INDEX

Exp.No. Date Title of the Experiment Page No. Signature

Identify a Research topic and Formulate a

01 01
Research Statement

Justification of the chosen Research Topic –

02
Questionnaire Preparation

03 Conduction of Literature Review

04 Review Report Writing

05 Formulation of Research Hypothesis

06 Writing Abstract and Conclusion

Application of Statistics: Testing, Diagnosis and

07
Reliability

08 Data Collection, Analysis and Inference

09 Modelling and Optimization

Write an article on Recent Innovation and

10
Invention
 EX NO : 01 IDENTIFY A RESEARCH TOPIC AND FORMULATE A
RESEARCH STATEMENT

DATE :

Research Topic: Employing Sequential CNN and Deep Learning Methodologies to

Enhance Diagnostic Accuracy and Facilitate Early Detection of Skin Cancer

Research Problem: The research problem in your content revolves around the need to
develop an accurate and reliable deep learning model for early detection of skin cancer,
particularly melanoma and basal cell carcinoma.

Research Statement: This research endeavors to design a robust deep learning model
leveraging Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) to enhance the early detection of two
common types of skin cancer, namely melanoma and basal cell carcinoma. By integrating
advanced image processing techniques, particularly the ABCD method for feature
extraction, our model aims to provide accurate and efficient diagnosis. Through the
sequential CNN architecture, we aim to optimize classification accuracy, ultimately aiding
healthcare professionals in timely intervention and improving patient outcomes. This
research contributes to the ongoing efforts in leveraging technology to combat the growing
challenge of skin cancer, emphasizing the importance of early detection and intervention.

1
EX NO : 02 JUSTIFICATION OF THE CHOSEN RESEARCH TOPIC –
QUESTIONNAIRE PREPARATION

DATE :

1. How familiar are you with skin cancer and its early detection methods?
a. Do you believe early detection of skin cancer is important for effective
treatment?
b. Would you be willing to use a computer-based tool for early detection of skin
cancer?
c. How comfortable are you with using technology for health-related purposes?
d. Do you think a computer program can accurately identify potential skin
cancer lesions?
e. Would you prefer a tool that can assess skin lesions quickly and accurately?
f. How confident are you in the ability of deep learning technology to assist in
skin cancer detection?
g. Would you trust a system that uses deep learning algorithms for skin cancer
detection?
h. Are you concerned about the privacy and security of your skin images if used
for early detection?
i. Would you recommend a deep learning-based skin cancer detection tool to
friends or family?
j. How important is it for you that such a tool is easily accessible and
user-friendly?
k. Do you think using a deep learning tool for skin cancer detection could
reduce unnecessary biopsies?
l. Are you willing to undergo training or provide feedback to improve such a
tool?
m. How likely are you to use a deep learning-based skin cancer detection tool in
the future?
n. What features would you consider most important in a skin cancer detection
tool?

2
 EX NO : 03 CONDUCTION OF LITERATURE REVIEW

DATE :

Sno Author Details Advantage Disadvantage Year

Utilizes image processing and

A. Javaid, M. Achieves high accuracy using
1 machine learning techniques 2021
Sadiq, F. Akram the Random Forest classifier.
for skin lesion classification.

M. A. Sabri, Y.
Compares various classifiers Demonstrates Adaboost
Filali, H. El
2 to evaluate feature selection classifier's effectiveness with 2023
Khoukhi, A.
impact on classification rate. feature selection.
Aarab

Compares SVM, KNN, and SVM achieves highest

M. Vidya, M. V.
3 Naïve Bayes classifiers for accuracy of 97.8% among 2021
Karki
skin lesion classification. tested classifiers.

Utilizes image processing and Achieves high accuracy rate

M. A. Tajwer, U.
4 machine learning techniques of 83% for skin lesion 2020
P. Ishanka
for skin lesion classification. classification.

Faiza, S. Irfan
Develops methodology for Achieves high accuracy rate
Ullah, A. Salam,
segmenting and classifying of 96% in skin lesion
5 F. Ullah, M. 2021
skin lesions in MRI scan segmentation and
Imad, M. Abul
images. classification.
Hassan

Monika, M.,
Vignesh, N., Focuses on skin cancer
Achieves high accuracy of
Kumari, Usha, detection and classification
6 96.25% using MSVM 2022
Kumar, using machine learning
classifier.
M.N.V.S.S., techniques.
Lydia, Laxmi

Murugan, A., S.
Presents skin lesion
Anu H. Nair, A. Achieves high accuracy of
classification system using
7 Angelin Peace 89.31% with SVM+RF 2023
various feature extraction
Preethi, K. P. classifier.
methods and classifiers.
Sanal Kumar

J. Daghrir, L. Proposes hybrid approach

Achieves accuracy rate of
Tlig, M. combining deep learning and
8 85.5% with proposed 2020
Bouchouicha, M. classical ML techniques for
approach.
Sayadi melanoma detection.

