ABSTRACT

In this era of internet, E-commerce is growing by leaps and bounds. E-Commerce

(electronic commerce) is the buying and selling of goods and services, or the transmitting of
funds or data,
over an electronic network, primarily the internet. These business transactions occur either as
Business-to-Business(B2B), Business-to Customer(B2C), Customer-to-Customer(C2C) and
Customer-to-Business(C2B). Here we are building an e-commerce website based on Business to
Customer(B2C). An e-commerce website built for a bike accessories company to scale up
business throughout the pandemic and post-pandemic.
Our Project eases people to have their biking accessories within their reach without
moving out and can also avail great varieties with options which put them in a comfortable zone.
The "E-commerce Website for Bike Accessories" project aims to create a robust and user-
friendly online platform for bike enthusiasts to browse, purchase, and manage a wide range of
bike accessories. The project recognizes the growing demand for a convenient and
comprehensive online shopping experience within the biking community and seeks to address it
by providing a feature-rich e-commerce solution.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to all those who have helped me in
completing this technology project successfully. Without your support, this project would not have
been possible. First, I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Prof. MANDAR BHAVE,
Coordinator of the Department of Information Technology for his enthusiasm, patience, insightful
comments, helpful information, practical advice and unceasing ideas that have helped me
tremendously at all times in my research and writing of this thesis.
My deepest thanks to my Project Guide Ms. MANASI RAJAPURKAR ma’am
for guiding and correcting various documents of mine with attention and care. I also do not like
to miss the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of all faculty members of the department
for their kind assistance and cooperation during the development of my project.
Last but not least, I would like to express my gratitude to my family and friends
for their invaluable assistance, and I am deeply grateful to everyone who has contributed to the
successful completion of this project.

Sincere Thanks From,

Ashish Rajesh Kunte.

 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the project entitled, “BikersHub- Ecommerce Website for Bike
Accessories” done at D.G. Ruparel College of Arts, Science & Commerce, has not been in
any case duplicated to submit to any other university for the award of any degree. To the best
of my knowledge other than me, no one has submitted to any other university.
The project is done in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of degree of
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY) to be submitted as final
semester project as part of our curriculum.

Ashish Kunte

Signature:
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 1

Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Background: .................................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Objectives: ........................................................................................................................... 2

1.3 Purpose, Scope, & Applicability: ......................................................................................... 2

1.3.1 Purpose:...................................................................................................................... 2
1.3.2 Scope: ......................................................................................................................... 3
1.3.3 Applicability: ............................................................................................................. 3
1.4 Achievements ....................................................................................................................... 5

Chapter 2 ........................................................................................................................................ 7

Survey Of Technologies ................................................................................................................. 7

2.1 Existing System: .................................................................................................................. 7

2.2 Proposed System: ................................................................................................................. 8

2.3 Requirement Analysis: ......................................................................................................... 9

2.4 Hardware Requirements: ................................................................................................... 10

2.5 Software Requirements: ................................................................................................ 10

2.6 Justification of Platform: ................................................................................................11

Chapter 3 ...................................................................................................................................... 12

Requirements And Analysis ......................................................................................................... 12

3.1 Problem Definition: ........................................................................................................... 12

3.2 Requirements Specifications:............................................................................................. 13

3.3 Planning & Scheduling: ..................................................................................................... 15

3.4 Preliminary Product Description: ...................................................................................... 19

3.5 Conceptual Models: ........................................................................................................... 21

 3.6 Module Division: ............................................................................................................... 23

3.7 Data Dictionary: ................................................................................................................. 23

3.8 E-R Diagrams: ................................................................................................................... 26

3.9 Data Flow Diagrams / UML : ............................................................................................ 30

3.9.1 Use Case Diagram: .................................................................................................. 32

3.9.2 Activity Diagram: .................................................................................................... 35
3.9.3 Sequence Diagram: .................................................................................................. 37
3.9.4 Class Diagram: ......................................................................................................... 39
3.9.5 Object Diagram: ....................................................................................................... 42
3.9.6 Component Diagram: ............................................................................................... 45
3.9.7 Deployment Diagram: .............................................................................................. 48
3.9.8 Collaboration Diagram: ........................................................................................... 50
Chapter 4 ...................................................................................................................................... 52

System Design ............................................................................................................................. 52

4.1 Basic Modules:................................................................................................................... 52

4.2 Data Design:....................................................................................................................... 52

4.2.1 Schema Design: ....................................................................................................... 52

4.2.2 Data Integrity & Constraints: ................................................................................... 53
4.3 Procedural Design: ............................................................................................................. 55

4.3.1 Logic Diagrams:....................................................................................................... 55

4.3.2 Data Structures: ........................................................................................................ 58
4.4 User Interface Design: ....................................................................................................... 60

4.5 Security Issues: .................................................................................................................. 65

4.6 Event Table: ....................................................................................................................... 68

4.7 Test Cases Design: ............................................................................................................. 70

4.8 Unit Testing: ....................................................................................................................... 71

4.9 Integration Testing: ............................................................................................................ 72

 LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 1:CUSTOMER ............................................................................................................... 23
TABLE 2:PRODUCT .................................................................................................................. 24
TABLE 3:CATEGORY ................................................................................................................ 25
TABLE 4:CART .......................................................................................................................... 25
TABLE 5:CUSTOMER ............................................................................................................... 53
TABLE 6:PRODUCTS ................................................................................................................ 53
TABLE 7:CATEGORY ................................................................................................................ 53
TABLE 8:CART .......................................................................................................................... 53
TABLE 9:CUSTOMER ............................................................................................................... 58
TABLE 10:PRODUCTS .............................................................................................................. 58
TABLE 11:CATEGORY .............................................................................................................. 59
TABLE 12:CART ........................................................................................................................ 59
TABLE 13:EVENT TABLE ........................................................................................................ 68
TABLE 14:TEST CASES DESIGN ............................................................................................ 70
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 1:GANTT CHART ....................................................................................................... 18

FIGURE 2:WATERFALL MODEL ............................................................................................. 21
FIGURE 3:ER DIAGRAM .......................................................................................................... 29
FIGURE 4:USE CASE DIAGRAM ............................................................................................ 32
FIGURE 5:ACTIVITY DIAGRAM ............................................................................................ 35
FIGURE 6:SEQUENCE DIAGRAM .......................................................................................... 37
FIGURE 7:CLASS DIAGRAM .................................................................................................. 39
FIGURE 8:OBJECT DIAGRAM ................................................................................................ 42
FIGURE 9:COMPONENT DIAGRAM ...................................................................................... 45
FIGURE 10:DEPLOYMENT DIAGRAM .................................................................................. 48
FIGURE 11:COLLABORATION DIAGRAM ........................................................................... 50
FIGURE 12:FLOWCHART ........................................................................................................ 57
FIGURE 13:BASIC USER INTERFACE ................................................................................... 60
FIGURE 14:ACCESSORIES PAGE ........................................................................................... 61
FIGURE 15:REGISTRATION 1 ................................................................................................. 62
FIGURE 16:REGISTRATION 2 ................................................................................................. 63
FIGURE 17:LOGIN 1.................................................................................................................. 64
FIGURE 18:LOGIN 2.................................................................................................................. 64
 Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Background:

Online shopping for bike accessories is a convenient way to find a wide range of
products to enhance your riding experience. Whether you're looking for safety gear,
maintenance tools, or performance-enhancing accessories.
Online shopping websites are digital platforms that allow consumers to browse and
purchase products or services over the internet. These websites have become increasingly
popular due to their convenience, wide product selections, and often competitive pricing.
Today's technology has been greatly developed and facilitates the work we live in,
especially in the field of business, buying and selling and shopping online, we don't need to be
tired anymore to go to the seller's shop, we just need to open the cell phone, connect to an
internet connection, open the seller's website and buy whatever we want.
It is known globally that, in today’s market, it is extremely difficult to start a new small-scale
business and its sustenance with competition from the well-established and settled/brand
owners. Most often, even if the quality of the product is really good, due to a lack of
advertisement or business at the small scale, it just becomes another face in the sea, and the
product does not reach a larger group of customers. In today's fast paced life of today when
everyone is squeezed for time, the majority of people are finicky when it comes to doing
physical shopping. Logistically, a consumer finds a product more interesting and attractive when
they find it on the website of a retailer directly and are able to see item’s details online. The
customers of today are not only attracted because online shopping is very convenient, but also
because they have broader selections, highly competitive prices, better information about the
product (including people’s reviews) and extremely simplified navigation for searching
regarding the product. Moreover, business owners often offer online shopping options at low
rates because the overhead expenses in opening and running a physical store are higher. Further,
with online shopping, their products have access to a worldwide market, which increases the

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number of customers from different ethnic groups, adds customer value, and is overall
sustainable in the marketing.

