MID-TERM SOLUTIONS

1. The figure below shows a pump drawing water from a reservoir and discharging it into the air at point B. The
pressure at point A in the suction pipe is a vacuum of 10” mercury and the discharge is 3 𝑓𝑡3/𝑠𝑒𝑐. Determine
the total head at point A and point B with respect to the datum at the base of the reservoir. (30 pts for point A
answer & 30 pts for point B answer)
Bottom to A

𝑃𝐴 𝑉 2 𝑃𝐵 𝑉 2
𝐻𝐴 = + + 𝑍𝐴 𝐻𝐵 = + + 𝑍𝐵
𝑦 2𝑔 𝑦 2𝑔

𝑄 3 𝑄 3
𝑉= = = 5.50𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑉= = = 8.59𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝐴 𝜋 (10)2 𝐴 𝜋 ( 8 )2
4 12 4 12
−10 (8.59)2
13.6(62.4)( 12 ) (5.50)2
𝐻𝐴 = + + 25 𝐻𝐵 = + 25 + 15 + 40
62.4 2(32.2) 2(32.2)

𝑯𝑨 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟏𝟒𝒇𝒕 𝑯𝑩 = 𝟖𝟏. 𝟏𝟓𝒇𝒕

FLUID MECHANICS

Viscous Flow
ENGR. JERUSA V. ORBON
INSTRUCTOR
 Viscous Flow – the effect of viscosity is considered in the flow of
fluid.
Viscosity – resistance of a fluid (liquid or gas) to a change in shape,
or movement of neighboring portions relative to one another (Britannica).

Pipe - are used for transport over Duct - are used for circulating air
longer distances. or fluid within a small space.
Pipe - are designed to withstand Duct - are designed to maintain a
specific temperature or
pressure and flow.
humidity.
 Flow in Pipe
• Single Pipe System • Multiple Pipe System
Problem 40:
Water at 60 °F flows from the basement to the second floor through the 0.75-in. (0.0625-ft)-diameter copper
pipe (a drawn tubing) at a rate of Q = 12.0 gal/min = 0.0267 𝑓𝑡 3 /s and exits through a faucet of diameter 0.50 in.
as shown below.

Determine the pressure at point (1) if :

(a) all losses are neglected,
(b) the only losses included are major losses,
or
(c) all losses are included
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛:
𝑄1 = 0.0267𝑓𝑡 3 /𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜇 = 2.344𝑥10−5 𝑙𝑏. 𝑠/𝑓𝑡 2
𝑑1 = 0.0625 𝑓𝑡
𝑄1 0.0267𝑓𝑡 3 /𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝜌 = 1.938𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔𝑠/𝑓𝑡 3
𝑉1 = = 𝜋 = 8.70𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝐴1
4
(0.0625 𝑓𝑡 )2
𝑑2 = 0.50𝑖𝑛 = 0.0417𝑓𝑡
𝑇 = 60℉
 𝜌𝑉𝐷
𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇

1.938𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔𝑠/𝑓𝑡 3 (8.70𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐 )(0.0625 𝑓𝑡 )

𝑅𝑒 =
2.344𝑥10−5 𝑙𝑏. 𝑠/𝑓𝑡 2

𝑅𝑒 = 44,956.80 ≈ 45,000 > 40,000 𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒖𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒕

𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: For Rough Pipe RE critical – 2,000

For Smooth Pipe RE critical – 40,000

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝑤𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠
 (8.70𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐 )2 (19.55𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐)2
𝟎 𝟎 𝟐𝟎𝒇𝒕
2 2
𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑉2
+ 𝛼1 + 𝑧1 = + 𝛼2 + 𝑧2 + ℎ𝐿
𝛾 1 2𝑔 𝛾 1 2𝑔
62.40𝑙𝑏𝑠/𝑓𝑡 3 62.40𝑙𝑏𝑠/𝑓𝑡 3
𝑄1 0.0267𝑓𝑡 3 /𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑉2 = = 𝜋 = 19.55𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝐴2 2
4 (0.0417𝑓𝑡)

1.938𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔𝑠 32.2ft
𝛾 = 𝜌𝑔 = 3 ∗ 2 = 62.40𝑙𝑏𝑠/𝑓𝑡 3
𝑓𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐

(a) all losses are neglected:

