ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We extend our heartfelt gratitude to all those who contributed to the successful
completion of this EVS project on the analysis of water from different regions of Delhi.

First and foremost, we express our sincere appreciation to our EVS mentor, Ms.
Shivangi and Ms. Tripti for their invaluable guidance, encouragement, and support
throughout this project. Their expertise and dedication have been indispensable in
shaping our research endeavors.

Thanks to our Honorable Vice Chancellor Ms. Amita Dev for providing us with a clean
and healthy lab environment for performing the experiments.

Lastly, we express our gratitude to our families and friends for their unwavering
support, understanding, and encouragement throughout the duration of this project.

We express our gratitude to all for their invaluable contributions and support.
 INTRODUCTION

Water, the elixir of life, is indispensable for sustaining ecosystems, supporting

livelihoods, and ensuring public health. However, the quality of water is increasingly
threatened by anthropogenic activities and natural processes, posing formidable
challenges to environmental sustainability and human well-being. Nowhere is this
challenge more pronounced than in urban centers like Delhi, where rapid
urbanization, industrialization, and population growth place immense pressure on
limited water resources.

This EVS project aims to assess the water quality in various parts of Delhi, a bustling
city at the core of India's socio-economic activity. We will focus on key parameters
such as pH, conductivity, and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) to understand the state of
water quality. By collecting and analyzing data rigorously, we aim to unravel the
intricate factors affecting water quality dynamics in the region.

This project holds immense importance. Assessing water quality is critical for
protecting public health, conserving ecosystems, and promoting sustainable
development. In Delhi, where water demand rises with rapid urban growth,
understanding water quality intricacies is essential for making informed decisions and
managing resources effectively.

Delhi's water bodies, including the Yamuna River, lakes, ponds, and groundwater
reservoirs, are essential for both residents and ecosystems. However, they are under
various threats such as pollution from industries, agriculture, sewage, and depletion of
groundwater. Our project aims to analyze pH, conductivity, and TDS to understand
how water quality varies over space and time, identify sources of contamination, and
assess their impact on human health and ecosystems.

In addition to collecting and analyzing data, this project takes a proactive stance
toward environmental stewardship and community involvement. By sharing our
findings, raising awareness, and facilitating discussions among stakeholders, we aim
to inspire collective efforts toward sustainable water management practices. Through
partnerships with local communities, government agencies, and environmental
organizations, we seek to turn our scientific knowledge into actionable solutions that
protect water resources, strengthen environmental resilience, and benefit both current
and future generations.

By sharing our findings, raising awareness, and facilitating discussions, we aim to

promote sustainable water management practices collectively, to translate our
scientific knowledge into practical solutions that preserve water resources, enhance
environmental resilience, and benefit present and future generations.
WHAT IS pH?
pH: A Key Indicator of Solution Acidity and Alkalinity

pH, or "potential of hydrogen," is a fundamental chemical property used to measure

the acidity or alkalinity of an aqueous solution. It plays a crucial role in various
industries, where precise pH measurements are essential for ensuring product quality,
safety, and compliance with regulatory standards.

Understanding pH:

pH values range from 0 to 14, with lower values indicating acidity, higher values
indicating alkalinity, and a pH of 7 considered neutral. This scale quantifies the
concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution, determining its degree of acidity or
alkalinity.

Applications in Industry:

In industries like pharmaceuticals, where product quality is paramount, pH

measurement is integral throughout the production process. It verifies the efficacy of
formulations, ensures compliance with safety standards, and maintains consistent
product quality.

Similarly, in the plastics manufacturing sector, controlling pH is crucial to regulate

chemical reactions, such as polymerization. By monitoring pH levels, manufacturers
can optimize production processes, minimize defects, and enhance product
performance.

Measurement Techniques:

Two primary methods are employed to measure pH: pH indicators and pH meters. pH
indicators are chemical compounds that change color in response to pH variations,
providing a visual indication of acidity or alkalinity. Meanwhile, pH meters offer precise
and accurate pH measurements using electrodes that detect changes in hydrogen ion
concentration.

In summary, pH serves as a vital parameter across diverse industries, guiding critical

processes and ensuring product quality and safety. By understanding and controlling
pH levels, industries can optimize operations, meet regulatory requirements, and
deliver products that meet the highest standards of quality and performance.
Conductivity
Conductivity refers to the ability of a substance to conduct electricity. It is
a fundamental property that describes how easily electric current can
flow through a material.

Water Conductivity:
In the context of water, conductivity specifically refers to the water's
ability to conduct electricity. Water conductivity is influenced by the
presence of dissolved ions, such as salts and minerals. These ions,
which are electrically charged particles, enable the flow of electric current
through the water.

Measurement and Units:

Water conductivity is typically measured in units of Siemens per meter
(S/m) or microsiemens per centimeter (μS/cm). Conductivity meters or
probes are commonly used to measure water conductivity. These
instruments apply a known voltage across two electrodes immersed in
the water sample and measure the resulting electrical conductivity.
Factors Affecting Water Conductivity:
Several factors can affect water conductivity, including:
 Dissolved ions: The concentration of dissolved ions in water, such as
sodium, chloride, calcium, and magnesium, significantly impacts its
conductivity. Higher concentrations of ions lead to higher conductivity.
 Temperature: Water conductivity generally increases with temperature.
Higher temperatures enhance the mobility of ions in water, resulting in higher
conductivity readings.

Significance in Water Quality Assessment:

Water conductivity is an important parameter in water quality
assessment. It provides valuable information about the overall
composition and purity of water. High conductivity levels may indicate the
presence of dissolved salts, minerals, or other contaminants in water
sources. Monitoring water conductivity is crucial for assessing water
quality, identifying potential sources of pollution, and ensuring the safety
of drinking water supplies.
TDS (Total Dissolved Solids)
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) refer to the total amount of dissolved
substances present in a liquid solution, typically water. These substances
include minerals, salts, metals, and organic compounds that are dissolved
in water and cannot be filtered out by conventional methods.

Formula and Units:

TDS is commonly measured in units of milligrams per liter (mg/L) or parts

per million (ppm). One method for estimating TDS is by measuring the
Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the water. The formula used for estimating
TDS based on EC measurements is:

TDS=k × EC

Where:

TDS represents Total Dissolved Solids in ppm or mg/L,

EC is the Electrical Conductivity of the water measured in milliSiemens per
centimeter (mS/cm) or microSiemens per centimeter (µS/cm),
k is a conversion factor specific to the solution being analyzed.

Importance:
Monitoring TDS levels is essential for assessing water quality and safety.
High TDS levels may indicate the presence of contaminants or pollutants,
affecting the taste, odor, and overall quality of the water. Low TDS levels
may suggest cleaner water. TDS measurements are crucial in
environmental monitoring, water treatment, and quality control processes
to ensure water suitability for various applications.

In summary, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) provide valuable information

about the composition and quality of water, measured using conductivity
measurements and conversion factors to estimate the concentration of
dissolved substances.
REFERENCES:
1) https://wq.moenv.gov.tw/EWQP/en/
Encyclopedia/NounDefinition/
Pedia_07.aspx#:~:text=Total%20dissolved
%20solids%20(TDS)%20is,the%20taste%20of
%20drinking%20water.

2) https://www.toppr.com/guides/physics/electronics/
conductivity-definition-formula-unit/

3) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TDS

4) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH

5) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conductivity

6) https://www.knowyourh2o.com/indoor-6/total-
dissolved-solids

7) https://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=rjes.2014.444.450