2 Marinescu82-Funerary Monuments in Dacia Superior and Dacia Porolissensis-BAR 128

Funerary Monuments in
Dacia Superior
and Dacia Porolissensis
Lucia Teposu Marinescu
translated from the Romanian by

Nubar Hampartumian
B A ·R International Series I 2 8
1982
B.A.R.
B.A.R., 122 Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7BP, England
GENERAL EDITORS
A. R. Hands, B.Sc., �I.A., D .Phil.

D. R. Walker, M.A.
s.A.R.-S128, 1982: 'Funerary Monuments in Dacia Superior and

Dacia Porolissensis'.
© '
Lucia Teposu Marinescu, 1982.
The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright,

Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted.
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored,
sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted
in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher.
ISBN 9780860541585 paperback

ISBN 9781407327129 e-book
DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860541585
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
This book is available at www.barpublishing.com
CONTENTS
P
age
F
oreword 1
P
reface 5
Chap
ter 1 H
istory o
f R
esearch 7
Chapter 2 F
orm a
nd Typo
logy o
f Monumen
ts 1
0
Chapter 3 Decora
tive P
atterns 4
0
Chapter 4 The Or
igin o
f F
orms a
nd Decora
tive P
atterns 5
9
Chap
ter 5 D
iffus
ion o
f Funerary Monumen
ts a
nd P
rob
lems
o
f Sty
le a
nd Dating 6
8
N
otes 7
6
Ca
talogue
S
te lae 1
03
Cop ings 1
55
Al
tars 1
61
Pedesta ls 1
76
Cop ings —truncated pyram
ids 1
83
Meda ll
ions 1
88
Aed iculae 1
98
Fragments o f Funerary Construc
tions 2
22
L
ist o
f a
bbrev
iat
ions 2
26
L
ist o
f c
oncordances 2
29
I
ndices 2
31
P
lates 2
37
I
n m
emory o
f my f
ather
,
P
rofessor S
i
lviu T
epo
su
FOREWORD
The study o f art i

n t he p rovinces of the Roman Emp ire represents
ar e
latively n ew fie
ld o f research i n the his
tory o f ancient art. Even
t
he c oncept o f "provincial a rt" is recent, if we take into account t hat
unti
l n ot l
ong a go t he c
lass ical v iew-point of s
cho lars led them to c on-
s
ider t he works made i n the w orkshops of the local art
isans a s being
mere " barbarian" p roducts wh ich w ere unworthy t o be appreciated by
connoisseurs o r to b e t
he o bject of specia
l investigations.
A better know ledge o f t he d eve lopment o f t he p rov inces i n t he

f
irst c entur ies A . D. ( and, a s ar esult o f r ecent r esearch, f ounded
f
irst o f a l
l o n t he e stab lishment o f e p
igraphy a s a s cience a nd t he f inds
o
f i nscr iptions wh ich e xtend t he i nforma tion a bout t he s ubjects o f
Rome f rom t he Euphra tes t o t he A tlan tic) h ad to lead t o an ew manner o f
understand ing t he a rt in e very p rov ince a s ar esu lt of t he merg ing o f
i
nfluences f rom I ta ly o r t he west w i th t he t echnica l s k
ill a nd taste o f the
l
oca l artisans. Consequent ly, a n ew d irec tion o f r esearch i n ancien t
h
istory was e stabl ished ( first o f a l
l, t hanks t o Wa lter A l tman); I c ite
only a f ew n ames o f e minent s cho lars a mong many o thers who h ave i l
lus-
t
ra ted t his n ew f i
eld i n t he l ast h alf-cen tury : S ilv io F erri, Arno ld
Schober, L othar Hah l, A . M i
lle a nd Gu ido Mansue lli. They were f irst ly
f
ollowed by numerous r esearchers i n t he p rovinces o f t he Rh ine and t he
Danube, but n o
t l ess by t hose i n S pain a nd Nor th A fr
ica who pursued
the n ew d irect ion ; i n e very c ase, t hey made e very e ndeavour t o d is-
t
ingu ish t he o utside i nfluences —somet imes Greek, s omet imes I tal
ian —from
the loca l e
lements p roper i n as ing le p rov ince o r ag roup o f provinces.
We must c onfess t ha t s uch r esearch i s still incipient i n Roman ia.

The f irst a ttempts t o g ather a nd t o class ify t he mater ia
l ( we r efer e x-
c
lus ively t o t he f unerary monuments) w ere made by Gr igore F lorescu
i
n t he t hird a nd f ourth d ecades o f the p resent c entury ( in c lose c on-
nection w ith t he p ioneer ing b ooks o f S i
lv io F erri, Ar te r omana s ul R eno
and Arte r omana s ul Danubio , publ ished a t Milan i n 1 931 a nd 1 933), but
t
rue s tud ies c oncern ing t he s acred a nd p rofane p lastic a rts i n Dacia
and t hat p art o f Moes ia I nfer ior i n p resent-day Dobrud ja d ate o nly from
r
ecent y ears. I mean by " true s tud ies" t hose s tud ies wh ich a re c arried
out accord ing t o more r efined c riteria a nd a re i ntended t o r epresent
more t han a mere g ather ing o f ma terials a nd t heir d istribut ion i n af ew
main c a tegor ies. Such k inds o f r esearch a re c onnected a t Bucharest
with t he a ctivity o f Gabr ie lla Bordenache who publ ished t wo v o lumes o f
t
he Cata logue o f t he Greek a nd Roman s tatuettes s tored i n t he f ormer
Nationa l Museum o f Ant iqu ities a nd numerous o ther s ma
ller s tud ies
devoted t o al arge number o f a ncient a nd n ew monuments i n t he museums
a
t H istr ia , ConstanIa a nd C allatis; we ment ion a lso t he s tud ies o f the
s
te lae a nd o ther f unerary monuments i n Moes ia a nd Macedon ia a nd pub-
l
ished by Mar ia A lexandrescu V ianu i n r ecent y ears; they a re c arried
out accord ing t o modern p rincip les a nd w i
th in a l arge c omparat ive
f
ramework. S
tud ies o f t he a rt of Dac ia Romana a t C luj (from where
t
he a uthor o f t he p resent w ork c omes a nd where h er first a ttempts
were publ ished) w ere carr ied o ut by s ome Hungarian a nd w es tern
1
s
cho lars ( as the i l
lustr ious F ranz Cumont who t rave l
led i n t h
is a rea
s
eeking i nscriptions r eferr ing t o the cult of Mithras) i n t he last cen-
tury; they i ncreased under t he stimulus a nd the e xamp le o f C.
Daicoviciu, M . Macrea a nd Oct. F loca i n the per iod b etween t he t wo
world wars a nd l ater t hanks t o the c apabi
lity o f a number o f younger
s
cho lars f rom H . Da icov iciu a nd D . Protase to Dan I sac a nd L .
Märgh itan. In c ontrast t o most o f these who were e qually p reoccupied
with the a rchaeo log ical a nd e pigraph ica
l e vidence, f rom t he b eginning
Lucia Mar inescu d istingu ished h erself by h er exc lusive i nterest i n the
art of the a rea b eyond t he Carpath ians —f
irstly f unerary monuments:
a
ed iculae, s te
lae a nd meda llions, but s culptures i n bronze a nd stone,
mosaics a nd e ngraved g ems a s w e
ll.
Before c arrying o ut a work o n a who le c hapter o f the art h istory

i
n Dac ia Romana, l ike the present work, Lucia Mar inescu f amiliarized
herself w ith other a spects o f art in t his p rovince dur ing t he s econd a nd
t
hird c entury a nd publ ished n ot o n
ly a l arge number o f detai
led s tudies
but also s ubstantia
l r ef
lections o n t he f eatures of p rovincial a rt as a
whole, l ike those c ontained i n Points d e vue s ur Pe tude d e l'art p ro-
v
incial d e la Dacie Super ieure ( published s ome years a go in Hommages
h Marce l Renard, Bruxe lles, 1969, v o
l. I I, pp. 5 50-557).
She is a n e xperienced r esearcher, with a long s cientific p reoccupa-

t
ion a nd w ith a r emarkable f amiliar
ity with t he monuments o f a rt in
Dacia a nd S cythia M inor, a s is a
lso shown by t he work o f synthes is on
the art of t he a ncient t erri
tory o f Romania publ ished i n D ictionaru l de
i
storie v eche a Romän iei ( Bucharest, 1976, pp. 5 9-62). The a uthor,
who h as c hosen t he f unerary monuments i n Dacia Super ior a s t he topic
of ab ook wh ich r equ ired many y ears of work, i ntentiona lly d irected h er
a
ttention t o ac ategory o f monuments, whose s tudy was n ecessary n ot
only after t he work o f Gr igor Florescu, publ ished h alf a c entury b efore
but also after t he r ecent s mal
l monograph d evoted t o t he f unerary
a
ed iculae wr itten by Oct. F loca in co
llaboration w ith Wanda Wo lski
(
BMI, 1
973).
I
n r e
lat ion t o t hese two e xtens ive attempts a nd t o others, l ess
extensive, which were publ ished i n the last d ecades a nd t o whom I
made a qu ick a llus ion b efore, t he work o f Lucia Mar inescu i s c harac-
t
erized by more p recise a ims a nd a more r igorous a nalysis. Accord ing
t
o h er own c onfess ion, Luc ia Mar inescu i ntended t o c arry o ut n ot o n
ly
research i n t he h istory o f art a s r egards t he a esthet ic v alue o f the
materia
ls wh ich a re s tud ied but a lso a n histor ical i nvestigat ion, b road ly
speaking, a c ontribut ion to t he h istory o f life i n inter-Carpathian Dac ia
during t wo c entur ies o f Roman d ominat ion. The a uthor p aid a ttention
t
o a n important a spect o f the p rocess o f Roman ization, r eflected i n a
mass of e vidence wh ich i s significant i n r eveal ing t he e ffort o f o riginal
c
reation, t he p lay o f i nf
luences a nd implicitly, t he links w ith t he
provinces o f t he Rhine a nd the m iddle Danube a nd t hrough t hese w ith
northern a nd c entra l I ta
ly.
Certain
ly, s uch a n extens ive a nd comp lex topic could not h ave been
t
reated e qually in al
l its particu lars. For t h
is reason, Lucia Mar inescu
proceeded w ise ly to concentrate h er attent ion o n the funerary monuments
and also —in t he course of a v ery , precise a nd rigorous e xpos
ition —she
f
ixed e xc
lusive ly her attention o n some ma in quest ions: t
he form a nd
t
ypo logy o f monuments; t he d ecorat ive p atterns, t he origin of the
d
ecorat ive elements, a nd the d iffusion o f s pecimens.
A h
istory of nationa
l and i
nternationa
l r
esearch a
t the beginn
ing o
f
t
he b
ook a nd a cata
logue of t
he monuments according t
o categor
ies a
s
2
a
ppendices a
re a
dded by t
he a
uthor t
o t
he f
our c
hapters ment
ioned
b
efore.
The f irst c ategory o f monuments s tud ied by t he a uthor i s t hat o f

s
telae, wh ich a re e xtreme ly numerous; they a re d ivided i nto unf igured
and figured s te lae; a
ccord ing t o at ypo logy wh ich c ou
ld s eem a s e
x-
c
ess ive a nd e ven s cho lastic i f w e d o n ot t ake into a ccount t hat i t was
r
equ ired by t he n eed t o r each t he most p rec
ise t ermino logy; the
f
igured s telae a re c lass ified i nto a rchitectura l, n on-archi tectura l a nd s o
on. The c lass ificat ion i s s o d etailed t hat i t is li
ke ly to b e c ons idered
a
s ab asis f or f uture r esearches. The s tudy c ontinues w ith t he d e-
s
cript ion a nd c lass if ication o f a ltars wh ich a re o f severa l k inds a ccord-
i
ng t o t he c omponent p arts ( base, med ian body, c oping) a nd t he d if-
f
erent d ecorat ive e lements. The n ext p art i s devoted t o t he meda llions
which a re a lso d escr ibed w ith t he s ame d etai
led o bservation a nd t erm-
i
nology; f
inally, a edicu lae, w i th flat o r v aulted r oof, wa l
ls d ecorated
i
nside o r o n both s ides a nd a ll o ther v arieties.
As I m entioned s uch c are in descr iption c ould seem e xcessive; but

i
t is useful in t he comparat ive s tudies a ttempted by t he author a nd
which at last p aves t he way t o the histor ica
l c onclus
ions: t
he p roven-
ance of the types wh ich a re s tudied, t he r outes of penetration into
Dacia and —an e xtremely d ifficult problem —the c hronological distr
ibution
during two c entur ies o f Roman d omination.
I
n a ll t hese r espects, t he issues p resented by L . Mar inescu r e-
present n otab le p rogress i n our know ledge. Despite t he f act t hat most
o
f t he funerary monuments i n Dacia Super ior h ave b een a lready pub-
l
ished, t he d etailed c atalogue, i n a dd ition t o t he carefu l li st ing o f mon-
uments which i s s o usefu l f or research, c onta ins s ome n ove lties. As
r
egards t he g enera l class ification o f monuments ( based n ot o nly o n t he
analysis o f f orms, but o n i conograph ica l c r
iter ia as we ll), i t is e vident
t
hat t he c are w ith wh ich i t was d one p rov ides a s ecure b as is f or c om-
parison w i
th t he monuments i n other p rov inces o f t he empire. F
rom t his
point of v iew, i t must b e noted t hat t he a uthor i s s uccessfu l i n d raw-
i
ng up c onv incing s imilarities b etween a l arge number o f monuments
f
ound i n Dacia a nd o thers, f requent ly e ncountered i n Nor icum, P an-
nonia a nd b oth Germanies. Even i f—as t he a uthor t akes c are t o warn
us —"ana logy" d oes not n ecessar i
ly mean " ident ity", i t is n ot l ess t rue
t
hat f rom t he p oint o f v iew o f the h istorian who g ives a ttent ion t o con-
nections a nd a ffil
iation, t he f inding o f p recise a nalog ies w ith p rototypes
beyond t he b oundaries o f Roman ia i s t he o nly way t o ident ify n ot o n
ly
t
he i nfluences but t he r outes o f p enetrat ion a s we ll. I
n t his r egard,
a
ed iculae a re a t ypica l e xamp le; with r egard t o the o rig in o f t he
a
ed icula, Lucia Mar inescu r eaches a c omp lete ly different c onc lus ion t o
t
hat o f O ct. F loca a nd W . Wo lski; s
he r ejects f irmly t he s uggestion t hat
t
h is type o f f unerary monument p enetra ted i nto Dacia d irect ly f rom t he
Orient.
I
t seems t hat the stelae showing t he we ll-known f unera l banquet
c
ame f rom t he Or ient and more p rec isely f rom Moes ia ( and f arther from
Byzantium) by ways which c annot b e e asi
ly i dentified. One means was
c
erta in
ly t he transferring o f the legion V Macedon ica f rom Troesmis t o
Pota
isa i n the time of Marcus Aure lius; on this occasion, numbers o f
c
ivil
ians, men a nd women, i ncluding s tone c utters, wou ld h ave come
t
ogether w ith t he soldiers to Dacia. Certainly, t he fact t hat 10 ste
lae
decorated w ith t he f
unera l banquet o ut of the t otal of 22 d iscovered in
t
he who le of Dacia Super ior were f ound a t Turda i s s
ign ificant.
3
Among t he remarkable r esults o f the a na
lyses made by Lucia
Marinescu, t he attempts t o identify t he proper features o f the stone
workshops i n Dacia (i
f t hey c an b e located) a nd t he provenance o f t he
materials worked s hould a lso b e noted. These p recise ident
ifications
complete b oth the picture o f the a rtistic activ
ity a nd the style of s ocia
l
l
ife in the p rovince beyond t he Carpath ians dur ing t wo centuries;
valuable information is given a bout t he a ppearance o f the people p or-
t
rayed o n monuments, t he d ress, t he o ccupations a nd the attributes
which d ef
ine t heir c
ivic a nd s ocia
l s tatus.
But c erta inly, t he d etection o f t he c onnect ions b etween t he f uner-

ary monuments o f Dacia a nd t hose i n t he n orth-wes tern p rov inces o f
the Empire ( Nor icum, P annon ia , Germania a nd by t heir a gency, n orthern
and c entra l I taly) i s t he most i mportant r esu lt o f t he i nvest igat ions
made by t he a uthor. Th is f ind ing , which i s b ased o n c arefu l o bserva-
t
i ons a nd a na log ies s hows o nce a gain t he strong s timu lus g iven t o
Roman ization by t he s table l i
nks, f irst ly, e conomic but m i l
itary a nd
cultura l a s w ell, w ith t he m etropo lis a nd t he p rov inces b etween t he
Rh ine a nd t he Danube. Even t he numerous wars waged i n t hese a reas
i
n t he f irst t hree c entur ies A .D. a nd which i nvo lved n ecessar ily t he
f
requent movements o f t roops f rom o ne f ront ier t o a nother, f avoured
the f us ion o f p eople a nd i deas i n a s horter t ime a nd w ith g reater
i
ntens ity t han wou ld h ave b een poss ible i n n orma l circumstances. This
j
us tifies t he h istor ical c omments p resented by t he a uthor a t t he b eg in-
n
ing o f h er a ccount but, i n s ome way i t can b e c onsidered a s a s ui t-
able c onc lusion t o t he p resent work: "
The d eep s tudy o f t he Roman
funerary monuments, p erhaps t he most s ignif icant p roducts o f p ro-
v
inc ia l a rt give a nswers t o s uch p rob lems a s t he o rig in o f t he a rtisans
and t he c ultura l c entres o f t he p rovince, t he s pread ing o f Roman ization
f
rom t he u rban m ilieu t o t he r ural m ilieu, t he e lements o f c ontinui ty
i
n t he d ress a nd o rnaments o f t he n ative p opu lation. They a llow u s
t
o d etermine t he r ole a nd t he c ontribut ion o f Dacia t o t he h istory o f
c
iv ilization b oth i n t he Ba lkano-Danubian z one a nd w ith in t he Roman
Wor ld a s a who le."
D. M . Pippid
i
Director of the I
nst
itute o
f Archaeo
logy,
Bucharest
4
PREFACE
The p resent w ork is n ot intended t o be inserted among t hose

d
evoted t o t he history o f art, a s its ti
tle could s uggest, but among
t
hose d ed icated t o t he ancient h istory o f Romania. The funerary
monumen ts f ound in t he territory o f Dacia Superior a nd Dacia Porol
issensis
(present d ay, Transy lvania a nd Bana t) are not analyzed w ith the cr
itica
l
eye of the a rt historian, but by t he modest s earcher f or h
istorical t
ruth
who uses t hem t o define firmly a nd unden iably some a spects of the funda-
mental p rocess i n the forma t
ion o f the Roman ian p eople and language —
t
he Roman ization.
This circumstance exp
lains also why t
he work does not d
eal w
ith
s
ome "standard" monuments wh ich are wi
thout i
ndiv
iduali
ty, li
ke the
f
unerary li
ons or the pine cones.
The deep s tudy o f the Roman f unerary monuments, p erhaps t he

most signif
icant p roducts o f provincial a
rt, g ive a nswers to such p rob-
l
ems a s the o r
igin o f artisans a nd the cultural c entres of the province,
the spreading o f Roman ization from the urban m ilieu to the rura
l m i
lieu,
the e
lements o f continuity in t he dress a nd the o rnaments o f the n at
ive
population. They a llow u s t
o d etermine t he ro
le a nd t he c
ontr ibution
o
f Dac ia to the h istory of civi
lization both i n the Ba lkano-Danubian
zone a nd within t he R oman Wor ld as a who le.
The historica l c
omments a re the resu lt of almost a d ecade o f work,
which b egan by e xamining e very f unerary monument t o wh ich I r efer,
by check ing t he inventor ies and by v erify ing t he bibliograph ical d ata
and by t rying h ard t o know as many a s p ossible of t he mu ltitude o f works
devoted t o this theme. The most d iff
icu lt p roblem was t he c hrono logica
l
and typo logical attribution of monuments s o as t o avoid, if p ossible, t he
correct but t oo v ague d at
ing, t o the 2nd-3rd c entur ies. Ana logies a re
based o n the bibliography a nd n o
t o n the d irect e xam inat
ion o f pieces
f
ound i n other p rov inces.
The h
is torica
l conclusions were f
inal
ly drawn up on
ly af
ter the re-
p
ertory of pieces h ad b
een elaborated and the f
orms
, the d
ecorat
ive
p
atterns and t he area of d
iffus
ion of d
ifferent t
ypes h
ave been s
tud ied
a
s well.
The present w ork i

s based on t
he repertory o
f 500 p
ieces grouped
i
n f
our main categories of f
unerary monuments: stelae, a
ltars, meda
l-
l
i
ons, funerary buildings.
Th
is work was c omp leted thanks t o t he g enerous a nd competent
guidance o f the la
te P rofessors M ihail Macrea , Constant in Daicovic
iu a nd
the P rofessor D ionis
ie M . Pippidi a nd the a ffab le and constant support of
col
leagues a t museums. The a uthor wou ld like to thank all o
f them. I
wou ld like to express my s pecial gratitude t o Hadr ian Daicoviciu, Ion P
iso,
Constan t
in P op, I. I. Russu, V . Wo l
lmann ( Cluj-Napoca); A lexandru
Popa, Vas ile Moga, C l
ic9ca L. Bä ltqä ( A
lba I ul
ia); Do ina B enea, Flor
in
Mede l4 ( Timi para); I on Andr4o iu, Adr iana Rusu ( Deva); Constant in
C. P etolescu ( Bucur e i); V . L azar, A . Z riny i (Tg. Mures).
The a
uthor would a
lso l
ike t
o t
hank t
he G
enera
l Ed
itors o
f B
.A.R.for
publ
ishing th
is work.
Bucharest, F
ebruary 1
979
5
CHAPTER I
H
ISTORY OF RESEARCH
Roman provincial art, 1 which is ar esult o

f t he c
ombination o f the
n
ative b ackground a nd classica
l influences, r epresents a topical and
r
elat
ive ly recent fie
ld o f research .2 The a rt of the Roman p rovinces
b
egan t o a
ttract the attention of historians and a rchaeolog
ists o n
ly a fter
t
he e nd of the hot disputes c oncerning t he nature o f Roman art of the
c
ourt a nd capital which, a ccording t o some opinions, w as completely
b
ased o n Greek art, a nd considered o nly a stage i n t
he development o f
t
he latter.
After t he or
igina l
ity o f Roman a rt, 3 a
t least a s r egards h istorical
r
elief a nd p ortraiture, h ad b een a lmost unan imous ly r ecognized, t he
p
rov incia l monuments b ecame i mportant a nd w ere c ons idered a s p recious
s
ources f or t he h
istory o f each p rovince. I f f or s ome t ime the w orks o f
s
ynthes is p receded t hose o f analys is, the study o f art shows t wo trends
t
oday: t he d rawing u p o f cata
logues wh ich c onta in the who le ma terial
i
n as ettlement o r ap recise ly defined g eograph ical area 4 or the wr iting
o
f d eep s tud ies concerning t he different t ypes o f monuments, among wh ich
t
he f unerary o nes h o
ld a c entra l p os
ition.
As r
egards the li
terature i
n Romania, no work of s
ynthesis h
as been
wri
tten about t
he art of Roman Dacia a
nd the problems were o
nly touched
b
riefly i
n general works. 6
Besides the scu

lptural a nd epigraph ical pieces, t he funerary monu-
ments came to be known e ven in the last c entury, t hanks t o p
ioneers o f
Dacian archaeology or s
cho lars and w el
l-known r esearchers o f c
lass ical
ant
iquities. 7 Severa
l monuments w ith a c orrect d escription, precise
i
ndications concerning the circums tances o f finding, mater ial a
nd s ize
were published in monographs o r p er
iod icals at the beg inning of or i n
t
he first two decades o
f this century .8
Gr igore F lorescu w rote a monograph i n 1930 a bout t he f unerary