𝑃1 𝑉1 2 𝑃2 𝑉2 2
(𝛾)( + 𝛼1 + 𝑧1 = + 𝛼2 + 𝑧2 + ℎ𝐿 )(𝛾)
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔
𝑉1 2 𝑉2 2
𝑃1 + 𝛼1 𝛾 + 𝛾𝑧1 = 𝑃2 + 𝛼2 𝛾 + 𝛾𝑧2 + 𝛾ℎ𝐿
2𝑔 2𝑔
 𝛾
𝑃1 = (𝑣2 2 − 𝑣1 2 ) + 𝛾𝑧2 + 𝛾ℎ𝐿
2𝑔
1.938𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔𝑠
𝑓𝑡 3 (8.70𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐 )2 62.40𝑙𝑏𝑠/𝑓𝑡 3
1 𝟐𝟎𝒇𝒕
𝑃1 = 𝜌(𝑣2 2 − 𝑣1 2 ) + 𝛾𝑧2 + 𝛾ℎ𝐿 0
2
(19.55𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐)2 62.40𝑙𝑏𝑠/𝑓𝑡 3

𝑷𝟏 = 𝟏𝟓𝟒𝟓. 𝟎𝟏𝒍𝒃𝒔/𝒇𝒕𝟐 𝑜𝑟 𝑷𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟕𝟑𝒑𝒔𝒊

(b) the only losses included are major losses

(8.70𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐)2
60ft
𝒍𝑽 𝟐
𝒉𝑳 = 𝒇
𝑫 𝟐𝒈

(0.0625𝑓𝑡)

𝐿 = 15 + 10 + 5 + 10 + 10 + 10 = 60𝑓𝑡
𝒇 − 𝒇𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝜺 − 𝒑𝒊𝒑𝒆 𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒈𝒉𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒔

𝜺
𝒇
𝑫

𝑹𝒆

𝑹𝒆 − 𝒓𝒆𝒚𝒏𝒐𝒍𝒅𝒔′ 𝒔 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓
 𝜀 = 0.000005𝑓𝑡
𝑅𝑒 = 45,000
𝐷 = 0.0625ft
𝜀 0.000005𝑓𝑡
= = 8𝑥10−5
𝐷 0.0625ft
𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑏𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑘 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
8𝑥10−5
𝜀
1 2.51
= −2 log 𝐷 +
𝑓 3.7 𝑅𝑒 𝑓
45,000

1 −5
5.58𝑥10−5
= −2log(2.16𝑥10 + )
𝑓 𝑓
𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑓𝑡 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒
𝑓 = 0.0217
(b) the only losses included are major losses

(8.70𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐)2
60ft
𝒍 𝑽𝟏 𝟐
𝒉𝑳 = 𝒇
𝑫 𝟐𝒈
0.0217
(0.0625𝑓𝑡)

ℎ𝐿 = 24.48𝑓𝑡

𝐿 ℎ = 24.48𝑓𝑡
1
𝑃1 = 𝜌(𝑣2 2 − 𝑣1 2 ) + 𝛾𝑧2 + 𝛾ℎ𝐿
2

𝑷𝟏 = 𝟑𝟎𝟕𝟐. 𝟓𝟔𝒍𝒃𝒔/𝒇𝒕𝟐 𝑜𝑟 𝑷𝟏 = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟑𝟒𝒑𝒔𝒊

(c) all losses are included
Major loss: Minor loss:
𝑙𝑉 2 𝑉 2
ℎ𝐿 = 𝑓 ℎ𝐿 = Σ𝐾𝐿 𝐾𝐿 = 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
𝐷 2𝑔 2𝑔

ℎ𝐿 = 24.48𝑓𝑡
𝐾𝐿 = 1.5 4 + 10 + 2 = 18

(8.70𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐)2
18 𝑉 2
ℎ𝐿 = Σ𝐾𝐿
2𝑔
ℎ𝐿 = 21.16𝑓𝑡
(c) all losses are included 𝟑𝟎𝟕𝟐. 𝟓𝟔𝒍𝒃𝒔/𝒇𝒕𝟐

ℎ𝐿 = 21.16𝑓𝑡
1
𝑃1 = 𝜌 𝑣2 2 − 𝑣1 2 + 𝛾𝑧2 + 𝛾ℎ𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑗𝑜𝑟 + 𝛾ℎ𝐿𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟
2