These web stores also give an opportunity to a lot of smallscale companies and manufactures to
reach the global market and to directly sell their products to people without involving different
other companies or middlemen before their product can reach the shelves of a physical store.
Further, instead of using the available platforms, manufacturers can bring a concept of designing
their own web store to sell their products directly to the masses.

1.2 Objectives:

❖ Wide Selection: Online stores often offer a broader range of products than physical
stores.
❖ Convenience: Shoppers can browse and purchase products from the comfort of their
homes or on-the-go via mobile devices.
❖ Customer Reviews: Many online stores feature customer reviews and ratings to help
buyers make informed decisions.
❖ 24/7 Accessibility: Online shopping websites are open 24/7, allowing customers to shop
at any time.
❖ Delivery times can also vary, from same-day delivery to several weeks, depending on
the location and product.

1.3 Purpose, Scope, & Applicability:

1.3.1 Purpose:

❖ E-commerce Business is one of the primary reasons to create a bike accessories

shopping website is to establish an e-commerce business. This allows you to sell a wide
range of bike accessories and related products online, reaching a global customer base.
❖ Profit Generation: Running an e-commerce website can be a profitable venture. Bike
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 accessories,can yield a steady income when marketed effectively to riding enthusiasts.
❖ Branding and Promotion: The manufacturer or distributor of bike accessories, On our
e-commerce website allows us to promote and sell their branded products directly to
consumers, helping build brand recognition and loyalty.
❖ Customer Engagement: Our website can serve as a platform to engage with customers.
Can provide product information, tips, and guides, fostering a sense of community
among riders and enhancing customer relationships.
❖ Community Building:Our website can build an online community of riders. Features
like forums, social media integration, and user-generated content can foster a sense of
belonging among riders.

1.3.2 Scope:

❖ Diverse Audience: The potential customer base for bike accessories is diverse,
including casual riders, commuters, professional riders. This diversity allows for
targeting different segments within the Bikers community.
❖ Technological Advancements: Advances in bike accessory technology, such as smart
helmets, GPS trackers, and performance-monitoring devices, create opportunities for
innovative products that can be sold online.
❖ E-commerce Growth: The e-commerce sector, in general, continues to expand.
Consumers increasingly prefer the convenience of online shopping, and this trend
extends to bike accessories.
❖ Seasonal Trends: Bike accessory sales can be seasonal, with peaks in the monsoon and
summer months in many regions. We can plan marketing campaigns and inventory
accordingly.
❖ Customer Loyalty: Building a loyal customer base through excellent service, product
quality, and post-sale support can lead to repeat business and word-of-mouth referrals.

1.3.3 Applicability:

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 In today's rapidly evolving digital landscape, the applicability of an e-commerce website
dedicated to bike accessories extends far beyond a mere convenience—it becomes an
indispensable resource for both seasoned bikers and beginners alike. The following points
highlight the wide-ranging applicability of such a platform:

❖ Comprehensive Product Range: An e-commerce website for bike accessories serves as

a hub for a diverse array of products. It caters to the needs of various Rider enthusiasts,
from city riders and mountain bikers to commuters and recreational riders. Whether
someone is seeking a high-performance component upgrade or simply a dependable
helmet, the website offers a vast catalog of choices.
❖ Convenience and Accessibility: The online platform eliminates geographical barriers,
providing customers with easy access to a wide range of bike accessories from the
comfort of their homes. This convenience is especially beneficial for those who may not
have a nearby brick-and-mortar bike shop or prefer to shop at their own pace and
schedule.
❖ Product Information and Reviews: Detailed product descriptions, specifications, and
customer reviews enhance the applicability of the website by ensuring that shoppers can
make well-informed decisions. They can compare products, read about real user
experiences, and choose accessories that precisely match their requirements.
❖ Safety and Quality Assurance: An e-commerce website specializing in bike
accessories often curates its selection to include products that meet stringent safety and
quality standards. This provides customers with assurance regarding the safety and
reliability of the accessories they purchase.
❖ Privacy and Security: Stringent security measures protect users' personal information
and financial transactions, ensuring a secure and confidential shopping experience. This
makes the website applicable for customers concerned about their online privacy and
data protection.
❖ Expert Guidance: Knowledgeable customer support and expert guidance enhance the
applicability of the website, especially for newcomers to the Riding world. Customers
can seek advice on product choices, sizing, and compatibility, enabling them to make the
right decisions.

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 ❖ Community and Engagement: Many e-commerce websites for bike accessories foster a
sense of community among cyclists. Features such as forums, blogs, and social media
integration allow users to connect, share experiences, seek advice, and stay informed
about the latest developments in the riding industry.
❖ Convenience for Repeat Purchases: The platform's user accounts and order history
tracking feature simplify the process of repeat purchases. Customers can quickly reorder
their favorite accessories or replacement parts, promoting long-term applicability.

In summary, the applicability of an e-commerce website for bike accessories extends to a wide
audience of riding enthusiasts, from beginners to experienced riders. It offers convenience,
safety, and a tailored shopping experience while fostering community and engagement within
the riding community. Whether for personal use or business expansion, this online platform
enhances the overall riding experience and adds value to the lives of its users.

1.4 Achievements

❖ Website Launch: Successfully launching your bike accessories shopping website is a

significant achievement in itself. This includes designing and developing the site, setting
up e-commerce functionality, and ensuring that it is user-friendly and secure.
❖ Product Catalog: Building a comprehensive and well-organized product catalog with a
wide range of bike accessories is essential.
❖ User Experience: Achieving positive user feedback regarding the ease of navigation,
search functionality, and overall user experience on our website.
❖ Customer Reviews and Ratings: Encourage customers to leave reviews and ratings for
the products they've purchased. Positive reviews and high ratings contribute to the
credibility of your website.
❖ Repeat Customers: Building a base of repeat customers is a significant achievement.
This indicates that our products and services meet or exceed customer expectations.
❖ Expanded Product Offerings: Adding new and diverse bike accessories to your
product lineup demonstrates your commitment to meeting customer needs and staying

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 competitive.
❖ Customer Engagement: Engaging with customers through newsletters, social media,
and other marketing efforts can lead to a growing community of bikers who value your
brand.

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 Chapter 2
Survey Of Technologies

2.1 Existing System:

There were several existing systems and platforms for online bike accessories shopping. These
platforms catered to a wide range of bike enthusiasts, offering a variety of products and services.
The existing system for online bike accessories shopping has several drawbacks and challenges,
which can impact the user experience, business operations, and customer satisfaction.

Limited Product Information: Many online bike accessory retailers provide limited product
information, making it challenging for customers to make informed purchase decisions. This can
include inadequate product descriptions, specifications, and images.

Inconsistent Product Availability: Some online retailers struggle to maintain consistent

product availability. Customers may find that the items they want are frequently out of stock or
have long lead times, leading to frustration.

Inadequate Customer Support: Customer support, including response time and issue
resolution, can be lacking on some websites. This can lead to frustrated customers who need
assistance with their orders or have questions.

Shipping and Delivery Issues: Late deliveries, damaged products during shipping, or excessive
shipping costs can deter customers from making online purchases. Shipping options and policies
must be clear and reliable.

Returns and Refunds Complexity: Complex or inconsistent return and refund policies can
create frustration for customers when they need to return or exchange products.

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2.2 Proposed System:

The proposed system is an Online Platform designed for shopping all types of Riding/Bike
accessories at one place.

Key Components:

1. User Registration and Authentication:

• Allow users to create accounts, sign in, and manage their profiles.
• Implement secure authentication mechanisms to protect user data.

