New Indian Era (NIE):- Offline Centre NIE CLASSES, Thane (w), Mumbai 400607

CHAPTER-15
STRUCTURE OF
ATOMS &
NUCLEI

New Indian Era (NIE):- Offline Centre NIE CLASSES, Thane (w), Mumbai 400607
 15. Structure Of Atoms
& Nuclei
Important Formulae:
1. Wave number:
1 1 1 1 1
𝑣ҧ = = 𝑅 − = 𝑅𝐻 𝑍 2 −
𝜆 𝑛2 𝑚2 𝑛2 𝑚2
𝑚𝑒 ⅇ4
where, 𝑅𝐻 =
8𝑐𝜀0 ℎ3

2. Angular momentum:
𝑛ℎ
𝐿 = 𝑚𝑒 𝑣𝑟 =
2𝜋

3. Radius of nth Bohr orbit:

𝜀0 𝑛 2 ℎ 2
𝑟𝑛 = i.e., 𝑟𝑛 ∝ 𝑛2
𝜋𝑚𝑒 𝑧ⅇ2
𝑟1 𝑛 2
∴ = 1
𝑟2 𝑛2

4. Velocity of electron in nth orbit:

𝑍ⅇ2 1
𝑣𝑛 = i.e., 𝑣𝑛 ∝
2𝜀0 𝑛ℎ 𝑛

5. Energy difference between two successive energy level:

∆𝐸 = 𝐸2 − 𝐸1 = ℎ𝑣

6. Energy of nth Bohr orbit:

𝑚𝑒 𝑍𝑒 4 1
i. 𝐸𝑛 = − i.e., 𝐸𝑛 ∝
8𝜀02 𝑛2 ℎ2 𝑛2
𝐸1 𝑛2 2
∴ =
𝐸2 𝑛1

−13.6𝑍 2
ii. 𝐸𝑛 = ⅇ𝑉
𝑛2

7. K.E of nth orbit:

𝑚𝑒 𝑍 2 ⅇ4
𝐾. 𝐸 = −
8𝜀02 𝑛2 ℎ2

8. Potential energy in nth orbit:

𝑚𝑒 𝑍 2 ⅇ4 1
𝑃. 𝐸 = − i.e., 𝑃. 𝐸 ∝
4𝜀02 𝑛2 ℎ2 𝑛2

New Indian Era (NIE):- Offline Centre NIE CLASSES, Thane (w), Mumbai 400607
9. Relation between K.E, P.E and T.E:
i. 𝑃. 𝐸 = −2𝐾. 𝐸
ii. 𝑃. 𝐸 = 2 𝑇. 𝐸
iii. 𝑇. 𝐸 = 𝑃. 𝐸 + 𝐾. 𝐸

10. Radius of a nucleus: 𝑅 = 𝑅0 𝐴1/3

3𝑀
11. Nuclear density: 𝜌 =
4𝜋𝑅03

12. Mass defect: ∆𝑀 = 𝑍𝑚𝑃 + 𝐴 − 𝑍 𝑚𝑛 − 𝑀

∆𝑀𝑐 2
13. Binding energy: 𝐸𝐵 = ∆𝑀𝑐 2 𝐽 = 𝑒𝑉
𝑒

𝐸𝐵 𝑍𝑚𝑝 + 𝐴−𝑍 𝑚𝑛 −𝑀
14. Binding energy per nucleon: = 𝑐 2 𝐽/nucleon
𝐴 𝐴

15. Radioactive decay:

i. 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝛼 − 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑦: 𝐴𝑍𝑋 → 𝐴−4
𝑍−2𝑌 +𝛼
ii. a. for β − 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑦:
𝐴𝑋 → 𝐴 + 𝑒 − + 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑜.
𝑍 𝑍+1𝑌
b. for β − 𝑝𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑦:
𝐴𝑋 → 𝐴 + 𝑒 − + 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑜.
𝑍 𝑍+1𝑌
iii. 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝛾 − 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑦: 𝑋𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑑 → 𝑋𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑥𝑒𝑑 + 𝛾