𝑷𝟏 = 𝟒𝟑𝟗𝟐. 𝟗𝟒𝒍𝒃𝒔/𝒇𝒕𝟐 𝑜𝑟 𝑷𝟏 = 𝟑𝟎. 𝟓𝟏𝒑𝒔𝒊

 Problem 41:
The turbine shown below extracts 50 hp from the water flowing through it. The 1-ft-diameter, 300-ft-long pipe is
assumed to have a friction factor of 0.02. Minor losses are negligible. Determine the flowrate through the pipe
and turbine.flow rate

𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
2
𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑉2 2
+ 𝛼1 + 𝑧1 = + 𝛼2 + 𝑧2 + ℎ𝐿 + ℎ 𝑇
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔
Major loss:
300 𝑓𝑡
0.02 𝑙 𝑉 2 𝑃
ℎ𝐿 = 𝑓 ℎ𝑇 =
𝐷 2𝑔 𝛾𝑄
𝐴𝑉
1 𝑓𝑡
550𝑓𝑡. 𝑙𝑏𝑠/𝑠𝑒𝑐
2
ℎ𝐿 = 0.093𝑉 𝑓𝑡 50ℎ𝑝( )
ℎ𝑝
ℎ𝑇 =
62.4𝑙𝑏𝑠 𝜋
( 3 ) 4 (1)2 𝑉
𝑓𝑡

561.12𝑓𝑡
ℎ𝑇 =
𝑉
 𝑉 2 2
561.12𝑓𝑡
90 = + 0 + 0.093𝑉 𝑓𝑡 +
2(32.2) 𝑉

2
561.12𝑓𝑡
(𝑉)90 = (𝑉)0.11𝑉 𝑓𝑡 + (𝑉)
𝑉
0.11𝑉 3 𝑓𝑡 − 90𝑉 + 561.12𝑓𝑡

𝜋 2
𝑉 = 6.58𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥1 6.58𝑓𝑡
𝑄= 4 = 𝟓. 𝟏𝟕𝒇𝒕𝟑 /𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝑉 = 24.9𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑉 = −31.4𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜋 2
𝑥1 24.9𝑓𝑡
𝑄= 4 = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟔𝒇𝒕𝟑 /𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝑠𝑒𝑐
 Problem 42:
Three reservoirs are connected by three pipes as are shown below. For simplicity we assume that the diameter of
each pipe is 1 ft, the friction factor for each is 0.02.
𝑄1 = 𝑄2 + 𝑄3

𝑉1 = 𝑉2 + 𝑉3 Eq. 1
𝐴−𝐵
𝑃𝐴 𝑉𝐴 2 𝑃𝐵 𝑉𝐵 2 𝑙1 𝑉1 2 𝑙2 𝑉2 2
+ + 𝑧𝐴 = + + 𝑧𝐵 + 𝑓1 + 𝑓2
𝑦 2𝑔 𝑦 2𝑔 𝐷1 2𝑔 𝐷2 2𝑔

𝑙1 𝑉1 2 𝑙2 𝑉2 2
𝑧𝐴 = 𝑧𝐵 + 𝑓1 + 𝑓2
𝐷1 2𝑔 𝐷2 2𝑔

258 = 𝑉1 2 + 0.5𝑉2 2 Eq. 2

𝐴−𝐶
𝑃𝐴 𝑉𝐴 2 𝑃𝐶 𝑉𝐶 2 𝑙1 𝑉1 2 𝑙3 𝑉3 2
+ + 𝑧𝐴 = + + 𝑧𝐶 + 𝑓1 + 𝑓3
𝑦 2𝑔 𝑦 2𝑔 𝐷1 2𝑔 𝐷3 2𝑔

𝑙1 𝑉1 2 𝑙3 𝑉3 2
𝑧𝐴 = 𝑓1 + 𝑓3
𝐷1 2𝑔 𝐷3 2𝑔

322 = 𝑉1 2 + 0.4𝑉3 2 Eq. 3

 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑒𝑞 2 & 𝑒𝑞 3

𝑉3 = 160 + 1.25𝑉2 2 Eq. 4

𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑞 4 & 𝑒𝑞 1 𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑞 2

258 = (𝑉2 + 160 + 1.25𝑉2 2 )2 +0.5𝑉2 2

2𝑉2 160 + 1.25𝑉2 2 = 98 − 2.75𝑉2 2

𝑉2 4 − 460𝑉2 2 + 3748 = 0 Eq. 5

𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎
𝑉2 2 = 8.3
𝑉2 = 2.88𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑉1 = 15.9𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐
 𝑄1 = 𝐴1 𝑉1