2. Product Catalog:

• Organize a comprehensive product catalog with clear categories (e.g., safety gear,
maintenance tools, etc.).
• Include high-quality product images, detailed descriptions, prices, and customer reviews
for each item.
• Implement a search and filter system to help users find products quickly.

3. Shopping Cart and Checkout:

• Enable users to add items to their shopping carts, review cart contents, and proceed to a
secure checkout process.
• Integrate with payment gateways to support various payment methods, including
credit/debit cards, digital wallets, and cash on delivery (if applicable).
• Provide order confirmation and email receipts.

4. User Reviews and Ratings:

• Allow registered users to leave reviews and ratings for products they have purchased.
• Display reviews and ratings on product pages to assist other shoppers in making
informed decisions.

5. Customer Support:

• Offer customer support channels, such as chat, email, to address inquiries, issues, and

8
 returns.
• Provide a comprehensive FAQ section to answer common questions.

6. Shipping and Delivery:

• Integrate with shipping carriers to calculate shipping costs and provide real-time tracking
information.
• Allow users to choose delivery options, including express and standard shipping.

7. Regular Updates and Maintenance:

• Regularly update the website with new product listings, features, and security patches.
• Provide prompt customer support to address issues and inquiries.

2.3 Requirement Analysis:

❖ Product Catalog: Display a comprehensive catalog of bike accessories with images and
descriptions. .Categorize product by type, size, and requirements.
❖ Online Purchasing: Allow customers to add items to a shopping cart and proceed to
checkout. .Integrate secure payment gateways for various payment methods.
❖ Product Information: Provide instructions for each items, including hemlets, lights, and
riding gears preferences. Offer tips for ensuring successful ride.
❖ User Accounts: Allow customers to create accounts to track orders, save favorites, and
receive personalized item recommendations.
❖ Contact and Support: Display contact information for customer inquiries. Provide
customer support through email.
❖ Reviews : Allow customers to leave reviews and comments for products they've
purchased.
❖ Privacy and Security: Ensure the website follows data protection regulations and uses
secure connections for transactions.
❖ Visual Appeal: Design an attractive and visually appealing layout that highlights the
quality of the Products.

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 ❖ Fast Loading Speed: Optimize the website for fast loading times to enhance user
experience.
By addressing these requirements, the BikersHub website can effectively showcase its product
offerings, provide valuable information to customers, and offer a convenient platform for
purchasing bike accessories online.

2.4 Hardware Requirements:

Recommendation scheme provides availability to a large extent through cloud storage of

your sample information. This highlights the need for a computer network interface. Keep the
collection synchronized with the cloud, Wi-Fi or 3G.

Since the application must run over the internet,all the hardware required to be connected to
the internet will be a hardware interface for the system.

• Operating system: Windows 10

• Processor: Intel core i5
• Installed memory: 198 GB
• System Type: 64 bit operating system

2.5 Software Requirements:

• We have chosen Windows Operating system for its best support and user friendliness.
• To save the details, we have chosen SQL database.
• Frontend:- HTML, CSS & JAVAScript
• Backend:- MySQL, PHP

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2.6 Justification of Platform:

As mentioned earlier for the frontend web development, we use HTML, CSS, and JavaScript
languages.

HTML: Eventually all code in an internet implementation is converted into HTML. It is the
language internet browsers comprehend and use to show user data. The knowledge of HTML by
a computer developer is similar to the comprehension of a screwdriver by a carpenter. It is so
essential and essential that for jobs it is often assumed.

CSS: HTML provides some fundamental style alternatives, but designers need to have CSS
knowledge to construct a nice frontend. CSS offers painting, templates, glitter, and buttons, tassel,
lamps, and many other items that can be used to enhance internet page presentation. CSS is so
widely used that textbooks were created to simplify CSS writing. These scripts are also recognized
as CSS precompiled, such as Sass and LESS, but they are merely used to compose CSS CODE
more effective and manageable.

The chosen platform with the specified hardware and software requirements presents a
comprehensive and well-suited solution for a BikersHub. With various tasks involved in
managing a Bikes accessories, including inventory, sales, and customer interactions, the specified
processor ensures smooth operations. The ample storage space accommodates the data storage
needs of the plant nursery and the specified RAM capacity ensures effective multitasking. Visual
Studio Code is a versatile code editor that supports HTML, CSS, JavaScript, PHP, and other
programming languages. Its features, extensions, and debugging capabilities streamline the
development process and ensure the creation of clean, efficient code. HTML, CSS, and JavaScript
are the core technologies for building the frontend of the BikersHub platform. They enable the
creation of an engaging, responsive, and interactive user interface that showcases product
inventory, care information, and facilitates online purchases. MySQL is a popular relational
database management system that efficiently stores and manages data related to product
inventory, sales, and customer interactions. PHP, a server-side scripting language, enables
dynamic web page generation and seamless communication between the frontend and backend.
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 Chapter 3
Requirements And Analysis

3.1 Problem Definition:

The problem definition in a BikersHub context identifies the challenges and issues that the
websites faces, which require attention and solutions for improved operations, customer
experience, and overall success. Here's a concise problem definition for a BikersHub:

Problem: Inefficiencies in Current websites operations are impacting inventory management,

customer engagement, and overall sustainability. Manual processes, lack of technology
integration, and limited educational resources hinder the websites ability to provide optimal
products, meet customer needs, and promote environmental responsibility.

Challenges:

• Manual Inventory Management: The business relies on manual tracking of product

inventory, leading to inaccuracies, overstocking, and stock outs.
• Underdeveloped Sales Process: Outdated sales methods and minimal customer
engagement hinder sales growth and personalized recommendations.
• Scalability Constraints: The current system lacks scalability, making expansion and
handling increased demand a challenge.
• Lack of Sustainability Initiatives: Inadequate sustainability practices result in resource
wastage and missed opportunities for environmental stewardship.
• Insufficient Customer Education: Limited educational resources and workshops prevent
customers from making informed decisions about plant care and sustainability.

Impact: These challenges collectively impact the businesses ability to provide a seamless
customer experience, maintain healthy stock, and contribute positively to the environment. The
business growth potential is hampered by manual processes and inadequate technological
integration.

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3.2 Requirements Specifications:
Online Shopping Management System involves identifying both functional and non-functional
requirements to understand what the system needs to do and how it should perform. Here's an
analysis that includes examples of both types of requirements:

• Functional Requirements:

• Inventory Management:

- The system must track the types, quantities, and locations of product on the website.

• Sales and Customer Management:

- The system must record customer information, orders, and sales transactions.

- It should generate invoices and receipts for customers.

- Maintain a customer database with purchase history.

• Employee Management:

- The system should allow administrators to manage employee information, roles, and
schedules.

- Employees should be able to view their assigned tasks and mark them as complete.

- Generate work schedules and alerts for staff.

• Reporting and Analytics:

- The system should generate reports on product inventory, sales, and financial performance.

- Users should have access to data analytics tools for data-driven decision-making.

- Reports should be exportable in common formats like PDF or Excel.

• Online Ordering (Optional):

- If an online ordering system is implemented, it should allow customers to browse and order
accessories online.

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- Support secure online payment processing.

- Integrate with the main system to update inventory in real-time.

• Non-Functional Requirements:

• User Authentication and Authorization:

- Ensure secure access control with different user roles (admin, staff, customer) and permissions.

- Implement password policies and session management for security.

• Performance and Scalability:

- The system should be responsive, even during peak usage periods.

- It must be designed to scale as the website inventory and customer base grow.

• Data Security:

- Implement data encryption in transit and at rest.

- Regularly back up data to prevent data loss.

- Comply with relevant data protection regulations (e.g., GDPR, HIPAA).

• Usability and User Experience:

- Design an intuitive and user-friendly interface.

- Provide training resources and documentation for users.

- Ensure the system is accessible to people with disabilities.

• Integration:

- Allow integration with third-party systems, such as accounting software, payment gateways,
and weather data services.

- Ensure smooth data flow between integrated systems.

• Scalability:

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- The system should be designed to handle a growing inventory and customer base.

- Optimize system response times to accommodate increasing load.

• Reliability and Availability:

- The system should be available 24/7, with minimal downtime for maintenance.