monuments i n Dacia S uper ior. 9 H e deserves g reat c redit for g ather ing
88 pieces s tored i n the museums i n Transy lvan ia a nd c lassify ing t hem i n
three ma in c ategor ies: s telae, a l
tars a nd meda llions. H e commented o n
them f rom t he p oint o f view o f form, d ecorative p atterns a nd o rigin a nd
ended h is work w i
th s ome " histor ica
l c omments o n t he types a nd sty les".
Unfortunate ly, e ven a t t he moment when t he work was p ub lished , i t was
outdated s ince t he a uthor d id n ot include a ll the p ieces publ ished unt il
then a nd t he p rovenance, t he museum a nd t he inventory number i s n ot
a
lways ment ioned f or those monuments wh ich a re p resented i n the c atalogue,
while t he informat ion c oncern ing t he mater ial a nd s ize are c omp lete ly m iss-
i
ng. Desp ite t hese l acunae, t he monograph o f Gr. F lorescu i s particu larly
meritor ious f or the mater ial wh ich is publ ished , t he s ubtle a nd learned
analysis wh ich a llows t he a uthor t o attribute c orrect ly the d ifferent mon-
uments f rom t he typo log ical p o
int o f view a nd t he c onclusions, o f wh ich
one is f undamenta l: t he f unerary a rt of inter-Carpa thian Dac ia is of
western-Roman i nfluence.
7
S
oon after the monograph of Gr. F
lorescu was i
n print, S
. Ferr
il 0
published a synthesis of Roman art o
n the Danube i
n which the a
uthor
dwel
ls s l
ight
ly o n several f
unerary monuments from Dac
ia.
A l arge number o f studies a nd a rt

ic les wh ich d eal with t he a rt istic
heritage o f Roman Dac ia were pub lished i n t he p er
iod b etween t he t wo
World Wars a nd e spec ialy i n t he l ast t hree d ecades; t hanks t o t hese
contr ibut ions, t he r iches o f Dac ia i n f unerary monuments b ecame e vident
and t he e xact p resentat ion o f these p ieces p aved t he way t o ag enera l
v
iew. 1 1
The stud ies wh ich d iscuss t he i nterpretat ion o f different c ategor ies
of monuments a re l ess numerous a nd w e t h
ink t hat these d eserve t o b e
especia lly ment ioned. Af ter t he work o f Gr. F lorescu, t he f irst s tud ies
which made a n a ttempt t o define a nd t o d etermine t he or igin o f ac erta in
type o f funerary monument--the a ltar w ith a t runcated pyramida l t op —
are d ue to Constant in Da icov iciu. 1 2 The p rofessor a t C lu j c orrected G r.
F
lorescu who c lass ified t his t ype o f monument among t he a ltars " Ianus
Quadr ifons" a nd a ttr ibuted t hem c orrect ly t o t he c ategory o f monuments
o
f p ilaster-shape ( Pfeilergrabmä ler) 1 3 ending w ith a p oint o f a pyram id
i
n t he upper p art; a ccord ing t o t he s ame a uthor, t his t ype d erives f rom
t
he s tela w ith p ed iment t o which a t op i n t he s hape o f at runcated pyra-
mid was a dded. A lthough Constantin Da icov iciu knew t he a na log ies a t
Aqu i
le ia a nd o n t he Rh ine, a s regards t he r oute o f p enetrat ion o f t he
p
ilaster-shaped monument i nto Dacia, h e o pined t hat it p enetrated d irectly
f
rom As ia M inor a nd d ated t he monuments t o t he e nd of t he 2 nd c entury
o
r t he b eginn ing o f t he 3 rd c entury A . D.
Hadrian Da icoviciu, i n a n exemp lary s tudy 14 rectifies s ome o f the

views wh ich h ad b een e nunciated. H e distinguishes b etween t he altars
ending w ith a t runcated pyramid i n the upper p art a nd t he monuments
i
n t he shape o f at runcated pyram id with a rched s ides a nd wh ich a re
copings worked s eparate ly a nd b elong ing t o ordinary a ltars. On t he
basis of 21 c opings-truncated pyram ids p resented i n his work, t he a uthor
drew u p a nalog ies w ith s pecimens i n Nor icum a nd P annon ia a nd e special
ly
i
n n orthern I taly, a t Aqu ileia, from where, h e c onsiders, t hey p enetrated
directly to Dacia. F inally, h e reaches t he c onclus ion t hat t his t ype s pread
only to Apu lum ( Alba I u
lia) a nd its neighbourhood a nd t hat i ts purpose
was c hanged f rom a r oof o f the ossuary-a ltars into a c oping i n Dacia;
the author ment ions t hat t he d ecoration i s much r icher a nd i s n ot restricted
only to the p attern c onsist ing o f the imitation of tiles ( imbr ices).
The d iscover ies o f ap articular t ype o f m eda llion, t hat associated

with funerary l ions, dur ing t he e xcavat ion c arr ied o ut i
n ac emetery a t
Apulum a nd the publ ication o f a meda l
lion a ssociated w ith lions a t A iud,
a
lmost s imultaneous ly, g ave t he o pportuni ty t o Dumi tru P rotase l t o
make a s o
lid a nalys is o f t
he t ype a nd t o d raw u p ar epertory i nc lud ing
2
3 p
ieces. The r epertory o f D . Protase was c omp leted by C . P op a nd
his co
llaborators, l o a nd the s ame a uthor, i n as tudy publ ished n ot long
ago, 1
7 t
reated e xhaustive ly t he p roblems r aised by t he meda llions, d rew
up a c atalogue c onta ining all the finds a nd made a l arge c ommentary
based o n 44 pieces c oming f rom 1 8 localities. H e t ook i nto c ons idera tion
a
ll such f inds i n t he Empire a nd p ointed out t he f eatures o f the meda l l
ions
i
n Dac ia ( sometimes t he presence o f the ba lus trade, b ehind wh ich a re
the deceased, t he a ssociation o f the meda l
lion w ith a potropa ic l ions, t he
l
ack o f s ymbo l
ic o bjects a s attr ibutes o f those wh ich a re represented ,
the shell-shaped n iche); h e c lassif
ied t he meda llions a ccord ing o f the
number o f busts, s ex a nd age. As r egards t he o rig in of meda llions,
the author a grees w ith the o pinion t hat t hey p enetrated f rom t he n eigh-
bouring p rovinces o f Noricum a nd Pannon ia into Dac ia a nd a re d er ived
f
rom i mag ines c l
ipeatae.
8
Aedicu la is the type o f monument wh ich t ook much o f the attention
o
f s cholars i n recent times. R ecent ly, 0 . Floca a nd W . Wolski published
a monograph e nti
tled Aed icula f unerara i n Dacia r omana. 18 The work,
which i s especially v a
luable f or t he rich a nd mostly unpubl ished mater ia
l,
has a cata logue c ontaining 9 4 p ieces ( roofs, wa lls and pedesta ls of aedi-
culae) p receded by a b rief introduct ion a nd f o
llowed by a n amp le com-
mentary r eferring to t he a rchitectura l features, f igured representat ions
and d ecorat ive patterns, t he a ttributes o f p ersons a nd accessor ies,
dress, o rnaments, c oiffure, t he o rigin a nd t he
e route of penetrat ion of
t
he f unerary a edicula i nto Dac ia , a nd finally, t he funerary monuments
r
ela ted to a ediculae.
Although no a
ttempt i s made to class
ify t
ypological
ly the pieces,
t
he catalogue i
s detailed and the bibliography i
s exhaustive; t he essen-
t
ia
l conc lus
ion on which al
l others c onverge i
s that aed
iculae penetrated
d
irectly from t
he O r
ient into Dacia.
I
n conclusion, t he h
istory of research s hows t hat although a large
number of funerary monuments h ave b een publ ished a nd some categories
o
f monuments were e ven interpreted, a more r igorous t ypology and a
more precise c
hrono logy are st
ill r
equ ired. F rom t he point o
f view of
t
heir i
mportance a s histor
ical sources, ad eeper i nvestigation i
s needed;
t
his t
ask b ecame much e asier with the pub l
ication o f monographs d evoted
t
o the his
tory o f Dacia i
n Roman ia and t he recent corpora o f i
nscriptions. 1
9
9
CHAPTER 2
FORM AND TYPOLOGY OF MONUMENTS
The morpho log ical a nalys is o f t he ma in c ategor ies o f f unerary monu-

ments f ound i n inter-Carpa thian Dacia o r, t ha t is to s ay, t heir s p li
tt ing
u p into s tructura l elements, i nvo lves i n the l ast a nalys is t heir c lass ifica-
t
ion. Th is is intended t o f acilitate a g enera l view o f av as t mater ial
wh ich i s diverse a nd f u
ll o f sign ificance. But many o bstac les h ave t o be
crossed i n o rder t hat the i mage c an c orrespond t o t he r ea l
i ty o f t wo m il-
l
enn ia a go a nd r eflect f orma m entis o f a ncient man a nd n ot t hat o f c on-
t
emporary man. The e clect icism o f p rovincia l art, wh ich i s e verywhere
adm itted, b ecame much more n oticab le i n Dacia , s ub jected t o w estern,
sou thern a nd e astern c ultura l influences a nd where c o lon ists w ere b rought
"ex t oto o rbe Romano"; t he l ocal c omponent i n funerary a rt, wh ich
can b e easily i dent ified i n o ther p rov inces l i
ke Ga llia Narbonens is o r
Hispan ia is, o n t he c ontrary " hidden" i n p atterns a nd f orms i n Dacia.
For t h
is r eason, a s r egards t he f orm o f monuments, o nly c lose a nalog ies
wil
l b e ment ioned a nd the t ypes a nd t he c haracter ist ic v ariants w i thout
analog ies s o far w i
ll b e emphas ized. The p resentat ion o f e very c ategory
of monument wou ld a lso i nc lude t hose e lements wh ich a re c omponent p arts
(cop ings, b ases) but owing t o t he f act t hat t hey h ave b een f ound a s
i
solated p ieces t hey w ere t reated a s s uch. F inally, o n t he b asis o f s ome
arch itectura l fragments , t he hypo thes is of t he e xistence o f f unerary
build ings, wh ich h ave n ot b een ment ioned s o far, w ill b e pu t forward.
As regards aga
in t he typology, i t should be mentioned a pr
ior i t
hat
t
he use of asingle cri
ter ion o
f c lass
ification, l
ike that based on form,
d
oes n ot l
ead to c
onclus ive r
esu lts for the monuments i n Dacia
, where
i
t must be at l
east partly combined w ith t he i
conograph ic o
ne.
STELAE (
Pl. I
-XV)
Among the funerary monuments of c

lassical ant
iquity, the ste
la i
s
p
reponderant. Th is s
tatement i
s r
ight for Dacia Romana a s we
ll, where
t
he stelae a
re not only i
n cons
iderable quant
i ty but are o
f an astonish
ing
v
ariety.
G
r. Florescu 20 was the on
ly r esearcher who a ttempted t o d
raw up
t
he typology of the stelae in Dacia Superior a nd t
o a nalyze the f
orm, t
he
d
ecoration and the o r
ig in. He d ealt with 38 s
telae a nd his c
omments
c
oncerning the form w ere based on t he f
ol
low ing types:
1
. "ste
lae with pure
ly d ecorat
ive f
igures o
r r
elated t
o b
eliefs i
n
l
i
fe a f
ter dea
th" a nd
2
. "
ste
lae w
ith t
he p
ortra
it a
s t
he p
rinc
ipa
l f
igure":
Th
is last c
ategory is divided ,i
n two groups: s telae w ith the p
ortrait
r
epresenting the figure i
n full length and the portrait-bus t. The latter
c
ategory has the fol
lowing s ub-groups : (1) stelae with t he busts i
n
r
ectangular niche; ( b) s
telae w ith t
he busts in arched n iche; ( c) por-
t
rai
t-bust in arched niche, p ed
iment i n u
pper p art; ( d) stelae w
ith the
1
0
portra
it-bust i
n meda
llion; a
nd (
e) s
telae w
ith meda
llion b
elow a
rch a
nd
a
ttic a bove.
At present, when t he number o f known s telae i

s much h igher t han
t
hat knew by Gr. F lorescu a nd p ar
ticu larly remarkab le typologies 2
1 con-
c
erning t he stelae, more t han other t ypes of funerary monuments i n
d
ifferent z ones of empire, h ave been p ub
lished , the typology m entioned
a
bove h as b ecome o utdated n ot o
nly b ecause it is not based on aw ell-
d
efined cr i
ter ion but also because c ertain types w ere omitted and t he
f
irst group i ncludes stelae of very v arious types.
Ow ing t o t he f act t hat there a re a large n umber o f t ypes a nd v ariants

and t he ma jor ity o f monuments a re fragmentary, t he t ypo log ical attribut ion
o
f s te
lae i n Dac ia i s av ery difficult task. F or the t ypo log ical attribut ion
i
t w as n ecessary t o take a part the ma in c omponents o f s telae ( the upper
part, t he f i
eld o f t he r elief and t he fie
ld o f t he i
nscr iption) f o
llow ing t he
manner i n wh ich t hey w ere joined t ogether o n the b as is o f a matr ix; t h
is
r
esu lted f rom a s tat istico-combinatory a nalys is. 2
2 On t his b asis, for
examp le, t he f requency o f association b etween a c erta in t ype o f pediment
and a c erta in t ype o f niche was e asi
ly d eterm ined a nd t his makes i t pos-
s
ible t o class ify e ven s ome f ragmentary p ieces. No o ther c lassification
drawn u p f or o ther p rov inces c ould h ave b een a pp l
ied a d l i
tteram i n Dac ia,
owing t o t he f act t hat either i t was n ot so c onclus ive f or t his p rovince
or it was s o d eta i
led t hat it wou ld comp licate more a s ituat ion wh ich was
a
lready f airly c omp licated.
We consider that the distribut ion o f s

telae in t wo main g roups is the
most s u
itable for a c
lear d ef
in it
ion o f c ontents, name ly unf igured a nd
f
igured s telae. These, i n t urn, c an b e distributed i nto architectural
and n on-architectural ste
lae. I t must b e noted that t he architectural
e
lemen ts are o n
ly indicated o r simula ted a nd presen ted in al ogical con-
nection between t hem o n the stelae attributed t o the a rchitectural type,
while the elemen ts a
dopted f rom a rch itecture a ppear d isparately and
i
solated from t heir natural context o n t he non-arch itectura l s
telae.
I
. Unf
igured s
telae (
Var
iants A
, B 1-
B6)
The ste
lae h ave the form of arectangu lar p
late, with the dimensions
v
arying b etween 2 .70 m and 1.56 m ( height); 0.87-0.61 m ( wide) and
0
.40-0.15 m ( thick). They a re made o f loca
l s
tone: l imestone, gri
t-stone,
t
ravertine, augite, andesi
te, marb le.
The unfigured s telae are few but diverse in type a nd e special

ly w e
ll
e
laborated f rom t he stylist
ic point o
f view. They a re t
he e arliest a nd
some v ariants can be c onsidered as tru
ly " prototypes" o f the stelae in
Dacia S uperior since elements of their s
tructure p ersist and o n
ly t he
purely d ecorative patterns w ere rep
laced by t he figure o f the d ead in
the course o f t
ime, wh ile the f
ramework o ften rema ins the s ame.
The unfigured ste

lae a
re g
rouped i
nto a
rch
itectura
l s
telae a
nd n
on-
a
rch
itectura
l stelae.
A f
ragmen tary spec imen b elonging to an unfigured a rch itectura l stela
was found at Apo ldul de S us, Sibiu county ( Si, Pl. I). . The u pper p art
i
s decorated w ith an architrave w ith denticol
i; a bove, t here i s ao op ing
with a p
ine-cone b etween l ions back to b ack. The a rchitrave i s supported
by two semi-co lumns w i
th Cor inthian capitals which b order o n the field
o
f relief c
onsist ing f
ully of as tylized vegetal decora t
ion ( rosette i n the
m
idd le and acan thus leaves arranged r adially). B e
low, t he i nscription
i
s enclosed by a d ouble-mou lded f rame. The a rchitectura l s ett
ing a nd
1
1
t
he c
oping w
ith l
i
ons a
re o
f p
art
icu
lar i
mpor
tance f
or t
he d
eve
lopmen
t o
f
s
telae i
n Dac
ia.
The unfigured n on-arch itectural ste
lae, f ound e special
ly at Ulp
ia
Traiana and i n south-western Dac ia, are of several v ar
iants: w ith tri-
angular ped iment enc losed a bove t he f
ield of inscription; w ith tr
iangu lar
pediment and t he fie
ld o f relief in the shape o f arectangu lar niche or
horse-shoe n iche; w i th enclosed s emi-circular ped iment a nd s
telae with-
out decorative architectura l elements.
The fie
ld of the inscription covers two-th
irds of t
he surface of t
he
s
tela wi
th a n enclosed triangu lar p
ediment; t he f
ie
ld of i
nscription a
s
we
ll as the pediment is d ouble moulded. The t ympanum is decorated with
v
egetal p a
tterns, u sua
lly a canthus leaves.
Ano
ther variant has an enclosed tr
iangu lar p
ed iment, a horseshoe-
s
haped n
iche decorated with c
orona a nd rosette and a horseshoe-shaped
a
rch w
ith medal
lion; a no
ther v ariant has a f
ree triangular pediment,
f
i
eld o
f i
nscript
ion a nd f
ield o
f relief d
ecorated with a w reath i
n niche.
Ow
ing to the fact t
hat the ped
iment i s only pure
ly d ecorative, we
cons
ider that the s
te lae wi
th an enclosed p ediment which is not supported
by columns or pi
lasters are non-architectural and not of an i
ntermed iary
type between archi
tectura l a
nd non-arch itectural.
Two s pecimens f ound a t Ulpia Traiana ( Sarm izegetusa , Hunedoara

county) a re of p articular i mportance for the l a
ter d eve lopment o f stelae
i
n Dacia. We r efer t o af ragmentary s tela ( S39, P l. I I) w ith a n inscrip-
t
ion of wh ich o nly t he letter M is preserved a nd t he s tela of the a ugus tal
is
Lucius Cass ius Marcio ( S33, Pl. I). The u pper p art o f the fragmentary
s
tela is decora ted w ith a s ma
ll pediment w ith a s tylized v egeta l pattern
and two acro teria w ith p almettes. The p ediment a nd t he acroteria i s
c
arved i n high r el
ief i n the slab direct to the n on-archi tectura l type.
The fi
eld o f relief is d ecorated with a m edallion c ons isting o f two c oncen-
t
ric wreaths w i th a r osette in the centre a nd placed i n ah orseshoe-shaped
n
iche wh ich o pens f rom t he frame of the inscript ion.
As regards t he d evelopment o f s
telae in Dac ia w e c
onsider t hat the
s
te la o f L. Cass ius Marcio marks t he transi
tion f rom t he unfigured t ype
t
o t he f igured t ype of stelae. The u pper part e nd ing in an angle plays
the r o
le o f af ie
ld o f r
elief and c oping a s wel
l, s ince it i
s decorated w ith
ap ediment w ith double mou lding s ides and whose b ase i
s cut by a w reath
with r osette a nd flanked by t wo antithetic griffons. The l ower p art has
an e nd f or fixing in the g round; t he end is d ecorated w ith wading b irds.
Both t he horseshoe-shaped n iche a nd the meda llion as main morpho logical
e
lements wou ld persist in the structure o f s
te lae in Dacia, but t he vegetal
patterns o f decoration w ould b e replaced by t he figure of the d
eceased .
The same trans

ition from t he unfigured type to the f
igured t ype i
s
s
hown by a fragmentary stela stored in the Cluj-Napoca H is
tory Museum
(
S37
, Pl. II); t he upper p art is d
ecorated w i
th a pediment w i
th Medusa
i
n t
ympanum; t he f
ield o
f r el
ief is decorated with a c
orona o f l
aurels
r
ound a r
osette.
The structure o f the ste

lae w ith s emi-circular p ed iment i s s
imp le.
The ped iment e ither prolongs t he fie
ld o f inscription o r is separated by
a moulding e dge by the field of inscription. The s te
la o f Licinia Valent ina
and Aure lia Maxim ina (S43) is both i nteresting a nd uncommon : t he s emi- -
c
ircular p ed iment is f
lanked by t wo s mall a
ltars w ith p ine-cone a nd by
t
wo s mall circles. A s tela at Tibiscum ( S40, Pl. I I) i s extreme ly stylized
a
nd t ypica l
ly p rovincia1: 2
3 the semi-circu lar ped iment wh ich e nds t he
f
rame e nc
los ing the fie
ld o f i
nscription i s decorated w ith a c orona.
1
2
The s telae w ithout d ecorat ive a rchitectura l elements h ave t he u pper
part e nding s traight o r wi
th a c oping c onsisting o f two l
ions b ack t o b ack
w
i th a p ine c one b etween t hem. They h ave either t wo f
ields ( rel
ief a nd
i
nscr ipt ion) o r only o ne with t he t ext of the e pitaph. The f ield o f rel
ief
i
s i n t he s hape o f ar ectangu lar d eep niche e nc losing a w reath w ith r osette.
The s telae w ith c oping i n the upper p art, like t hat of the slave Euphemus
a
t P oro l
issum ( Moigrad, SMa j c ounty) ( S19, P l. I) h ave the field of
i
nscr ipt ion e nclosed by a f rame w ith a d ouble mou lding. The s implest
s
te lae a re t hose w ith t he ep i
taph o nly bordered by a mou lded f rame w ith-
out d ecorat ion o r decorated w ith v egetal patterns. They c an b e confused
w
i th t he slabs wh ich c overed g raves a nd from wh ich t hey could b e dis-
t
ingu ished w ith c ertainty o nly i f the end for f ixing i n t
he g round h as
surv ived.
Among t he u nfigured s telae, t hose w i

th p ediment in t he upper p art
and field of inscription a re attested i n Dacia I nferior. Gr. F lorescu
c
lassified them i n as ing le type: s tele c on un s olo campo p er l '
inscr iz
ione
t
erm inate in alto con f rontone .2 4 But t wo t ypes c an be actua lly d is
tin-
guished: a rchitectura l and n on-archi tectura l. 25 G r. Florescu d ated the
s
telae a t Rugane t i, Olt c ounty, t o the m idd le o f the 2nd century a nd t he
f
irst h alf o
f the 3rd c entury, t hose a t Romu la b etween t he m idd le of the
2nd century a nd t he second h a
lf of t he 3 rd c entury A .D. ,2 6 as tela at
R4cari t o t
he e nd o f t
he 2 nd c entury a nd o ne s pecimen a t Drobeta a t the
beginning o f the 2 nd century.
The stelae with free or enc

losed p ediment in Dacia Inferior d
iffer
f
rom those found i n the inter-Carpath ian reg
ion i n t
he lions carved in
h
igh relief on the sides of the p
ed iment, the fi
eld of inscript
ion which i s
a
lways d ecorated w i
th v egetal patterns (
those w ith f
ree p ediment) and
t
he pediment wh ich rests on small al
tars or prolongs the frame inscription
(
those w i
th e nc
losed p ediment).
Only a s
ingle s
pecimen f
ound at Drobeta 2
7 a
nd d ated to t
he 3rd
c
entury i
s a
ttested i
n the c
ategory o
f the ste
lae with semi-c
ircular p
edi-
m
ent.
S
telae with a n enclosed t riangu lar pediment d ecorated w ith a rosette
a
nd the frame f ree of decora tion a re attested i
nN Ioesia Infer ior at Oescus ,
t
he centre from wh ich 9 s pecimens c ome a nd where t hey o ccur t o the
m
iddle of the first c
entury A . D., Novae ( 4 specimens, o f wh ich t hose with
v
ine-stalks date in the 2 nd c entury), Butovo, S ofia
, in S cyth ia Minor, at
H
istr
ia, U lmetum, T om is, C allatis
, T roesmis and Odessos. 2 8
Stelae w
ith triangular or s
emi-circu
lar pediment and dated to the
2
nd century are attested i
n Moesia Superior a
t Scupi, Municipium Dar-
d
anorum, Ratiaria, Aureus Mons, a nd Bononia. Stelae wi
th p ediment
a
nd anti
thetic f
igured r epresentat
ions at the c
orners occur at Viminacium. 2
9
S
telae w ith an e nc
losed t r
iangu lar p ediment a nd fie
ld o f inscr ipt
ion
o
r with a sem i-circular p ediment a nd field of inscription a re encountered
i
n Noricum a nd P annon ia a t Virunum, L auriacum, P oetov io, Carnun tum,
a
nd S avaria; t he majority of t hem a re d ated to the first h a
lf of the fi rs
t
c
entury A . D. 30 Accord ing to t he class if
ication of A. S chober t hey b elong
t
o the groups I a nd I I ( ste
lae w i
th s mall f
ields in r
e l
ief wh ich are s ub-
o
rdinated t o the main field b earing t he inscription and s telae with t he field
o
f i
nscription e qual to that of r e
lief a nd s mal
l a d
jacent fig-ures). 31
The most evident d

