miological

molecules

monosacenoride
A which larger
· monomer
m from
Carbohydrates can be made

Alpha glucose Beta

glucose

# g
it O It Of

of O H If

galactose Fructose

O O
OH o H

OH

H
H
condensation reaction

A molecule
ogwater eliminated to form chemical
·
is a

bond between 2 molecules

·
When
2 monosaccharide bond
they use the condensation reaction to form
a Disaccharide

Disaccharide formed
maltose :
glucose + glucose
Lactose =
glucose + galactose

sucrose-glucose +
fructose

Hydrolysis reaction
· a reaction that breaks a chemical bond between
2 molecules and uses water molecules

glycosidil bonds
is the Chemical bond formed by the
condensation reaction
-
Polysaccharide Shape
poly saccharise
made up mono Saccharide
- of many

polysaccharide show are ethier 1 What caused these shapes

Monosaccharide :
Straight beta glucose only

glycosidisband : Beta-1 , 4-glycosidis bond

others : every other beta glucose is upside down
-
-

Coiled monosaccharide : alpha glucose only

gly los disband
: : alpha-1 , --glycosidic bond

re other : each

and turns
alpha glucose
in on
itself
is at a slight angle
to create a 20

ee
Branched monosaccharide : Alpha glucose
cost glycosidic bond : Alpha-1 6-glycosidechout ,

alpha-1, 4-glycosidic bond

others ;

&
structure andfunction of cellulose

structureof cellulose
-made up of
long
-

unbranched
-

straight
- Beta glucose
-

Beta-14-glycosidic bond

function
because the straight chains are close together
they form hydrogen bond between them

As many hydrogenthe
bond make the cellulose rigid
as it makes up well wall

These
are called
groups
microfibril
of parallel chains

these
are
group of parallel
called macrofibril
microgibri Is

iregrouped up Microfibril make

Cell wall
up the
structure and function of glycogen and starch

I
Starch
glycogen
made up Of made coiled and branched
up of
· &

coiled and branched Chain S

chains
· In animal
·
In
plant (

storage molecules ·

storage molecules
-used in
respiration
-

used in respiration

Both
, Compart
·

it is
-
This :S why in a

coiled Shape

·
large molecule
>
- it can't
cross the call
membrane
-
> when stored it can't
escape

Insoluble dissolve
·

in
water
not
does
eggest the
-

water potential

highly branched
-So there we
runy ends
for hydrolysing enzyne
glylogen > glulose
-
to walke
 Benedicts Test
2

I Grind simplewith water

Add the some volume
2 .

of Benedict's reagent
3
heat

If test is positive the color

change will be
from

Blue - Brick red

This test only works for reducing Sugars

All
Some
monosaccharide
D : Saccharides are
are
reducing sugars

-
-

some poly seecharide are

-
-

Test for non-reducing sugar

li 1) first do Benedicts test

2) If the Colour Still
is Blue Thes it is
a non reducing sugar
3) Grind sample with water

4) bread down the non-reducing sugar

into monosaccharides by adding acid
↑

5) boil mixture

6) to Mixture
make neutralised
cool it down trend alkali

↳
&
Add Benedicts reagent
8) Gent
 Lipids
Lipid molecules
-
made up Of a mix of smaller molecules
mixed to
gether
glycero
⑳OO
-

> called
-

#
Triglyceridr
OH
a

Fatty a cid -
> RCOOH
oH
>
-
represented
⑪ as R-residual group

↳ carboxy)
Hydrocarbon Chain

group
Ho-c

What bonds Triglyceride together

react to form ester boad between Glycerol and

Fatta

↑
a
Glycerol Fatty acid

H -

oth
C -
OH
Fondy
H-
! - Ol
N
-
condensation reaction

-1
as water molecule is
bi
formed to make a bond
n -

ol ou
i ↳
 and
Saturated unsaturated
fatty acids
un saturated gatty acid
saturatedgatty adid
HE There is
a

Ho M bend when

Il a double bund
appeurs
Il
O
O

no double bond one or more double bonds

between carbon atoms between their carbon atoms

Ho -
> monounsaturated
gattsacid
II
O

Ho
71
=
-
, poly unsaturated gatts acid

Properties gatth
of acid
-
·
long chain gatty acid
-
High ratie
of hydrogen and carbon to
oxygen

large

non polar no
partial charge
froperties
of glyceride

-
non polar polor region < non polar
A
-

f#
It
f-
-

H -

4
=
O nu
v
H-
I
-

Team
....
O

He
b

⑧ does not dissolve in water (insoluble in

water
-becausehater is polar
and they are not so they
do not miX

·
Hydrophobic
~

trey repel water

Function triglycerides
of

High rato of carbon and

hydrogen
-

enable release large amount

of
of
a
energs

Fatty acid can replace glucose in the aerobic respiration

Fatts acid + Oxygen -

> Carbon dioxid water + ATP
-

however this hill

reaction need more oxygen
and produce more 102 hater and ATP
Functions of triglyceride