- Implement redundancy and failover mechanisms to ensure high availability.

• Compliance:

- Comply with local, state, and federal regulations related to product sales, inventory tracking,
and data protection.

3.3 Planning & Scheduling:

A Gantt chart is a popular project management tool used to visualize and plan tasks and
activities over a specific period. It provides a clear and visual representation of a project's
timeline, showing when tasks are scheduled to start and end. Here's a detailed description of
Gantt charts:

Components of a Gantt Chart:

• Task List: A Gantt chart begins with a list of tasks or activities that need to be completed
for a project. Each task is typically listed on the left side of the chart.
• Timeline: The top portion of the Gantt chart represents the timeline or duration of the
project. It is usually displayed in days, weeks, months, or other time units, depending on
the project's scale.
• Task Bars: Task bars are horizontal bars or rectangles that visually represent the duration
and timing of each task. Each task bar is positioned along the timeline according to its
start and end dates.
• Task Dependencies: Gantt charts often include arrows or lines connecting task bars to
indicate task dependencies. These lines show the order in which tasks must be
completed, highlighting any relationships between tasks, such as "Task B cannot start
until Task A is complete."

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 Key Features and Benefits:

• Visualization: Gantt charts provide a visual overview of a project, making it easy to

see task sequences, durations, and overlaps at a glance.
• Task Durations: You can quickly determine how long each task will take to complete
and identify critical path tasks that directly impact the project's timeline.
• Resource Allocation: Gantt charts allow you to allocate resources, such as team
members or equipment, to specific tasks and see when resources are in high demand.
• Task Dependencies: Task dependencies help project managers identify which tasks
can run in parallel and which must wait for others to finish, helping to optimize
project schedules.
• Progress Tracking: As the project progresses, you can update the Gantt chart to
reflect completed tasks and any changes in timelines or dependencies.

Creating a Gantt Chart:

• Task Identification: Start by listing all the tasks required to complete the project.
Include task names, descriptions, and estimates of how long each task will take.
• Timeline Planning: Determine the project's start and end dates or deadlines.
Define the time units (e.g., days, weeks) that the Gantt chart will represent.
• Task Sequencing: Establish task dependencies by identifying which tasks are
dependent on others. Use arrows or lines to connect tasks to show these
relationships.
• Assign Resources: Assign resources (people, equipment, materials) to tasks as
needed. Ensure that resources are available when required.
• Create the Gantt Chart: Use project management software, spreadsheet software,
or specialized Gantt chart software to create the chart. Input task names, start
dates, durations, and dependencies.
• Review and Update: Continuously review and update the Gantt chart as the
project progresses. Adjust timelines, add new tasks, and mark completed tasks to
keep it accurate and useful.

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Use Cases:

Gantt charts are used in a wide range of industries and projects, including
construction, software development, event planning, marketing campaigns, and
manufacturing. They are particularly helpful for managing complex projects with
many interdependent tasks.

In summary, a Gantt chart is a powerful project management tool that provides a

visual representation of a project's timeline, tasks, and dependencies. It helps project
managers plan, track progress, allocate resources, and make informed decisions to
ensure the successful completion of projects on time and within budget.

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 Figure 1:Gantt chart

Months July August Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March

Phases

Literature Survey

Requirements
gathering

Analysis

Design

Coding

Testing

Documentations

Estimated Time:

Actual completion Time:

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3.4 Preliminary Product Description:

In the Preliminary Product Description for a BikersHub Website , it's essential to outline the
requirements, objectives, functions, and operations of the application that are being developed.
1. Project Overview:
- Provide an introduction to the project and its purpose.
- Explain the need for a Online Shopping Management System.
- Mention the stakeholders involved, such as students, instructors, staff, and customers.
2. Project Objectives:
The primary objectives includes:
- Improving inventory management.
- Enhancing customer service.
- Increasing efficiency and productivity.
- Providing real-time data insights for better decision-making.
- Improve customer interactions and sales.
- Enhance employee productivity.
- Ensure data security and compliance.
- Enable scalability for future growth.
3. System Functions:
• Inventory Management:
- Track various accessories types, their quantities.
- Notify staff when inventory levels are low.
• Sales and Customer Management:
- Capture customer information, order details, and sales transactions.
- Generate invoices, receipts, and order confirmations.
- Maintain a customer database to personalize interactions and track purchase history.
- Implement a customer loyalty program to incentivize repeat business.
• Employee Management:
- Manage employee information, roles, and schedules.
- Assign tasks and monitor progress.

19
- Generate work schedules and send automated task reminders.
- Provide a mechanism for staff to log their working hours.
• Reporting and Analytics:
- Generate reports on product inventory, sales, and financial performance.
- Provide data analytics tools for data-driven decision-making.
- Allow users to customize and export reports for further analysis.
• Online Ordering :
- Implement an online ordering system for customers to browse and purchase products.
- Enable secure online payment processing.
- Integrate the online platform with the main system to maintain real-time inventory.
4. System Operations:
• User Authentication and Authorization:
- Ensure secure access control with different user roles (admin, staff, customer) and permissions.
- Implement password policies and session management for security.
• Performance and Scalability:
- Optimize system response times to ensure quick and efficient operation.
• Data Security:
- Implement data encryption for data in transit and at rest.
- Conduct regular data backups and establish disaster recovery procedures.
- Comply with relevant data protection regulations.
• Usability and User Experience:
- Design an intuitive and user-friendly interface for all system users.
- Provide comprehensive training materials and documentation.
- Ensure accessibility for users with disabilities.
• Integration:
- Support integration with third-party systems, such as accounting software, payment gateways,
and weather data services.
- Ensure seamless data flow and communication between integrated systems.
5. Project Scope:
- Define the boundaries of the project, including what is included and excluded.

20
- Specify any constraints, such as budget, time, and technology limitations.
6. Assumptions:
- Document any assumptions made during the project planning phase that may impact system
development or functionality.
7. Stakeholder Expectations:
- Clearly state the expectations of key stakeholders, including project deliverables, timelines,
and success criteria.

3.5 Conceptual Models:

WATERFALL MODEL:

Figure 2:Waterfall Model

21
 The Waterfall model is a traditional and linear approach to software development that
can be applied to a BikersHub website. It is particularly well-suited for BikersHub website when
the project's requirements are well-defined and stable from the outset. It offers a structured and
organized approach to development, ensuring that each phase is completed before moving on to
the next.

1. Requirements Gathering: I have decided some requirements for this website

including purpose, desired features, design preferences. I tried to understand and
find out the objectives of the previous system and why those were not fulfilled.
2. System Design: I have created a detailed design plan for the website which fulfils
the objectives which were not fulfilled in the previous system. Define the
website's structure, page layouts and user interface based on the gathered
requirements is performed here.
3. Implementation: Here the actual development of the website based on the
approved design is performed. This stage involves coding HTML, CSS, and
scripting languages to create the website's frontend functionality. Implementing
features or any specific requirements outlined in the earlier stages is performed
here.
4. Testing: Conduct thorough testing of the developed website to identify and
resolve any issues or bugs is done here. This includes functional testing to ensure
all features work as intended, usability testing to assess user experience, and
compatibility testing to ensure the website functions correctly across different
browsers and devices.
5. Deployment: Transfer the developed website to the live server, ensuring all
components are functioning correctly in the production environment is checked
in this stage.
6. Maintenance and Support: Once the website is live, provide ongoing maintenance
and support, including regular updates, bug fixes, and content updates. Monitor
the website's performance, security, and user feedback to address any issues and
continuously improve the website's functionality and user experience.

22
3.6 Module Division:

In the module division of our BikersHub website, the "About Us" section introduces visitors to
our websites overview, values trust and connection. The "Products" module forms the website's
core, offering a comprehensive catalog of Bike Accessories with detailed information and
transparent pricing, allowing customers to explore diverse product effortlessly. The "Category"
section provides a rich selection of Items List, empowering users to start their riding journey
from scratch. Our "Trending" module showcases a curated collection of High Quality and bike
accessories, enhancing both the aesthetic and functional aspects of riding. The "Know More"
section offers a wealth of resources i.e detailed product listings with images and descriptions.
The "Cart" module streamlines purchases, offering a transparent shopping experience, while the
"Registration" module enables users to create personalized accounts, and the "Login" module
ensures secure access to account features, ultimately enhancing the overall shopping experience.
The division of these modules ensures that the BikesHub can efficiently cater to both its internal
management needs and external customer requirements. It streamlines operations, enhances user
experiences, and contributes to the overall success of the Online Shopping Business.

