• ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻱ ‪ M‬ﻭﻓﻴﻪ‪:‬‬
‫‪n=3‬‬ ‫‪(a‬‬
‫‪ = 0,1, 2 (b‬‬
‫=‪m‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫=‪m‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫= ‪m‬‬
‫= ‪m1‬‬
‫‪−1, 0, +1‬‬ ‫‪(c‬‬
‫‪m  =m 2 =−2, −1, 0, +1, +2‬‬
‫)‪(c‬ﺗﻨﺸﻄﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻴﻦ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻁﻴﺴﻲ‬ ‫‪ (d‬ﻛﻞ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻴﻨﻲ ‪. m s = ± 1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪16‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺃﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ –ﻗﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎء ‪-‬ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ ‪ -‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ ‪) 2‬ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺛﺔ(‬

‫‪ (e‬ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﺒﻨﺪﻳﻦ )‪ (c‬ﻭ )‪ (d‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﻄﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺛﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺸﺮ ﻭﻋﺪ ﺩ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻫﺰﺓ ﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺑﺎﻭﻟﻲ ﺛﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺸﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (f‬ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻱﻉ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻱ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪3s 2 3 p 6 3d 10‬‬
‫• ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻱ ‪ N‬ﻭﻓﻴﻪ‪:‬‬
‫‪n=4 (a‬‬
‫‪ = 0,1, 2, 3 (b‬‬
‫=‪m‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫=‪m‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫= ‪m‬‬
‫= ‪m1‬‬
‫‪−1,0, +1‬‬
‫‪m  =m 2 =−2, −1,0, +1, +2‬‬ ‫‪(c‬‬
‫‪m  =m 3 =−3, −2, −1,0, +1, +2, +3‬‬
‫‪ (d‬ﻟﻜﻞ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ )‪(c‬ﺗﻨﺸﻄﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻴﻦ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻁﻴﺴﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻴﻨﻲ ‪. m s = ± 1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪ (e‬ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﺒﻨﺪﻳﻦ )‪ (c‬ﻭ )‪ (d‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﻄﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﺛﻨﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺛﻼﺛﻮﻥ ﻭﻋﺪ ﺩ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻫﺰﺓ ﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺑﺎﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﺛﻨﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺛﻼﺛﻮﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪4s 2 4 p 6 4d 10 4f‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬
‫‪ (f‬ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻱﻉ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻱ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫• ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ )‪ (1‬ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﺪﺩ‬ ‫‪3B‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫‪s‬‬ ‫‪p‬‬ ‫‪d‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬ ‫‪g‬‬ ‫‪h‬‬ ‫‪k‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﻣﺰ‬
‫)‪n (  = 0 ) (  = 1‬‬ ‫)‪( = 4‬‬
‫‪2B‬‬

‫‪4B‬‬

‫)‪(  = 2 ) (  = 3‬‬ ‫) ‪(  = 5) (  = 6‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ‬

‫‪N n = 2n 2‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪8B‬‬
‫‪1s 2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪6B‬‬ ‫‪K‬‬
‫‪5B‬‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪13B‬‬
‫‪2s 2‬‬ ‫‪2 p6‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪10B‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬
‫‪9B‬‬

‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪19B‬‬
‫‪3s 2‬‬ ‫‪3 p6‬‬ ‫‪3 d 10‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪15B‬‬ ‫‪M‬‬
‫‪14B‬‬

‫‪14‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪26B‬‬
‫‪4s 2‬‬ ‫‪4 p6‬‬ ‫‪4 d 10‬‬ ‫‪4f‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪21B‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬
‫‪20B‬‬

‫‪17‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺃﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ –ﻗﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎء ‪-‬ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ ‪ -‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ ‪) 2‬ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺛﺔ(‬

‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪34B‬‬
‫‪5s 2‬‬ ‫‪5 p6‬‬ ‫‪5 d 10‬‬ ‫‪5f‬‬ ‫‪5g‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪28B‬‬ ‫‪O‬‬
‫‪27B‬‬

‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪43B‬‬
‫‪6s 2‬‬ ‫‪6 p6‬‬ ‫‪6 d 10‬‬ ‫‪6f‬‬ ‫‪6g‬‬ ‫‪6h‬‬
‫‪22‬‬
‫‪72‬‬ ‫‪36B‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬
‫‪35B‬‬

‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪47B‬‬
‫‪7s 2‬‬ ‫‪7p6‬‬ ‫‪7d 10‬‬ ‫‪7f‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪7g 18‬‬ ‫‪7h 22‬‬ ‫‪7k 26‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪45B‬‬ ‫‪Q‬‬
‫‪4B‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ )‪ : (1‬ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻲ ﻟﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﻼء ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪48B‬‬

‫‪ .5‬ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺬﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ‪:‬‬

‫ﻳﺒﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ) ‪ (1‬ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) ‪(2‬‬
‫ﺍﻣﺘﻼء ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻣﻲ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ‪، 3p‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﻦ ﻧﺬﻛﺮﻫﺎ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺸﺬ ﻋﻦ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﻼء ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻣﻲ ﻓﺎﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ‪ 3d‬ﻟﻦ ﺗﻤﺘﻠﺊ ﺇﻻ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻣﺘﻼء ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ‪، 4s‬ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﺗﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻟﺘﺄﺧﺬ ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺃﺩﻧﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ)‪. (3‬‬

‫‪18‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺃﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ –ﻗﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎء ‪-‬ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ ‪ -‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ ‪) 2‬ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺛﺔ(‬

‫ﻭﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺘﺪﺋﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺿﻊ ﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺬﻭﺫ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﻮﻥ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﺨﻄﻄﺎﺕ ﺗﺮﺷﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻄﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) ‪ (4‬ﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﻟﺴﻬﻮﻟﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺭﺷﺎﺩ ﻟﻤﻠﺊ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﺬﺭﺓ ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫‪19‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺃﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ –ﻗﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎء ‪-‬ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ ‪ -‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ ‪) 2‬ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺛﺔ(‬

‫ﺗﺪﺭﺏ ﻭﺍﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺗﻬﺎ ‪.....15،20،27،38،55،70،90‬ﺍﻟﺦ ﻭﻓﻖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻄﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) ‪ .(4‬ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) ‪ (5‬ﻳﺒﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻱ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﺖ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺷﺮﺣﻪ‪.‬‬

‫‪20‬‬
‫ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬- ‫ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ‬- ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺃﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ –ﻗﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎء‬ (‫ )ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺛﺔ‬2 ‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ‬

:‫ ﻧﺺ ﺍﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻱ‬.6

Pauli Exclusion Principle

0B

No two electrons in an atom can have identical quantum numbers. This is an

0T 0T

example of a general principle which applies not only to electrons but also to other
particles of half-integer spin (fermions). It does not apply to particles of integer spin
0T 0T

(bosons).
0T 0T

The nature of the Pauli exclusion principle can

be illustrated by supposing that electrons 1 and
2 are in states a and b respectively. The
wavefunction for the two electron system
would be

but this wavefunction is unacceptable because

the electrons are identical and
indistinguishable. To account for this we must
0T 0T

use a linear combination of the two possibilities

since the determination of which electron is in
which state is not possible to determine.

The wavefunction for the state in which both states "a" and "b" are occupied
by the electrons can be written

21
‫ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬- ‫ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ‬- ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺃﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ –ﻗﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎء‬ (‫ )ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺛﺔ‬2 ‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ‬

The Pauli exclusion principle is part of one of our most basic observations of
nature: particles of half-integer spin must have antisymmetric wavefunctions,
and particles of integer spin must have symmetric wavefunctions. The minus
sign in the above relationship forces the wavefunction to vanish identically if
both states are "a" or "b", implying that it is impossible for both electrons to
occupy the same state.

Pauli Exclusion Principle Applications

1B

Click on any of the bold text for links to further details.

22