M1.

(a) use of gradient

C1

correct data extracted including power of ten

C1

6.60 × 10–34 J s ± 0.15 × 10–34 J s

A1
(3)

(b) extrapolation of graph to ordinate

C1

5.0 × 10–19 J ± 0.5 × 10–19 J

A1

or Φ = hf0 (f0 = 7.4 × 1014 Hz)

C1

5.0 × 10–19 J
A1
(2)

alternative to (a) + (b)

hf = Φ + ½mv2
M1

both pairs of coordinates from graph

M1

substitution of both pairs of values

M1

Φ in above range
A1

h in above range
A1

Page 1 of 26
 (c) energy to remove electron supplied by electromagnetic radiation
B1

if photon energy below threshold: no photoelectron

B1

or f < f0 => no electrons

energy only absorbed in discrete quanta, not continuously

B1

each photon releases 1 photoelectron

B1

increasing intensity of electromagnetic radiation increases number of photoelectrons

B1

electrons emitted even with low intensity radiation

B1

any three points

(3)
[8]

M2. (a) (i) path difference clearly indicated correctly

B1
(1)

(ii) path difference must be (n + ½)λ not just ½λ

(accept odd number of wavelengths) (allow diagram)
.

waves arrive at P antiphase / totally out of phase / exactly out of phase / out of
phase by by π or 180° (allow diagram)
B1

interfere destructively / cancel / “crests and troughs” at same time

B1
(3)

(iii) idea of waves spreading out at a slit / slits

(allow diagram for this mark)
B1

production of overlapping beams from the double slit or illuminating both slits in
double slit
B1
(2)

(b) fringe spacing = λD / d

or correct substitution of data
C1

0.83 mm
A1
(2)

Page 2 of 26
 (c) (i) momentum of electrons = 1.27 × 10−24 (kg m s−1)
or m × v and correct substitution
C1

wavelength = h / p
C1

5.2 × 10−10 m
A1

or wavelength = h / p and p = mv; or h / mv

C1

correct substitution of data

C1

correct answer
A1
(3)

(ii) calculation of fringe spacing ( = 7.8 × 10−7 m)

allow e.c.f. for d / D confusion in (b)

or ratio λ / d for each

B1

the fringe spacing is too small (to enable separate fringes to be seen)
B1

or calculation of D or of λ / d or speed for λ ≈ d

B1

speed in apparatus much larger than

that needed to make λ ≈ d
B1
(2)
[13]

M3. A
[1]

M4. D
1

M5. (a) (i) 146

B1
(1)

(ii) 90
B1
(1)

Page 3 of 26
 (b) (i) 0.0046 u or 4.0061 u
B1

their mass change in u × 1.7 × 10–27 or

7.8 × 10–30 or 6.8 × 10–27 kg
B1
(2)

(ii) E = mc2 (or recalls 1 u = 931 MeV)

C1

their (i) × 9 × 1016

6.9 – 7.0 × 10–13 or 4.82 MeV
A1
(2)

(c) (i) speed determined correctly from their (ii)

(1.43 × 107 m s –1)
or
p2 / 2m = E or E = ½mv2
and momentum (p ) = mv
C1

9.5 – 9.8 × 10–20 kg ms–1

A1
(2)

(ii) wavelength = h / mv
C1

their value of h / their (i)

6.6 – 6.9 × 10–15 m
A1
(2)
[10]

M6. B
[1]

M7. B
[1]

Page 4 of 26
M8. (a) relevant observation explains why this supports photons or
does not support waves

Examples

electrons are emitted with no noticeable delay

if wave theory time would elapse while an electron gains sufficient

energy to leave the surface or wtte

there is a threshold frequency below which there are no electrons emitted

photons have to have sufficient energy to cause emission and photon

energy is frequency related
B1

or if a wave energy could build up over time to cause electron emission

for a given frequency of light there is a given max KE for the emitted electron

a photon gives all its energy to an electron to remove it and give it KE

intensity of the light does not affect the KE of the emitted electrons

high intensity waves would be expected to give higher kinetic energy to an electron

do not allow increased intensity increases number of electron

B1

(b) (i) energy to remove an electron or to cause photoelectric emission

C1

minimum energy to remove an electron (from the surface)

A1
(2)

(ii) photon energy = hc / λ

or Ek (max) = hc / λ – ϕ
B1

max KE = = 6.2 × 10–19 J – 3.7 × 10–19 stated explicitly

allow 2 for correct substitution in Ek(max) = hc / λ – ϕ

B1
(2)