3.7 Data Dictionary:

Table 1:Customer

Sr. Column Name Data type Character Length Description

No

1. cust_id Varchar 20 This is the primary key of

table. Sets unique id for each
user. No null value is
accepted.

23
 2. cust_name Char 20 The name of the customer.

3. cust_email Varchar 20 The email address of the

customer.

4. cust_password Varchar 8 Password for user

authentication.

5. cust_addr Text 200 Customer mailing address

6. cust_contact_info Integer 20 Customer contact number

Table 2:Product

Sr. Column Name Data type Character Length Description

No

1. prod_id Varchar 10 This is the primary key of

table.

2. prod_name Char 50 Not null

3. prod_description Text 200 Not null

4. prod_price Integer 10 Not null

5. prod_quantity Integer 20 Not null

6. cust_id Varchar 20 Foreign key

24
Table 3:Category

Sr. Column Name Data type Character Length Description

No

1. cat_id Varchar 10 Primary key

2. cat_name Char 50 Not null

3. Cust_id Varchar 20 Foreign key

Table 4:Cart

Sr. Column Name Data type Character Length Description

No

1. prod_id Varchar 20 Foreign key

2. cat_id Varchar 20 Foreign key

3. cust_id Varchar 20 Foreign key

4. total_price Integer 20 Not null

25
3.8 E-R Diagrams:

An Entity-Relationship (ER) diagram is a visual representation of the data model that defines
the structure and organization of a database. It's a crucial tool in database design and helps
depict how different entities, attributes, and relationships within a database system are
connected. Here, we'll provide a detailed description of the key components and concepts in an
ER diagram:

1. Entities:

- Entities are represented as rectangles in the diagram and represent real-world objects, concepts,
or tables in the database.

- Each entity has a name that describes it, such as "Customer," "Product," "Order," or
"Employee."

2. Attributes:

- Attributes are depicted as ovals connected to their respective entities by lines.

- They represent the properties, characteristics, or fields of an entity.

- For instance, a "Customer" entity might have attributes like "CustomerID," "Name," "Email,"
"Phone," and "Address."

3. Primary Key:

- A primary key is a special attribute within an entity that uniquely identifies each record or
instance of that entity.

- Typically, primary keys are underlined in the ER diagram.

- For example, "CustomerID" could be the primary key of the "Customer" entity, ensuring that
each customer has a unique identifier.

4. Relationships:

- Relationships describe how different entities are connected or related to each other.

26
- They are depicted as lines connecting two entities and include labels to indicate the nature of
the relationship, such as "1" (one) or "M" (many).

- Common types of relationships include one-to-one (1:1), one-to-many (1:M), and many-to
many (M:N).

5. Cardinality:

- Cardinality specifies the number of instances of one entity that can be related to another entity.

- It is often indicated near the ends of the relationship lines with notations like "1" (one), "M"
(many), or "0..1" (zero or one).

- For example, in a one-to-many relationship between "Customer" and "Order," you might see
"1" on the "Customer" side and "M" on the "Order" side, indicating that one customer can place
multiple orders.

6. Foreign Key:

- A foreign key is an attribute within an entity that creates a link between two entities. - It
references the primary key of another entity, establishing a relationship.

- For instance, the "CustomerID" attribute in the "Order" entity could be a foreign key that links
to the "Customer" entity.

7. Associative Entities (Many-to-Many Relationships):

- In cases of many-to-many relationships, an associative entity (also called a junction or linking

table) is used to resolve the complexity.

- It has foreign keys that reference the primary keys of the entities involved in the relationship.

- For instance, in a many-to-many relationship between "Student" and "Course," an

"Enrollment" entity might be used as an associative entity.

8. Attributes in Relationships:

- Attributes can be associated with relationships themselves to capture additional information

about the relationship.

27
- These attributes are often placed along the lines connecting the entities.

- ER diagrams are an essential part of the database design process, helping designers and
stakeholders conceptualize how data will be organized and connected within the database
system. They serve as a blueprint for creating the actual database schema, ensuring data integrity
and efficient data retrieval.

28
ER Diagram:

Figure 3:ER diagram

Description:

Entities:

• Customer: Represents individuals who purchase product and related items from the
Website. Attributes may include Cust_ID (unique identifier), Name, Email, Phone, and
Address.
• Products: Represents various bike accessories available for sale. Attributes may include
PROD_ID (unique identifier), Name, Price, Quantity in Stock, and Description etc.

29
 • Category: Represents different types of product that customers can purchase for
BikersHub. Attributes may include CAT_ID (unique identifier), Name, Description,
Price, Quantity in Stock and Feedback.Planters and Pots: Represents the containers used
for planting, such as flower pots, planters, and containers. Attributes may include
Planter_ID (unique identifier), Type, Description, Price, and Feedback.
• Cart: Represents the shopping cart used by customers to add and manage items they wish
to purchase. Attributes may include all the IDs(unique identifier), Cust_ID (foreign key),
and Price.

3.9 Data Flow Diagrams / UML :

Unified Modelling Language (UML) is a standardized visual modelling language used in

software engineering and system design to represent, document, and communicate the structure,
behaviour, and interactions of complex systems. It provides a common notation and set of
diagrams that allow developers, designers, and stakeholders to visually model and understand
various aspects of a software system or a process. UML diagrams can represent classes, objects,
relationships, behaviours, and more, making it a powerful tool for designing and analysing
software systems. UML provides a standardized set of diagram types, each serving a specific
purpose. Here's a brief overview of some common UML diagram types:

Class Diagrams:

Depict the static structure of a system by showing classes, their attributes, methods, and
relationships. Used for modelling the architecture and data structure of software systems.

Use Case Diagrams:

Illustrate the interactions between actors (users or external systems) and the system. Show the
system's functionality from a user's perspective.

Sequence Diagrams:

30
Display the interactions and messages exchanged between objects or components over time.
Emphasize the dynamic behaviour of a system during runtime.

Activity Diagrams:

Model the workflow and business processes within a system. Describe the sequence of
activities, decisions, and branching in a process.

Object Diagrams:

Provide a snapshot view of a system at a specific point in time, showing objects and their
relationships. Useful for testing and debugging purposes.

ER Diagrams:

An Entity-Relationship (ER) diagram is a visual representation used in database design to

illustrate how entities (objects or concepts), attributes (properties), and relationships
(connections) are structured in a database. It helps define the data model, showing what
information is stored, how it's organized, and how entities relate to each other.

31
3.9.1 Use Case Diagram:

Figure 4:Use Case diagram

Description:

Actors:

32
Customer: Represents individuals who interact with the BikersHub website to browse and
purchase product.

Admin: Represents administrative users who manage the BikersHub operations through an
administrative interface.

Use Cases:

•Login

Actor: Customer, Admin

Description: This use case describes how a customer and admin logs into their existing account
on the BikersHub website.

• Browse Products And Category:

Actor: Customer, Admin

Description: Customers and Admin both can view the list of available product and category in
the BikersHub catalog.

• View Product Details:

Actor: Customer, Admin

Description: Customers and Admin both can access detailed information about a specific
product by clicking on it in the catalog.

• View Cart:

Actor: Customer, Admin

Description: Customers and Admin both can add products to their shopping cart for purchase.

• Manage Items:

Actor: Admin

Description: Administrators can add, edit, or remove products from the BikersHub inventory.

• Registration

33
Actor: Customer, Admin

Description: This use case outlines the steps a customer and admin takes to create a new account
on the BikersHub website.

•Logout

Actor: Customer, Admin

Description: This use case outlines how a customer and admin logs out of their account on the
BikersHub website.

34
3.9.2 Activity Diagram:

Figure 5:Activity diagram

Description:

This activity represents various sections like home, cart, category etc. In the "Home" section of
the website, the users can learn more about the BikersHub Products, Category, and Prices. In the

35
shopping cart functionality, the users can view and manage items they intend to purchase. The
user registration process, allows new users to create accounts. The activity of the user login
process, allowing registered users to access their accounts. The activity that pertains to the
categorization of product in the online shopping catalog, enabling users to browse items by
categories.