Triglyceride Carbohydrates
mass : Energy mass ;
source
energy source

I : loads 1 : Some
good storage motecule
↑
lower mass to
energy ratio

mammals Curre
a lot of Store
energy
With a small mas,
 -
phosphate group
Phospholipid
It
Ga
-
0-
P

H-c-c
↑
- -1- Head
↑

d it

Ongoing
J
Tail

structure

properties
-

mater
· Head droplet of oil
Hydroph : 11
S

↑
- : -

micelle
polar

O
-

Tails
·

hydrophobi I
-
non
polar Phosphotm in reform
thoms selfs in water
Head
·
Insoluble in water
-

goes towards water

thils
-

Stay
as
S
&
behind
head acts" Shield
head
AQA Biology A-Level - Lipids QP PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

Q1.
(a) The general structure of a fatty acid is RCOOH.

Name the group represented by COOH.

GC's
Carboxylic
O
___________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Figure 1 shows the structure of a fatty acid R group.

Figure 1

-
-

Name the type of R group shown in Figure 1.

Explain your answer.

alkene
~
Type of R group _____________________________________________
~
___________________________________________________________
it has a double hand
Explanation _________________________________________________

O
___________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) Describe how you would test for the presence of a lipid in a liquid sample of
food.

add ethand to the

___________________________________________________________

food in tre fey tube then

___________________________________________________________

und water
___________________________________________________________
then Snake and the
___________________________________________________________

color should chain

___________________________________________________________
from
colorleso
colony
i milky white
___________________________________________________________
(2)

Page 1 of 6
AQA Biology A-Level - Lipids QP PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

Q2.
(a) Describe how a triglyceride molecule is formed.

a glycero molecule forms

___________________________________________________________

a ester monds with

___________________________________________________________
gutty
acid by condensation
___________________________________________________________
.

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

①
___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) Table 1 shows some properties of four fatty acids.

Table 1
Number of Number of
carbon double
Fatty acid
atoms in the bonds in the
R group R group

Caprylic acid 8 0

Palmitoleic
16 1
acid

Stearic acid 18 0

Linoleic acid 18 2

The figure below shows diagrams of these fatty acids.

Page 2 of 6
AQA Biology A-Level - Lipids QP PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

~
Put a tick ( ✓) in one box that contains correct information about one of
these fatty acids.

Caprylic acid is an unsaturated fatty acid represented by

diagram L.

Linoleic acid is a saturated fatty acid represented by diagram

N.

Palmitoleic acid is an unsaturated fatty acid represented by

diagram K.
~
Stearic acid is a saturated fatty acid represented by diagram
M.
~
&
(1)

Q3.

(b) Describe how an ester bond is formed in a phospholipid molecule.

by two fatty acid

___________________________________________________________

doing condensation reaction

___________________________________________________________
a

With
glycerol
___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

S(2)

Page 3 of 6
AQA Biology A-Level - Lipids QP PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

Q4.
The diagram represents a triglyceride.

(a) Name the molecules represented in the diagram by:

glycerol
Box P ______________________________________________________

satty acid
O
Box Q ______________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Name the type of bond between P and Q in the diagram.

bond

O
ester
___________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) Describe how you would test a liquid sample for the presence of lipid and
how you would recognise a positive result.

put I pid in testabl

___________________________________________________________

then add ethano

___________________________________________________________

Shalle
___________________________________________________________

then add water

___________________________________________________________

Shake
___________________________________________________________

The Colour Should

___________________________________________________________

go milky white
___________________________________________________________

S
___________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

Q5.

Page 4 of 6
AQA Biology A-Level - Lipids QP PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

(a) Describe how you would test a piece of food for the presence of lipid.

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

The figure below shows a phospholipid.

g(2)

X Y

Page 5 of 6
AQA Biology A-Level - Lipids QP PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
&
(b) The part of the phospholipid labelled A is formed from a particular
molecule. Name this molecule.

(c)
glycera
___________________________________________________________

Name the type of bond between A and fatty acid X.

G (1)

Saturated
___________________________________________________________ Ester
&
(1)

(d) Which of the fatty acids, X or Y, in the figure above is unsaturated?