ifference b
etween the s
telae in Nor
icum a nd
P
annonia and those i
n Dacia is i
n t
he ped
iment wh ich i
s supported by
c
olumns o
r pilasters and f
lanked by p
almettes a
nd n ot by acroter
ia in
1
3
t
he p rovinces ment ioned a bove. G roups o f stelae, w e
ll attested i n Nor i-
c
um a nd P annonia, a re a bsent i n Dac ia S uperior, a s for instance: s telae
w
ith p ediment, f ie
ld o f i nscription d ecorat ive frieze a nd p edestal with
d
ecorat ion; s telae w ith r ounded upper p art. The c losest similarities
w
ith t he unfigured s telae i n Dacia S uper ior are e ncountered a t Carnuntum:
t
he n on-arch itectura l type w ith the e nclosed p ediment c arved i n high r e-
l
i
ef in as lab a nd w ith a canthus l eaf i n tympanum o r the stela both o f whose
f
ields (relief and inscr ipt ion) are e qua l to each other. The f act is sig-
n
ificant that t he major i
ty o f t
he u nfigured s telae at Carnuntum a re d ated
t
o the fir$ c entury a nd more p recise ly t o the second h alf of the first
c
entury." 2
S
telae with triangular o r sem i-circular p ediment ( they are typological
ly
c
lass ified according t o less complicated c r
iter ia than t hose used by A .
Schober a nd applied in Nor icum a nd P annon ia in t he type: s tela wi
th
i
nscr iption without a p articular jlecorat ion —Ste len m i
t I nschrif
t ohne
b
esonderen S chmuck). 3 3 The earliest s pecimens c ome f rom Augsburg a nd
a
re d ated to the fi
rst century A .D. The t ype l asts ti
ll the 3rd century
A. D. Ana logies vx
ith the s telae in Dacia e xist a t Augsburg , Nassenfels,
and R egensburg." 4 I n c ontrast w ith t he stelae in Raet ia, those in Dacia
a
re n ot decorated w ith d o
lph ins in t ympanum.
The s
tela o
f Iucundus a
t Mainz in Germany 3
5 i
s analogous w
ith the
s
pecimens with pediment a
nd acroter
ia in Dacia. The same type i
s a
ttested
i
n Dalmatia a
s wel1
.36
The fact must be pointed ou

t t
hat the type of s
tela with horseshoe-
s
haped arch found at Ulpia Tra
iana and its t
err
itory is no
t attested in
t
he n
eighbour ing provinces.
As c an b e seen f rom t he f acts p resented a bove, a na

logies with the
types of unf igured s telae i n Dac ia Super ior exist in the neighbour ing
provinces, but t hey a re n ot ident ica
l. W e wil
l dwe ll i
n the follow
ing o n
northern I taly, t he native c ountry o f the p rototypes i n the Danubian
provinces a nd we w i
ll r efer firstly to t he monograph o f G. A. Mansue ll
i.3 7
According t o Mansue ll
i , whose w orks w i
ll always b e used in the study o f
provincia
l a rt, the stelae in t he t err
itory o f Ravenna a nd on the lower
course of t he Padus a re classified i n two ma in g roups: a rchi
tectura l and
non-architectura l. But t hen ow ing to t he fact t ha
t h e drew up too many
sub-divisions, t he t ypo logy b ased o n the criterion o f the upper p ar
t of
s
telae becomes t oo deta iled.
The unf igured ste lae with e nclosed t riangu lar p ed iment i n the upper
part, a bove t he f
ield of inscription a nd bordered by a mou lding frame Aip
Dacia a re analogous w ith those a t Ravenna, 3 8 Bologna 3 9 and Aqu i
leia.'"
Apart f rom t he absence o f acroter ia w i
th t he e pigraph ica l formula D M i n
t
he s telae w i
th sem i-c
ircu lar p ediment i n Dac ia, a nalog ies w ith them e xist
a
lso a t Ravenna. 4 1 As r egards t he s telae w ith h orseshoe s haped n iche
which a s I mentioned a re t ypical of Ulp ia T raiana, t he r esemb lance ( but
not abso lute) with a stela at Ravenna 4 2 i
s e specia l
ly i mpor tant; but i n
contrast t o the s
telae in Dacia, t he h orseshoe-shap -e of t he s pec
imen a t
Ravenna i s not so pronounced a nd c urved p seudo-acroter ia are added
l
aterally.
As r
egards t he form o f t
he unf igured s telae, the fol
low ing comments
c
an be made o n the basis of the facts p resented. The s mal
l n umber shows
t
hat they are n ot typical of Dacia ( see c atalogue) a nd t he structure and
t
he analogies, a t l
east as regards t he ste lae wi th enclosed p ediment a
l
low
u
s to consider t hem a s being the e arliest o f the category, n amely t
o date
t
hem in the first half of the 2nd c entury A . D. The h orseshoe-shaped
1
4
n
iche is t
he t ypical e
lement proper to the workshops a t U
lpia Traiana,
t
he capita
l o f Dacia. Although the plain morpho logy of t
he s
telae with
s
emi-circular ped iment suggests a
n e ar
ly d ating, they l
ast t
i
ll the 3rd
c
entury A . D., according to t
he epigraph ica
l criter
ia.
As regards t
he type, t
he figured s
telae a
re t
he most v
aried
; they
a
re more numerous t
han the unf
igured stelae a
nd are u
sed l
onger.
They are b oth architectural and non-arch

itectura l
; t he f
ramework
i
n wh ich the figures o f the deceased are enc
losed is cons idered as t
he
f
undamenta l c
r i
ter ion for the analysis a
nd the class
ification of t
he figured
s
telae.
I
. Arch
itectura
l f
igured s
telae (
var
iants Al-A 2 a
nd B 1-
B5)
The architectura l f
igured s te
lae are numerous a nd s pread over t he
whole area of Dac ia; t he two different types of t
he a rchitectural figured
s
telae h ave in common t he fo
llowing element: a part f rom t he f
igure o f
t
he d eceased , the attempt t o show them w i
thin an a rchitectural framework,
t
hat is to say i n as acred building, either in t
he s hape o f aclassical
a
edicu la of rectangu lar form, with columns o r p
ilasters wh ich s
uppor t a
pediment, o r in the s hape of an arch.
There a
re two variants o
f the r
ectangu
lar aedicu
la-shaped s
telae:
f
ree p
ediment o
r enclosed pediment i
n the upper p
art.
The f orm c losest to t he north-Ital
ian p roto type is that of the p seudo-
a
edicula s haped s tela; o nly a single specimen b elonging t o the " class ical"
a
spect o f this type w as found i n Dacia S uper ior, a t Apulum ( Alba I ulia)
(
S44, Pl. I V). S ince only t he upper p art of s tela survives , the s ize o f
t
he comp lete monument i s n ot known. The p seudo-aed icu la cons ists o f
arectangu lar n iche b ordered by c olumns s tand ing o n aplinth , w ith f lat
t
runk a nd Cor inthian c apitals which s uppor t a mou lded triangu lar p ed i-
ment f
lanked by t wo acroter ia i
n the shape o f stylized palmettes. The
t
ympanum i s decorated w ith a rosette a nd two a canthus-leaves. The
n
iche c ontains s ix busts a rranged i n two reg isters: a bove, t he a dults,
t
wo women a nd a man; b elow, t hree ch i
ldren. A ccording t o the f ema le
c
oiffure, t he ste la can be d ated to the m iddle o f the 2nd c entury A . D.
Another s tela wi
th a r ectangu lar niche is t ha
t o f Iu
lius S ecundus,
f
rom CoIonia Agr ippina (S45 , Pl. IV), found a t Or 4 tioara de S us, Hune-
d
oara county. The u pper p art is decorated w ith a n enclosed p ediment
w
ith a rosette in tympanum a nd flanked by p eacocks a nd a rectangular
n
iche bordered by p ilasters d ecorated w i
th v egeta l pattern; b e
low the
n
iche, the fie
ld o f i
nscription is bordered by e ngaged c olumns. On t he
b
asis o
f t he epi
taph, t he stela dates in t he f
irst h alf of the 2nd century
A
.D.
Ste
lae i n t he s hape of pseudo-aed icu lae 4
3 are n ot a ttested in Dac ia
I
nfer ior but a re w el
l-documented i n P anonn ia, at Aqu incum, S avaria,
Scarbant ia, Ager Carnunt ius a nd Siscia. 44 As I m ent ioned , t he s
tela a t
Apu lum i s unique i n the r
epertory o f forms o f the f unerary monuments
i
n Dac ia. Th is t ype of s
tela was genera l
ized i n northern I taly; it is
a
ttested ‚ n c
entra l Italy a
nd s outhern I taly e ven f rom t he R epublican
period. ' The c losest analogies wi
th t he s tela at Apu lum e x
ist at Spalato
i
n Da lma tia. 4
6 S
telae of this type in Pannon ia are d ated f rom t he midd le
o
f t he first century t o the 3rd century 47 a nd in Moes ia S uper ior, at
S
ing idunum, t o t he 3rd century 4 8
I
f we bear i
n mind that ana
logy is not e
qual t
o ident
ity a
nd if w
e
t
ake i
nto a
ccount the f
act that the s
tela a
t Apulum cannot b
e dated l
ater
1
5
than t he middle of the 2nd century A .D., w e a re right to t
hink tha
t this
s
te la w as made to order by a loca
l a r
t isan t
o m eet t he "
special" r
equire-
ment o f an Ita
lian colonist. It i
s less like
ly t hat the ste
la has been made
by a rt
isans c oming from n orthern Italy here, since t hey would have prob-
ably e xecuted more s pecimens in the s ame category.
The stela of Iu
lius S ecundus a t Orastioara de S us i
s direct
ly c on-
n
ected w i
th t he native place of the deceased whi le the s
tela at Apu lum
i
s l
inked w ith a n I
talian prototype. The f orm s hows that it i
s dependent
o
n the aedicu la-shaped s telae o
n t he Rhine wh ich are considered a s being
t
he earl
iest f unerary monuments i n Germany; c hronological
ly, t he stela
o
f Marcus Cae l
ius is placed immed iate
ly after t he d
efeat of Varus. 49
According t o S. R inald i-Tuf i who dealt wi

th t he d
istribution of t
he
pseudo-aed icula-shaped s telae, t his type was not spread in Dacia where
"more c omplex a nd a rticulated f orms wh ich possibly inc
lude s ome archi-
t
ectura l e
lements ( s
r
.em i-columns, p ed
iments) w ithout a determined function
a
re p redom inant". a° W e t h
ink t hat the absence of the ste
lae with pseudo-
a
ed icula is expla
ined by t he f requency o f the aedicula i
tself i
n the nor
th-
Danub ian province .5 1
The s everal variants of the ste

la w i
th arch a re much more w idespread
t
han t he arch i
tectural ste
lae w ith a rectangular niche. Those w ith a n
enc
losed p ediment i n the upper p art have a niche or am edal
lion b eneath
t
he arch a nd t he specimens w i
th a d ecorative pattern which is n
ot e n-
c
losed in ad efined form in the upper p art have also a n
iche or am edall
ion
benea
th t he a rch.
The s telae w ith a rch a re e spec ially d ense a t Apu lum ( A

lba J u lia)
(Pl. I V-VII) but a re also e ncountered i n other u rban c entres o r r ura l
settlements i n Dacia f rom t he m iddle o f the 2 nd c entury t o the 3 rd c entury.
Th is t ype o f s tela p resents t he f o
llow ing t yp ical features: t he a rch
f
rames t he ma in r elief a s w ell a s the fi e
ld o f i nscript ion; t he r elief o f
the f igures o f t he d eceased i s d eep wh i
le t he a djacent r e
liefs a re f lat.
A v ariant o f t he ste lae w ith a rch i ncludes t he s pecimens w ith a n e nc losed
ped iment a nd t he figures o f t he d eceased b eneath t he a rch. They a re in
the s hape o f ar ectangu lar p laque; t he a rch c overs t wo-th irds o f t he
surface; t he c olumns a re f luted i n s piral a nd t he v au lt a nd s ides o f t he
ped iment a re d ouble-mou lded. The v au lt touches t angent ially t he d oub le-
mou lded b ase o f the p ed iment. Beneath t he a rch, t he busts o f t he d e-
c
eased a re in an iche whose l ower s ide is marked by a n edge n arrower
t
han t he w idth o f t he who le r elief field. I n t he ang le b etween t he u pper
corner o f the a rch a nd t he b ase o f the p ediment, i s as ymbo lic p a ttern,
usua l
ly d olph ins. A p iece, o f wh ich o nly the r ight s ide h as s urv ived , is
typ ical o f t his v ariant o f the s telae w i
th a rch. The a rch a s well a s t he
s
ides o f the p ediment i s triple mou lded. Beneath t he a rch i s t he bus t of
a man i n tun ic a nd s agum; t he h ead o f Medusa i n t ympanum; a d olph in
i
n t he a ngle b etween t he upper s ide o f the a rch a nd t he b ase o f t he p edi-
ment ( S49, P l. V ).
The s
tela of Caius Ianius Ianuarius f
ound a t Aquae ( Man, Hune-
d
oara county) ( S51, Pl. V) differs f
rom those at Apulum: t he p
ediment
i
s f
lanked by a croteria i
n high r e
lief a
nd the shaft o
f the .
c
olumns sup-
p
orting the arch is fla
t.
Another category of ste

lae includes specimens which appear to be
s
imple and look li
ke a combination of geometrical f
orms. We r efer t
o the
s
tela o
f Ulpius Vettius (S55, Pl. VI) found at Mic
ia Hunedoara
c
ounty) a nd dated to the 2nd century. The a rch i
s supported by columns
d
ecorated with stylized vine-sta
lks a nd gr
iffins and t
he archivolt a
nd
1
6
t
he s ides o f t he p ed iment a re d ecorated w ith t wo rows o f sty lized i vy
l
eaves a nd a r ow o f p ear ls b etween t hem. The p ed iment i s f lanked by
protomae o f lions a nd t he t ympanum i s d ecorated w i th a woman 's h ead.
The s tela is a na logous t o a nother f ound a t Apu lum a nd o f wh ich o nly t he
l
eft s ide h as s urv ived ( S53 , P l. V I); t he sides o f t he p ediment a nd t he
a
rch ivo lt b ear t he s ame d ecora t
ion a s t hat o n the s tela a t Micia a nd t he
ped iment i s also f lanked by p ro tomae o f l i
ons. The t wo s pec imens d iffer
one f rom a nother i n t he f ollow ing d etails: t he stela a t Apu lum s hows a n
arch whose c api ta ls a re n ot d istinct, t he t ympanum i s decorated w ith t he
bust o f Medusa a nd t he f igures o f t he d eceased ( of wh ich o nly t he w oman 's
head c an b e seen) a re p laced b enea th t he arch. Ano ther s te la a t Apu lum
S52, P l. V I) b elongs t o t he s ame c ategory; t he ste la s hows s ix bus ts
arranged i n t wo r egisters b eneath t he a rch. C erta inly, t hese s telae w ere
made by a w orkshop a t Apu lum, where t he framework-arch ( the a rch
cutting t he b ase o f t he p ed iment) was w orked; t he f igure o f t he d eceased
i
n at ympanum o n t he s te la a t M icia o r t he figures o f the d eceased b eneath
the a rch o n t he s tela a t Apu lum w ere c arved by a nother a rtisan. A lthough
f
rom t he c hrono log ica l p oint o f view t his g roup o f s telae d oes n ot p re-
cede t he o thers--as i s a ttested by t he d ecorat ion o f t he columns —the t wo
s
te lae a t Apu lum mark t he t rans ition f rom t he Arch itectura l t ype t o t he
non-arch itectura l t ype a nd c an b e c ons idered a s a n intermed ia te v ar ian t
which s hows a n ew t endency i n artis t
ic e xpress ion.
A group o f s te
lae w i
th a n e nclosed p ediment a nd arch shows t he
f
igures o f the d eceased n ot immed iately b eneath t he arch but with in a
medall
ion c onsis ting o f ar ound n iche, s hell-shaped o r f
lat, surrounded
by a w reath of l aurels bound w i
th a t aenia, as for instance the ste la at
Criste ti (S59, P l. V ). The a rchivo lt and t he sides of the pediment a re
moulded , and t he c olumns w ith Cor inthian cap i
tals a re f
luted in s piral
l
ike on o ther ste lae with t he busts i n arch. On t his s
tela as well
, t he
angle b etween t he b ase of the p ediment a nd the b order of the stela e n-
c
loses a s ymbo lic p attern.
Another v ar
iant o f t
he stelae with a rch i ncludes t he s pecimens w ith
a
ttic o n the upper p ar
t. The morpho logy i s similar t o that o f the stelae
w
i th ped iment. The f ield of re
lief and t hat o f inscr iption a re b eneath
t
he a rch wh ich cuts the lower p art o
f the a tt
ic. The f act tha t the de-
c
eased a re shown in meda l
lion is typica
l o f this g roup o f ste
lae, w ith the
exception o f t
he stela of Cotu...Success i f (ilia) cives Nor ica ( S62, Pl. I V),
which i s the o
nly stela in Dacia which s hows t he figures o f t he d eceased
a
t full length.
Two s telae a t Apu lum wh ich w ere worked c erta inly by t he s ame w ork-
s
hop a re t yp
ica l o f the s telae w ith a ttic o n the u pper p art a nd t he busts
o
f t he d eceased e nclosed i n a meda l lion b eneath t he arch. We r efer t o the
s
tela o f the v eteran Ca ius Va ler ius S ilvanus ( S63, P l. V II) a nd t he s te la
o
f U lpia Max imil la ( S64, P l. V II). The l atter has a n attic on t he u pper
part wh ich is d ecora ted w ith g enii h olding g arlands; i n t he c entre, a n
e
ag le a bove t he g arland a nd t he h ead o f Medusa b elow t he g arland. Bo th
t
he Medusa 's h ead a nd t he e agle a re f lanked by r osettes. B elow i s t he
a
rch wh ich cut t he lower p art o f t he a ttic. The a rch is s uppor ted by
c
olumns w ith Cor intha in c apitals ; t he b ase is decorated w ith i mbr icated
patterns a nd t he s haft w ith v ine-s ta lks a nd grapes. The ä rch ivo lt a nd
t
he mou ld ing wh ich s eparates t he a ttic f rom the ma in fi
e ld of r elief a re
d
ecora ted w i
th s ty l
ized v egeta l p attern. Benea th t he arch i s am eda llion
c
ons isting o f as hell-shaped n iche s urrounded by a wreath o f l aure ls;
t
he m eda l
lion s hows t he busts o f t he d eceased a rranged i n two r eg isters.
Beneath t he att ic, a re d olphins i n t he a ngles enclosed by t he u pper p art
1
7
o
f t
he a
rch
ivolt a
nd the side o
f the s
tela; b
elow t
he meda
llion i
s t
he h
ead
o
f M
edusa f
lanked by mourners.
Finally, a nother a rch itectura l type i nc ludes t he s telae w ith a d eco-

rative p attern i n t he u pper p art, a bove t he a rch; t his p attern i s not
enclosed by a n a rch itectura l element, but s urrounds t he a rchivo lt, a s
on the s tela o f Mattav ia L aeda a nd h er d aughter B las te a t M icia wh ich i s
very s imilar t o the s telae a t Apu lum a nd f rom wh ich i t d iffers o nly in t he
f
act t hat t he b earers o f the g arland d o n o
t d ecorate t he a tt ic but e nc irc le
t
he a rch ivolt ( S77 , P l. V III). Th is ste la s hows a lso t he busts o f the
deceased w ith in t he m edallion b elow t he a rch whose s em i-co lumns b order
t
he i nscr iption a s w ell. There a re n o a nalog ies w i th t he s te lae w ith a rch
t
yp ical of Apu lum a nd its t erri tor ium i n Dac ia I nfer ior, where t he stelae
w
i th niche a rching o n s mall pilasters a re s pread. 5 2 The c losest p aralle ls
w
i th the s telae w ith a rch a nd e nclosed p edimen t a nd t he f igures o f the
d
eceased b enea th t he a rch, e xist i n Pannon ia : as tela a t I szkaszen tgörgy 5 3
(
it s hows t hree-quar ters o f t he f igure o f t he d eceased b elow t he a rch
c
rowned w ith a n e nclosed p ediment) d ated t o t he 2 nd c entury a nd a nother
specimen a t Bruckneudorf ( terr itory o f Carnuntum) 5 4 which s hows t he
f
igure o f t he d eceased f ull length b eneath t he a rch w i th c olumns i n s p
iral
a
nd p ediment a bove, wh ich i s d a ted t o t he e nd o f t he f irst c entury. I t
s
hou ld b e n o
ted t hat t he i nscr ipt ion i s s epara ted f rom t he f i e
ld o f r e
lief
o
n b oth monuments. A l ess c lose a nalogy i s t he s te la o f P etron ius Rufus
a
t S carbant ia : 5
5 the busts o f t he d eceased a re p laced b eneath t he a rch
a
nd a d ecorat ive p attern i s carved a bove t he a rch a nd t he f ield o f relief
i
s separated f rom t ha t of the i nscr iption by a d ecorat ive f rieze.
Al
l s
telae are d
ecorated wi
th t
he f
igure o
f the d
eceased, except f
or
asingle p
iece (S61, Pl
. V) which s
hows t
he funera
l banquet b
eneath the
a
rch.
The a rchway o n the s telae i n Dac ia i s shown a s a n arch wh ich l i

nks
the columns b order ing b oth t he ma in relief field a nd the inscr iption; i t
can b e actually c onsidered a s as ketchy r epresentation o f at ype o f stela
o
f h el
len istic origin w e
ll-attested i n northern I taly, 5
6 from where i t
spread o ver other p rovinces l ike G erman ia a nd became t he character istic
type at Co Ionia Agr ippina ,5 7 Da lmat ia
, 5 8 Moesia Super ior, 5
9 Noricum
and P annon ia. Ana lysing t he f orm o f this t ype o f s
tela, A . S chober
considers r ightly t hat it der ives f rom t he f unerary a ed iculae a nd r eaches
the conclus ion t hat the arched n iche e nclosed by a f acade w ith c o
lumns
o
ccur i n P anonn ia e ven from t he f i rst century A .D. ( as for instance a t
Brigetio) but i s sti
ll shown o n s telae in t he 2 nd-3rd c enturies A .D. wh ile
i
ts representa tion is unique i n Nor icum, where t he archway w i th t he sides
volutes —shaped i s frequent. 6 0
There a re no close a nalog ies w i

th t he s telae w ith e nc losed p ediment
above t he a rch, b eneath wh ich t he meda l
lion w i
th t he figures o f t he de-
c
eased i s placed. The t ype, wh ich i s attested i n northern I taly a t Bresc ia ,
i
s that o f as tela whose m eda llion i s e nclosed i n ap seudo-aed icu lael a nd
not i
n a n a rch. Th is t ype o f ste la is e ncountered i n Da lmat ia, a t S alona 62
o
r in P annon ia at Intercisa, V indobona a nd S avar ia, 63 but i s n ot c harac-
t
erist
ic. As r egards t he s telae w ith attic o n the upper p art a nd b enea th
t
he arch, e ither t he figures o f the d eceased o r the m eda l
lion c onta ining
t
he busts o f t he deceased , w e do n ot know a ny a nalog ies. I t i s difficult
t
o state whether i t was a dapted f rom t he P annon ian t ype w i
th i ntermed i-
a
ry c ordon 6 4 which was c hanged i nto a n attic in Dacia o r i f it was a p at-
t
ern a dopted f rom t r
iumpha l monuments. But i t is c ertain t hat t his v ariant
o
f the ste lae w ith arch i s typ ical o f the w orkshops a t Apu lum. F rom t he
1
8
c
hrono logical po
int of view they s ynchron ize w ith the stelae with enclosed
p
ed iment o n t
he upper p art, as is attested by t he f
act that b o
th v ariants
s
how t he columns in spirals and a s imilar iconography. Th is type of stela
w
i th a
rch, p ediment, attic or decorat ive pa ttern in the upper p art char-
a
cterizes the workshops a t Apulum a nd s pread t o Micia, Cristesti and
even Napoca . The ma jority of them d ate i
n t he second h alf o
f the 2 nd
c
entury A .D.
II. F igured n on-architectural ste
lae ( var
iants A 1_3 ; B 1_2 ; C 1_2 ; D 1_3)
The t ypology o f the figured n on-architectural stelae is relative