36
3.9.3 Sequence Diagram:

Figure 6:Sequence diagram

Description:

In this simplified sequence diagram:

• The "User" interacts with the "Website" by browsing, searching, selecting products,
adding them to the cart, and proceeding to checkout.

37
• The "Website" communicates with the "Server" to query products, update the cart, and
create orders.
• The "Server" interacts with the "Database" to retrieve product information and update
inventory levels.

38
3.9.4 Class Diagram:

Figure 7:Class diagram

Description:

An online shopping website class diagram provides a visual representation of the fundamental
classes and their relationships within the system. It serves as a blueprint for the organization of
code and data structures in the development of the website. Below is a detailed description of
the key classes and their roles in the class diagram:

➢ Customer Class:

• Attributes:

39
 Cust_ID (unique identifier)
Name
Email
Contact_info

• Methods:
Register(): Allows a new customer to create an account by providing their information.
Login(username, password): Authenticates a customer by verifying their username and
password.

➢ Product Class:

• Attributes:
Product_ID (unique identifier)
Name
Description
Price
Quantity

• Methods:
Add(quantity): Adds a specified quantity of products.
Remove(quantity): Removes a specified quantity of products.
➢ Category Class:

• Attributes:
Category_ID (unique identifier)
Name

• Methods:
Add(quantity): Adds a specified quantity of products.
Remove(quantity): Removes a specified quantity of products.

40
➢ Cart Class:

• Attributes:
Product_ID
Category_ID
Cust_ID
Total_Price

• Methods:
Add(item, quantity): Adds an item and its quantity to the cart.
Remove(item, quantity): Removes an item and its quantity from the cart.

41
3.9.5 Object Diagram:

Figure 8:Object diagram

Description:

The object diagram provides a visual representation of a simplified scenario within an online
shopping website, showcasing the interaction between key objects and their attributes. While it
simplifies the complexity of a real-world system, it illustrates the core elements and
relationships that are crucial to the functionality of the website.

➢ Customer Object:

• Attributes:
Cust_ID (unique identifier):02
Name: ashish
Email:ash@gmail
Contact_info:937256

42
 • Methods:
Register(): Allows a new customer to create an account by providing their information.
Login(username, password): Authenticates a customer by verifying their username and
password.

➢ Product Class:

• Attributes:
Product_ID (unique identifier):232
Name: Vega
Description:Helmet
Price: 2100
Quantity: 1

• Methods:
Add(quantity): Adds a specified quantity of plants.
Remove(quantity): Removes a specified quantity of products.

➢ Category Class:

• Attributes:
Category_ID (unique identifier): 123
Category Name: Helmet

• Methods:
Add(quantity): Adds a specified quantity of products.
Remove(quantity): Removes a specified quantity of products.

43
➢ Cart Class:

• Attributes:
Product_ID: 232
Category_ID:123
Cust_ID: 02
Total_Price: 2100

• Methods:
Add(item, quantity): Adds an item and its quantity to the cart.
Remove(item, quantity): Removes an item and its quantity from the cart.

44
3.9.6 Component Diagram:

Figure 9:Component diagram

Description:

A component diagram for an BikersHub website visually represents the high-level structure and
organization of the software components and their interactions within the system. It provides a
clear view of how different parts of the system are grouped into components, how they
communicate, and the relationships between them. Here's a description of a component diagram
for an BikersHub website:

45
Component Diagram for BikersHub Website

Components:

1. User Interface Component: This component represents the user interface (UI) of the
website, including web pages, forms, and user interactions. It encompasses the
presentation layer, where users browse products, add items to the cart, and complete
purchases. It communicates with the "Controller" component to handle user requests and
render responses.

2. Controller Component: The controller component acts as the intermediary between the
user interface and the backend services. It receives user requests from the UI, processes
them, and delegates actions to the appropriate service components. It also handles the
flow of control and data between different parts of the system.

3. Service Components:

• Product Service: This component manages product-related operations, including

product catalog retrieval, product details, and inventory management. It
communicates with the database to fetch product information and with the
controller to respond to user requests.

• Order Service: The order service handles order processing, including cart
management, order creation, and payment processing. It communicates with the
controller and interacts with the database to store and retrieve order data.

• User Service: The user service manages user-related functions such as user
registration, authentication, and account management. It communicates with the
controller to handle user authentication and profile updates.

• Payment Service: Responsible for handling payment transactions, this

component communicates with external payment gateways to process payments
securely. It interfaces with the controller to facilitate payment completion.

4. Database Component: The database component represents the storage layer of the
system. It includes database management systems that store and manage data related to

46
 products, orders, users, and other relevant information. The service components interact
with the database to read and write data.

Relationships and Interactions:

• The "User Interface Component" communicates with the "Controller Component"

through well-defined interfaces, indicating how user requests are sent to the controller
for processing.

• The "Controller Component" orchestrates interactions between the user interface and
service components. It invokes methods and operations on the service components as
needed to fulfill user requests.

• The "Service Components" interact with the database component to access and update
data. They encapsulate the business logic and data operations specific to their respective
domains.

• The database component interacts with the service components to provide data storage
and retrieval functionality. The service components use database queries and operations
to maintain data consistency.

Overall, this component diagram illustrates how different parts of the BikersHub website are
organized into components, each with a specific role and responsibility. It showcases the
modularity of the system and the clear separation of concerns, making it easier to understand
and maintain the architecture of the website.

47
3.9.7 Deployment Diagram:

Figure 10:Deployment diagram

Description:

A deployment diagram for a BikersHub website illustrates how the software components and
hardware infrastructure are deployed within the system. Here's a description of the components
and their interactions for a BikersHub website:

Components:

• BikersHub Server: This represents the server where the BikersHub website's core application
is hosted. It contains the business logic, controls, and interfaces required for the website's

48
functionality. The BikersHub server is responsible for managing products inventory, processing
orders, and handling user interactions.

• Web Server: The web server is responsible for hosting the user interface of the BikersHub
website. It serves web pages to users devices and handles incoming user requests. It
communicates with the BikersHub server to retrieve and process data.

• Database Server: The database server stores and manages the data related to the BikersHub
website. This includes information about products, orders, customer accounts, and inventory.

Connections and Relationships:

• Web Server to BikersHub Server: Represents the connection between the web server and the
BikersHub server. The web server interacts with the BikersHub server to serve dynamic web
pages and process user requests.

• BikersHub Server to Database Server: Indicates the connection between the BikersHub server
and the database server. The BikersHub server communicates with the database server to
retrieve and store data as needed for the website's functionality.

• Web Server to Database Server: This connection represents the interaction between the web
server and the database server. It is a critical link in the BikersHub website's architecture. The
web server communicates with the database server to retrieve and store data as needed for
various website functionalities.

49
3.9.8 Collaboration Diagram:

Figure 11:Collaboration diagram

Description:

A collaboration diagram visually illustrates how various components or actors in a system

interact and collaborate to achieve specific functionalities or processes. A collaboration diagram
for a BikersHub system visually outlines the interactions and relationships between various
components and actors in the system:

• Customer: The primary user of the system, interacting with other components to browse and
purchase bike accessories.

50
• Search: Represents the search feature enabling customers to find specific product or
accessories.

• Homepage: The starting point for customers displaying description of featured products.

• Feedback: Allows customers to leave reviews or feedback on purchased items and their overall
shopping experience.

• Cart: The virtual shopping cart where customers add and manage items they intend to buy.

• Order: The process of customers placing orders, which includes selecting items from the cart
and completing the purchase.

• Login: Handles user authentication, enabling registered customers to log in with their
credentials.

• Registration: Allows new customers to create accounts by providing essential information.

• Payment: Represents the payment processing system for secure transactions when customers
make purchases and after successful registration process.

• Database: Stores essential data about customer accounts, orders, and feedback.

• Admin: The admin responsible for the BikersHub database plays a crucial role in managing the
system that supports inventory management, customer interactions, and overall business
operations. They ensure the database remains secure, accurate, and responsive to the needs of
the BikersHub.