3
 Discusses CNN model for Achieves high accuracy of
Nahata, Hardik,
9 skin cancer detection and 91% using InceptionResnet 2024
Singh, Satya
diagnosis. architecture.

Kahia, Marwa,
Evaluates different CNN Modified VGG16 achieves
Echtioui, Amira,
10 architectures for skin cancer highest accuracy of 73.33% 2023
Fathi, Kallel,
classification. among models.
Hamida, Ahmed

Wang, Yuheng,
Louie, Daniel,
Cai, Jiayue, Utilizes polarization speckle
Achieves accuracy of 82%
11 Tchvialeva, enhancement for in vivo skin 2021
with proposed approach.
Lioudmila, Lui, cancer detection.
Harvey, Wang,
Z., Lee, Tim

Md Shahin Ali,
Md Sipon Miah,
Focuses on deep Achieves highest accuracy of
Jahurul Haque,
12 convolutional neural network 91.93% with DCNN and 2022
Md Mahbubur
for skin cancer classification. AlexNet combination.
Rahman, Md
Khairul Islam

Medhat, Sara,
Abdel-Galil, Proposes method for skin Achieves high accuracy rate
13 Hala, Aboutabl, cancer diagnosis using CNN of 94.071% in melanoma 2023
Amal, Saleh, for smartphone images. detection.
Hassan

Develops system for

MobileNetV2 achieves
diagnosing skin diseases
14 Goceri E. highest accuracy of 94.76% 2021
using lightweight CNN
among models.
architectures.

Rahman, Zillur,
Hossain, Md, Presents method for
DenseNet achieves highest
Islam, Md, multiclass skin lesion
15 accuracy of 84% among 2020
Hasan, Md, classification using ensemble
models.
Hridhee, learning.
Rubaiyat

4
 EX NO : 04 REVIEW REPORT WRITING

DATE :

Review Report: EARLY DETECTION OF SKIN CANCER USING DEEP

LEARNING COMBINED WITH SEQUENTIAL CNN

Topical Order:
Skin cancer diagnosis and classification represent critical areas in dermatology
where advancements in technology have significantly impacted traditional approaches. In
this review, we explore the application of machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL)
techniques in addressing the challenges associated with accurate and efficient diagnosis.
Beginning with an introduction to the prevalence and types of skin cancer, we delve into the
overview of ML and DL methodologies. Subsequently, we discuss the specific applications
of ML algorithms, such as support vector machines (SVM) and decision trees, in skin cancer
diagnosis. Additionally, we explore the emergence of DL architectures, particularly
convolutional neural networks (CNNs), and their efficacy in image-based classification
tasks. Furthermore, we compare the advantages and limitations of ML and DL approaches,
providing insights into their respective roles in enhancing diagnostic accuracy. Finally, we
discuss future directions, including the integration of multimodal data and the development
of interpretable DL models for clinical adoption.

Chronological Order:
The evolution of skin cancer diagnosis techniques reflects a chronological
progression marked by significant advancements in ML and DL methodologies. Early
research focused on manual diagnostic methods, which were characterized by high
variability and subjectivity. However, the advent of ML algorithms in the early 21st century
revolutionized dermatology by introducing automated classification systems based on
feature extraction and pattern recognition. Subsequently, the rise of DL architectures in the
mid-2010s further accelerated progress, enabling deep feature learning from raw image data.
Recent years have witnessed an exponential growth in studies leveraging DL for skin lesion
classification, with remarkable improvements in sensitivity and specificity. Looking ahead,
ongoing research aims to address challenges related to data scarcity, model interpretability,

5
and clinical validation, paving the way for personalized and data-driven approaches to skin
cancer diagnosis.

Problem-Cause-Solution Order:
The problem of inaccurate and time-consuming skin cancer diagnosis stems from the
inherent complexities of visual inspection and histopathological analysis. Human experts
face challenges related to inter-observer variability and diagnostic errors, leading to delays
in treatment and suboptimal patient outcomes. The advent of ML and DL techniques
presents a promising solution to these challenges by offering automated, objective, and
scalable diagnostic tools. By leveraging large datasets of annotated images, ML algorithms
can learn discriminative features and patterns associated with different skin lesions,
facilitating accurate classification. Similarly, DL architectures, inspired by the human visual
system, excel in extracting hierarchical representations from raw pixel data, surpassing
human-level performance in certain tasks. However, the adoption of these techniques in
clinical practice requires addressing concerns related to data privacy, model robustness, and
regulatory compliance.