(iii) λ = h / mv
C1

velocity of electron = 7.4 × 105 m s –1

or momentum of electron = 6.75 × 10–250 (kg m s–1 )

C1

wavelength = 9.78 or 9.8 × 10–10 m (value correct)

A1
(3)
[9]

Page 5 of 26
M9. C
[1]

M10. B
[1]

M11. (a) the frequency needed to liberate an electron (electrons) from the surface of a material
or
minimum frequency to cause photoelectric effect
C1
the minimum frequency of the radiation / light / photon needed to liberate an electron
(electrons) from (the surface of) a material or from the surface
A1
(2)

(b) the rate increases or more electrons per second

M1
there are more photons striking the surface each second
A1
no change in rate if frequency is below threshold frequency – allow 1
(2)

(c) (i) Calculation using hc / E for (4.7 or 1.5 or 3.2) × 10–19 J

use of 1.5 leads to 1.32 × 10–6;
use of 3.2 leads to 6.2 × 10–7
C1
–7
4.2 × 10 m
A1
(2)

(ii) use of 1.5 × 10–19 J

B1
2
p = √(2mE) and λ = h / p or E = ½ mv and λ = h / mv
C1
correct answer for their energy
1.26 × 10–9 m for 1.5 × 10–19 J
1.2 × 10–9 m for 1.7 × 10–19 J
0.86 × 10–9 m for 3.2 × 10–19 J
0.71 × 10–9 m for 4.7 × 10–19 J
A1
(3)
[9]

M12. (a) (i) no electrons will be released / no current / no effect

B1

work function energy not being exceeded / insufficient

photon energy to exceed work function / photon
frequency below threshold frequency
B1

Page 6 of 26
 (ii) more electrons released per second / current increases
B1

more photons (of sufficient energy) striking metal surface per second
B1

(iii) answers must be in corresponding pairs below

cause – B1 consequence – B1

electrons collide with air less electrons reach anode

molecules (s–1)

less photons reach plate so

photons absorbed by air
fewer electrons emitted (s–1)

(work function ↑) so fewer

air contaminates plate photons sufficiently energetic
to release electrons

cause must be
everything in one ammeter reading or current
falls
pair of boxes above

(b) (i) λ= or correctly substituted values irrespective of powers of 10

B1

1.61 × 10–11 m N.B. “show that”

B1

(ii) crystal (or named crystalline material) / graphite

B1

atomic spacing (condone atomic diameter or distance

between nuclei) ≈ λ electrons
B1
[10]

M13. (a) (i) vertical field line(s)

B1

directed downwards

B1
2

(ii) mv 2/r and Bev seen

M1

equated and correctly rearranged

A1
2

Page 7 of 26
 (iii) v= or equivalent

M1

T=

A1
2

(iv) no v in the equation for T (m, B and e

all independent of v)

B1
1

(b) (i) proton spirals outwards/suitable diagram B1

as v ↑ r ↑

B1
2

(ii) f =1/T

B1
1

(c) (i) conversion of keV to J (1.92 × 10–17)

C1

use of ½ mv 2
1.50 × 105 ms –1

A1
3

Page 8 of 26
 (ii) λ=

p = mv or substituted values

C1

2.6 × 10–12 m

A1
3

(iii) y-rays or X-rays or answer consistent with

candidate’s λ

B1
1
[17]

M14. (a) 1.8/1.81 × 10–11 m

B1
1

(b) circular bands of light on diagram

B1

diffraction/interference effect or electron λ ≈ atomic

spacing in graphite

B1
2

(c) state correct and appropriate particulate aspect

B1

quote evidence from this expt that shows electrons possess

aspect

B1
2

e.g.
electrons carry momentum/kinetic energy to screen
excite other electrons in atoms/cause emission of energy/light
or
electrons carry charge
can be accelerated by electric field/p.d.
etc
[5]

Page 9 of 26
M15. (a) Use of 4 × 1014

C1

Use of c = fλ

C1

7.5 × 10–7 m

A1
3

(b) line parallel to first intersecting x-axis at twice threshold freq

B1

(i) gradient is h so unchanged

B1

(ii) intersection with x-axis is double because

hf = φ at zero ke for e–

B1
3
[6]

M16. (a) e– likely where amplitude is max [or at r = 1.5 × 10–10 m]

B1

or impossible where amplitude is zero/probability of

finding electron amplitude of stationary wave is related
to probability

C1

probability is proportional to amplitude squared

A1

Page 10 of 26
(b) (i) shows ½ mv 2 = ½ (mv)2/m and states p = mv

B1

(ii) States mv = h/λ

B1

½ mv 2 = ½ (mv)2/m (i.e. re-writes k.e. in momentum

terms)