ly
d
iverse; t hey a re spread o ver t he whole province. Accord ing to the
shape o f niche ( we cons ider it the ma in morpho logical element), f our
types w i
th s everal variants c an b e d
istinguished: r ectangu lar niche;
arched n iche; n iche with m eda llion; horseshoe-shaped n iche. Even i f
the architectura l elements o ccur o n these ste
lae, t hey d o not suggest a
build
ing-s tructure, but p lay o nly a pure ly decorative r o
le. As r egards
the form, s ome s telae of this g roup a re very similar to the unfigured
specimens f rom wh ich they d iffer o nly in i
conography.
S
te lae with a r ectangular n iche: A ccording t o the structure of the
upper p art,three v ariants are d istingu ished : s tra
ight, w ithout a decora-
t
ive p attern, w ith c oping cons isting o f lions back to b ack or an enclosed
pediment. I n addition to the s telae with t he busts o f the deceased, other
specimens o f i
den t
ica l f
orm s how s ymbol ic scenes. These c an be classif
ied
i
nto ste lae with a field of relief a nd a field of inscription and stelae with
two fi
elds o f r
elief a nd a f
ield o f inscription.
The stelae with a fie
ld o f re
lief and a fi
eld of inscr iption are sur-
r
ounded by a n arrow f rame w i
thout d ecoration. The t wo fields a
re
s
epara ted f rom each o ther by a w ider frame a nd are also w ithout decora-
t
ion. The r ectangular niche p laced in the upper p art s hows t he busts
o
f t he deceased o r as ymbolic scene, invariably the f uneral b anquet.
For the manner i n wh ich t he sculpture was e xecuted, e v
ident ly by a loca
l
art
isan who was e xperienced i n carving in wood a nd n ot stone, w e refer
t
o as tela at C 4e i
, C luj county; t h
is stela shows t hree v ases (two p i
tchers
and a n amphora) i n high r el
ief carved b eneath the s cene o f ab anquet
(
S104 , Pl. X ).
The component e lements a nd t he d ecorat ion o f the s tela s ui gener is
o
f Soss ia Sabina at Ampe lum wh ich b e
longs t o t he category o f s telae w ith
t
wo fields ( re
lief and i nscription) links t he stelae w ith f igures w ith t hose
w
ith s ymbo l
ic s cenes. Above t he field o f inscr iption i s the r e
lief f ie
ld
e
nclosed by a d ouble mou lding frame; i t contains a quadr ilatera l niche
w
ith a c orona a nd is decorated w i
th v ine-sta lks a nd g rapes o n t he u pper
p
art a nd two r osettes at t he l
ower c orners, o n t he e xterior. The meda l-
l
i
on d epicts a human f igure w ith c h
lamys o n s hou lders , a nd h olding a
wreath d ownwards i n his right h and a nd a t hyrsos i n h is left h and. On
t
he upper p art is ac oping c onsisting o f li
ons b ack t o back o n either s ide
o
f ac ista myst ica (S121). On t he b asis o f the i nscription t he s tela d ates
t
o the f i
rst h a
lf of the 2 nd century A .D.
The f
unerary banquet is a
ssoc
iated w i
th a c
ab oho
lding the r
eins of
ahorse (or t
he hero horseman) on the s
telae w
ith two re
lief f
i
elds (S109
,
P
l. X).
The s
telae with a f
ield of i
nscription a
nd t wo re
lief f
ie
lds are less
numerous; u sual
ly, the u pper rel
ief fie
ld i
s n arrower and consequently
t
he middle rel
ief i
s the main rel
ief. The a rchitectural e
lements are com-
p
lete
ly missing: t he scenes are enclosed by wider or narrower frames.
1
9
The ste la of t he Thrac ian Mucapor is of ala Frontoniana a t Il
isua in
Dacia Porolissens is ( S110, P l. XI) deserves s pecial a
ttention: t he main
r
elief depicts v ery p rimi
t ively a couple standing s ide by side. The r ight
s
ide wide b order, d ecorated w ith a pattern in the form of s cales is s
ig-
n
ificant: i t s hows t he c onnection of the stelae with the lateral sides of
a
ed icu
lae; t his a rtis tic phenomenon i s f
requent ly attested i n the crea-
t
ions of the l ocal a rtisans.
F
ina lly, a mong t he s telae w ith s ymbo lic s cenes , the f unera l s lab o f
Iulius Crescens a t t he f ort o f C 4e i ( S101, P l. X ) d eserves p ar ticu lar
a
ttent ion; i t attracted i ncreased i nterest ow ing t o the d etails of t he
dress worn by t he d eceased .6 5 The u pper p art o f the ste la s hows a
frieze d ecora ted w ith t wo p eacocks i n t he c entre a nd bearers o f gar lands
on t he e dges. Beneath t he frieze i s the f unera l b anquet wh ich i s t reated
carefu l
ly i n i
ts d etails. On t he l eft-hand s ide o f t he scene, a w oman i n
profile, s hown f ull face s i
ts o n ah igh-backed c athedra; s he h olds a b owl
i
n h er r ight h and a nd a w reath g iven by t he man i n her l eft h and. The
woman w ears a l ong t un ic, g ird led b eneath t he b reast, w ith long a nd b road
s
leeves a nd a v ei
led t urban o n h er h ead. The f eet rest o n al i
ttle s tool.
the man l eans o n ak line ; h e l eans upon h is l eft elbow a nd h olds a b ow l
i
n h is left h and. The b ed h as a h igh b ack a nd c arved l egs. I n front i s a
at rapeza . B eh ind t he b ed v ery l i
ttle is p reserved o f the f igure o f a
s
lave ( fema le?) who a ttends t he b anquet. Above t he scene i s ad rapery
held by t hree putt i whose h eads p eer f rom b eh ind t he d rapery. Arch i-
t
ectura l e lements a re s hown o nly i n t he f i
eld o f i nscription wh ich i s f lanked
by s emi-co lumns f luted i n spira l. On t he b asis o f the deta ils in clo th ing ,
the stela was d ated t o the f irst h alf o f t he 2 nd c entury A .D. 6 6
The closest analog

ies w i
th t he s
telae with a f
i
e ld o
f i
nscript
ion and
o
ne or two re
lief f
ields exist in Moesia I nfer
ior 6
7 but a
re encountered i
n
o
ther Roman p rov
inces a s wel1. 6
8
The s
telae wi
th t he busts of the deceased a rranged i n super
imposed
n
iches are wide-spread i n northern Ita
ly, 69 but are not attested in Dac
ia.
Only a s
ingle s
tela of this type i
s known a t Apu lum; t he fragment s hows
t
he bust of a man in the upper niche a nd the heads of a woman a nd a man
i
n the l
ower niche ( S96, Pl.IX). The n iches are separated by a w ide
f
rame.
As I have s hown b efore, the upper p art o

f t he stelae with a r ectan-
gular n iche c an b ear e i
ther a c oping c onsisting of l i
ons b ack to b ack a nd
ap ine c one i n t he c entre o r an e nclosed p ed iment. I n contrast t o the
s
te lae w i
th t he s ymbo lic s cenes wh ich a re s pread o ver t he whole p rov ince,
except f or U lp ia Tra iana s o f
ar, t hose w ith a coping o r an enclosed c op ing
a
re e specially f ound i n Dac ia Poro lissens is at Potaissa ( Turda, Clu j county)
and i n the f orts a t Gher la and CA 'pei. The f rame o f the niche can b e plain
o
r d ecorated w ith s tylized v egeta l p a
tterns; t he t ympanum a s w ell as
t
he a ngles b etween t he s ides of t he p ediment a nd t he b orders of t he s telae
w
i th a n e nc
losed p ed iment a re d ecorated w ith stylized l eaves. On t he
basis o f the s tyle, t he c oiffure a nd t he epitaphs, t hese s te
lae d ate to t he
beg inning o f t he 3 rd c entury A .D. Two s telae at P otaissa (S120 a nd S 124,
P
l. I X) d o not b ear a n inscription; i t therefore f o
llows t hat e
ither t he
i
nscr iption was a dded l ater or the s telae w ere built into a funerary bui ld-
i
ng 7u
The stelae with the busts of the deceased in a quadrilateral niche

b
ear n o d
istinctive element wh ich can distinguish them from t he analogous
s
pecimens i n Moesia Infer
ior 71 o
r Moes
ia S uper
ior; 7
2 but it should b e
n
oted that the frames d ecorated w i
th stylized leaves do not occur s o
2
0
f
requent ly in Dacia as happens to t
he S outh. This t ype o
f ste
la wh ich i
s
a
lso
, attested in Pannonia and Noricum 73 s
pread not only over the Balkano-
Danubian z one but over the wes
tern p rovinces o
f t he Roman emp ire as
wel
l. 74 Para
lle
ls with the ste
lae with a rectangu
lar n iche and a coping
i
n t he upper part exist i
n Pannonia. 7
5
As r egards t he s telae w ith a n a rched n iche, t wo v ariants c an b e-

d
ist ingu ished : f lat i n the upper p art o r w i
th a n e nc losed p ed iment. They
spread e spec ially t o Apu lum, i n t he r eg ion o f t he a ur iferous mounta ins
and a t T ibiscum ( Jupa , Carap-Sever in c ounty). A ccord ing t o t he style,
the c oiffures a nd t he t ext o f t he i nscr ipt ion, t he ma jor i
ty o f t hem a re
dated t o the 3 rd c entury. Usua lly, t he s telae o f th is t ype a re d ivided
i
nto t wo p arts o f wh ich t he field o f r e
l ief c overs o ne-th ird o f t he s urface
o
f t he monument. The f ield o f r el
ief i s b ordered by a n arrow f rame a nd
enc loses a n a rched n iche w i
th o ne o r s evera l mou ld ings. The n iche c on-
t
a ins i nvar iab ly t he b usts o f t he d eceased. A d ecorat ive p attern a bove
the n iche c overs t he a rea b etween t he c urve o f the a rch a nd t he b order
o
f t he stela. I t cons ists o f v ine-sta lks a nd g rapes o r af ronton wh ich
t
ouches t angenta lly t he n iche a nd i s d ecora ted w i
th a p almette o r a
Medusa 's h ead i n t he t ympanum. The p rotomae o f w ings o r r osettes a re
shown o utside t he s ides o f the p ediment. A s tela f ound a t A lburnus
Ma jor ( Rop ia Montana , A lba c ounty) a nd o f wh ich t he f ield o f r elief s ur-
rounded by a n arrow f rame i s p reserved, i s t yp ical. The a rched n iche
conta ins s ix busts ( a man, a w oman a nd a c hild b etween t hem a re s hown
i
n t he upper r eg ister a nd t wo c hildren i n t he l ower r egister). An e n-
c
losed p ediment w ith mou lded s ides a nd d ecorated w i
th a scia i n t he t ym-
panum i s s hown a bove t he niche. Rosettes s urrounded by a v ine-sta lk
with v ine l eaves a nd g rapes a re s ymmetr ical ly a rranged i n the a ng
les
s
ituated i n t he upper p art of t he n iche a nd t he b ase o f t he p ediment
(S139 , P l. X II).
A s tela ending s traight , w i

th a n arched n iche c overing the whole
f
ield of r e
lief (an ident ical t ype t o tha
t i n inter-Carpath ian Dacia and
dated to t he end of the 3 rd c entury) a nd a stela with a narrow p ediment
a
bove t he n iche a nd d ating i n t he 3rd c entury w ere found i n Dacia In-
f
erior. 76 Analogous s telae w ith t hose f ound i n Dacia and dated to the
f
irst century A .D. a re a ttested i n Noricum a nd Pannon ia a
t Iuvavum,
V
indobona a nd Carnuntum 7 7 a
nd i n Moes ia Superior at Aurelianum Aquae. 7
8
The stelae w ith arched n iche s pread in Dac ia from t he second half of the
2nd century t o the 3rd c entury.
As r egards t he s telae w i
th m eda llion, t he t ypology i s the s ame a s
that of t hose w i
th a n arched n iche: t he u pper p art e nds stra ight a nd t he
meda l
lion c overs t he who le field o f r elief t o the e dge o f the s tela; s ome-
t
imes a p ediment i s e nclosed o n t he upper p art o f t
he m edallion. L ike
the meda llion o n the a rch i
tectura l s telae, i tc ons ists o f ar ound f lat o r
shell-shaped n iche, s urrounded by a wrea th o r laure l bound w ith a t aenia
and w ith a r osette i n the u pper p art. A f ragmentary s tela a t Napoca
(S157 , P l. X III) is typ ical of t he n on-arch itectura l stelae w ith meda llion.
The r elief f ield wh ich e xtends a s far a s the e dge o f the s te
la e ncloses a
meda l
lion w ith a w reath o f stylized l eaves , b ound u p, d own a nd l atera l
ly
with a r ibbon w rapped t hree t imes. The m edallion d ep icts a fam ily c on-
s
isting o f t he parents i n the u pper r eg ister a nd a c h
ild i n the l ower
r
eg ister. Acanthus- leaves d ecorate e xterna lly t he corners o f t he s tela.
On t he b asis of the c oiffure, t his ste la c an b e d ated t o the f i
rst d ecades
o
f t he 3 rd c entury. This t ype o f s tela i s especia lly w ide-spread i n
Dacia P oro lissens is.
2
1
A s
te la a
t Napoca (S158, Pl. XIII) s
tands apart f
rom the r
est. I t
d
epicts t he p
ortrai
t of the deceased (a woman) fl
anked by the bearers
o
f ag arland in medal
lion on the upper part and two c
alones i
n the main
r
elief f
i
e ld.
Of t
he s te
lae wh ich still preserve the archi
tectura l e
lements, the stela
o
fU lpius Chel ido at U lp
ia Tra iana (S165, Pl. XIII) must b e ment
ioned .
The meda llion with the bus ts o fthe deceased is placed in the c
entre of
t
he r el
ief field and c uts the base of an enclosed p ediment. The m edallion
i
s b ordered by a r osette a bove a nd a p
rotoma o f l
ion below. The s te
la
dates to the firs
t h a
lf o f the 2nd century A .D.
A stela of which only t he upper p art h

as s urvived and d ates also t o
the 2nd century A .D. was f ound a t Ulpia Traiana (S166, P1. X III); i t
shows the bust o f the deceased ( a w oman) i n ar ound shel
l-shaped n iche
and not in ap roper meda ll
ion. The n iche is enclosed in as pace d el
im ited
by two diagonal lines, like a p ed
iment whose s ides do not meet e ach o ther
and i
s a nalogous to that on t he stela of Q. Muna tius Lupus at I uvavum 7 9
which i
s d ated around 1 00. F or the moment, t h
is type of stela is unique
i
n the repertory o f forms of t he stelae in i
nter-Carpa thian Dac ia.
Analogous specimens with the non-architectural ste

lae wi
th meda
llion
i
n Dacia are known at Drobeta 8° i
n Dacia Inferior and at V
irunum, Car-
nuntum a nd Savar
ia 8
1 i
n Noricum a nd Pannonia. I t must be no
ted t
hat
t
he stelae a
t Virunum a re dated t
o t he i
st century A .D.
S
telae with horseshoe s haped niche are typ
ical at t
he capita
l of Dac
ia,
U
lpia Traiana. Na turally, they spread i n t
he terr
itorium as wel
l, especi-
a
l
ly at Micia, where an eclectic t
ype c ontain
ing elements adopted from
t
he morpho logy of s
telae at both Ulpia Traiana and Apulum was c rea
ted.
Genera l ly, t he t ypo logy o f t

he n iches w ith s hoe-shaped a rch wh ich
p rolongs t he f rame s urround ing t he field o f inscr iption i s t he s ame a s
tha t o f t he unf igured s pec imens. The n iche c an o ccupy t he who le field
of r elief w i
th a n a canthus- leaf o utside; i t may h ave a n e nclosed p ed iment
as o n as tela a t Orgst ioara, Hunedoara c oun ty ( S175, P l. X IV) o r a n
a
tt ic a s o n t he s te la at M icia. The busts o f t he d eceased a re s hown
direct ly i n t he n iche o r meda llion wh ich s omet imes i s o pen a t the lower
p art. Three s telae a t M icia, a ll dated t o the 3 rd c entury A .D., a re s ig-
n
if ican t f or t his t ype. The s tela of the v eteran Aure lius N laurus o f t he
coh . I F lav ia C ommagenorum h as a h orseshoe-shaped n iche w ith d oub le
mou ld ing a nd a t refoil leaf o ut t
he n iche, o n t he upper c orners o f t he
stela . The n iche c onta ins s ix busts a rranged i n t wo r egisters; b oth bus ts
i
n t he l ower r eg ister c over t he opening o f the h orse - shoe ( S173, P l. X IV).
The s te la o f Corne lius Bus inius ( S174, P l. XV) h as a niche w ith m eda llion
conta ining t he bust o f the d eceased a nd i s d ecora ted w ith a n a canthus
l
eaf o utside t he n iche i n the upper c orners. Ano ther s tela wh ich i s e n-
t
ire ly p reserved a lthough t he i nscript ion is c omp letely worn away h as a n
a
ttic o n t he upper p art. The a ttic is decorated w ith a Medusa h ead f lanked
by t he g enii. B enea th t he att ic a horseshoe-shaped n iche w ith a meda l-
l
ion i nside c on taining t hree busts ; o utside t he a rch o f t he n iche a re t he
pro tomae o f w inds ( S178, P l
. X IV). Th is stela s hows c lear ly t he fus ion
o
f t he h orseshoe-shaped n iche t ypical o f Ulpia Tra iana a nd t he a tt
ic
t
yp ica l o f the s telae a t Apu lum.
So f
ar, we know close a
nalog
ies wi
th the stelae w
ith a h
orseshoe n
iche
o
nly i
n northern I
taly (a
lready ment
ioned before) 82
I
n c onc
lus
ion, the ste
lae i
n Dacia Superior c
an be class
ified in t
hree
main groups: unfigured, arch
itectura
l figured and n
on-arch itectura
l
f
igured; e ach g
roup c onsis
ts of s
everal t
ypes with more variants.
2
2
The f
igured types enc
losed by a n a
rchi
tectural f
rame-work which
suggests r
ather than im
itates a bu
ild
ing are the p
referred s
telae i
n the
i
nter-Carpathian prov
ince.
A
ll stelae, a
lmost without exception, are stra
ight o n the upper part
a
nd h ave a simple form: t wo superimposed fie
lds ( re
lief and inscr
iption),
w
ithout intermed iary e
lements. The d ecorat
ion c overs the whole surface
o
f the stela which shows the typica
l p rov
incial horror vacui.
Af
ter the per
iod o f e xperimentation in the f i
rst half of the 2
nd c entury,
when the f
orms were t ale quale adopted f rom n orthern I taly a nd the
ne
ighbouring prov inces t he types wh ich became p roper to Dacia appear
v
isib
le by the midd le o
f t he 2nd century. I n t he present stage of re-
s
earch, it s
eems to m e t hat t
hese character istic types a re the s
telae with
a
rch a nd t
he busts o f the deceased i n medallion at Apu lum a nd t
he stelae
w
ith horseshoe-shaped n iche at Ulp
ia T raiana .
We wi
ll c omment b rief
ly on the c opings wh ich are worked separate ly
but are f
unct ionally connected with t he ste
lae. A lthough t he l
ions b ack
t
o back w ere t he
ir m ain e
lement, t hey w ere correct
ly treated, independent ly
f
rom t he funerary lions. A t the time, Gr. F lorescuö 3 knew on
ly f our such
c
opings. On t he basis of r
ecent stud ies, the number o f known s pecimens
r
eaches a t otal o
f 31.
The copings a re w orked f rom t he same mater ial as t hat of the s te lae;
t
he dimens ions v ary b etween 0 .70-0 .46 m i n height, 0 .90-0.70 m w ide
a
nd 0.25-0 .13 t hick. They c ons ist of a mythologica l f
igure ( Attis, Thana-
t
os, Ammon, Medusa, S cylla) o r as ymbolic object ( pine c one) invar iab ly
b
etween t he a ntithet ic lions. The l ions, always b ack to b ack, a re s hown
i
n profi
le w ith t he h eads t urned t o the v
iewer, a nd h old a head o f a n
a
nimal in the f ore-paws. The h ind p aws o n which t hey r est a re often
s
tyl
ized i n the s hape o f al etter omega . They a re p laced o n ap linth o r
acyma r eversa w ith h oles for f ixing t he coping o n to t he stela.
The opinion that these c op

ings w ould have been la
ter than the s
telae
w
ith a coping worked i n the same block of s
tone on the upper part s
eems
t
o us to be credib
le. 84 The repertory of many patterns adopted f
rom
t
he oriental cul
ts pleads a lso i
n favour of alater dat
ing, n amely i
n t
he
3
rd century.
Ana
log ies w
ith these copings ex
ist i
n Dacia I
nferior, a
t Räcar
i a nd
Mäghere S
i-Gor j85 a
nd in Nor icum and P
annonia a
t Flavia So
Iva, Intercisa
,
S
irmium, P oetov
io, Savaria. 8
6
A
t the end of t
he commentary on t
he f
orm of t
he f
unerary s
telae i
n
Dac
ia Superior, we propose t
he f
ol
lowing t
ypology:
I
. UNF
IGURED STELAE
A
. Arch
itectura
l s
telae
B
. Non-arch
itectura
l s
telae
1
. S
traight upper p art, without decorative architectura
l elements,
moulded f
rame
2
. Coping on t
he u pper p art, moulded frame
3
. S
traight upper p art, mou lded f
rame, n iche in the f
ie
ld o f r
elief
4
. Ped
iment on the u pper p art, moulded frame
5
. Enc
losed pediment o n t
he upper p art and h orseshoe niche
6
. Enc
losed semi-circu lar pediment and mou lded frame
2
3
I
. ARCHITECTURAL F
IGURED STELAE
A
. R
ectangu
lar n
iche
1
. Free pediment
2
. Enclosed pediment
B
. N
iche w
ith a
rch
1
. Enclosed pediment a nd niche with arch
2
. Enclosed pediment a nd meda l
lion below the a
rch
3
. Att
ic and niche b elow the arch
4
. Att
ic and m edallion be
low t he arch
5
. Decorative pattern on the u pper part and meda
llion b
elow t
he a
rch
I
I. NON-ARCHITECTURAL F
IGURED STELAE
A
. S
telae w
ith a r
ectangu
lar n
iche
1
. S
traight upper p ar
t
2
. Coping on the upper part
3
. P
ed iment o
n t he upper part
B
. Arched n
iche
1
. S
tra
ight upper par
t
2
. P
ediment o
n the upper p
art
C
. Meda
llion
1
. S
tra
ight upper part
2
. P
ediment o
n the upper p
art
D
. Horseshoe-shaped n
iche
1
. S
traight upper part
2
. P
ediment on the upper p art
3
. A
ttic on t
he upper p art
ALTARS (
Pl. X
IX-XXIII)
The a
ltar a
s atype of f
unerary monument is w
ell documented i
n t
he
r
epertory of f
orms i
n Dacia Super
ior
, with about 49 p
ieces.
Gr. F lorescu 87 classifies t