In the collaboration diagram, lines connecting these components indicate the flow of actions and
data. For instance, lines can connect "Customer" to "Search" to show that customers use the
search functionality. Similarly, lines between "Cart" and "Order" illustrate the process of adding
product to the cart and placing an order. This diagram visually depicts how various parts of the
BikersHub website interact and collaborate to facilitate a smooth and efficient shopping
experience for customers.

51
 Chapter 4
System Design

4.1 Basic Modules:

When designing a website for BikersHub, organizing it into different modules or sections
ensures a coherent and user-friendly experience. By dividing your BikersHub website into these
modules, you can create a well-structured and user-friendly online presence that caters to the
needs of both customers and website admin.

• Homepage Module:
- Introduction to the website.
• Products Catalog Module:
- Browse and search for products
- Detailed product listings with images and descriptions
• Category Module:
- Browse and search for items
- Detailed items listings with images and descriptions
• Cart Module:
- Add products to the cart.
- View and edit cart contents.
• Registration Module:
- User sign-up with basic information.
- User-friendly interface.
• Login Module:
- User login with credentials.

4.2 Data Design:

4.2.1 Schema Design:

52
Table 5:Customer

cust_id cust_name cust_addr cust_contact_info cust_email cust_password

Table 6:Products

product_id product_name product_description product_price product_quantity Review

Table 7:Category

category_id category_name product_id product_quantity product_price

Table 8:Cart

product_id category_id product_name category_name cust_id total_price

4.2.2 Data Integrity & Constraints:

In a BikersHub database, constraints are essential for maintaining data integrity, ensuring
data accuracy, and enforcing rules for data management.

1. Primary Key Constraint:

In a BikersHub database, a primary key is a unique identifier assigned to each record in a

table. It ensures that each entry in a table is distinct and can be uniquely identified. Here are
some examples of primary keys in a BikersHub database.

• Product_ID: This could serve as the primary key for the "Products" table, ensuring that
each items in the inventory has a unique identifier.

• Cust_ID: For the "Customers" table, the Cust_ID would be the primary key, ensuring that
each customer is uniquely identifiable. Primary key constraints prevent duplication of data

53
and maintain data integrity. They enable efficient querying of the database and serve as a
basis for establishing relationships with other tables.

2. Foreign Key Constraint:

Foreign keys establish relationships between tables in a database. In the context of a

BikersHub, foreign keys are used to link data between tables to maintain data integrity and
enforce referential integrity. Here are some examples:

Cust_ID (Foreign Key): In the "Orders" table, the Cust_ID is a foreign key that references
the primary key of the "Customers" table. It establishes a link between customer information
and their orders.

Product_ID (Foreign Key): In the "Cart" table, the Product_ID is a foreign key that connects
items in a customer's shopping cart to the items listed in the "Products" table.

Category_ID (Foreign Key): The "Cart" table might have a Category_ID foreign key linking
it to the "Product_ID " table, allowing customers to purchase care products for specific bike.
Foreign key constraints ensure that data in related tables remains consistent and that records
in one table correspond to valid records in another. They prevent actions that could result in
orphaned records or data inconsistencies.

3. Unique Constraint:

Description: A unique constraint ensures that values in a column are unique across all
records in a table. It prevents duplicate data.

Example: Ensuring that each email address in the "Customers" table is unique prevents
multiple customers from having the same email address.

4. Default Constraint:

Description: A default constraint specifies a default value for a column when no value is
provided during data insertion. It ensures that a field always contains a value, even if it's not
explicitly provided.

5. Not Null Constraint:

54
 Description: A not null constraint specifies that a column must contain a value and cannot be
left empty (null).

6. Check Constraint:

Description: A check constraint enforces specific rules or conditions on the data that can be
inserted into a column. It allows you to define custom validation rules.

Example: In the "Customers" table, a check constraint can be applied to ensure that
customers must be of a minimum age (e.g., 18 years old or older) when registering.

4.3 Procedural Design:

4.3.1 Logic Diagrams:

A flowchart diagram is a graphical representation of a process or system using standardized

symbols and arrows to illustrate the sequence of steps, decision points, and flow of activities.
Flowcharts are valuable tools for visualizing and communicating complex processes in a clear
and structured manner. Here's a detailed description of key components and symbols typically
used in flowchart diagrams:

• Start/End Symbol (Oval or Rounded Rectangle): The flowchart begins with an oval or
rounded rectangle labeled "Start" to indicate the starting point of the process. Similarly, an
oval or rounded rectangle labeled "End" signifies the conclusion or endpoint of the process.

• Process Symbol (Rectangle): Rectangular shapes represent specific actions, tasks, or

processes within the overall workflow. These actions are described within the rectangle,
detailing what occurs at each step.

• Decision Symbol (Diamond): A diamond-shaped symbol indicates a decision point within

the process. Typically, a question or condition is written inside the diamond, and two or
more arrows extending from it represent the possible outcomes based on the decision.

55
• Connector Symbol (Small Circle or Dot): A small circle or dot denotes a connection point
where lines converge or split without representing a specific action or decision. Connectors
are useful for simplifying complex flowcharts.

• Arrow/Flow Lines: Arrows or lines connect the various symbols and represent the
direction of the flow within the process. These arrows guide the reader through the sequence
of steps, illustrating how the process progresses.

• Annotations/Labels: Flowchart symbols may include annotations or labels to provide

additional information or clarify the purpose of a specific step or decision. Annotations can
help make the flowchart more understandable.

Flowcharts are designed to provide a visual representation of a process's logic, making it

easier for individuals to understand, analyze, and communicate complex workflows. They
can be as simple or as intricate as necessary, depending on the complexity of the process
being depicted.

56
Figure 12:Flowchart

57
4.3.2 Data Structures:

Table 9:Customer

Column Data Type Size Constraints

Cust_id Varchar 10 Primary key

Cust_name Char 20 Not null

Cust_addr Varchar 100 Not null

Cust_contact_info Integer 20 Not null

Cust_email Varchar 20 Unique

Cust_password Varchar 10 Not null

Table 10:Products

Column Data Type Size Constraints

prod_id Varchar 10 Primary key

prod_name Char 20 Not null

prod_description Char 100 Not null

prod_price Integer 20 Not null

prod_quantity Integer 20 Unique

cust_id Varchar 10 Foreign key

58
Table 11:Category

Column Data Type Size Constraints

Cat_id Varchar 10 Primary key

Cat_name Char 20 Not null

Cust_id Varchar 10 Foreign key

Table 12:Cart

Column Data Type Size Constraints

Cust_id Varchar 10 Foreign key

prod_name Char 20 Foreign key

prod_id Varchar 10 Foreign key

cat_id Varchar 20 Foreign key

cat_name Char 20 Foreign key

Cust_id Varchar 10 Foreign key

Total_price Integer 20 Not null

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4.4 User Interface Design:
1.Home:

Figure 13:Basic user interface

Description:

This is the basic User Interface containing components like home, helmets, riding gears, bike
accessories, cart, registration, login. The contact details and the email will also provided though
this interface.

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2. Accessories Page:

Figure 14:Accessories Page

Description:

The Accessories section showcases an array of helmets and bike accessories. Visitors can
explore options for different product sizes, materials, and styles, making it easier to find the
perfect requirement for their ride. This section provides a one-stop shop for enhancing the visual
appeal and functionality of riders.

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3. Registration:

Figure 15:Registration 1

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Figure 16:Registration 2

Description:

The user-friendly Registration interface simplifies the process of creating a personalized

account. Users can swiftly sign up by providing basic information, setting secure passwords, and
customizing their profiles. In case they forget their login credentials, our "Forgot Password"
feature offers a hassle-free recovery process. Users can reset their passwords with ease by
entering new password, ensuring continuous access to their accounts. These intuitive features
enhance user engagement and make their interaction with our platform convenient and secure.

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4.Login:

Figure 17:Login 1

Figure 18:Login 2

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Description:

The Login interface provides secure access to your account. Registered users can enter their
credentials with confidence, ensuring a seamless and personalized experience. In case you forget
your password, the “Forgot Password" feature simplifies recovery. Users can reset their
password with new password swiftly, guaranteeing uninterrupted access to the account. These
intuitive features prioritize user convenience and security, enhancing your interaction with our
platform.

