New Indian Era (NIE):- Offline Centre NIE CLASSES, Thane (w), Mumbai 400607

CHAPTER-14
DUAL NATURE OF
RADIATION AND
MATTER

New Indian Era (NIE):- Offline Centre NIE CLASSES, Thane (w), Mumbai 400607
 14. Dual Nature of
Radiation and Matter
Important Formulae:
ℎ𝑐
1. Energy of photon: 𝐸 = ℎ𝜐 =
𝜆
[Note: Wavelength (nm) × energy (ev) = 1250
Wavelength (Å) x energy (eV)=12500
i.e., hc = 1250 nm-eV = 12500 Å-eV]

𝐸 ℎ𝜐 ℎ
2. Momentum: 𝑝 = = =
𝑐 𝑐 𝜆

ℎ𝑐
3. Work function: 𝜙0 = ℎ𝜐= =
𝜆0
Where, 𝜐0 = threshold frequency and
𝜆0 = threshold wavelength

4. Condition for photoemission:

i. 𝜐 > 𝜐0 ii. λ < 𝜆0

5. Maximum energy of photoelectron:

1 2
i. 𝐾. 𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑚𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥
2
1 1
ii. 𝐾. 𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ℎ𝜐 − 𝜙0 = ℎ 𝜐 − 𝜐0 = ℎ𝑐 −
𝜆 𝜆0
iii. 𝐾. 𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑒𝑉0

6. Stopping potential:
ℎ𝜐 𝜙0 ℎ𝑐 𝜙0
i. 𝑉0 = − ii. 𝑉0 = −
𝑒 𝑒 𝑒𝜆 𝑒

7. Relation between momentum and kinetic energy:

𝑝 = 2𝑚𝐸

8. De Broglie wavelength:
ℎ ℎ ℎ
i. 𝜆= = ii. 𝜆=
𝑝 𝑚𝑣 2𝑚𝐸
ℎ
iii. For charged particle: 𝜆 =
2𝑚𝑒𝑉
1.228
iv. For electron: 𝜆 𝑛𝑚 =
𝑉( 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠)

New Indian Era (NIE):- Offline Centre NIE CLASSES, Thane (w), Mumbai 400607
NOTES:
1. A photon is not a material particle. It is a quanta of energy.

2. When temperature increases, work function decreases.

3. The work function of metal decreases as the atomic number of element increases.

4. The de Broglie wavelength of electrons in first Bohr orbit of an atom is equal to

circumference of orbit.

5. The de Broglie wavelength of the neutron having kinetic energy K electron volt is given
0.286
by λ0 = Å
𝐾

6. The de Broglie wavelength associated with ordinary objects is of the order of 10-24 m.

Mindbenders:
1. Electric Discharge through Gases:
At normal atmospheric pressure, the gases are poor conductors of electricity. When
potential difference (of the order of 30 kV) is established between two electrodes
placed in air at a distance of few cm from each other, electric conduction starts in
the form of sparks. The discharge of electricity through gases can be systematically
studied with the help of a discharge tube shown below.

Discharge tube
i. At normal pressure, no discharge takes place.
ii. When pressure drops to nearly 10-4 mm of Hg, there is no discharge in the
tube.

New Indian Era (NIE):- Offline Centre NIE CLASSES, Thane (w), Mumbai 400607
 Gas Colour of light
Air Purple red
Hydrogen Blue
Nitrogen Red
Chlorine Green
Carbondioxide Bluish white
Neon Dark red
iii. In fact, when the pressure inside the discharge tube is gradually reduced,
different types of discharge are observed.

2. J.J. Thomson's Experiment:

i. It works on the fact that if a beam of electrons is subjected to the crossed
electric field 𝐸 and magnetic field 𝐵, it experiences a force due to each field.
When the forces on the electrons in the beam due to these fields are equal
and opposite, the beam remains undeflected.

ii. When no field is applied, the electron beam produces illumination at the
central point on the screen.

iii. Both the fields are applied simultaneously and adjusted in such a way that
electron beam is undeflected and produces illumination at the same point.

New Indian Era (NIE):- Offline Centre NIE CLASSES, Thane (w), Mumbai 400607
 iv. As electron beam is accelerated from cathode to anode, its loss in potential
energy appears as gain in the K.E. at the anode. If V is the potential difference
between cathode and anode then, loss in potential energy =eV
Gain in kinetic energy at anode will be,
1 1
𝐾. 𝐸. = 𝑚𝑣 2 i.e., 𝑒𝑉 = 𝑚𝑣 2
2 2
𝑒 𝑣2 𝑒 𝐸2
= ⇒ =
𝑚 2𝑉 𝑚 2𝑉𝐵2
𝑒 1011 𝐶
Thomson showed that, = 1.77 × .
𝑚 𝑘𝑔

Shortcuts:
1. Einstein's equation can be written as, ℎ𝜐 = 𝜙0 + 𝑉0 where V0 is stopping potential.
Remember, if a question involving a graph is asked, the line having bigger Y-intercept
will have higher work function and the slope of the graph will be a constant physical
quantity.

2. The slope of the graph between stopping potential and frequency gives the ratio of
Planck's constant to electronic charge (h/e).

3. The slope of the graph between kinetic energy and frequency gives the Planck's
constant (h).

ℎ
4. The equivalent mass of photon while moving is given by, m = .
𝑐𝜆

5. The de-Broglie wavelength associated with gas molecules varies inversely as the
1
square root of temperature 𝜆 ∝ .
𝑇

6. Expression for the wavelength associated with charged particles accelerated through
a potential difference V.
12.27
i. Electron: 𝜆𝑒 = Å
𝑉
0.286
ii. Proton: 𝜆𝑝 = Å
𝑉
0.202
iii. Deuteron: 𝜆𝑑 = Å
𝑉
0.101
iv. a-particle: 𝜆𝛼 = Å
𝑉

New Indian Era (NIE):- Offline Centre NIE CLASSES, Thane (w), Mumbai 400607