he 1 7 pieces included i n his catalogue a s
f
ollows : 1
. altars c omposed o f three elements : b ase, b ody a nd coping.
Subdiv isions: a ) b ody o f al
tar with inscription o n the ma in side: b )
b
ody o f altar with i nscription o n the main side a nd reliefs on lateral s
ides;
c
) b ody o f a
ltar wi th reliefs on three sides; 2 . a l
tars w ith the b ase and
t
he c orn ice w orked f rom t he same b lock of stone; 3 . al
tars in t he shape
o
f aed icu la with decorat ion o n three sides and 4 . altars in the s hape of
I
anus Quadr ifrons w ith d ecoration o n a
ll s
ides.
Dwell
ing o n t he forms , G r. Florescu n o
ticed t hat the altars a re g en-
e
rally in t he shape o f r ectang les w i
th a mou lded b ase a nd a flat corn ice
on the u pper p art. They a re crowned by a c oping i n the shape o f a
t
runcated pyramid; t he most f requent t ype of altar is that with d ecora tion
on a
ll sides. H e r eached t he c onclusion that the mou lded bases, worked
s
epara tely, a nd d ecora te.d o n three or al
l sides, a re connected w ith t he
a
ltars a nd are t ypical o f Dac ia. A lthough t he typo logy a nd the s tatements
o
f Gr. F lorescu c orrespond b roadly s peaking with r eali
ty, h e is wrong
when h e includes, i n d ea l
ing w ith t he a
ltars of t he Ianus Quadr ifrons
t
ype, b oth t he altars w ith a t runcated pyram id o n the upper p art a nd the
2
4
c
op ings in t
he s hape of atruncated pyramid w
ith curved sides but worked
s
epara te
ly in the same type. Consequent ly, t
he analogies i
n Noricum to
which the author refers c
orrespond w i
th the t
ype of coping and not wi
th
t
he t ype of a
ltar.
A short t
ime after Gr. F lorescu, C. Daicov ic
iu 8 8 d
iscussed a gain the
p
roblem o f a
ltars with a trunca ted pyramid a nd n o
ticed t hat the type of
I
anus Quadr ifrons did not a ctual
ly exist i
n Dac ia a nd the al
tars d ecora
ted
o
n four sides with a truncated pyram id o n the upper p ar
t a re component
p
arts of the monuments i n t he shape of apilaster ( Pfei
lergrabmä ler). But
h
e was wrong t o consider t he truncated pyram ids w ith curved s ides as
b
eing identical and as belong ing to t
he same monument.
According to the resu lts of earl

ier r esearches a nd the informat ion
g
iven by t he recent ana lysis of the pieces stored i n museums, r e-used i n
t
he wa l
ls of churches ( for instance t he c hurch at Densu2 , Hunedoara
c
ounty) o r in some secu lar buildings ( for examp le t he Nat
iona l Library i n
V
ienna), f our main types o f a
ltars can b e distingu ished in Dac ia as fol
lows:
a
ltars whose b ase, midd le body, c ornice a nd coping a re worked f rom t he
s
ame b lock--the typica
l f orm of a ra; a ltars in the s hape of ar ectang le
w
ith the b ase and the c oping worked s eparately; a ltars in the s hape of a
ap seudo-aedicula and a ltars in the shape o f ap ilaster.
L
ike the ste
lae, t he a
ltars are made of l
oca
l rock; limestone, g
rit-
s
tone, augite-andesite and marble; t he dimensions vary b
etween 2.80-
1m in he
ight; 1 .18-0.52 m wide; 0 .77-0.47 m thick.
The altars w i th the base, the m iddle b ody and t he c orn ice w orked all
f
rom t he s ame b lock a re similar to the v otive a nd h onorary a ltars and
t
he ir f unerary purpose i s attributed e xc lusively o n t he b as is of the con-
t
ents o f the i nscr ipt
ion. The b ase with s everal mou ld ings ( from 2 t o 5
),
sharp o r thickened , s upports the s upp le a nd well-proport ioried b ody with
non-framed i nscr iptions o n the front a nd u sually w i
th f lat latera l s
ides.
The a ltars a re c rowned by a c orn ice cons isting of s uccess ive mou ld
ings
s
epara ted l inearly by more o r l
ess p ronounced mou ld ings , i n combinations
o
f f asces w i
th p rotuberances a nd whose number i s n ot n ecessar i
ly identical
t
o t hat o n t he b ase. Norma lly, t he corn ice has a circu lar f ocus o n the
upper p art. The d ecoration is restricted t o the p seudo-arch itectural
e
lements ( ped iment a nd acroteria), v egeta l (palmettes , r osettes), s ymbo l
ic
(
asc ia), o r pu lv
in i (cylinders d ecorated w ith rosettes o r b altei). The
decorat ion a nd t he mou ld
ings o n t he ma in side as w ell a s t he mou ldings
on t he b ase a re r epeated laterally.
A very p ar
t icu lar monument, w ithout i nscr ipt ion, found i n T ransyl-
v
an ia (the f ind s pot is n ot known) i s in the His tory Museum o f T ransyl-
vania at Clu j-Napoca ( A21 , P l. XX). I t is an altar o f l
imestone ( 1.00 x
0
.52 x 0 .47 m ), w i th t he mou lding o n the c ornice a nd the b ase identical
o
n a l
l sides; t he mou ld ing i s in t he s hape o f aL esbian c yma r ecta a nd
t
he c ordon o f dent ico
li. The p ediment o n the upper p art of the altar is
d
ecorated w i th a n a canthus l eaf flanked by pu lv in i i
n the field and a
f
ocus s urrounded by a c orona i n t he c entre. I n p lace of an inscr ipt
ion
o
n t he front, i s t he f igure o f as o
ld ier i n h
igh r elief, a nd whose s tyle is
i
nferior in c ompar ison w i
th o ther morpho logical p arts of the al
tar ; i t g
ives
t
he i mpress ion t hat it i s an a d h oc a ddi t
ion w i
thout a nalogies in f unerary
a
rt. There a re r emote a nalog ies in v otive s culpture, a s for instance t he
p
ilasters d ecora ted w i th d eities o r mytho logical f igures. 89
The a
ltars w
ith the c
oping and t he base worked separately are l
ess
e
legant and supp
le than the monol
ith
ic o nes. They are in the shape o
f
mass
ive rectangular b
locks and quasi-identica
l with t
he classical c
ippus
2
5
but they d o not have t he o
rifice f
or i ntroducing the cinerary u rn. Ac-
cording to t he presence or the absence o f t
he decorative patterns a nd the
manner i n wh ich they are arranged, s everal var
iants can b e d
istingu ished.
The i nscr
iption h olds the central position on the f
irst category wh i
le t he
decoration b ecomes p redominant o n the last ones and accordingly it marks
the transition to the uninscribed altars.
The simplest altars o f the cippus t ype bear the inscription o n the
f
ront; t he decorat ion is restricted to the frame s urrounding t he in
while the s
ides a nd the back o f the monument a re not d ecorated.The
f
rame i s decorated w ith a mould ing, either plain or doubled w ith astraga
li,
a
s o n the al
tar e rected by Aure l
ius Bassus t o h
is wife and h is son at
Optatiana ( A28, Pl. X IX) o r with stylized f
l oral p
atterns a s,on t he al
tar
e
rected by t he benef iciarus consu lar
is Cass ius Martialis t
o h is wife at
Poro
lissum ( A25, Pl. X IX).
The next variant is d ecorated o n the latera l sides in a ddition to the

i
nscription on the front. The d ecoration d epicts e special
ly t he figures
o
f Attis a nd a camillus or cons ists of s ymbolic elements l ike a n amphora
f
rom wh ich vine-stalks a nd g rapes s pring. A l
l t hese elements a re en-
c
losed by a frame ident ical to that on t he main s ide. An a ltar found a t
Geoagiu (A32) is unusua l; i t shows a mytho log ical scene--the f ight of
Hercules wi
th t he Nemean l ion--on t he lateral side.
The a l
tar o f Viria Publ
ia at Apulum ( A37, Pl. XX) represents an
i
ntermed iary s tage b etween the para
llelepiped-shaped altars and those i
n
t
he shape o f an aedicula. On ly the front i
s carved; t he upper part
d
epicts t he fam i
ly of t he d
eceased (woman) i n as he
ll-shaped niche; below
i
s an inscr ipt
ion.
The a
ltars w ithout i nscript ion and d ecorated o n two or t hree sides
can also be considered a s av ariant o f the a ltar whose base a nd c oping
a
re made s eparately. On ly a sing le altar w ith t he d ecoration o n three
s
ides i s a
ttested; i t comes f rom Apu lum ( A41) a nd d epicts t he busts o f
t
he d eceased ( two men i n tunic a nd s agum) o n the front a nd laterally,
t
he f igure of Attis. Two p ieces, o ne f ound a t Gherla a nd t he other at
Apu lum (A39-40) a re decorated o n t wo a djacent s ides. The d ecoration
c
ons ists of symbo lic objects ( Gher la) a nd t he figure o f the d eceased at
f
u l
l-length a nd a c amil
lus ( Apu lum). The f act that o nly two sides a re
decorated c an be e xplained by t he purpose o f the monuments. We c ons-
i
der t hat they were a ctua lly pilasters a t t he c orners o f the f unerary
enclosures w i
th a nalogies a t Intercisa 9° a nd F lavia S o
lva. 91
Another t ype o f altar is t hat in the s hape o f ap seudo-aed icula. 9

2
A group o f 6altars f ound a t Ampe lum, Apu lum, I l

i§ua , L opadea Veche,
Sarmizegetusa a nd P orol
issum ( A43-49, P l
. XXI) a lthough t hey are n ot
homogeneous, a re c haracter ized by t he d ecoration a rranged o n three s ides
and placed always i n a n a rchitectura l framework c onsist ing of an iche
f
lanked by s em i-columns o r pi
laster wh ich s upport a n arch with acroter ia
(
the altars at Ampe lum, Apu lum a nd Il
isua) o r an arch itrave with a ped i-
ment above ( the al
tars a t P orolissum a nd a nother of unknown p rovenance).
But they differ in t he s hape o f the upper p art. The a ltars a
t Ampe lum
and Apu lum h ave a p ine c one wh i
le the o thers h ave a n inc
ipient trunca ted
pyramid w i
th a n orifice f or fixing t he p ine c one.
C
. Da icoviciu 9
3 considered rightly that the altar a
t Ampe lum ( A47,
P
l. XXI) was a n i
ntermed iary form between the o rdinary rectangu lar
a
ltar and that in the shape of ap i
laster. I t seems to me that a monument
f
ound a t Poro
lissum is r epresentative o
f the d evelopment of altars, from
c
ippi to the funerary pilasters. The a l
ter is 9 0 cm in h
eight a nd decorated
2
6
on three sides. The ma in side depicts t he bus ts o f the deceased i n a
pseudo-aed icula consisting o f a quadrilateral n iche b ordered by c olumns
with Corinthian c api
ta ls which support a c orn ice w i
th a d ouble mou lding.
Above th is
, a n architrave a nd a p ediment w ith a croter ia a
t t he corners
and decora ted with a p almette. Acroter ia as we ll as t he s
emi-co lumns
which double t he plain f rame of the la
tera l sides o n the l
eft a nd on the
r
ight, c ontinue laterally; t he la
tera l sides a re d ecorated w i
th a w oman
i
n al ong t unic (
on t he r ight l
ateral side) a nd a c amil
lus ( on t he l
eft
l
ateral side). The a ltar is crowned by a n i
nc ipient truncated pyramid
(A46, Pl. XXI).
A l
ast type o f al
tar is t hat in the shape o f ap i
laster . I t i
s attested i
n
Dacia Super ior on ly at Apu lum, U lpia Tra iana and t heir terri
tories. I t
c
ons ists of ar ectangu lar b lock and a t runcated pyram id o n the u pper
part; b oth a re integral p arts of the same monument; i t is very like
ly
t
hat t he truncated pyram id was c rowned by a p ine-cone. The p resent
height of the monuments v aries between 1 .20 a nd 0.95 m ; t he holes on
t
he l ower part o f some s pecimens s how t hat they w ere actually component
parts of funerary monuments o f relatively large size.
As r egards t he s tructure, t he aed icu la-shaped a ltars a nd t hose i n t he

s
hape o f p ilasters ( which ma inta in t he d ecorat ion i n t he n iche) a re e vi-
d
ent ly c onnected . O f 8 known s pecimens, f ive a re d ecorated o n t hree
s
ides a nd t hree a re d ecorated o n all sides. The d ecorat ion c ons ists o f
t
he busts o f t he d eceased o n t he f ront a nd mytho log ica l f igures ( Attis ,
Eros , t he Thrac ian h orseman) o r s ymbo lic p atterns o n t he l atera l sides.
The i nscr ipt ion i s a lways m issing o n t he p ilaster-shaped a l
tars a nd t he
decora tion i s i nvar iably e nc losed by a s imu lated a rch itectura l f ramework
cons isting o f c o
lumns wh ich s upport a t rip le mou lded a rch, f lanked by
a
cro ter ia . The a rch o n t wo monumen ts ( A50, P l. XXII a nd A53, P l. XXII)
changes i n
to a s em i-circu lar p edimen t w ith a s ymbol ic d ecora t
ion i n the
f
ield. U sua lly t he t runcated pyram id i s f lat. Two a ltars ( A53 , 5 7, Pl.
XXII) a re d ecorated w ith v ine-sta lks w ith g rapes a nd l eaves o n t he b ody
and a n al tar a t M icia , wh ich i s w el
l-e labora ted but o f wh ich o nly t wo s ides
a
re p reserved i s d ecorated w i
th a p attern i mita t
ing t he t i
les u sed i n
r
oof ing a nd a d olph in b etween t he s trong mou lded e dges o f t he pyram id.
One o f t he s pecimens f ound a t U lpia T ra iana c an b e c ons idered a s d e-
f
ining t he who le g roup o f a ltars under d iscuss ion. Th is a ltar, made o f
grit-stone, i s of t he f ollow ing d imens ions: 1 .15 x 0 .62 x 0 .43 m . The
a
ltar i s d ecora ted o n f our s ides a nd i s c rowned by a t runca ted pyram id
with a h ole f or f ix ing t he p ine-cone. Cor inth ian c olumns f lank t he p at-
t
erns o n t he s ides w ith d ecorat ion a nd s uppor t a rches wh ich s pring f rom
abac i. The p oint where t he a rches meet i s decorated w ith a croter ia. The
main s ides d ep icts t he bus ts o f t he d eceased : a woman o n t he l eft a nd a
man o n t he r ight; t he l atera l s ides s how A ttis w ear ing a d ouble t unic a nd
a Phryg ian c ap a nd l ean ing o n ap edum; o n t he b ack i s ac antharos f rom
which a v ine-sta lk i n s pira l s prings a nd a b ird o n either s ide o f the
can tharos ( A56, P l. XXIII).
Before d raw ing analogies w ith t he altars in Dac ia, it must b e p o
inted
out that a l
l altars could have b een t he c omponent p arts o f a monument o f
l
arger s ize, e xcept for the s pec imens whose b ase, b ody a nd c oping w ere
worked f rom t he same block ( the c lassical type o f a ra).
. Th is suppos i
tion
i
s s upported b oth by t he existence o f the holes e i
ther o n the u pper p art
o
f t he altars w ith an inscr
ipt ion o n the front o r on t he lower p art of the
a
ed icula-shaped a ltars and t he f inding o f some iso lated p ieces i n Dacia
Superior a s pedestals of the f unerary monuments a nd c opings i n the s hape
o
f at runcated pyramid wh ich w ill be d iscussed l ater.
2
7
A s mal
l number o f altars were f ound i n Dacia Inferior. They were
d
iscovered o n
ly a t Drobeta. Accord ing t o the form, Gr. F lorescu 9
4
c
lassifies them i n two g roups: a ltars whose base a nd c oping are worked
f
rom a b lock a nd altars w i
th t he b ase worked s eparately. As a matter of
f
act, it is an a l
tar w ith inscript ion o n the central base a nd decoration on
the l
ateral side whose i nscription h as no t survived. The a ltars i
n Dacia
I
nferior a nd t hose i n inter-Carpath ian Dacia a re similar but not i
dentica
l.
The altar w i
th t he base a nd t he coping w orked f rom the same block at the
Drobeta-Turnu S everin Museum i s more r ichly decorated a nd columns
with Corinth ian c apitals border t he inscription.
A
ltars w ith t
he base a nd the coping made o f t
he s ame block, altars
w
ith inscription on t
he f ront and decorations o n the lateral s
ides a nd
a
edicula-shaped a l
tars 9
5 were found i n Moesia Inferior where altars with
t
runcated-pyramid-shaped c op i
ngs, 9
6 which differ from those in Dacia
i
n the fact that t
he inscription is o
n t he front, are attested as well.
The altars, as we ll as the s

telae in Moesia I nferior a re attested in t
he
main c
entres o f t
he p rovince: U lpianum, Rat iar ia and Aure lianum-Aquae.
Corner-pilasters a re attested at Aureus Mons, 9 7 but t he altar with i
nscrip-
t
ion on the front a nd d ecoration on the latera
l s ides is p redominant h ere.
A monument w ith a truncated-pyram id, more s imilar to t hat of Moesia
I
nferior than t o the group i n Dacia, exists at Plev1.9 8
Altars w ith i nscription on the main side and A ttis and Eros on t he
l
atera l sides a nd un inscribed altars wi
th r el
ief on t hree s
ides are d ocu-
mented i n Dalmat ia. The h oles in the upper p art of these a
ltars, a nd the
f
ind ing o f some p edesta ls and copings wh ich were worked s eparately, l ed
D. S erge jevski 99 to put forward t he hypothesis that monuments o f larger
s
ize, a bout 3 m h igh a nd whose m iddle part seems t o have been a cippus,
existed i n Da lmatia. The d ifference between t hese monuments a nd t hose
i
n t he s hape o f ap i
laster in Dacia wou ld be in the manner i n which t he
t
runcated pyramid was made, n amely it was separate ly worked in Da lmatia
and w ith t he cippus i n the same block in Dacia.
The c losest a na logies w ith t he altars i n Dac ia e xist i n Nor icum, a nd

Pannon ia, at F lav ia S olva, V irunum, C eleia, I uvavum, Br iget io, Ov ilava,
Trigisamum a nd S irmium. 1 6 ° A ccord ing t o A . S chober, 1 01 the altars i n
this p rov ince a re c lass ified i n three c ategor ies : a ) altars w ith i nscr iption
on t he f ront a nd undecora ted o n t he latera l s ides; b ) al
tars w ith inscr ip-
t
ion o n t he f ron t a nd d ecorated o n t he l atera l sides; c ) al tars w ith t he
busts o f the d eceased a nd i nscr iption o n the f ron t and d ecora ted o n t he
l
atera l s ides. S chober d oes n ot s epara te o r d e
lim it firmly a ra f rom c ippus
bu t referr ing t o b o th c ategor ies h e sta tes t hat t hey a re a ttested i n n orth-
ern a nd m idd le P annon ia a nd w ide-spread i n s outhern P annon ia a nd Nor icum;
despite t he f act t hat s ome s pec imens a re d atab le t o the e nd o f the i st
century A .D., t he ma jority b elongs t o t he 2 nd-3rd c entur ies. The a l
tars
with i nscr iption o n t he f ront a nd w ithout d ecora t ion o n the l atera l sides
are n ear ly i dent ica l w ith t hose i n Dac ia; t hey c onsist o f ab ase w ith
severa l mou ld ings, a c ubic b lock i n t he m iddle wh ich i s s uppor ted by a
f
lat c orn ice a nd a c oping a bove. I t must b e n oted t hat, a s i s s hown by
the monument a t S aifnitz, 102 the altars c ould b ear a f ree meda llion a s a
coping .
•
In c ontrast t o t he a ltars o f classica l t ype wh ich a re i den tica l in t he
provinces a bove ment ioned, t he a l
tars w ith i nscr iption a nd t he busts o f
t
he d eceased o n the f ront a nd d ecora ted o n t he l atera l s
ides a re m issing
i
n Dac ia a nd t he p ilaster-shaped a ltars a re a bsent i n Nor icum a nd P an-
nonia. Even i f al
tars w ith a t runcated pyram id o n the lower p art exist
i
n Nor icum, t hey c anno t be i nc luded i n t he c ategory o f those i n the s hape
o
f ap ilaster, s ince t he trunca ted pyram id, worked s epara te ly, c rowned
a
n a l
tar w ith i nscr ipt ion on t he lower p art but w ithout d ecora tion. 103
2
8
Ana
log ies with the altars i
n Dacia Inferior ex
ist in Raet
ia at Bercheim
a
nd Asbach ( where a rae with t
he base, t he border and the coping worked
f
rom the same b lock a nd which bear inscriptions on the f
ront and decora-
t
ion on the sides are attested) and at Regensburg ( altars decorated o
n
t
hree or four sides) .104
The monuments i n Raet ia pave the way t o the w estern a nalogies of the
a
ltars in Dacia. Aed icula-shaped a l
tars a nd altars w ith the base, t he
middle body a nd the c oping worked f rom the s ame b lock e x
ist in G ermania. 1
05
Cippi with a truncated pyram id and a l
tars of classical type e x
ist also in
Gal
lia, where a edicula-shaped a ltars, l i
ke that found a t Saint Ambro ix sur
Arnone a re attes
ted a s well. 1
06 Bes ides the funerary s tela, altars w i
th
t
he b ase, the middle b ody a nd the cop ing worked f rom t he same b lock
a
re p redominant i n Hispan ia. 107
We l eave i ntent iona lly to the e nd t he I tal

ian p en insu la a nd espec ially
northern I taly o wing t o the fact t hat, a s was ment ioned f or o ther c atego-
r
ies o f f unerary monuments, t he p roto types o f the Danubian p rovincial
f
orms w ere c rea ted h ere. Two t ypical f orms o f n orthern I taly —round
a
ltar a nd o ctagona l altar 108 -
-did n ot r each Dacia, s ince t hey w ent o ut of
use e ven i n t he t ime o f the d ynasty o f t he F lavii. But s ome t ypes a re
common i n northern I taly ( Aqu ileia, A ltino, Verona) 1 09 a
nd t he Danubian
provinces; t heir o rigin was e ven Rome i tself.1 10 We r efer t o the altars
with t he b ase, t he m idd le body a nd t he c op ing worked f rom t he same
b
lock, t he a ltars i n t he s hape o f a
ed icu la a nd t he altars w ith t runcated
pyram id-shaped c oping. A monument c oming f rom n orthern I taly a nd
kept i n t he L apidar ium o f the Kunsth istor ischemuseum a t V ienna ( inv.
I1 137) c an b e c onsidered a s the p roto type o f the a edicu la-shaped a ltars
i
n Dac ia; i t i
s d ecora ted o n three s ides a nd b ears f igured p atterns e n-
c
losed i n an iche.
The problems o f f
orm a nd t ypo
logy o f the altars in Dacia Super ior
c
annot b e exhaus ted b efore casting a short g lance at the elements o f
s
tructure wh ich w ere s eparately worked but l i
nked w ith the altars more
t
han other forms o f funerary monument a ttested i n t
he inter-Carpath ian
r
egion; w e r efer to the rectangu lar pedesta ls and the c op
ings i n the
s
hape o f atruncated pyramid. Gr. F loresculll publ ished seven p edesta ls
a
nd c onnected t hem with t he funerary altars; h e commented o n them i n
h
is concluding c hapters. A t p resent, their number r eaches a tota
l o f 34
p
ieces (Pl. XXIV-XXVI).
The p edesta ls a re made o f l