[k.e. = ½ h2/λ 2/m]

B1

(c) (i) λ = 6 × 10–10

B1

k.e. = ½ × (6.6 × 10–34)2 /(6 × 10–10 )2 × 9.1 × 10–31 [ecf]

C1

= 6.65 × 10–19 J

A1

(ii) Uses kQ/r or variant

C1

p.e. = kQ1Q2/r1 = 8.98 × 109 × (1.6 × 10–19)2/1.5 × 10–10

C1

= (–)15.3 × 10–19 J

A1

makes it explicit that this is a negative

quantity relative to k.e.

allow use of symbol/stated value for electron/proton

charge

A1

(iii) adds ((c)(i)) and ((c)(ii)) calcs correctly without regard

to sign

C1

quotes answer as –ve, addition is correct

(cao range –8 → –9 –8.57 × 10–19 J)

A1

Page 11 of 26
 (iv) this is stable [ecf, must be consistent with (c)(iii)]

B1

negative total energy so energy must be supplied

to break up

B1
[17]

M17. (a) (i) f = c/λ or correct substitution irrespective of powers

C1

5.26 × 1014 (Hz) not 5.2 × 1014

A1
2

(ii) Ф = hf or substitution irrespective of powers

C1

3.3 – 3.5 × 10–19 J

A1
2

Page 12 of 26
 (b) (i) statement or clear use of photoelectric equation

C1

max ke = 1.2 – 1.4 × 10–19 (J)

C1

½ mv2 or substituted values ecf for max ke

C1

5.1 – 5.6 × 105 ms –1 (cao)

A1
4

(ii) same intensity and shorter wavelength

=>less photons incident per

B1

second
fewer electrons emitted per second

B1

condone argument for unchanged numbers of electrons

(based on 1 to 1 correspondence between photons and
electrons)
2
[10]

M18. (a) (i) Lines of equipotential parallel to the plates

B1

Field lines perpendicular to plates, evenly spaced

and with arrows upwards

B1

Lack of clear labelling of at least one of the types

of line loses 1 mark
Either field shown to be uniform

B1
3

Page 13 of 26
 (ii) KE = 8.8 × 10–17 J

B1

Use of ½ mv 2

C1

Speed = 1.4 × 107 m s –1 ecf

A1

Momentum =1.27 × 10–23 kg m s–1 ecf

B1
4

(b) Use of de Broglie wavelength = h/mv

C1

5.2 × 10–11 m ecf

A1

diffraction of electrons necessary

M1

will work because wavelength is of same order as atomic

separation (not just wavelength is too small)/argument
consistent with their (a) (ii).

A1
4
[11]

M19. (a) lowest energy state/level that the electron can occupy

or state in which electron needs most energy to be released

B1
1

or the level of an unexcited electron (not lowest orbit)

Page 14 of 26
(b) (i) force = mv 2/r or mrω2 and v = rω

B1

8.1 × 10−8 = 9.1 × 10−31 × v 2/5.3 × 10−11

or (v 2 =) 4.72 × 1012 seen

B1

2.17 × 106 (m s−1)

B1

(ii) λ = h/mv or 6.6 × 10−34/9.1 × 10−31 × 2.2 × 106

C1
7

3.3 × 10−10 m

A1

(iii) circumference = 2π5.3 × 10−11 = 3.3 × 10−10 m

M1

1 (allow e.c.f. from (ii))

A1

(c) (i) 1.9(4) × 10−18 J

B1

(ii) 5.6 × 10−19 J (e.c.f. 2.5 × 10−18 − their (i))

B1

Page 15 of 26
 (iii) energy difference E = 3 × 10−19 J
(condone any difference)

C1

E = hc/λ or E = hf and c=fλ

or their E = 6.6 × 10−34 × 3.0 × 108/λ

C1

6.6 or 6.7 × 10−7 m

A1
5
[13]

M20. (a) (i) electrons behave sometimes as particles (1)

and sometimes as waves (1)

(ii) mυ ∝ 1 / λ (or mυ = h / λ) (1)

(3)

(b) For (crystal) diffraction, electron wavelength must be of order of atom spacing (1)
hence λ ≈ 10–10 m (1)

(1)
4

(c) deflection in E-field

(or deflection in B-field, or any other correct evidence) (1)
(1)
[8]

M21. (a) hf = photon energy (1)

ϕ = work function (1)
Ek = maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons (1)
(3)