Explain your answer.
unsaturated
Y is
___________________________________________________________

as it has double
bond
___________________________________________________________
a

___________________________________________________________

O
___________________________________________________________
(1)

Scientists investigated the percentages of different types of lipid in plasma

membranes from different types of cell. The table shows some of their results.

Type of lipid Percentage of lipid in plasma membrane by mass

Cell lining ileum of Red blood cell of The bacterium

mammal mammal Escherichia coli

Cholesterol 17 23 0

Glycolipid 7 3 0

Phospholipid 54 60 70

Others 22 14 30

(e) The scientists expressed their results as Percentage of lipid in plasma

membrane by mass. Explain how they would find these values.
54
↳
+ 60 + 70
= 184
___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

+ 10 + 40 + 66
184
___________________________________________________________
=

184 + 10 + 106 =
___________________________________________________________

184 + 116 = 300 O (2)

↳
3
Page 6 of 6
Protein

Amino acid

Amino group
M Carboxy) group
A
↑ ↑

OtHN-C-COON 8
proteins
which are are made ofoneormore polymea amino ad

monomer
- a single unit from which larger molecule
are
made

Polymer
-
molecule made
from a
large number of
monomers joined together

Peptide bond

H i
H -

V C
-

H
-

⑭
-

OH

↓
-H

Spe Y
C
it
N-
Protein's structure

Primary Structure

sequence of acids the polypeptide chairs

-
amino in

00000000000000000 00000

Two polypeptide chains have different primary

structure if they have
The same order
·
amino acid in a different
·
different amino acid

Secondary structure Alpha hell Y

5- to
-
>
attracted each other
It O H O

H -N -
c - j -
N -
-
↑
-
ol
it it i or it

form
S -
bonds
are
W

polar
hydrogen
bonds

-
forms a coil because of the hydrogen bonds
between groups of peptide bonds

this will
gold
-

the poly peptide chain

 Tertiary structure

Bonds 3D the
polypeptide
·
golding of
·
between chain
side
group of
amino acid to create

the Structure
tertiary

I .
Hydrogen bond

H
↑

COOH
H(N C -
-

+
it] side group

E
hydrogen &
bond

↑
It 2N -
C -
200H
I

H
S

2 ) bond ) d: Sulgide. bridges

Ionic 3
.
.

H2N - C -
COOH H
↑

Itz N c-cool
imm
-

c'H2
'Ha
iHz
Wit Disuleire-He
·
bridge
-
> lonic bond
iHz
HaN--cool
0-
c = 0

citz
HzN-c-cook
it
Quaternary
Structure

two polypeptide chains

made
up of or more join together
 cell division

Binary fission
·

process through which

prokaryotic cells divide

B
E
G
~

prokaryotic circular DNA

replicates
plusmid are also replicated

·
- & O

⑳ 00

make 2 daughter cell

they have :
different number a
Ofof
plasmids
·

Copy DNA

Virus

·
&
③ ⑳
·
uses host cell
to replicate virus particles
 Cell cycle ↑

Interphase

⑳
mass DNA doubles
of
·

· mass of cell doubles

b
mitosis Cytokinesis

O>
nucleus
· 4

doubles
-

mass un
changed Each cells mass
is equal to the parent
cell
 ↑

mitos :I

Prophase

⑭
·
chromatin Condenses into chromatic

·
arrange into
pairs of sister chromatin
join ot
together the centromere

nuclei breaks down

·
envelope

Spindle gibres are made

Despit
E >
X4S S

metaphase

G
Spindle
·
gibres attach to the centromere

-
↳

Anaphase

①
&
spind gibres chromatid
pules apart

-
-
x

Telophase

⑳
chromated
*

expands into chromatin

-

·
nucleus the Same
gully formed Cytoplasm
in
 coding for proteins

Genes

triplets Codefor Amino acids

3
DNA
bases

~
metic code (3PNA base)
Universal
same triplet code for the same amino acids
·

in almost all living organisms

Degenerate
·
more than one triplet can code
for
the same amino did

Non overlapping
·
each nucleotide has one triplet

triplets together form a

gene which can code for a
polypetide

Gene
-

Base Sequence of DNA that codes for the amino acid Sequence
of a pols peptide

locus EExon-coding ecoding

Protein Synthesis in EukaryoticCells

RNA Nucleotides
nas :
It

phosphate group
·

9
y
Sugar
·
pentose

nitrogen
base
·

↓
Adenine
Cytosine
9 kanine
=
uracil

RNA's function :
Take DNA the
·
information in out of
nucleus into the ribosomes

·
This
information can be used to make proteins

messenger RNA (mRNA)