imestone, g ritstone, a ug ite-andes ite, a nd
marb le a nd t hey v ary i n height from 0 .86 t o 0 .70 m , i n w idth f rom 0 .91
t
o 0 .55 m a nd i n t hickness f rom 0 .60 to 0.45 m . Accord ing t o t he form,
two t ypes a re d istingu ished . The mos t slender a nd w ell-e laborated a re
i
n t he s hape o f ag eometr ical body ( rectangu lar, c y
lindr ica l, t runcated
pyram id) wh ich i s suppor ted by a n arrow a nd f l
at b ase a nd d ecorated
i
n h igh r e
lief o n t hree s ides. The emphas is o f the d ecorat ion i s put o n
the ma in s ide wh ich d epicts invar iably a c entra l figure ( the p ortra it o f
the d eceased, t he h ead o f Medusa, S cyla o r Ammon) ( P3, P 4, P l. XXIV)
f
l anked by f acing l ions w ith their fore-legs d irected f orwards. The l ions'
bodies c ontinue o n t he lateral sides which h ave n o other d ecorat ion. The
p edesta ls of t his t ype a re decora ted on t hree o r f our s ides. The o ther
type i s more massive a nd rectangu lar s haped : t he d ecora tion i s more
v ar
ied. The bust o f the d eceased d isappears a nd i s r ep laced more a nd
more by t he h ead o f Ammon. Z oomorph ic p atterns o ccur o n t he l atera l
sides. A p edesta l at A iud ( P21, Pl. XXV I) i s decora ted w ith t he s ymbo l
of Rome —Lupa Cap itol
ina —on t he left s
ide. The d ecora tion o n t he l a
tera l
s
ides i s often e nclosed by a mou lding f rame. Th is t ype o f p edesta l is
also d ecora ted o n t hree o r f
our s ides. Spec imens s im ilar t o the p edesta ls
2
9
i
n Dacia Superior ex
ist i
n Dac
ia I
nfer
ior
, 1
12 P
annon
ia a
nd Nor
icum ‚
113
Dalma
tia 1
14 and Raetia
.115
A sui generis pedestal as regards the f

orm, was found at Ulpia
Tra
iana a nd is now in the Museum a t Deva (p29). It i
s of a quadri
lateral
f
orm e xternal
ly, r ound in sect
ion a nd r
ichly decora
ted. I t i
s li
kely that
i
t surrounded a f unerary column. 116
The p edes tals h ave mort ices i n the upper p art; t he s ize o f holes
varies b etween 0 .20-0.08 m ; c ramp-irons f or attach ing t o a no ther b ody
were f ixed i n these mor t
ices. Th is b ody could h ave b een n either a n
a
ed icula , since t he p edestals h ad u sua l
ly only o ne centra l hole a nd n o
t
s
evera l h o
les o n t he edges, n or a s te
la, since t he intac t spec imens h ad
aleg f or f ixing i n t he ground o .
n t he lower p art. I t is also l ess likely
that such p edesta ls s uppor ted others w ith the b ase, t he m idd le body a nd
the cop ing worked f rom t he s ame b lock, since t hese h ad t heir own b ase.
The most p laus ible e xplanation c oncern ing t he r ole played by p edesta ls
i
s t hat t hey s uppor ted r ectangu lar-shaped a ltars w ith inscr ipt ion on t he
f
ron t, e i
ther a ltars i n the s hape o f aedicula o r were a ctua lly t he lower
part of t he p ilaster-shaped a l
tars.
Copings i n t
he s hape o f at runcated pyram id(P l. XXVII-XXIX). They
a
re 2 2 in number a nd c ome e specially from Apu lum. 1 17 I
n c ontras t to the
t
runca ted pyram ids o f t he pi
laster-shaped a ltars, t he c op ings w orked
s
eparate ly have t he e dges more o r less arched , al arge r ectangu lar-shaped
base o n the lower p art t o which a s mall base c orresponds o n the u pper
part. Both t he large a nd the s mall b ases are d ecora ted w ith s ingle or
double mou ldings. S ometimes , the c opings e nd w ith Cor inth ian c apitals.
The d ecoration is v aried , from t he s ymbolic p atterns ( vase w ith stalks),
a
canthus- leaves o r mytho logical figures ( Attis, Marsyas e tc.) t o the p or-
t
rait of t he deceased e nclosed always by a f rame. The mort ices i n the
upper p art of the c opings w ith the h eight v ary ing b etween 1 .20 a nd 0.54 m
a
ttest t he existence o f ap ine cone o r as ph inx o n t he top.
Cop ings in the shape o f at

runcated pyramid , but w i
th s traight a nd
not a
rched e dges are attested i
n Moesia Inferior,
Dalmatia, 1
20 Raet
ia, 1
21 Germania Superior, 1
2-
-
- 2 n 1
theM
18
or ro
nesia
I
ta S
lyup
a
teri
Po
o
lr,
a.119
123
Analogous copings wi
th those found in Dacia were d iscovered in Noricum
a
t Flavia S
oIva, Virunum, L aur
iacum a nd Beda
ium. 1 24 i
n Pannonia a
t
Aquincum, Arrabona, Sirmium, I nterc
isa, Savaria 1
25 a
nd in northern
I
taly a
t Aqu i
leia.1
26
I
n contrast wi
th the analogous specimens, t he copings in Dacia are
more richly decorated; the figure of Att
is predom inates in the Dacian
decoration (i
t is not e
ncountered in other provinces) wh i
le the scaly
pattern, frequent at Aqui
leia, i
s scarce in Dacia.
The s ame analogies in northern Italy answer t he ques tions of the

function o f t
he c opings in the shape of at runcated pyram id with arched
edges. Usua lly, t hey l
aid o n a
ltar-ossuaries ( wi
th a n orifice f
or placing
t
he c inerary u rn) a nd played the role of ac over but at t he same time they
c
rowned t he funerary monuments a s the mauso leum o f t
he Cur ia family at
Aquileia 1
27 o
r t hat of A
. Murcius Obu laccus at S ars
ina. 128
I
t therefore f o
llows that t hese copings found i n Dacia cou ld have
c
rowned n ot o
n ly altars but cou ld have been t he upper p ar
t o f some
f
unerary bui ldings a nd if we a gree with the opinion of G. A . Mansue ll
i
t
hat "L'aire de diffusion des monuments h e nceinte corresponde ä p eu
prbs s
emble-t-il al '
aire de diffusion des monuments ä pyrämide d ans
l
eur diverses a cceptions", 1
29 t
hey could b e considered as e vidence for
t
he existence o f funerary monuments w i
th e nclosure.
3
0
At t
he end o
f this ana
lys
is, w
e p
ropose t
he f
ol
low
ing t
ypo
logy o
f t
he
f
orms o
f al
tars i
n Dacia
:
I
. A
ltars w
ith the base, t
he m
idd
le b
ody a
nd t
he c
oping worked f
rom
t
he same b
lock (ara).
A
. I
nscr
iption o
n the f
ront
B
. D
ecorat
ion on t
he front
I
. Rectangular-shaped a
l
tars w
ith t
he b
ase a
nd t
he c
oping w
orked
s
eparately (cippi)
A
. I
nscription o
n the f
ront; t he l
atera l s
ides w
ithout d
ecorat
ion
B
. I
nscription o
n the f
ront; d ecorat
ion o n the l
atera
l s
ides
C
. I
nscription a
nd decoration on t
he f ront
D
. Decorat
ion on t
wo sides (corner-pilasters)
E
. Decorat
ion on t
hree sides
I
I. Aed
icu
la-shaped a
ltars •
I
V. P
ilaster-shaped a
ltars
A
. Decorat
ion o
n t
hree s
ides
B
. Decorat
ion o
n f
our s
ides
I
NDEPENDENT MEDALL
IONS (
Pl. XXX-XXXIII)
Although ow ing to certain forms ( p

ilaster) o r elements o f s
tructure
d
irectly c onnected w ith them ( pedesta ls, c opings) t he altars mark t he
t
ransition to the f unerary build ings, we w ill tackle tha
t p roblem a little
l
ater. W e consider that it i
s a dequate t o dwe l
l on af orm o f sepulchra l
monument wh ich although i t i
s n o
t i ndependent d eserves a more d eta i
led
examination since by number i t h o
lds a n important p osition in the reper-
t
ory o f the sepulchral monuments i n inter-Carpa thian Dac ia. We r efer
t
o the independent meda l
lion wh ich c an b e c onnected w ith the funerary
a
ltars since it is very li
ke ly that they s erved t hem for c opings.
There are 4 3 monuments, made o f local stone (l

imestone, g ritstone,
augite-andes i
te), i n the s hape of ac ircular a nd concave n iche surrounded
by a circular frame, a p seudo-corn ice. The upper p art is decorated
with a trapezoida l a
croter ion in which t he pine-cone was f ixed (M22, Pl.
XXXIII),a s tylized pine-cone ( M11, P l. XXX) o r al ion l y
ing ( M35, Pl.
XXXIII). The l ower p art of t
he large ma jor
ity o f meda l
lions h ave a "l
eg"
or a" nail" o
f t rapezoidal form for fixing t hem i n ap edes tal.
Three meda llions a re o f an unusual form, n amely t hose a ssocia ted

w
i th the f unerary l ions. O f these, the meda ll
ion o f Aiud i s t he mos t
e
laborated ( M25, P l. XXXII). The m edallion h as a trapezo idal a cro terion
on the upper p art a nd d epicts a fami
ly i n as hell-shaped n iche w i
th a
child in f
ront o f t he parents. I t i
s connected w ith the p edesta l by a s hort
l
eg; t he p edestal c onsists o f t
he head o f Medusa f lanked by l i
ons b ack
t
o b ack, w ith the muzz les s howing teeth, t urned t o the v iewer. The l ion
on the left-hand s ide h o
lds a h ead of ar am i n his fore-paws a nd t he l i
on
on the right-hand s ide h o
lds a h ead of ah orse. The meda llion f ound a t
A
iud i s raised s l
ight ly wh ile two specimens d iscovered a t A lba I ul
ia a nd
M
icia ( M19 ; 8, Pl. XXXII) r est heav
ily o n the b ack of l i
ons. The l ower
part of the m edallion at M icia has a protuberance f or fixing but whose
f
unct ion is comp letely uncerta in; the a ssociation with l ions o ccurs l ater
and is ad h oc.
The d
imens
ions of meda
llions vary between 1
.20-0.75 m h
igh; from
0
.75 t
o 0
.48 m d
iameter and between 0.30 to 0
.15 m t
hick. The ho
les on
3
1
t
he back o f some meda llions l
ed Gr. F lorescul 3° t
o the c onclusion t hat
t
hey w ere embedded i n walls as parts of afunerary bu i
ld ing. On t he
basis of the analog ies in Nor
icum ( the monument a t S a
ifn itz), 1
31 n
orthern
I
taly, a t Alt
ino 132 a
s well as t
he e x
istence of ap rotuberance o n the
l
ower p art of t
he monument, i t i
s more l i
kely that the ma jority of them
were fixed o n a
ltars o r funerary c o
lumns.
As a who le, the meda llions f ound i n Dacia a ppear t o b e un i

tary i n
f
orm a nd g ive t he impress ion o f ah omogeneous t ype o f f unerary monu-
ment. But d espite the a pparent un iformity, t he breaking up i nto s truc-
tural p arts--niche a nd prof i
le-- let u s distinguish s evera l v ariants. A
variant c ons ists of meda l
l ions w ith f la
t o r shel
l-shaped n iche ( they i mi-
t
ated p reeminent ly the s he ll of ac ardium t ype w ith o pen v alves), d ense
r
idges a nd o n
ly w ith a dist inct h inge o f the shel l o n t he upper p ar t ( M14
;
(M5, P l. XXX). Another t ype o f s hell-shaped n iche i s t hat without
r
idges a nd o nly with a dist inct h inge o f shell on t he upper p art ( M14;
15, Pl. XXX). I n section, t he niche c an be flat a nd n arrow ( M25, P l.
XXXII), f lat a nd wider ( M28, P l. XXXIII), i n the s hape o f a wreath
usually o f laure ls and rare ly o f o ak-leaves o r sty lized p almettes ( M22,
P
l. XXXIII) t ied by a t aen ia. The r ibbon i s twined r ound s everal t imes
on the l ower p art of t
he wreath a nd s ometimes i ts t rail c an b e seen l ater-
a
lly ( M23, P l. XXXIII). The wreath i s decorated w ith r osettes placed
among t he leaves e specially o n the upper p art ( M5, P l. XXX).
The figured pattern of medal

lions consists i
nvariably of t
he p ortra
its
o
f the deceased in the shape of busts except for a s
ingle medall
ion ( M22,
P
l. XXXIII) wh ich depicts the f
igure of the deceased almost i
n f u
ll l
ength.
The number o f busts varies f
rom one to seven.
I
f several busts are s hown, they are arranged i n r
eg isters: t he
parents in the upper r egister of alarger size and the children in the lower
r
eg ister of a sma
ller size. On ly a single medall
ion at Micia ( M24, P
l.
XXXIII) d epicts mature figures in both registers. S ometimes, t he regis-
t
ers a re separated by a ba lustrade such as the deceased wou ld have been
b
eh ind in ab ox i
n the amph itheatre or asill o
f aw indow.
The independent meda ll

ion i s n ot a ttested i n Dacia I nfer ior and o nly
asing le s pecimen i s known i n Moes ia I nfer ior, 133 namely a t Oescus. On
t
he other hand, a c onsiderable number o f meda l l
ions were f ound i n Nor icum,
especially a t Virunum a nd Flavia S o lva; 1 34 t
hey a re also attested i n
Pannon ia, e astern, n orth-western a nd s outhern Macedon ia, Thrac ia 135
and n orthern I taly (only at A ltino). 1 36 A meda ll

ion w i
th t he bust o f a
woman i n an iche was d iscovered i n t he c emetery a t Prahovo ( Aquae) i n
Moesia Super ior. The meda llion r ests o n t he b ack o f lions b ack to b ack.
The hypo thes is was put forward t ha t t he meda llion was b rought t o Dac ia
a
fter Aurel ian's withdrawa l.137 The meda llion o f 'P
rahovo i s art
istically
s
imilar t o that associated with l ions a t Apu lum.
Al
l r esearchers who s tud ied t he i ndependent meda l
lions i n t he reg ions
where t hey o ccurred i n al arger number r eached t he c onclus ion t hat
t
here a re typica l, local var iants. Accord ing ly, meda llions w ith p ediment
a
re e ncountered i n Nor icum, meda ll
ions s uppor ted by w inged g en ii occur
i
n P annonia a nd meda ll
ions w ith t he frame d ecorated w ith vine, p earl-
shaped p atterns a nd o vae e xist in Macedon ia a nd o n the. middle c ourse o f
t
he s outhern S truma. I t seems t hat t he meda ll
ion a ssociated w ith l i
ons
and w ith a s he l
l-shaped n iche was t ypical of Dacia. 138 A meda l
lion w i
th
shel
l o n t he upper p art e xists o n
ly a t V irunum; 1 39 i
t i s more s imilar t o
t
he s telae w ith a s hell-shaped n iche wh ich w ere f ound a t Altino t ha-n to
t
he meda l
lions f rom t he same p lace ( wh ich always h ave a f lat niche).
3
2
According t o the a bso lutely e v
ident t ypological criter ia, t
wo ma in types
o
f meda l
lions c an be d istingu ished i n Dacia: t he independent meda l
l ion
and t he meda l
lion a ssociated w ith li
ons. A lthough t he l atter i
s aloca l
creation, it is poorly a ttested a nd its s
tructure i s not h omogeneous; t he
meda l
lion of A iud h as a s hell-shaped n iche a nd the p rofi le i
s very narrow,
while the s pecimen f rom Apu lum h as a niche with flat b ottom s urrounded
by a wreath. We c ons ider t hat the main elements i n the s tructure of
meda l
lions, n amely t he n iche a nd t he profi
le c ou
ld b e u sed as more
rel
iable t ypological criter ia.
A
lthough, a s i
s known, t he portrai
t of t
he deceased (and natura
lly,
t
he coiffure) i
s afair
ly fickle cr
iterion for p
rovincia
l art, i
t i
s the only
c
riter
ion f or d
ating the medal
lion so far.
As regards d iffusion, it is noted that the meda ll

ion w ith wreath-shaped
profile and s hell-shaped n iche are only known a t Micia and t he specimens
with a s mooth p rofile and t he niche with flat bottom a t Cristesti. The
earl
iest meda llions s eem t o be the monuments w ith wreath a nd s hell-
shaped n iche; t his t ype was c reated by t he middle o f t
he 2 nd c entury,
but d id not exceed i t wh ile the variant with the s hel
l-shaped n iche o n
ly
marked o r wi
th a p lain niche is more viable and l asted into the n ext
c
entury a s we l
l.
The meda
llions with a smooth prof
ile are l
ate e
xcept for t
he s
pecimen
a
t A
iud wh ich is un
ique owing t o t
he v ery narrow prof
ile o
f t
he she
ll-
s
haped niche.
We propose t
he fo
llowing c
lass
ification o
f 35 medal
lions which are
better preserved of atota
l o
f 43 specimens found in i
nter-Carpathian
Dacia so far:
I
. Meda
llions w
ith wreath-shaped p
rof
ile
A
. Shel
l-shaped niche
B
. Shel
l-shaped niche, only marked
C
. Niche w
ith f
lat bottom.
I. Meda
llions w
ith a s
mooth p
rof
ile
A
. Shel
l-shaped niche
B
. Shel
l-shaped niche on
ly marked
C
. Niche w
ith f
lat bottom
FUNERARY BUILDINGS
Aed
icu
lae (
Pl. XXXIV-XLI)
As regards t he form a nd the execut

ion t he aediculae are unpretent ious
buildings i n Dacia. They c ons
ist of ap edesta l, three walls and a r oof;
they are o pen from t he front. On t he b asis of the monument f ound a t
Micia in the last century a nd which is entirely p reserved a nd accord ing
t
o t he analysis of t he main e
lements in t he structure o f a
ed icu
lae ( roofs,
walls and p edestals) wh ich were found s eparate ly, this t
ype o f funerary
building c an be e as
ily reconstructed.
The aed icula from M icia (AE1, Pl. XXXIV) i s made of augite-andes i
te
f
rom Uro i and i s 2.
.30 m h igh. I t i
s in t
he shape of an iche la
id on ap edes-
t
al. The p edesta l is rectangu lar and without decoration. The d imens ions
o
f the pedesta l are 1 .05 x 0 .83 x 0.27 m. The p edesta l s
upports t wo
l
atera
l wa l
ls ( 1.17 x 0 .65 x 0 .17 m) linked with the hind wall by a cramp-
i
ron fixed in deep mortices. The s ize of t
he hind wall is 1
.17 x 0.60 x
0
.17 m . The l a teral wa l
ls a re decorated wi
th the family of the deceased
3
3
on the internal side and h ave a b road e dge, u ndecorated, t o the h ind
wal
l; t he antae are decorated w ith a s nake t wisting v ertically. The h ind
wal
l is d ecorated with the figures o f the deceased a lso o n the internal
f
ace. The r oof i
s vaulted (the o pening : 0.50 m ; h eight: 0 .30 m ; d epth:
0
.60 m). I t i
s f
lanked by c rouched l i
ons w ith t he fore-paws r esting o n
ab ovine h ead in the front a nd by h emispher ical acroter ia in the b ack.
Two p ine-cones fixed o n sma ll b
ases a re placed o n the med ian a xis of the
r
oof . The o pening of the arch i s f u
lly d ecorated w ith a g arland.
Another t ype of aed icula was a lso found a t M icia in 1967; i t was d is-
c
overed i n t he cemetery s ituated i n t he eastern p art of the settlement,
on the occas ion of the bu ilding o f t he power s tation a t Mintia. The f rag-
mentary s tate of preserva tion a nd t he u ncertain c ircumstances o f finding
a
llow u s to make o nly p artial comments. The b est p reserved i s the roof
w
i th two slopes, made o f g ritstone a nd of the f o
llow ing size: 0 .45 m h igh,
1
.15 m l ong a nd 1 m w ide. The i nterna l side is d ecorated w ith t wo bus ts
o
f Medusa i ns ide a rectangu lar n iche w ith a double mou lding. The busts
a
re a rranged l ike the f igures o n p laying c ards. The l ateral walls a re
d
ecorated o nly on the a ntae; t he d ecoration c ons ists of ivy and v ine
l
eaves a rranged v ertically o n ap lain f rame ( AE2, P l. XXXIV).
14 r
oofs o
f aed
icula have b
een found in Dac
ia; two t
ypes a
re d
is-
t
ingu
ished: v au
lted roof a
nd roof w
ith t
wo slopes.
The vaulted roofs p redom inated ( AE1 and AE4-10, P l. XXIV); t he

f
lanks are h orizontal and s uppor t the li
ons in the front and are d ecorated
c
onstantly w ith hem ispher ical a
cro ter
ia o n t
he hind p art. A p ine-cone is
p
laced o n the med ian a x
is o f t
he r oof
. The a rch of the vault, when i t i
s
f
lanked by l ions ( AE1), o r the fu
ll front of the r
oof is decorated w ith
vegetal patterns ( AE3, 4 , 7). The d imens ions of t
he v aul
ted r oofs v ary
between 1.40-1 .10 m ( l
eng th); 1 .07-0 .69 m ( w
idth) a nd 0.42-0.45 m ( height).
The r
oofs w ith t wo slopes, hor
izontal below and made o f t
he same
b
lock, are decora ted with mytho logica
l patterns on the pediment (AE11),
l
i
ons a nd hemispher ical acroteria a
t the corners, a smal
l b ase f
or a cop
ing
(
pine-cone or s phinx) o n the top of t
he triangular pediment. Usua l
ly,
t
he cei
ling of the r oof has a moulded niche with decoration.
The d
imensions v
ary between 1.15-0.04 m (
length); 0
.97-0.61 m
(
width) and 0
.45-0.28 m (
height).
A
lthough a large number of wal
ls of aediculae were found, no r
oof
was d
iscovered in the n
eighbouring p rov
inces , Pannon ia and Nor
icum.
The funerary bu
i ld
ing at Donawitz has a vaulted roof
.1 40
Among the c
omponent elements of aediculae i
n Dac ia, t
he wal
ls of
a
ediculae a
re the most numerous (97 p
ieces) a nd typologica
lly t
he most
s
ignif
icant. They a re r
ectangular and the size v
ar ies between 1
.80-1.50 m
h
igh, 1.05-0.60 m wide and 0
.30-0.09 m t h
ick.
The width of the h

ind wa lls (AE90-96) c orresponds w i
th the o pening
o
f the n
iche; t hey h ave a mortice for fixing t he cramp-iron for holding
t
ogether the l
ateral walls; t he mortice was c ut i
n the upper e dges of t
he
h
ind walls. The h ind-wa ll was decora ted o nly on the i
nternal side and
t
he decoration which c overed the who le s urface of the wa
ll, was e nc
losed
i
n a moulded frame, n arrow a bove and l a
tera lly and wider at the lower p
art.
The typ
ical e
lement of the l
atera
l walls i
s the wide and undecorated
e
dge, slight
ly mou lded o
r separated from the r
elief by a mou
lding; t he
upper part has a ho
le. O f 7
4 specimens, only two la
tera
l walls c
ome
3
4
s
urely f rom t he same a edicula ( AE73, P l
. XXXV II). The ma jority of the
f
rontal a n
tae a re fla
t, d ecora ted o r without d ecora tion o r i
n the s hape o f
a
n e ngaged c o
lumn ( AE20) w ith a flat shaf t, fluted i n spira
l or w ith vine-
s
talks a nd g rapes ( AE31, P l
. XXXV II). The l a
tera l walls can b e decorated
o
n b oth sides ( AE15-28) o r only o n the inside ( AE29-87); o n
ly t wo speci-
m
ens a re d ecorated o nly o n antae ( AE 8 8, 89). The d ecoration c overs
t
he who le s urface of the wa l
l a nd either c onsists o f a unique p attern o r
i
s arranged o n two o r three r egisters separa ted f rom e ach other by a
p
lain mou lding.
There a re three pedesta ls a nd al