Page 16 of 26
 (b) (i) (1)

(ii) energy on surface = 6.0 × 10–12 J mm–2 s –1 (1)

(1)

(iii) (1) × 10–19 = 2.0 × 10–19 J (1)

(5)
[8]

M22. (a) = 1.2(4) × 10–10 m (1)

(2)

(b) (i) same (1)

(ii) same (1)

(2)
[4]

M23. (a) (i) hf = photon energy (1)

(ii) ϕ = minimum energy to eject electron from metal surface (1)

(iii) Ek = maximum kinetic energy of a photoelectron (1)

3

(b) (i) no photoelectrons are emitted (1)

(ii) wave theory predicts photoelectrons will be emitted with red light (or at any
frequency) (1)

(iii) one photon absorbed by one electron (1)

electron emitted from metal if photon energy [or hf] > ϕ (or not if < ϕ) (1)
red light photon energy < ϕ (1)
max 3

(c) ϕ= (1) k.e.max (1)

ϕ= – 3.26 × 10–19 (1)

ϕ = 3.4 × 10–19 J (1)

2
[8]

Page 17 of 26
M24. (a) ray straight through at X (1)
ray refracted at >30° at Y (1)
ray totally internally reflected at Z (1)

(b)

at critical angle sinθair = 1 (1)

sinθwater = 0.75, θwater = 48.6° (1)
radius = 1.5tan48.6° (1) =1.7m, ∴ diameter = 3.4m (1)
[7]

M25. (a) only certain energies [or energy changes] allowed (1)
a line [or photon] corresponds to transition between levels (1)
each transition [or energy change]
corresponds to a definite wavelength [or frequency] (1)
3

(b) (i) Eion = 10.4× 1.6 × 10–19 (or10.4 eV) (1)

= 1.66 × 10–18 (J) (1)

(ii) E (1)

= 1.40 × 10–18 J (1)

= 8.8 eV (1)
which is from 1.6 to 10.4 (1)

(iii) ultra-violet (1)

7
[10]

M26. (a) υ= (1) = 4.86 × 106 ms –1 (1)

2

(b) yes (1)

same order as λ (1)
2
[4]

M27. (a) (1)

= 2.1× 106 m s –1 (1)

2

Page 18 of 26
 (b) (i) difference between E2 and E0 = 1.94 × 10–18 J (1)
which is less than the electron kinetic energy (1)

(ii) (E2 – E1) = 3.06 × 10–19 (1) (= )

λ= (1) = 6.5 × 10–7 m (1)

in visible [or red] region (1)

6

(c) for ionisation, p.d. = (1) =13.6 V (1)

2
[10]

M28. (a) (i) electrons behave sometimes as particles, sometimes as waves (1)

(ii) particle example: deflection in electric [or magnetic] field (1)

wave example: diffraction (1)

(3)

(b) (kinetic energy) mυ2 = eV (1)

p (= mυ ) =

λ= , gives result (1)

(3)
[6]

M29. (a) ϕ is minimum energy needed to remove electron (1)

Ek is maximum energy of emitted electron (1)
(2)

(b) (i) Ek = hf – ϕ

f= ∴ Ek = hc – ϕ (1)

cf y = mx + c (1)

Page 19 of 26
(ii)

λ / nm 200 300 400 500 600

Ek × 10–19 J 6.72 3.30 1.68 0.66 0.05

0.0050 0.0033 0.0025 0.0020 0.0017

values correct (1)

both axes correctly labelled (1)

five points correctly plotted (1)
sensible scale and straight line (1)

Page 20 of 26
 graph for this question

from intercept, ϕ = 3.3 × 10–19 J (1) = 2.1 eV (1)

h= = 6.7 × 10–34 J s (1)

(max 9)

(c) straight line to right of present curve (1)

parallel to it (1)
(2)

Page 21 of 26
 (d) ultraviolet high frequency (1)
above f0 for emission (1)
[or red light low frequency (1)
below f0 for emission (1)]

[alternative (d)
ultraviolet [red light] photon energy is high [low] (1)
above [below] work function (1)]
(2)
[15]

M30. (a) (i) (wave property) (electron) diffraction (1)

(ii) (particle-property) photoelectric effect (1)

(iii) (wave property) interference / diffraction / refraction (1)

(3)

(b) (momentum of electron =) mυ = 9.11 × 10–31 × 5.0 × 106 (1)

(= 4.56 × 10–24 (kg m s–1)) (1)