4.5 Security Issues:

When developing a BikersHub Website, it's essential to consider real-time security issues
and implement measures to safeguard the system, data, and users. Here are some security
considerations and potential issues related to the project, along with ways to address them:

Security Considerations:

• Data Protection: Protecting customer data, including personal information and payment
details, is crucial. Unauthorized access or data breaches can lead to severe consequences.

• Authentication and Authorization: Ensuring that only authorized users can access specific
system features and data is vital. Weak authentication can lead to unauthorized access.

• Secure Communication: Implementing secure communication protocols (HTTPS) is necessary

to encrypt data transmitted between users and the server.

• Database Security: Protecting the database from SQL injection attacks and ensuring data
integrity is essential. Implementing role-based access control (RBAC) is beneficial.

• Session Management: Proper session management is necessary to prevent session hijacking

and ensure that users are securely authenticated throughout their session.

• Payment Security: If the system handles online payments, it must comply with Payment Card
Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS) requirements.

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• File Uploads: If users can upload files (e.g., images of plants), proper validation and handling
are required to prevent malicious uploads.

• Logging and Monitoring: Implementing logging and monitoring mechanisms can help detect
and respond to security incidents in real-time.

Security Measures:

• Strong Authentication: Implement secure authentication mechanisms, such as multi-factor

authentication (MFA), to verify the identity of users.

• Authorization: Define roles and permissions for users and ensure that each user can only
access the resources and features they are authorized to use.

• Encryption: Use strong encryption algorithms to secure data in transit and at rest. Employ
HTTPS for secure communication.

• Secure Coding Practices: Follow secure coding practices to prevent common vulnerabilities
like SQL injection and cross-site scripting (XSS).

• Regular Security Audits: Conduct security audits and penetration testing to identify
vulnerabilities and weaknesses in the system. Address and patch any issues promptly.

• Data Backups: Regularly back up the database and system data to prevent data loss in case of
security incidents.

• Incident Response Plan: Develop an incident response plan to handle security breaches or
incidents effectively and minimize their impact.

• User Education: Educate users about security best practices, such as creating strong passwords
and avoiding suspicious links or emails.

Security Policies and Architecture:

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• Access Control: Implement role-based access control (RBAC) to restrict access to sensitive
features and data. Define who can perform actions like adding, editing, or deleting plant
information.

• Data Encryption: Use encryption algorithms like AES to encrypt sensitive data in the database.
Ensure that encryption keys are stored securely.

• Regular Updates: Keep all software components up to date, including the operating system,
web server, application server, and database management system.

• Firewall and Intrusion Detection: Employ a firewall to protect the server from unauthorized
access and intrusion detection systems to monitor for suspicious activities.

• User Account Policies: Enforce strong password policies, including password complexity and
regular password changes.

• Logging and Auditing: Implement detailed logging and auditing of user actions and system
events. Regularly review logs for security incidents.

• Privacy Policy: Create a privacy policy that outlines how user data is collected, used, and
protected. Ensure compliance with relevant privacy regulations (e.g., GDPR).

• Secure Hosting: Choose a reputable hosting provider that offers security features like DDoS
protection and regular security updates.

• Regular Security Training: Train development and admin teams on security best practices and
conduct security awareness training for users.

By addressing these security considerations and implementing the necessary security measures,
the Online Shopping Management System can minimize the risk of security breaches and ensure
the protection of user data and system integrity.

Additionally, having a well-defined security policy and architecture in place provides a clear
framework for maintaining security throughout the project's lifecycle.

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4.6 Event Table:

Table 13:Event table

Sr Event Trigger Source Activity Response Destination

no.
1. User Sign New user User User clicks User account Database
up registration on “Sign up” created
on button. successfully.
BikersHub.
2. User User provides User User submits Display error Database
attempts invalid the message.
Invalid Sign credentials registration
Up during sign- form with
up. invalid
information.
3. User Login User login to User User clicks User Database
BikersHub. on “Log in” successfully
button. logs in.
4. Invalid Users enters User System fails User login Database
login invalid login to failed .
attempt credentials. authenticate
users.
5. Forgot User initiates User User requests Password Database
Password the password a forgot reset link
reset process. password. sent
successfully.
6. Password User User User Password Database
Reset successfully completes reset

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 resets their the password completed
password. reset process. successfully.
7. Product User selects a User User picks a Product Web Page
Picked Product from item. picked
viewing or successfully.
watchlist.
8. Select User selects a User User Displays Web Page
Product Product interacts with selection
Category category from the product options.
the options. category
selection
interface.
9. Search User User User enters a Search Web Page
Performed performs a search query. results
product displayed
search. successfully.
10. Product User clicks User User clicks Products Web Page
Clicked on a products on a product. details
title or image. displayed
successfully.

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4.7 Test Cases Design:

Table 14:Test cases design

Sr Test Case Test Data State Test Input Values Expected

no. Results
1 The username Alpha-numeric Valid Abc123 Valid
must be alpha- Value username
numeric
2 The username Only Numbers Invalid 1234 Enter valid
must be alpha- username
numeric
3 The username Only Alphabets Invalid Abc Enter valid
must be alpha- username
numeric
4 The password Only Numbers Valid 123 Valid
must be password
numeric only
5 The password Only Alphabets Invalid Abc Enter valid
must be password
numeric only
6 In cart the Positive Integer Valid 10 Validate
quantity should and in Stock
not be negative
integer and not
out of stock
7 In cart the Negative Integer Invalid -3 Invalidate
quantity should
not be negative
integer and not
out of stock

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 8 The Mobile No 10 digit Value Valid 9372566038 Valid mobile
must be of 10 no.
digits only
9 The Mobile No Less than 10 digit Invalid 918793 Enter valid
must be of 10 no.
digits only
10 The Mobile No Greater than 10 Invalid 2863876765585 Enter valid
must be of 10 digit mobile no.
digits only
11 The email id Email with @sign Valid Ashish12@gmail.com Valid email
should contain id
@ sign
12 The email id Email without Invalid Ashish12gmail.com Enter valid
should contain @sign email id
@ sign

4.8 Unit Testing:

Unit testing for a BikersHub website is a crucial quality assurance process that involves
testing individual components or units of code in isolation to ensure their proper functionality. In
the context of a BikersHub, these units can include functions, methods, or classes responsible
for specific tasks such as managing product inventory, processing customer orders, handling
payments, or generating receipts. Each unit test is designed to assess whether a particular
component performs its intended function correctly. Test cases are meticulously crafted to cover
a range of scenarios, including typical use cases and edge cases, to evaluate how the unit
responds to various inputs and conditions. Automation plays a significant role in unit testing,
allowing tests to be executed repeatedly, thus providing early detection of issues, reducing the
likelihood of introducing bugs, and improving code maintainability. Ultimately, unit testing
contributes to a more reliable and robust plant nursery website, ensuring that every building
block operates as expected, which, in turn, enhances the overall user experience and system
reliability.

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4.9 Integration Testing:
Integration testing for a BikersHub website is a critical phase in the software
development life cycle where the focus shifts from testing individual components to examining
how these components interact and function as a cohesive whole. In the context of a plant
nursery, this testing approach ensures that various modules, such as product inventory
management, order processing, payment handling, and receipt generation, seamlessly integrate
and communicate with one another. Test scenarios are carefully designed to simulate real-world
interactions, mirroring the user's journey from selecting items to completing a purchase.
Integration testing verifies the flow of data and control between these modules, checking if
information is accurately exchanged and processed. It also assesses how the system interacts
with external services, handles errors, performs under different loads, and maintains security,
ensuring that the integrated software system performs reliably and meets the needs of both users
and the business. Automation and continuous integration further enhance the efficiency and
effectiveness of integration testing, helping to identify and address issues early in the
development process, leading to a more robust and dependable BikersHub website.

References:
• https://ymerdigital.com/uploads/YMER210571.pdf
• Digital Business and E-Commerce Management
• https://www.lazyassbikers.com/
• https://www.moglix.com/automotive/bike-accessories/216200000
• https://wroom.co.in/

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