l come f rom Micia. They a re in the
shape o f as lab. The s ize varies b etween 1.30-1.05 m i n l
ength, 0 .83-
0
.62 m w ide a nd 0.27-0.15 m t h
ick. The p edestals are not decorated .
I
n t he p resent stage o f research i t i
s impossible to demonstrate t hat they
were p laced o n ab ase ( as 0. Floca a nd W. Wo lski thought) 1
41 s
ince so
f
ar b ases o f large size wh ich could h ave suppor ted a building o f t
he t ype
which Ih ave ment ioned b efore h ave n ot b
een f ound i n Dacia and t he
a
ed iculae at Aqu ileia, Kruf t and B ierbach b e
long t o another t ype.
E
lements from t he s tructure of aedicu lae were found i n inter-Carpath ian
Dacia, especially at M icia, Apu lum, P otaissa, Criste ti but o nly t he a
ed icula
a
t M icea, described a bove ( AE1) was r econstructed w ith c ertainty ; o n
the basis of th
is r estora tion, w e can state the association b etween t he
wal
ls d ecorated w i
th t he family of the d eceased o n t
he i nternal s ide and
t
he v aulted roof; but t his fact does not e xclude the p ossibi
lity t hat this
t
ype o f roof could h ave b een supported by wa lls decorated o n both sides.
I
n c onsequence o f t his, o nly a c
lassification of the separate p arts can b e
drawn u p as follows:
Roofs
A
. Vaulted roofs
B
. f
lat roofs
L
atera
l wa
lls
A
. Wa
lls decorated on both sides
1
. as ingle fie
ld of decoration
2
. field of decorat
ion divided in t
wo r
egis
ters
B
. Wa
lls decorated ins
ide
1
. as ingle fie
ld of d
ecorat
ion
2
. field of decorat
ion d
ivided i
n t
wo reg
isters
3
. field of decorat
ion d
ivided i
n t
hree r
egisters
C
. Wa
lls w
ithout d
ecora
tion o
n s
ides; d
ecora
tion o
n a
ntae
H
ind wa
lls
Closer ana
logies w ith the aediculae i n Dacia e xist in Noricum a nd e speci-
a
lly in Pannonia, 142 where desp ite t he fact that 3 0 l
ateral wa l
ls w ere found,
unfortunately it was not possible to r econstruct a s ing le aedicu la
. Apart
f
rom t he d
ifferences in style a nd d ecorative p a tterns, differenees i n form
exis
t as well between t he l
ateral wa lls in Dacia a nd those in P annon ia,
where the decoration is on both f aces a nd enc losed by a n arch i
tectura l
f
rame.
Monuments wh
ich c
ould b
e c
ons
idered a
s h
ind wa
lls o
f a
edicu
lae 1
43
but b
elonging
, t
o a nother type than that with which we have dealt so f
ar,
were f
ound as wel
l i n i
nter-Carpa thian Dacia. They are rectangu lar
p
laques, without a n a
rchitectural framing or aframe wi
th h o
les o n the
upper part a
nd decorated i nvariably with the f
igures o
f the deceased i n
3
5
h
igh r elief ( AE 9 7-107 , P l. XLI). The u pper p art h as mor tices f or
cramp-irons wh ich s erved t o attach t he p ieces t o another a rch i
tectura l
e
lement; t he p laques h ave n o l
atera l h o
les. The c losest a na logies e xist
i
n Raet ia 1
44 (where t he a ttempts made t o reconstruct t he monument s eem
t
o me t o be i nconc lus ive) a nd in P annon ia 1
45 (
where t hey a re i nter-
preted a s the h ind wa lls o f an aedicu la w ith c olumns s uppor t
ing a r oof
i
n t he front). I t s eems t o me more c red ible t ha t t wo types o f aed icu lae
existed in Dac ia : a edicu lae with t hree w a
lls s uppor t
ing a r oof v aulted o r
f
lat at the l ower p art a nd a nother t ype w ith a h ind wa l
l a nd e lements
bearing a r oof i n t he front. I t is h ard t o d escr ibe t he s hape o f t h
is
s
tructure s ince wa lls w i
th t he figures o f the d eceased i n h igh r e
lief d id
not occur i n t he l ocalities where a l arge number o f roofs w ere d iscovered ,
a
s f or examp le a t M icia. Chrono log ical ly, it s eems t ha t t he t wo types
were n ot used i n success ion, but s imu ltaneous ly, f rom t he m idd le o f the
2
nd c entury t o t he 3 rd c entury.
Apart from a
ed iculae, the ex istence of o
ther t ypes o f f
unerary bu ild-
i
ngs in Dacia i
s sti
ll hypo thetica
l. The l ack o f f
inds in situ a nd t
he fact
tha
t no attempts have b een made t o reconstruct the init
ial s hape o
f monu-
ments by assembl
ing t he i
solated p ieces whose f unction is not prec
isely
known justif
ies t
o s ome extent t he p resent state of knowledge i n t
his fie
ld.
F
unerary e
nclosures
So far t he li
tera ture h as r aised t he p rob lem o f the e xistence o f
"
funer % g ardens" i n the c entre o f which a ed iculae w ou ld h ave b een
p
laced' or h as ment ioned t he b alustrades w i th li
ons 1 47 and r eferred
a
lways t o the mauso leum o f t he Aure lii at U lp ia Tra iana S arm izegetusa 1 48
a
s a n e xamp le of t he e xistence o f mauso lea i n Dac ia S uper ior . The
mauso leum was s ituated i n t he e xtra muros a rea, a bout 6 20 m f rom t he
c
ity wa l
l, i n t he cemetery l oca ted i n t he e astern p art. The mauso leum
consisted o f ac ircu lar e nclosure ( 21 m i n d iameter) w ith t he a l
tar o f
Q. Aure lius Tert ius, d ecur io e t flamen c olon iae S armizegetusa i nside;
t
he a ltar i nscribed o n three s ides was l aid o n ab ase ( A 1 5, P l. X IX).
A s arcophagus o f stone was a lso found i nside t he e nclosure. The n ew
archaeo logica l excava t
ions i n t he c apital o f Roman Dac ia a nd t he f inding
o
f af unerary e nclosure i n t he western a rea o f the c ity f rom where a
wal
l o f a n a edicula o f p articu lar i n
terest c ame, a l
low u s t o d oubt t ha
t
t
he d iscovery a t Ulp ia Tra iana was a ctually a mauso leum a nd t o c ons ider
t
ha t the f unerary e nclosure d emarca ted t he bur ia
l p lace o f t he Aure l
ia
f
amily .
The funerary enc
losures g ave t
he character o f aheroon to t he f
amily
f
unerary a rea; the concept of aheroon was a dopted as an established
f
act in t
he Romanized a reas which a
ccepted its form and significance 150
Such enclosures, of wh ich many a re lost, w ere found in nor

thern
I
taly; t hey appear in the s hape of a wa
ll s uperimposed s ometimes by a
balustrade. A t Aqui
leia, t he landmarks wh ich d e
limited the f
amily area,
are incorporated in the facade. The mauso leum o f t
he Cur i
i at Aquileia
i
s situated inside an enclosure w ith cippi crowned by a pyramid a nd placed
a
t t he corners. A t Boretto, t he enc
losure e ncircles the monument of t he
Concord ii a
nd emphas izes t he main monument. 1 51 The f unerary enclosures
change i n a
rchitectural style in the ist century A .D.
Both s
imple enc
losures l
i
ke those uncovered a
t Ulpia Tra
iana Sarm
ize-
g
etusa and monuments w
ith l
ions (Säu
lelen
löwen) lying on as em
i-co
lumn
3
6
and holding the heads of devoured animals in the fore-paws e xis
t i n
Dacia. They d iffer f
rom the independent lions who g uarded t he t ombs
and were c omponents o f t
he balustrades which b e
longed t o t he f unerary
enc
losures. The c orner-pi
lasters with decoration o n two sides s hould
have also b
elonged t o t
he funerary enclosures.
E
lements o f ba
lustrades were f
ound at U
lpia Tra
iana, Apu
lum, P o
ta issa
a
nd M icia
;152 we have grounds f
or b
eliev
ing that f
unerary c
onstructions
e
xisted in these centres.
Monuments i
n t
he s
hape o
f p
ilasters
The a ltars w ith a t runcated pyram id o n the upper p art a s w el

l a s t he
a
ltars i n t he s hape o f a edicu lae c an b e c ons idered a s c omponent p arts o f
t
he monuments i n t he s hape o f pilasters i f w e cons ider t hat t he e pitaph
was ind ispensab le t o a ny monument. Opinions d iffer i n t his matter. A c-
cording t o some r esearchers, t he e x
istence o f a n e pitaph i s d ecisive 15 3
while other s cho lars l ike F r. Braemer 1 54 consider t hat t he f unerary

monuments w ithout i nscr ipt ion s eem t o h ave s pread more e xtens ive ly in
the prov inc ial p opu lat ion, b oth i n the u rban a nd r ura l milieu , t aking i nto
a
ccount t he fact t ha t t he L atin a bbrev ia ted f ormu lae w ere l ess a ccessib le
than t he i conograph ic p atterns t o the n ative p opu lat ion. Ow ing t o the
f
act t hat t he altars o f wh ich t he t runcated pyramid w ere a n i ntegra l part
and t he a ediculae a re i solated f inds , w e d o n o
t h ave much g round t o
consider t hem a s t he c omponent p arts o f a monument i n t he s hape o f a
p
ilaster. I n a ny c ase, t he h eight o f th is monument wou ld n ot h ave reached
that of t hose i n o ther p rov inces , taking a ccount o f t he f act t hat t hey
consisted o f three ma in p arts : t he b ase, t he rectangu lar-shaped b ody
bearing t he e p
i taph a nd t he a ltar in t he s hape o f a n a edicu la o r the altar
with a t runca ted pyram id.
I
t seems to us that an advance view o n such c
onstruct ions i
n n orthern
I
taly or o
ther p rovinces is a
lmost a sine qua non t
o tackle more s uccess-
f
ully the problem of funerary buildings in Dacia. Such a v iew c
ou ld pro-
v
ide the data o n t
he p roblem with which we deal a
nd w ould stimulate re-
s
earch o n i
solated architectura
l elements. These a rchitectural e
lements
c
g
i
ou
eld
s i
nhav
t
he b
p
e
reov
nin
tc
hi
ealc
omp
arch
o
in
ten
ectu
t r
pe
art
o
fsp
o
a
frt
if
ucu
ne
lr
aa
rry
fun
c
oen
rs
at
rru
y ct
f
e
iao
tu
ns
rew
s
i.
th a
n-a l
o
Dealing w i
th t he r eliefs w ith scenes o f cavalry f ight ing, H . Gabe lmann
t
ouches t angenta lly the p roblem o f the p rovincial f unerary c onstruct ions
which w ere r econstructed b efore t hen a nd classifies t hem a s monuments
i
n t he s hape o f ap ilaster a nd monuments w ith b aldach in. H e includes
the monument o f Asfion ius Rufus a t Sarsina , that o f Pob licius at Kö ln , t wo
monuments a t Kruf t ( Kruf ter Grabkape lle a nd Kruf tsäu le) a nd t he column
a
t I gel in t he c ategory o f the monuments i n the s hape o f apilaster. The
category o f monuments w ith b a
ldach in inc ludes t he mauso leum o f an un-
known p erson a t Aqu ileia, t he monument a t Bierbach, t he monument o f the
Iul
ii at G lanum ( St. Remy) a nd t he fragmentary monument a t W esse ling .
We w ould a dd t he funerary p ilasters at Ar lon 1 b5 to these monuments.
They a re class ified i n four t ypes a nd are c haracter ized by t he e xistence
o
f t he f o
llow ing e lements: b ase, p edesta l, aedicu la, e ntabla ture a nd c oping;
they a re a lways o f ar ectangu lar plan a nd h ave a c entra l aedicu la with
s
imu lated a rchi tecture.
Funerary t
owers of s
quare p
lan, open s
toreys w
ith v
ault and a pyram
id-
shaped c op
ing w
ith i
mbricat
ions on t
he upper par
t a
re a
lso a
ttested at
Arlon. 156
Al
l funerary constructions ment
ioned a
bove, ei
ther i
n t
he shape of
p
ilaster or w
ith ba
ldach in, have some c
ommon tra
its name
ly the t
ecton
ic
3
7
compos i
tion o f the s tructura l e
lements, t he necessary e xistence o f a
pedestal o n a quadr i
latera l b ase, a n aed icula with t he figure o f t he de-
c
eased a nd the p yram id-shaped c oping. The p edestal b ears a n i nscript
ion
on the front ( as f or instance a t Aqu ile
ia), a nd is either d ecora ted w i
th
r
eliefs ( as f
or e xamp le a t Glanum) o r is w i
thout d ecoration a nd i nscription
(
as a t Bierbach o r Kr -uf
t). The a edicu la r eproduces t he lay-ou t of a
t
emp le w ith co
lumns a nd h ousing t he s tatues o f the d eceased ( as for ins-
t
ance a t Aqu i
le ia a nd G lanum) e ither in t he s hape o f niches f l
anked by
p
ilasters a nd w ith t he s tatues a ttached t o the walls (as f or instance a t
Wesseling) o r losing d epth a nd b ecom ing a r e
lief ( as for examp le a t Igen).
The c opings are i n t he s hape o f ap yram id w ith arched e dges, e xcept for
t
he s pecimen a t G lanum.
Of the mauso
lea at Aqu ileia , the mauso
leum w ith ba
ldachin of Curia ,
Marcel
la deserves specia
l attent ion. It is a"monoptera" bu
ilding with
I
onic columns supporting a b aldachin, under which is t
he statue o
f a
deceased woman on ar ound pedesta l, t
he whole crowned by a truncated
pyramid with a
rched e dges. 157
As I showed above, mausolea in t

he shape of p
ilasters or wi
th balda-
c
hin i
n si
tu w ere no
t found in Dacia Super
ior. But s everal other f
inds
p
lead i
n favour of the e
xistence o
f such funerary constructions.
F
ounda t
ions o
f large stones were f
ound i n the eastern cemetery at
M
icia in 1
966 on t
he occasion of t
he bui
lding o f the power stat
ion at Mintia
a
nd in one of t
he cemeter
ies at Apulum on t he o
ccasion o f t
he construction
o
f bui
ldings "on t
he plateau of Romans". 1
58
These foundat ions should h ave supported t he pedestals proper wh ich

c
ould h ave been c overed with reliefs or h ave borne o n
ly t he ep
itaph o n
t
he front. The f ragmentary f r
iezes w i
th a quatic dei
ties found a t Apu lum,
t
he large frieze depicting a cantharos f rom wh ich vine-leaves a nd stalks
r
ise discovered a t Ulp
ia T ra
iana a nd at p resent i n t
he cemetery o f the
church at Ostrov , Hunedoara c ounty a nd p ossibly the fragment s how ing
t
he rape of E uropa at Micia (F14, Pl. XL II) shou ld have come from s uch
p
edesta ls a
s t hose mentioned above.
The funerary inscript

ions i
n tabula ansa
ta at Apu
lum a nd Ulp
ia
Traiana 1
59 (
1.50 m w ide and 0
.16 m thick) were p
robably fixed o
n a wal
l
which, as the analogies show, should have been t
he pedestal o
f afuner-
a
ry c onstruction.
As r egards t he reconstruct ion o f t he s toreyed s tructure o f mauso lea,

the u pper s torey, wh ich n ecessar i
ly d isp layed t he f igures o f the d eceased
and t he s ystem o f t he roof are t he mos t d ifficult p arts. The s tatues o f
draped women a nd t ogati are t he ma in a rgument f or t he e xistence o f
aedicu lae. The f act that the b ack o f the s tatues i s f lattened s hows t hat
they w ere intended t o be seen f rom t hree s ides. The d raped f emale
s
tatues a re made e special
ly o f marble ( the h eight v aries f rom 1 .90 t o 1.54
m) a nd c ome p reeminent ly from t he u rban m il
ieu ( U lpia T ra iana, Apu lum,
Potaissa). O f 30 s pecimens, 4 a re i ntact. Accord ing t o the a rrangement
o
f d rapery, t he f ollowing t ypes a re d ist ingu ishable: "La Grande" a nd
"La P icco la Ercolanese", " Pud ic itia", " Core d el Va ticano", " Offering",
and " Pall
iata". 160 They a re la te r eplicas o f w orks b elong ing t o t he
repertory o f R oman pub l
ic a rt, wh ich t hemse lves were c op ies of Greek
origina ls from t he 4 th o r the 2 nd c entury B .C. 161
A
lthough a na
logies exist in t
he Danubian p rovinces, in Dacia Infer
ior
a
t Drobeta a nd i
n b
oth Moes iae, 1
62 t
he statues o
f Dacia have a dis
tingu ishing
c
haracterist
ic which cons
ists o f the preference f
or the type "La Grande
3
8
Erco
lanese" and the addi
tion o f o
ther- e
lements li
ke the pendant globular
e
arrings and the neck
lace o f round beads (the statue from Ulp
ia Traiana
i
n the Deva Museum) o r the elongated pendant earrings (the s
tatue from
Apulum in t
he Bucharest Nat ional Museum of History).
In the p resent s tage of research i t i

s impossible t o s
tate precisely i f
t
hese s tatues were p laced in t he aedicula of apilaster-shaped monument
w
i th niche o f the t ype "Kruftergrabkape lle" and " Kruftersäule" or e n-
c
losed i n a monoptera c onstruction w ith baldachin a s i
n the mausoleum o f
Curia Marcel la. C ertainly, the cornices d ecorated w ith cordons of as-
t
ragali w i
th p ear ls inserted b etween t hem, a nd stylized vegetal patterns
f
ound a t U lpia T raiana a nd Micia 1
63 c
ome f rom this upper s torey in t he
shape o f an aed icula.
The major
ity o f mauso lea s hould h ave b een c rowned by a pyramid-
s
haped c oping o ver the e ntablature, l ike t hat f ound at Apulum n ot l
ong
ago, 1.45 m i
n h eight. 1
64 But the area o f diffusion of the pyramid-
s
haped c opings d oes not c oincide with t hat o f the draped statues (for
e
xamp le, 16 s
tatues a nd o nly 2 copings c ome f rom U lpia Traiana) a nd for
t
his reason we a re constra ined to attribute t his fact n
ot exclusively to
c
hance, but to t ake into c onsideration a s well a nother type of roof, li
ke
t
hat with two slopes o n the monument a t B ierbach. I n any case, both
t
ypes o f r
oofs had a p ine c one or as ph inx o n the top. 1
65
Two pediments found a

t Micia and U
lpia Tra
iana 1
66 a
lso c
ome from
f
unerary c
onstructions, a
s 0. Floca, who f
irst pub
lished t
hem, s
uggested.
For a nalog ies w ith t he p ediments ment ioned a bove, we t ake into c on-
s
iderat ion b esides t he monuments a t Ar lon, 167 t
hose from Raet ia, 168
namely t he monuments e nd ing w ith a t runcated pyramid s urrounded by
pediments a nd f irstly t he monument o f T . Flav ius Martia l
is a t Augsburg-
Oberhausen d ated t o the p eriod o f the Antonines. 1 69 The monument
(4.50 m h igh) c onsists o f s evera l s
toreyed p arts. The a ltar p roper l ies
on a mou lded p edesta l; i t b ears a f unerary i nscr iption a nd e nds w ith a
cornice w i th a r ectangular b lock a bove, wh ich i s decorated w ith t he
f
ami ly of t he d eceased s hown f ull l
ength o n t he front. The monument i s
crowned by a t runcated pyramid w ith s cales ( Schuppendach) a nd bordered
by p ediments o n t hree s ides; o n the t op is ap ine-cone. I t is not w ithout
s
ign ificance t hat t he w idth o f one of t he pediments a t Micia i s almost e qual
t
o t hat o f the s pecimen a t Augsburg ( 1.22 m a nd 1.23 m r espective ly).
The d ifference b etween t he monuments i n Raetia a nd those i n Dacia c on-
s
ists i n t he fact t hat t he c opings a nd t he p ediments a re i ntegra l p arts of
the same body i n Raetia ( as we ll as in Belg ica) whi le they a re worked
i
ndependent ly in Dacia. But i t seems c redible t o u s t
hat t he p ediments
i
n Dacia wou ld h ave b elonged t o ap i
laster-shaped t omb a lthough t heir
existence i s not c haracter istic of this t ype o f monument. The monument
i
n t he s hape o f ap ilaster i s necessar ily c haracter ized by t he p edesta l,
the block w ith i nscr iption, t he block w ith a figured d ecoration a nd t he
coping.
We consider t hat the following var iants of "Pfe

ilergrabma l" a
re attested
i
n inter-Carpath ian Dacia, w i
th t he necessary r eservations due to t
he
hypothesis: t he altar in the s hape of ap ilaster and the monument i n the
shape of ap i
laster o f Raetian t ype. The f unerary statues allow us to
presume t he existence of s ome mauso lea in the shape o f api
laster whose
main e
lement o f structure c ons isted in the niche with the s
tatues of the
deceased.
At the end o f t
he c omments o n t
he type and t ypology of monuments , w
e
s
hou ld l
ike t
o p o
int o ut aga
in the divers
ity of t ypes, some of which are
s
pecific to Dacia, a nd the s
imilari
ties, which all po
int to t
he p rovinces
s
ituated to t
he S outh-West o r t
he West of Dacia.
3
9
CHAPTER 3
DECORATIVE PATTERNS
ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS
The d ecorative r epertory of the funerary monuments i n Dacia contains

the following a rch i
tectural elements: t he pediment, s upporting elements
(pilasters, c o
lumns, s emi-columns) t he archi
trave, a ttic a nd the arch.
More i n Dacia t han in other provinces t hese e
lements n either maintained
their f unct
ion n or were organically connected b etween t hem. The pure ly
decorative f eature i s a
ttested by t he f
act that the ped iment was n ot al-
ways p laced o n t he supporting elements ( as seems a bsolutely necessary)
but a bove t he arch o f n
iches as is shown by s evera
l s telae at Apulum
(S52, P l. VI).
The p ed iment i s e ncountered o n the f igured a nd unf igured s te

lae,
and o n altars i n t he s hape o f either a edicu la or p i
laster. Natura lly, t he
pediment p lays e specia l ly the r o
le o f ac oping o n stelae a nd i t i
s either
f
ree o r e nclosed i n ar ectangu lar s pace. Most o ften, t he p ed iment, e ither
f
ree o r e nclosed, i s flanked by a croteria. Norma l
ly, t he p ed iment is t ri-
angular. The monuments c arved i n as uper ior t echnique, l ike the s tela
o
f Lucius Cass ius Marcio a t Ulpia Tra iana ( S33, P l. I) h ave a p ediment
with the s ides d ecorated w ith a d ouble mou ld ing; s ometimes, t he sides
o
f the p ediment a re n ot mou lded but r endered i n al inear-p ictorial manner,
as on the s tela of af ami ly of Illyrii from A lburnus Ma ior ( S139 , Pl. X II).
Apart from t he tr iangu lar pediment, t he s em i-circu lar ped iment i s also
a
ttested; i t i
s e ncountered o n af ew s telae a t Ulpia Tra iana a nd an a ltar
i
n the s hape o f ap i
laster ( A50, P l. XXII). Usua l
ly, t he d ecoration o f
t
he p ediment i s restr icted t o the o rnamenta l patterns e nclosed i n at ym-
panum but s ome p ediments a re d ecorated w ith o vae o n the s ides a s o n t he
s
telae w ith a rched n iches a t Apu lum ( S53 , P l. VI) a nd a s tela at Cr iste ti
(S59, Pl. V ).
Sometimes, t
he base of the ped
iment is c
ut by the arch o
f n
iches or
by t
he a rchway beneath which the meda
llion with t
he bust of t
he deceased
i
s p
laced.
Ana log ies w ith t he ped iment a s ad ecorat ive element o f t he monuments
i
n Dacia e xist in Dacia I nferior, 1 70 Moes ia I nferior, 171 Dalmat
ia, 172
Nor icum a nd P annon ia, 1
73 Raetia, 1 74 Gallia a nd G ermania 1 75 a
nd o n the
Attic s te lae of t he Roman p er iod. 1 76 I
t o ccurs f requent ly i n n orthern
I
ta ly, a t Ravenna 1 77 and Aqu i
le ia. 1 78 The s upporting e lements ( pilasters
columns, s emi-co lumns) o ccur o n s te lae, a ltars i n t he s hape o f a ed icula
o
r p ilaster, t he l a
tera l walls o f a ed icu lae, a s i s one worked o n both f aces
and f ound a t U lpia Tra iana ( AE20). The e lements ment ioned a bove s up-
port e ither t he p ed iment, o r the a rch a nd f lank a t t he s ame t ime t he field
o
f t he inscript ion o n stelae. They h ave a p linth o n the l ower p art a nd
t
he s haft i s f
lat o r d ecorated w ith e ither h elicoid f lutings o r v egeta l p at-
t
erns, e specially v ine-sta lks, v ine- leaves a nd g rapes ( S64, P l. V II).
The c apita ls a r
d. Cor inthian. The c ap itals o n c o
lumns wh ich border t he
f
ield o f t he inscr iption o n t he s tela o f U lpius Vett ius ( on wh ich t he
4
0
a
canthus- leaves a re b ordered by p anthers) d eserve t o b e espec ially
ment ioned. Combina t
ions o f p ilas ters w ith c olumns, a s are encountered
i
n Da lma tia a nd P annon ia,1 79 are n ot known i n Dac ia. I t is no t poss ible
t
o d istingu ish wh ich o ne o f t he p seudo-support ing e lements was p redom-
i
nant. I t s eems t hat t hey r epresent r ather o ne o f t he c haracter ist ics of
t
he d ifferent workshops: f or e xamp le, t he f luted c olumn i s p referred a t
Ulpia T raiana wh i
le Apu lum a nd M icia c hoose r ather t he c o
lumn d ecorated
with a v egeta l pattern. The c losest a nalog ies w ith t he fluted c o
lumns a re
encountered i n Dalmatia, a t S alona 1 80 a
nd t hose d ecorated w ith a v egetal
pattern a re known i n Moes ia I nfer ior. 181 Both t ypes a re attested i n
Noricum a nd Pannon ia, where t he f luted c olumns s eem t o have o ccurred
a
t Aqu incum a t the end o f t he i st c entury a nd t he b eginn ing o f t he 2 nd
c
entury A . D.182 The Cor inth ian c apitals a re p redom inant h ere a s in
Dacia. S em i-columns w ith h elico id-shaped f lut ings o ccur i n n orthern
I
taly, a t P avia, Boretto, Bresc ia, a nd Cot igno la, 183 on the monuments
datab le t o the m iddle o f the i st c entury A . D.
The d ouble a rch s uppor ted by c olumns a re t ypica l of t he s telae a t