16. Decay law: 𝑁 𝑡 = 𝑁0 𝑒 −𝜆𝑡

17. Activity: 𝐴 𝑡 = 𝐴0 𝑒 −𝜆𝑡 = 𝜆𝑁(𝑡)

0.693
18. Half life period: 𝑇1/2 =
𝜆

1 𝑇1/2
19. Average life: 𝜏 = =
𝜆 0.693

New Indian Era (NIE):- Offline Centre NIE CLASSES, Thane (w), Mumbai 400607
NOTES:
1. For different series in hydrogen spectrum:
Spectral n m Wavelength 𝝀𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝝀𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝝀𝒎𝒂𝒙 Region Range
series (m = (𝒎 = 𝝀𝒎𝒊𝒏
n+1) ∞)
Lyman 1 2,3, 1 1 1 4 1 4 Ultra- 911.6 Å to
=𝑅 −
𝜆𝐿𝑦 12 𝑚2 3𝑅 𝑅 3
4... violet 1216 Å
Balmer 2 3,4, 1 1 1 36 4 9 Visible 3646 Å to
=𝑅 −
𝜆𝐵 22 𝑚2 5𝑅 𝑅 5
5,... 6563 Å
Paschen 3 4,5, 1 1 1 144 9 16 Near 8204 Å to
=𝑅 −
𝜆𝑝 32 𝑚2 7𝑅 𝑅 7
6,... infra- 18753 Å
red
Brackett 4 5,6, 1 1 1 400 16 25 Middle 14585 Å to
=𝑅 −
𝜆𝐵𝑟 42 𝑚2 9𝑅 𝑅 9
7... infra- 40515 Å
red
Pfund 5 6,7, 1 1 1 900 25 36 Far 22790 Å to
=𝑅 2− 2 11𝑅 𝑅 11
𝜆𝑝𝑓 5 𝑚
8,... infra-red 74583 Å
The first two lines of minimum energy for any series are called the 𝜶-, 𝜷- lines of that
series.

2. Bohr's model of atom is only applicable for hydrogen atom.

3. The nuclear force between nucleons having parallel spin is greater than those having
antiparallel spin.
4. In an energy level diagram, the arrows pointing down represent emission lines while
the arrows pointing up represent absorption lines.

5. Only Lyman series is obtained by both emission as well as absorption. All other
spectra are obtained only in emission.
6. Atom tends to return to lower energy state from higher energy state within a time
interval of about 10 nanoseconds.

7. Atomic clock may produce an error of approximately 1 second in 30 years.

8. The binding energy of the electron in the ground state of hydrogen is called Rydberg.
1 Rydberg = 13.6 eV.
𝑛
9. For radioactive nuclei, > 1 . where, n= number of neutrons and p= number of
𝑝
protons.

New Indian Era (NIE):- Offline Centre NIE CLASSES, Thane (w), Mumbai 400607
Mindbenders:
1. If the relative abundance of isotopes in an element has a ratio n1 : n2 whose atomic
𝑛 𝑚 +𝑛 𝑚
masses are m1 and m2, then atomic mass of the element is, M = 1 1 2 2.
𝑛1 +𝑛2

2. If a nuclide can decay simultaneously by two different processes which have decay
constants 𝜆1 and 𝜆2 half-life periods T₁ and T2 respectively, then
𝑇𝑇
𝜆 = 𝜆1 + 𝜆2 ⇒ 𝑇 = 1 2
𝑇1 +𝑇2

Shortcuts:
1. Maximum number of spectral lines obtained on account of transition of electron
𝑛 𝑛−1
present in nth n orbit to various lower orbits is given by .
2

2. Wavelength will be minimum for n = ∞ and it will be maximum for the nearest
number which is 1st member of series.

3. The magnetic field produced at the nucleus due to the motion of electron is given by,
12.58𝑍 3
𝐵𝑛 = 𝑇.
𝑛3

4. Number of 𝛼 and 𝛽 particles emitted in a decay process is given as,

𝐴−𝐴′
𝑛𝛼 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛𝛽 = 2𝑛𝛼 − 𝑍 + 𝑍 ′
4

New Indian Era (NIE):- Offline Centre NIE CLASSES, Thane (w), Mumbai 400607