General-to-Specific Order (Funnel Approach):

At a broad level, skin cancer diagnosis represents a multifaceted challenge in
dermatology, requiring interdisciplinary collaboration between clinicians, computer
scientists, and imaging specialists. Within the realm of artificial intelligence (AI) in
healthcare, ML techniques have gained prominence for their ability to analyze complex
medical data and assist clinicians in decision-making. In dermatology, ML algorithms have
been applied to various tasks, including lesion segmentation, feature extraction, and disease
classification. Building upon this foundation, researchers have explored the utility of DL
methodologies, which excel in learning hierarchical representations from large-scale image
datasets. Specific studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of CNNs in accurately
diagnosing melanoma and other types of skin cancer, rivaling the performance of expert
dermatologists. However, challenges such as dataset bias, model interpretability, and clinical
validation remain significant barriers to widespread adoption in clinical settings.

6
Specific-to-General Order:
To understand the landscape of skin cancer diagnosis and classification, it is essential
to delve into the specifics of ML and DL techniques employed in dermatology. ML
algorithms, ranging from traditional classifiers to ensemble methods, have been utilized to
analyze various imaging modalities, including dermoscopy and reflectance confocal
microscopy. Specific studies have demonstrated the efficacy of these algorithms in
differentiating between benign and malignant lesions with high accuracy. Building upon
these foundations, DL architectures, particularly CNNs, have emerged as state-of-the-art
models for image-based diagnosis. By learning hierarchical representations directly from
raw pixel data, CNNs can automatically extract features indicative of malignancy,
facilitating early detection and treatment. However, despite their remarkable performance,
challenges such as data scarcity, model interpretability, and regulatory compliance pose
significant obstacles to the clinical adoption of DL techniques. As researchers continue to
address these challenges, the integration of ML and DL into clinical workflows holds
immense promise for improving the accuracy and efficiency of skin cancer diagnosis.

7
 EX NO : 05 FORMULATION OF RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

DATE :

Formulation of Research Hypothesis:

In the realm of skin cancer diagnosis and classification, the formulation of a research
hypothesis serves as the guiding beacon for scientific inquiry. Through meticulous
examination of existing literature and understanding the intricacies of the subject matter, a
hypothesis emerges as a statement of expectation or prediction to be tested rigorously. In the
context of machine learning and deep learning techniques applied to skin cancer diagnosis,
the hypothesis posits that these advanced computational methods significantly enhance the
accuracy and efficiency of classification compared to conventional approaches. This
hypothesis stems from a comprehensive review of research findings, indicating a promising
trajectory towards more effective diagnostic tools. By articulating the hypothesis in multiple
forms—a one-sentence hypothesis, a research question, and a title for the
paper—researchers not only provide clarity to their investigative journey but also lay the
groundwork for meaningful contributions to the field.

8
 EX NO : 06 WRITING ABSTRACT AND CONCLUSION

DATE :

Abstract:
Skin cancer diagnosis and classification have witnessed significant advancements in
recent years, particularly with the integration of machine learning and deep learning
techniques. This review explores the latest research findings and developments in this
domain, focusing on the effectiveness of computational methods in enhancing diagnostic
accuracy. Through a systematic examination of literature spanning various conferences and
journals, this paper elucidates the role of machine learning algorithms and convolutional
neural networks in revolutionizing skin cancer diagnosis. By formulating a research
hypothesis centered on the superiority of these techniques over traditional approaches, this
review sheds light on the potential of artificial intelligence in improving healthcare
outcomes. The abstract encapsulates the key insights gleaned from the review, providing
readers with a comprehensive overview of the topic and highlighting the transformative
impact of technology on skin cancer diagnosis.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, the review underscores the pivotal role of machine learning and deep
learning techniques in advancing the field of skin cancer diagnosis. Through a synthesis of
research findings, it becomes evident that computational methods offer unparalleled
accuracy and efficiency in classifying skin lesions, thereby facilitating early detection and
intervention. The formulation of a research hypothesis and subsequent exploration of
existing literature have elucidated the potential of artificial intelligence to revolutionize
healthcare practices. Moving forward, continued research and innovation in this area hold
the promise of further improving diagnostic capabilities and ultimately reducing the burden
of skin cancer worldwide. As technology continues to evolve, embracing these cutting-edge
approaches will be crucial in realizing the vision of precision medicine in dermatology.