1. What is research?

Research is a systematic inquiry process that involves the collection of data, documentation of
critical information, and analysis and interpretation of that data to develop or contribute to
generalizable knowledge. It is conducted to:

 Evaluate the validity of a hypothesis or an interpretive framework

 Assemble a body of substantive knowledge and findings for sharing in appropriate
manners
 Generate questions for further inquiries
2. What are the characteristics of research?

Research is a systematic and controlled process that involves the following characteristics:

Empirical: Based on observations and experimentation

Systematic: Follows an orderly and sequential procedure

Controlled: All variables except those that are tested or experimented upon are kept constant

Employs hypothesis: Guides the investigation process

Analytical: Involves critical analysis of all data used to ensure accuracy

Objective and unbiased: Findings are logically based on empirical evidence

Employs quantitative or statistical methods: Data are transformed into numerical measures

Real-time data and knowledge: Derived from actual observations in natural settings

Logical reasoning: Involves both inductive and deductive methods

Patient and unhurried: Researchers are willing to follow procedures to the conclusions, even if they may
be unpopular or bring social disapproval

Carefully recorded and reported: Conclusions and generalizations are arrived at carefully and cautiously

These characteristics help ensure that research is conducted in a rigorous and reliable manner,
leading to accurate and valid findings.

3. Describe the classification of research.

Research can be classified into various categories based on different criteria. One way to classify
research is based on the subject matter, research methods, source of data, types of data, objective,
purpose, and scope of the research. Another way to classify research is based on its purpose, which
includes theoretical research, applied research, exploratory research, descriptive research, and
explanatory research. Additionally, research can be classified into two main categories: fundamental
or basic research and applied research. Fundamental research aims to generate new knowledge,
while applied research aims to use existing knowledge to solve practical problems.

4. What are the types of qualitative research?

There are several types of qualitative research, each with its own unique approach and
methods for data collection and analysis. Some of the most common types of qualitative
research include:

Phenomenological: This approach focuses on understanding the subjective experiences

and perceptions of individuals or groups. It often involves in-depth interviews and
observation to explore the essence of a phenomenon

Ethnographic: Ethnography is the study of a specific group within a culture. Researchers

immerse themselves in the culture they are researching, gathering data through direct
observation and interaction with participants. The goal is to understand group culture and
the participants' perspectives

Grounded Theory: Developed by sociologists Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss, grounded
theory is an inductive approach that aims to develop a theory from the data collected. It
involves a flexible and iterative process of data collection and analysis, with the researcher
constantly refining their understanding of the phenomenon being studied

Historical: This approach examines past events, experiences, and social phenomena to
understand their impact on the present. It often involves the analysis of primary sources,
such as documents, artifacts, and interviews

Case Study: Case studies are used to examine a person, group, community, or institution.
They provide in-depth analysis of a specific situation or context, often involving multiple
methods of data collection, such as interviews, observations, and document analysis

Action Research: This approach focuses on understanding and improving a specific

situation or problem. It involves a cyclical process of planning, action, and reflection, with the
researcher working closely with the participants to identify and address issues

Narrative Model: This approach emphasizes the importance of storytelling and narrative in
understanding human experiences. It often involves the collection and analysis of personal
narratives, such as life stories, to gain insights into individuals' perceptions and experiences

5. What are the types of quantitative research?

Descriptive research
Correlational research
Causal-comparative/ quasi-experimental research
Experimental research
6. What are the tips in conducting research?
Focus on your topic.
Organize your searches.
Manage your time efficiently.
Progress from general to specific resources.
Understand when you have researched your topic thoroughly or if further examination is
needed.
7. When do we say research is valuable and useful?
Research is considered valuable and useful when it provides significant and relevant information
that can be used to advance knowledge, solve problems, or inform decision-making. The value of
research can be assessed based on various criteria, such as clarity, quality, originality,
 significance, methodological sophistication, and broader impact on society. The usefulness of
research can also be evaluated based on its relevance to the research question, the context, and
the intended audience.
8. What are the parts of research paper? Describe each.
A research paper typically consists of several parts, each with a specific purpose and
function. The main parts of a research paper include:
Title (Cover Page): The title should be specific and indicate the theme of the research
and what ideas it addresses
Abstract: This is a brief summary of the research paper, usually around 150-300 words,
that provides an overview of the study's purpose, methods, results, and conclusions

Introduction: The introduction introduces the research topic, provides background

information, and states the research question or hypothesis
Literature Review: This section discusses previous research on the topic, providing a context
for the current study and highlighting gaps in the existing knowledge
Research Methodology: This section describes the methods used to collect and analyze data,
including the research design, participants, data collection techniques, and data analysis
procedures
Data Analysis: This section presents the results of the data analysis, often in the form of tables,
figures, and text
Discussion: The discussion interprets and describes what was learned from the research,
explaining the significance of the findings and their implications
Conclusions: This section summarizes the main findings and their implications, often including
recommendations for future research
References: The reference list cites all the sources used in the research paper, following a
specific citation style (e.g., APA, MLA, or Chicago)
Appendices: Appendices may include supplementary materials, such as questionnaires,
interview transcripts, or additional data
9. What is a research problem?
A research problem is a specific issue, contradiction, or gap in existing knowledge that a
researcher aims to address in their research. It is a statement about an area of concern, a
condition to be improved, a difficulty to be eliminated, or a troubling question that exists
in scholarly literature, in theory, or within existing practice that points to a need for
meaningful understanding and deliberate investigation. A research problem is at the
heart of any scientific inquiry, directing the trajectory of an investigation. It guides the
research and helps advance human knowledge. The statement of a problem orients the
reader to the importance of the topic, sets the problem into a particular context, and
defines the relevant parameters, providing the framework for reporting the findings. The
importance of research problem is that it gives the research a clear purpose and
justification, and helps the researcher to contribute to the accumulation of evidence-
based insights, solutions, and scientific progress, thereby advancing the frontier of
research
10. What are the sources of research problem?
The sources of a research problem can be diverse and may include the following:
Personal Experience: Day-to-day personal experience of a researcher may serve
as a good source of ideas to formulate a research problem
Literature Review: A systematic and critical analysis of existing research on a topic
can help identify what has been done, what is missing, and what is controversial in
the field of interest. It can help identify a research gap, which is an area that has not
been adequately explored or addressed by previous studies
Research Questions: Research questions can be developed by using sources that
include curiosity, professors, textbooks, journals, databases, and the Internet. They
can be designed to evaluate a theory, compare theories, address a practical
problem, resolve inconsistencies in the literature, replicate a prior study,
or investigate a particular question that has not yet been studied
Research Context: The broader situation or environment that influences a research
topic, including factors such as discipline, field of study, target audience, personal
interest
Discussions with Experts: Interactions with experts in the field, such as teachers,
social workers, healthcare providers, and others, can help identify practical, real-
world problems that may be understudied or ignored

11. What are the criteria for a good research problem

Significance: The research problem should be extensive or important enough to merit scholarly
consideration

Feasibility: It should be researchable, allowing access to a suitable amount of quality research

materials, and should be able to be answered thoroughly within the given timeframe and word limit

Novelty and Relevance: The problem should be novel, interesting, and relevant, introducing a fresh
perspective and leaning on trustworthy evidence and data

Analytical Nature: The research problem should be analytical rather than descriptive, allowing for
the production of an analysis of an issue or problem

Modifiability: It should be open to modification if needed

12. What is a research objective?

A research objective, also known as a goal or an objective, is a sentence or question that
summarizes the purpose of your study or test. In other words, it's an idea you want to
understand deeper by performing research. Objectives should be the driving force behind every
task you assign and each question that you ask.