[(λ = h /mυ gives) λ = 6.6(3) × 10–34 / 4.56 × 10–24 (1)

(allow e.c.f. for value of mυ)

= 1.5 × 10–10 m (1) (1.45 × 10–10 m)

(3)
[6]

M31. (a) (i) diagram to show: (1)

ray refracted towards normal (1)

total internal reflection at core-cladding interface (1)
i = r indicated (1)
ray continues whole length of fibre and emerges, without errors(1)

(ii) refraction (1)

(iii) use of 1n 2 = (1)

θC (= θ2) = 75.2° (1)

[or sin θC = 1/n gives sinθC = n clad/n core (1)

sin θC = 1.45/1.50 (1)

θC = 75.2°(1)]
(max 7)

Page 22 of 26
 (b) (i) to protect outer surface of the core (1)

(ii) greater acceptance angle (1)

enables more light to be collected
(or smaller critical angle makes escape less likely) (1)
(3)

(c) endoscopy or communications (1)

(1)
[11]

M32. (a) need for excitation (1)

electrons in an atom can only exist at definite/discrete energy levels / orbits (1)
an electron falls from one level to another (1)
photon emitted (1)
photon has definite wavelength (1)

The Quality of Written Communication marks were awarded primarily for the quality
of answers to this part
(5)

(b) (i) an electron is removed from a (neutral) atom (1)

(ii) 2.2 × 10–18 (J) (1)

(iii) (fmin = E/h gives) fmin = 2.2 × 10–18/6.6(3) × 10–34 (1)

(allow e.c.f from result of (b)(ii)) (1)
= 3.3(2) × 1015 Hz (1)

(iv) ionised electron gains kinetic energy (or electron breaks free of atom) (1)
(5)

(c) (1) (= 4.52 × 1014 Hz)

(λ = c/f gives) λ = 3.0 × 108/4.52 × 1014 (1) (allow e.c.f. for f)

= 6.6(3) × 10–7 m (1)

(3)
[13]

M33. (a) Φ : work function (1)

minimum energy (1)
required to remove an electron (from the photocathode) (1)
(or energy required to remove electron from surface)

maximum kinetic energy (1)

Ek of emitted (photo)electron (leaving the metal) (1)

(5)

Page 23 of 26
 (b) (i) 4.(0) μA (1)
doubling the intensity doubles the number of photons (per se) (1)
(which) doubles the number of electrons released (per se) (1)
current = rate of flow of charge (1)
assume one photon liberates one electron (1)
(or assume all the photoelectrons are collected) (1)

(ii) (f0 = c/λ0 gives) f0 = 3.0 × 10–8/350 × 10–9 (1)

= 8.6 × 1014 Hz (1) (8.57 × 1014 Hz) (1)

(Φ = hf0 gives) Φ = 6.6(3) × 10–34 × 8.57 × 1014 (allow e.c.f. for f0)

= 5.7 × 10–19 J (1) (5.68 × 10–19 J) (1)

(max 5)
[10]

M34. (a) (i) electromagnetic radiation behaves either as a particle or as a wave (1)

(ii) (electromagnetic radiation) behaves as a particle (1)

(2)

(b) (i) hf = φ + Ek (1)

φ = (6.63 × 10–34 × 1.67 × 1015) – (3.0 × 10–19) (1)
= 8.1 × 10–19 (1) J (1) (8.07 × 10–19)

(ii) (number per second) doubled (1)

(maximum kinetic energy) remains constant (1)

(iii) (all) electrons have insufficient energy to leave the (new) metal (1)
the work function of the (new) metal is greater than hf
[or the work function of the (new) metal is greater than
that of the original metal] (1)

The Quality of Written Communication marks were awarded primarily for the
quality of answers to this part.
(8)
[10]

M35. (a) (i) electromagnetic radiation behaves either as a particle or as a wave (1)

(ii) (electromagnetic radiation) behaves as a particle (1)

(2)

(b) (i) hf = φ + Ek (1)

φ = (6.63 × 10–34 × 1.67 × 1015) – (3.0 × 10–19) (1)
= 8.1 × 10–19 (1) J (1) (8.07 × 10–19)

(ii) (number per second) doubled (1)

(maximum kinetic energy) remains constant (1)

Page 24 of 26
(iii) (all) electrons have insufficient energy to leave the (new) metal (1)
the work function of the (new) metal is greater than hf
[or the work function of the (new) metal is greater than
that of the original metal] (1)

The Quality of Written Communication marks were awarded primarily for the
quality of answers to this part.
(8)
[10]

Page 25 of 26
Page 26 of 26