ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY LEC:

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
MAGALLANES JULIETA GWENDOLIN A.- TERM 02- MIDTERMS

CONTENT 4. Excretion – releases small

amounts of waste products with
LESSON 06: INTEGUMENTARY sweat.
SYSTEM 5. Vitamin D Production – important
regulator of calcium homeostasis.
- Integumentary System
and its Functions PARTS OF THE SKIN
- The skin
A. Layers of the skin - Epidermis + Dermis
B. Cells found in the - Hypodermis is not part of the skin
Dermis - Derm means skin
C. Layers of the Epidermis
D. Layer of the Dermis LAYERS OF THE SKIN
- Accessory of the Skin
Structure
- Skin Pathologies

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
- Includes the skin and accessory
organs such as the hair, nails, and
glands.
- Integument means covering.
- The appearance of the
Integumentary System can
determine or indicate physiological
imbalances in the body.
- Skin – Largest organ of the body in
terms of weight
Functions
1. Protection against abrasions,
ultraviolet rays, and
microorganisms from entering the
body.
2. Sensation – Detect heat, cold, pain,
pressure, touch.
3. Temperature Regulation – activity
of sweat glands and blood flow
help in regulating body
temperature.
Epidermis
- It is the superficial layer of the skin
that prevents later loss and resists
abrasions.
- above the Dermis
- Avascular (no blood vessels)
- Stratified squamous epithelium
- Keratinization – cells become filled
with keratin protein that makes
them more rigid and durable.
- Strata – layers of the skin
Cells found in the Epidermis
1. Keratinocytes
- 90% of epidermal cells
- Produces keratin

MAGALLANES, JULIETA GWENDOLIN A.- BSMT MED212

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY LEC:
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
MAGALLANES JULIETA GWENDOLIN A.- TERM 02- MIDTERMS
- Releases Lamellar granules –
water repellant and prevents
dehydration
2. Melanocytes
- Produces Melanin – color pigment,
protection against UV rays
- Albinism – recessive genetic trait
that causes deficiency or absence
of melanin.
- Melasma – a skin condition,
usually during pregnancy,
characterized by brown or blue-
gray patches or freckle-like spots
caused by overproduction of cells.
- Cyanosis – decrease in blood
oxygen producing an bluish color
on the skin • Carotene – lipid
soluble yellow pigment
3. Epidermal Macrophages / Langerhans
Cells
- Responsible for immune response
- Act as the outermost guard of the
cutaneous immune system and
are likely to induce the first
reactions against pathogens
encountered via the skin.
4. Tactile Epithelial Cells / Merkel Cells
- Tactile – touch
- Cells responsible for detecting
sensations.
Layers of the Epidermis
1. Stratum Basale
- Deepest layer
- Cuboidal to columnar in shape
- Cells that are the most mitotically
active.
- Contains melanocytes and keratin
filaments
2. Stratum Spinosum
- 8 to 10 layers of flattened
keratinocytes
- Contains intermediate filaments
and desmosomes.
MAGALLANES, JULIETA GWENDOLIN A.- BSMT MED212
3. Stratum Granulosum
- 3 to 5 layers of flattened
keratinocytes
- Under Apoptosis – programed cell
death
- Contains Lamellar granules and
keratohyalin-intermediate
filaments.
4. Stratum Lucidum
- 4 to 6 layers of keratinocytes
- Thick and hairless skin
5. Stratum Corneum
- Most superficial layer
- Aka “horny cells”
- 25 to 30 layers of dead squamous
cells
- Examples: callus, dandruff, corns –
callus on top of bony prominences
Dermis
- Composed of dense collagenous
connective tissues that contains
fibroblasts, adipocytes, and
macrophages.
- Structural strength – collagen and
elastic fibers
- Cleavage / Tension Lines
- fibers that are oriented in many
directions causing them to resist
stretching
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY LEC:
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
MAGALLANES JULIETA GWENDOLIN A.- TERM 02- MIDTERMS

Layers of the Dermis Intravenous Injection

1. Papillary Layer / Dermal Papillae
- Contains many blood vessels that
supplies nutrients and removes
waste products.
- Ridges that cause finger and foot
prints.
- Meissner Corpuscles – free nerve
endings
2. Reticular Layer
- Contains collagen and elastic
fibers that helps in resisting
stretch.
- Stretch marks – breakdown of
collagen
- Sun-damaged Wrinkles
Hypodermis (Subcutaneous Layer)
- Loosely arranged tissue that
attaches the skin to the underlying
bone.
- Contains Adipose tissues – storage
of body’s lipids
- Functions as padding and
insulation
DIFFERENT TYPES OF INJECTIONS
- Insertion of a thin tube, catheter,
or needle into a vein and directly
to the bloodstream.
- IV Administration
Subcutaneous Injection
- Pinching the skin to form a tent
and inserting a short needle into
the adipose tissue.
- Insulin Injection
Intramuscular Injection
- Inserting a long needle at a 90-
degree angle to the skin into the
muscle.
- Most vaccine and antibiotics
Hair
- Found everywhere on the skin
except the palms, soles, lips,
nipples, parts of the genitals, and
distal segments of the fingers and
toes.
- Hair color is determined by varying
amounts of melanin.
- Alopecia – is an autoimmune
disorder that causes your hair to
come out, often in clumps the size
and shape of a quarter. Can be
caused by: medication, stress, and
infections.
Parts