𝜋 15.9𝑓𝑡
𝑄1 = (1𝑓𝑡)2 ( )
4 sec
𝑸𝟏 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓𝒇𝒕𝟑 /𝒔𝒆𝒄 Flowrate from A

𝑄2 = 𝐴2 𝑉2

𝜋 2
2.88𝑓𝑡
𝑄1 = (1𝑓𝑡) ( )
4 sec
𝑸𝟏 = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟔𝒇𝒕𝟑 /𝒔𝒆𝒄 Flowrate to B

𝑄3 = 𝑄1 − 𝑄2

𝑄3 = 12.5 − 2.26
𝑸𝟑 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟐𝒇𝒕𝟑 /𝒔𝒆𝒄 Flowrate to C
PIPE FLOWRATE MEASUREMENT
Orifice Meter
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑜 𝑄𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑜 = 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝜋
2(𝑃1 − 𝑃2 ) 𝐴𝑜 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑑 2
𝑄𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 = 𝐴𝑜 4
𝜌(1 − 𝛽 4 ) 𝑑
𝛽=
𝐷

𝟐(𝑷𝟏 − 𝑷𝟐 )
𝑸 = 𝑪𝒐 𝑨𝒐
𝝆(𝟏 − 𝜷𝟒 )
Nozzle Meter
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑛 𝑄𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑛 = 𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝜋
2(𝑃1 − 𝑃2 ) 𝐴𝑛 = 𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑑 2
𝑄𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 = 𝐴𝑛 4
𝜌(1 − 𝛽 4 ) 𝑑
𝛽=
𝐷

𝟐(𝑷𝟏 − 𝑷𝟐 )
𝑸 = 𝑪𝒏 𝑨𝒏
𝝆(𝟏 − 𝜷𝟒 )
Venturi Meter
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑣 𝑄𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑣 = 𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑖 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝜋
2(𝑃1 − 𝑃2 ) 𝐴𝑣 = 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑑 2
𝑄𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 = 𝐴𝑣 4
𝜌(1 − 𝛽 4 ) 𝑑
𝛽=
𝐷

𝟐(𝑷𝟏 − 𝑷𝟐 )
𝑸 = 𝑪𝒗 𝑨𝑻
𝝆(𝟏 − 𝜷𝟒 )
 6.88
𝐶𝑣 = 1.0054 −
𝑅𝑒𝑑 103 < 𝑅𝑒𝑑 < 5𝑥105

4864.9
𝐶𝑣 = 1.0054 − 5𝑥105 < 𝑅𝑒𝑑 < 8𝑥105
𝑅𝑒𝑑
4/5
0.185 361,239
𝐶𝑣 = 1.0054 − 1 − 𝑅𝑒𝑑 > 8𝑥105
𝑅𝑒𝑑 1/5 𝑅𝑒𝑑
 Problem 43:
Ethyl alcohol flows through a pipe of diameter D = 60 mm in a refinery. The pressure drop across the nozzle
789𝑘𝑔
meter used to measure the flowrate is to be Δp = 4.0 kPa when the flowrate is Q = 0.003 𝑚3 /𝑠𝑒𝑐. 𝜌 = 𝑚3 , 𝜇 =
𝑠𝑒𝑐
1.19𝑥10−3 𝑁 𝑚2 . Determine the diameter “d” of the nozzle. 𝐶𝑁 = 0.972

2(𝑃1 − 𝑃2 )
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑛 𝐴𝑛
𝜌(1 − 𝛽 4 )

𝜋 2(4𝑥103 )
0.003𝑚3 /𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 𝐶𝑛 4 (𝑑 2 ) 789𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 (1−𝛽4 )

𝐶𝑛 𝑑 2 𝑑 𝑑
1.20𝑥10−3 = 𝛽= =
1 − 𝛽4 𝐷 0.06

1.20𝑥10−3 𝒅 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟒𝟏𝒎 𝒐𝒓 𝟑𝟒. 𝟏𝒎𝒎

𝑑=( 1 − 0.5774 )1/2
0.972
 Assignment No. 11:
Three reservoirs are connected by three pipes as shown in the figure in Problem No. 42. For simplicity we
assume that the diameter of each pipe is 2 ft, the friction factor for each is 0.025. Determine the flow rate for
each pipe.