1. Hair Follicle – holds the hair (in place

2. Shaft
3. Root
4. Hair Bulb
5. Cortex
6. Medulla
7. Cuticle
Intradermal Injection
8. Hair Papilla – supply hair with
- Administered by inserting a needle nutrients needed to produce hair
at a shallow angle into the dermis
- Tuberculin skin test
MAGALLANES, JULIETA GWENDOLIN A.- BSMT MED212
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY LEC:
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
MAGALLANES JULIETA GWENDOLIN A.- TERM 02- MIDTERMS

Glands
Sebaceous Glands
- Branched acinar glands that
produces sebum – oily, white
substance rich in lipids.
- The Sebum lubricates the hair and
surface of the skin, which prevents
drying and protects against some
bacteria.
Sweat Glands
1. Eccrine Sweat Glands
- Tubular
- Empties directly to the
Nail epidermis − Water with a
- It is a thin plate that consists of few salts
layers of dead stratum corneum - Palms and sole
cells that contains a very hard 2. Apocrine Sweat Glands
type of keratin - Produce a thick secretion
rich in organic substances.
Parts
- Protein sweat
1. Nail plate / Nail body – visible - Empties in the hair follicle
part of the nail - Groin, underarm, etc. −
2. Nail root puberty
3. Nail groove Manner of Secretion of Glands
4. Cuticle / Eponychium – stratum 1. Merocrine
corneum that extends onto the - Exocytosis
nail body. 2. Apocrine
5. Nail matrix - Apical portion gets pinched out
6. Nail Bed - Apo: A portion
7. Lunula – moon like, white part of 3. Holocrine
the nail - Entire cell rupture
- Hollo: whole
Skin Pathologies
Infections Fungal Infections
1. Superficial mycoses
a. Seborrheic Dermatitis
(Malassezia globosa) - dandruff
b. Tinea versicolor / Pityriasis – An-
an
c. Tinea nigra – mukhang dark spots

MAGALLANES, JULIETA GWENDOLIN A.- BSMT MED212

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY LEC:
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
MAGALLANES JULIETA GWENDOLIN A.- TERM 02- MIDTERMS

2. Cutaneous mycoses 2 nd degree burn

a. Tinea pedis – althlete’s foot - Both the epidermis and dermis are
(alipunga) damaged
b. Tinea corporis – ringworm - Redness, pain, edema, and blisters
c. Tinea curis – jock itch (hadhad) 3 rd degree burn
d. Tinea capitis – ringworm of scalp - Epidermis and dermis are
e. Tinea unguium (onychomycosis) – completely destroyed
finger and toenails - Painless because sensory
3. Subcutaneous mycoses receptors are damaged
a. Sporotrichosis – cigar shaped - May appear white, brown, black,
yeast in tissue (causes by soil
tan, or deep cherry red
eme)
Skin Cancer
Bacterial Infection
- ABCD Rule
1. Acne – hair follicles become clogged - Asymmetry
with sebum - Border irregularity
2. Impetigo – reddish sores in face - Color
3. Carbuncle – boils and pus-filled - Diameter
bumps Basal Cell Carcinoma
4. Decubitus ulcer – pressure sore areas
- Least malignant
Viral Infection
- Stratum basale
1. Herpes Simplex virus – cold sores - Areas of skin exposed to the sun
2. Human Papilloma virus – causes Squamous Cell Carcinoma
warts
- Areas of the body damaged by UV
3. Measles – morbillivirus
rays
4. Varicella zoster – causes chicken pox
- Benign
Allergies - Can be metastasized via lymph
1. Contact Dermatitis – follow the shape Malignant Melanoma
of the allergy causing material. - Worst prognosis
2. Psoriasis – auto immune disease - Can metastasized easily through
Burns the veins and lymphatic system.
- Rule of Nines
- Burn unit – one way ventilation
room, removes contaminants from
air.
1 st degree burn
- Only the epidermis is damaged
- Most painful
- May cause slight edema
- Swelling may be present

MAGALLANES, JULIETA GWENDOLIN A.- BSMT MED212