Apulum, l ike tha t of Ulpia Max imilla ( S64, Pl. V II) o r t he s te la o f C .
Valerius S ilvanus, a v eteran o f Leg io X III G em ina ( S63, P l. V II). The
ro
le o f the d oub le arch i s limited t o t hat of an a rchitectura l f rame f or
t
he meda llions w ith the f igures o f the d eceased o r f or t he a rched n iches.
Certa inly, i t stands f or a s tylized t emp le s haped p a
ttern . The d oub le
arch i s also attes ted in Da lmatia where i t is cons idered t hat i t wou ld
have p enetrated f rom P annon ia.' " F or the moment, i t should b e n oted
that t he d ouble a rch is character istic o f the workshop a t Apu lum. The
arch c an b e decorated e ither w ith p la in mou ldings o r w ith t he L esbian
cyma a s o n the stela of Ulp ia Max im i
lla. The d ouble a rch, w i
th a n inter-
med iate n iche o r without i t
, s erves f irstly for f ram ing t he bus ts o f the
deceased o n the p i
laster-shaped a ltars. An a cro ter ion i n the s hape o f a
s
ty l
ized p ine-cone i s p
laced a t the m eeting p oint b etween t he a rches o n
this t ype o f funerary monument, a s f or instance t he a ltar found a t Ulp ia
Traiana ( A56, Pl. XXIII).
The a tt
ic t akes the shape of ar ectangular s pace s
itua ted on the
upper p art o f s
telae and richly d
ecora ted. I
t occurs e specia
lly on the
s
telae with meda ll
ions at Apulum a nd M icia (S63, 7 4, P
l. V II; S178,
P
l. XIV; S179
, P l. XV); t
he meda llion is e
ither b eneath, an a
rchway,
tha
t is t o say w i
th in a p
seudo-arch itectural frame o r inside a horseshoe -
shaped n iche.
The f
igured d ecoration o f the attic is enclosed w ithin a rectangu lar
space bordered by a n edge, p lain o r decorated w ith p atterns wh ich repeat
those of t
he a rchway a s for e xamp le o n the stela of Ulpia Maxim i
lla.
Rarely, the upper p art of the s tela b ears an a rchi
trave wh ich s upports
ac oping consisting of antithet ic l
ions o n either side o f as ymbol o r asym-
bol
ic figure joined in as ingle b ody, a s on as tela at Potaissa (S120, Pl.
IX). The a rchitrave occurs o n the upper p art of af ragmentary s tela f
rom
Apu lum and t he upper p art of as tela w ith a p seudo-aed icula in the
Bruken thal Museum ( S44, P 1
. I V ).
SYMBOLIC ELEMENTS
The Gorgon is t
he most f
requent s ymbolic pattern on the funerary
monuments i n
. Dac
ia. It occurs o n t
he pediments o r i
n the decorative
cordon on the upper pärt of s
telae, the r
oofs of aediculae, a
ltars and the
copings worked independently.
Th
is very ear
ly mot
if w
ith many v
ariants w
as neither a
ssociated w
ith
t
he gate o
f hel
leAs happened i
n Ita
ly and Da
lmatia n
or substi
tuted for
t
heatre masks
.' "
4
1
As r egards t he sign if
icance o f t he motif , F r. Cumont 1 86 thought t hat
i
t h ad a n a bso lute a potropa ic f unction, wh ile a ccord ing t o B . Andreae, 1 87
the s ymbo l was c onnected w ith n ight a nd t he i nferna l wor ld, i n oppos ition
to t he s un a nd t he moon, t he s ymbo ls o f light a nd s ky a nd a ccord ingly
symbo ls o f t he celestia l wor ld. Even i f G. A . Mansue l
li1 88 and R inaldi-
Tuf il 89 a re right t o s tate t hat i t is n ot p ossible t o draw up a t ypology o f
gorgons o n t he funerary monuments, w e b el
ieve h owever t hat s ome p re-
ferences f or c ertain v ariants c an b e i dentified a nd c erta in ly t hese a re
not i dent ical i n all prov inces. F or e xamp le u sua lly t he h ead o f Medusa,
a
lways human ized, a nd which was n ot a r ep lica o f the Rondan ini type 19 0
i
s r epresented i n Dacia. The bust o f Medusa i s s hown o nly o n as tela a t
Micia a nd o n ar oof o f a n aed icula ( AE2, P l. XXXIV) c oming f rom t he s ame
l
oca lity; c ertainly, b oth a re t he p roducts o f the s ame workshop. The
roof o f the a edicu la d epicts i n as u
i g eneris manner busts o f Medusa- like
f
igures o n p lay ing c ards. The Gorgon h as a b road f ace, f ull mouth a nd
bulg ing e yes; s he w ears h er h air i n t wo p laits w ith t he e nds l i
fted up t o
the l evel o f h er s houlders, a b louse d ecorated w ith i ncisions a rranged i n
the s hape o f al i
ttle fir-tree a nd c overed by a mant le s p
li t o n t he breast.
The i mage i n the c entre o f t he a ttic o n the upper p art o f as te la at Micia
or in t he c entre o f ac oping o f as te la, worked i ndependent ly a nd found
a
t M icia a s w ell and wh ich d epicts Medusa w ith much more a bundant h air
wind ing i n as piral like a s nake r emind o ne o f the s nakes c oiled r ound
Medusa 's h ead.
Funerary stelae decorated w ith Medusa on the ped

iment o ccur fre-
quently in Nor
icum a t Virunum a nd Laur
iacum a nd in Pannon ia at Aquin-
cum, Carnuntum a nd Savaria. 1
91 They are a
lso encountered i n German ia 1
92
and especia
lly in northern Ita
ly a t Ravenna and Bologna. 193
Protomes o f w inds take t he shape o f ahead of a n adolescent in profi

le
w
ith c urly hair a nd, o n
ly e xcept ional
ly, t he image o f an old man w ith a
b
eard. The b reath o f wind i s suggested by a k ind of cornet w idening
i
n the upper p art a nd held b etween t he l
ips. They o ccur in the angles
b
etween t he lower p art of the attic and the edge of as tela, as on as tela
a
t Micia (S178, P l. X IV), o utside the sides of ap ediment e nclosed on a
s
tela at Poro
lissum a nd below t he acroteria which flank the p ediment of
afragmentary s tela in the Deva Museum ( S52).
Analog ies w ith the protomes o

f winds i
n Dacia o
ccur in Dalmatia, a
t
S
alona 194 a nd i n Pannonia at Carnuntum, Aquincum, Intercisa a
nd
S
carab a nt
ia .196
The existence of this symbo l on t

he funerary monuments i s due to
the s
ignif
icance o f t
he s ymbolism (they are factors wh
ich influence destiny)
but i
t i
s more likely that it was adopted as as ymbol
ic element from the
i
conography o f the mithraic cult. 1
90
Ascia, whose signif

icance is s
til
l under d
iscussion, o
ccur f
requently
o
n prov incia
l monuments 1 97 but e
xceptiona
lly i
n Dacia, o
n astela a
t
A
lburnus Ma ior (
S1 39, Pl. XII) and two monuments at Tib
iscum ( A 8
,
S
217).
As regards the images o f sea c reatures ( Meerwesen) f i

rst ly we mention
dolphins. They a re often shown o n f unerary s telae, above t he central
d
ecorat ive motif, on either side, o r o n the sides of the enclosed p ediment,
externally; t hey are also depicted o n the lateral sides of altar-copings
i
n t he shape of at runcated pyram id w ith a rched edges, p edesta ls worked
i
ndependent ly and belong ing to f unerary a ltars. S ometimes t he dolphins
a
re o n ac aduceus. They a re p re-eminent ly a marine s ymbo l which re-
p
resents t he way t owards t he after l i
fe 198 and this signif
icance e xpla
ins
4
2
t
heir f
requent o ccurrence o n f
unerary monuments. Ana logies wi
th the
monuments with d o
lph ins in Dacia exis
t i
njannon ia a
t Carnuntum, Aqu in-
c
um a nd Scarabantia , Dalmatia at S
alona l" and northern Italy a
t Ravenna.
A
ccord ing t
o the o pinion of G. A. Mansuell
i, the dolphins became a f
un-
e
rary s ymbol i
n the 2 nd-3rd c entur
ies and replaced the protomes o
f li
ons
o
n funerary monuments. 2 00
Tritons with a human bust a nd t he lower p art o f the body in t he s hape

o
f af ish ta
il occur o n the frieze o
f af unerary c onstruction at Apu lum
(
F3, P l. XLII), the p edestals of f
unerary a ltars a nd o n the exterior o f
t
he sides of p ediments e nclosed on f unerary s telae. U sually
, t hey h old
a
n oar i n the hand; as tela at Ulpia Traiana ( S91) d epicts tr
itons b lowing
atrumpet. Accord ing to H . Gabelmann, 2 01 they- were introduced i nto
f
unerary s ymbolism ow ing to the w orkshops a t Aqu i
leia where t he t ritons
o
ccur o n an altar dated t o the end of the i st century B .C.
A pedesta
l from Ulp
ia Traiana shows t r
itons accompanied by nereids
who wave a drapery over t
heir heads. S kylla, a
s afemale t
riton i
s en-
c
ountered o n cop
ings and pedestals of a
ltars. A r oof o
f an a
edicula at
M
icia (AE13, Pl. XXXIV) shows S cyl
la with a bundant ha
ir waving li
ke f i
sh
t
ails o
ver the lower p
art o
f her body.
The shell-shape of the back of niches is a

lso the c
reation of the n
orth-
I
tal
ian workshops, n amely the centre at Alt
inum. 202 The m eda
llions on
t
he funerary s te
lae and t he medal
lions worked i ndependent ly i
n Dalmatia
have the back in the shape of as he
ll of the cardiu
rn type.
B
irds a nd a nima ls do n ot hold a n i mpor tant p osition i n the figured
r
epertory o f monuments i n Dacia, e xcept f or l ions. O f the birds, t he
e
ag le and t he p eacock a re d epicted. The e ag le, t he b ird o f apotheos is-
i
nfluence o f the i mper ia
l c u
lt —and t he s ymbo l o f Jup iter, c ould be i nter-
preted a s the b ird who c arries t he sou ls o f the d ead t o the s ky, but i t
o
ccurs a lso w i
thout .a s ymbo lic mean ing a nd r epresents t he sign o f l
eg i-
ons 2°3 beside t he b earers o f garlands o n t he a ttic o f as tela at Apu lum
(S64, Pl. V II). P eacocks w ith f an tails o ccur o n e i
ther s ide of a wreath
on the attic o f as tela at Napoca ( S71 , P l
. V III) a nd t he u pper p art o f the
s
tela o f Iul
ius C rescens a t Cgjei ( S101 , Pl. X ). Doves, o n either side o f
av ase w ith stalks, a re shown o n the f ron t o f ap ilaster-shaped a ltar
f
ound a t Ulp ia Tra iana ( A56, P l. XXIII). Two s trange l ong-legged wad ing
b
irds ( f
lam ingos) o ccur o n t he foot for fix ing o f the s tela of L. Cass ius
Marcio ( S33, P l. I).
L
ions play a n impor tant p art i
n ornamentat ion. W e do not refer h ere
t
o the i
solated f unerary l ions or the couchant lions, as the guard ians of
t
ombs, but t o the c opings a nd the pedestals worked independent ly, wh ich
c
onsist a
lways o f antithetic li
ons a nd the protomes of l
ions placed o n e
ither
s
ide of t
he e nc
losed p ed
iments, a s for examp le on astela at Apulum ( S53,
P
l. VI) or the stela o f Ulpius Chelido at Ulpia Traiana (S165, Pl. X III).
L
ions in Dacia a
re no
t placed as l
atera
l acroter
ia l
ike i
n Moes
ia I
nfer
ior
a
nd Dalmat
ia 2
04 a
nd even Dacia I
nfer
ior. 2
0 b
The li
on is one of t he most widespread f unerary s ymbol'
s a nd not o nly
i
n t he sepulchral plastic arts of Dacia. I t i
s difficult t
o state whether i t
was a dopted from t he iconography o f vot
ive r eliefs connected w ith t he
or
ienta l re
ligions or from t he mithraic cu
lt in wh ich i
t signified the p r
in-
c
iple o f t
he purifying f ire or i
f it o
ccurred s o f requently ow ing to its
apotropaic character. I t i
s certain that it l
ost t he orig
inal s ign
ificance
on the funerary monuments but i t maintained p ermanent ly the a potropa ic
f
eature 2 06
4
3
The d
iffusion of the funerary lions -cannot b e c
ons idered o nly as a
c
onsequence of t he a
dopt ion of the oriental cults i
n t he p rov inces and
a
ccordingly a motif t
ransm itted by the b earers of these c ults. The e xis-
t
ence of th
is motif i
n n orthern Italy 2
07 a
s w e
ll as in t he w estern p rovinces 20
8
e
nables us to assume t hat i
t cou
ld h ave p enetrated t hrough t he western
c
hanne l a
s wel
l.
Mos
t o f
ten the cop
ings, a nd the pedestals worked i
ndependently de-
p
ict the li
ons back to back, in profi
le, with widely o
pen mouth turned
t
o the viewer. They c ou
ld hold t
he h ead of akil
led an
imal (
ovine or
bov
ine) b eneath t
heir f
ore-paws. 2
09
The h orse occurs only on as ingle f

unerary monument, n amely a wa l
l
o
f an
.a edicu la a
t Gherla (AE 7 1) but it i
s encountered more of
ten a s a
s
ymbo l of the activ
ity of the d eceased, h e
ld by the r
eins by a cab o(S112,
P
l. XI; AE27 , Pl. XXXIX) a nd in t he s
cenes of Rhenish or
igin wh ich
d
epict the h orseman piercing t he e nemy at the f
eet o
f the horse, as on
a
n aedicu la at 5e
ica Mica ( AE74, P l. XXXVIII) and another at Criste t
i
(
AE64, P l. XXXVIII).
The vegetal p
atterns consist o
f r
osettes in t
he field o
f pediments or
o
n outside spaces, acanthus-leaves o
r palmettes e
ither in the f
ie
ld of the
p
ediments or on the la
teral acroter
ia and l
aurels arranged in aw reath on
t
he pediments of ste
lae or round the n
iches of medall
ions.
Garlands ,
210 d
epicted often o n me tropo litan funerary monumen ts,
are supported by E rotes or genii as o n t he a ttic of some f unerary stelae,
l
ike that of Ulpia Maximala at Apu lur
n ( S64 , P l. VII). Only two monu-
ments, a wall of an aedicu
la a t Po
taissa ( AE76) a nd t he stela at C 4ei
(S101, Pl. X) s how the garland assoc iated w ith the bu l
ls' h eads, perpetua-
t
ion of aw ell-known d ecorative motif f rom t he Hellenist
ic p eriod.
Rosettes are usua
lly placed on the exter
ior of the sides o
f the ped i-
ment or on ei
ther side of the a
rch of niches; they c over the whole fi
eld
o
f the pediment o n astela at U
lpia Traiana (S39
, Pl. I I). The r osettes
o
f quasi-round f orm are much styl
ized a nd geometr
ic ized. This o rnamental
mot
if is spread over the whole empire.
The decora t
ion o f friezes w ith p a
lmettes was w idespread in Roman
a
rch i
tecture i n t he time o f Trajan, f rom whence i t was adopted by
f
unerary r eliefs. As r egards Dacia, t he pa
lmette fi
lls the p
ediment of
s
telae and d ecorated e specially a croteria. The p a
lmettes as wel
l as the
r
osettes are u sua l
ly stylized in t he shape of aletter S, as i
s shown o n
astela at Ulpia Tra iana ( S39).
I
t should be n
oted that the vegeta
l patterns a
re s
omet
imes s
o s
tyl
ized
i
n Dacia that t
he actua
l plant cannot be i
dentif
ied.
Among t he vegeta
l patterns, t he v
ine a
nd t he grape predominate i
n
t
he decoration of the supporting elements. The o rnamental pa
ttern pene-
t
rated ear
ly i nto f
unerary a rt owing to t
he fus
ion of this w
ith vot
ive art.
Mythological f
igures a nd scenes. There i s n ot much v ariety i n mytho-
l
ogical f
igures a nd scenes i n Dacia. F or instance, o f the D ionysiac scenes
which are very f requent in the neighbour ing p rovinces, o nly a derivative
motif was perpetua ted in Dac ia n amely the s easona l
ly g en ies a s bearers
o
f a g arland placed .i
n t he upper p art of stelae a nd e nclosed i n a n attic
or separated f rom the centra l re
lief by a mou lding , as i s s hown by t he
s
tela of Mattavia L aeda at M icia (S77, Pl. V III). The b earers o f garlands
are naked c h
ildren h old
ing a g rape, a f ruit o f ap oppy o r even a p ine-
c
one i n one h and. The p oppy i s pre-eminen tly t he s ymbo l of s
leep. 211
4
4
The i conograph ic . r
epertory o f c
lassical mytho logy i n Dacia i ncludes
t
he labours o f H ercu les, t he fight with the Nemean l ion on an altar a t
Germisara ( A32) a nd t he k il
ling o f t
he hydra o n a wall o
f an aed icula
d
ivided i n registers a t M icia ( AE83). The f igure o f Hercules i s of ten
shown o n t he f unerary monumen ts, e specially after t he developmen t of
h
is c u
lt i n the p eriod o f t he Anton ines a nd s ymbolizes the a potheos is
and hero izing.2 12 Marsyas w ith h ands tied a bove t he head is d ep icted
on two c opings i n the s hape o f at runca ted pyram id f ound at Apu lum
and Aiud r espect ively ( CP6 ; 1
9, Pl. XXIX). Both mytho logica l figures
were e ar
ly i ntroduced i n f unerary s ymbo l
ism a nd t hey symbo lized s alva-
t
ion after a who le range o f labours was f ulf
illed. 2
13
A f
ragment o f funerary monument found at Mic
ia p reserves a unique
o
ccurrence i n the o
rnamental repertory of mytho
logical inspirat
ion: t he
s
cene of the rape of Europa, enclosed i
n a medal
lion surrounded by a
wrea
th ( F14, Pl. XLII) wi
th analogies a
t Rome, in the tomb of the Nasonii
on the via Flaminia
.2 14
A wal
l o f a
n aedicula a
t G i
rbgu ( AE19, Pl. XXXV) a nd an altar i
n the
s
hape of p
ilaster at M
icia (A55, Pl. XXIII) depict a f
unerary Eros: t he
h
ead i
s incl
ined; h e l
eans o n ad own-turned torch and holds the wreath
o
f i
mmortality in h
is hand. A c oping in t
he shape of atruncated pyram id
w
ith a
rched e dges shows E ros fly
ing a nd ho
lding a pedum in his hand
(
CP14) as o n arel
ief at V
indobona. 215
Both the bearers of ad rapery o n af ragmentary s te

la in the History
Museum C luj and the s
tela at C 4ei ( S101, Pl. X) and the figures of
women w i
th long and unp la
ited h air a nd the head s
lightly incl
ined o n one
s
ide, t he "mourners"? o n the wal l of an aedicula at Criste ti (AE65-66)
and a stela at Apu lum (S64, Pl. V II) are hard t o explain.
The oriental dei

ties occur more f requently than the Graeco-Roman
deit
ies in t he decoration of t
he f unerary monuments. A ttis occurs on the
l
ateral walls of aediculae, the different types of a
ltars and the copings
i
n t he shape o f atruncated pyram id with arched edges. I t i
s noticeable
that the presence o f Attis i
n the d ecorat
ion of th
is type of coping seems
t
o b e typical of Dacia.
A
ttis i s invariably d epicted a s a n adolescent w ith l eft hand o n his
f
orehead a nd t he e
lbow r esting o n h is right fist; o ne l eg i
s stretched a nd
c
rossed by t he other i n ap osition t ypical of Cautes a nd Cautopa tes ( AE75 ,
P
l. XXXVIII). S ometimes h e holds a s hepherd 's crook—pedum i n h is
r
ight hand. H e wears a lways t he Phryg ian cap, t un ic a nd mantle, s ome-
t
imes with a h ood. S ometimes h e w ears a d oub le tun ic a nd l
ong a nd t ight
t
rousers ( bracae). The f igure o f A ttis o n acoping i n t he shape of a
t
runcated pyram id in the Deva Museum ( CP16) i s remarkab le for the d etai
ls
o
f his garment a nd t he head o f ad ei ty flanked by a d olphin a nd a P anpipe'
on a wa
ll o f an aedicu la from P otaissa ( AE76) i s signif icant for i
ts s ym-
bo
lism. 216
Ana logies with the funerary A ttis e xist i n Moes ia S uperior,217 P

an-
n
onia and Nor icum 218 and n orthern I taly •219 He is associated with the
g
ate of hell on astela f
ound i n Dalma tia, a t S a
lona.220 Tak ing into account
t
he fact that Att
is s ymbolized the i dea of h eaven, but a ctually sadness
and depress ion at the same t ime ,
221 i
t is n a
tura l t hat h e is p
resent
a
mong t he ornamenta l patterns o n the f unerary r e
liefs.
L
. Zotovic 2
22 n
otices that the monuments w i
th Attis a
nd those wi
th
w
inged g en
ii spread p aral
lel and simultaneous
ly o n t
he present-day ter-
r
itory o
f Yugos lavia; h e considers that t
he fo
llowers of M
ithras used
4
5
the i
mages o
f t
he winged geni
i a
s funerary s
ymbo ls a
nd a
ccord
ing
ly t
he
monuments a
re connected w
ith t
he Mi
thraic r
elig
ion.
As regards Dacia, it i
s not p ossible to e stabl
ish a c onnect
ion b etween
t
he funerary monuments w ith A ttis, found i n large numbers a nd those
w
ith the winged g eni
i, s poradically found, l ike the wa
ll of an aedicula a
t
erbgu ( AE18) wi
th a na
logies at I ntercisa 2
23 a
nd t wo copings at Deva and
M
icia (C3; C22, P l. XVII).
There is no d oubt that the decorative repertory o f the f unerary mon-

uments was influenced by t he i
conography o f t
he v ot
ive monuments a nd
t
hat the ar
t o f v otive feature merged w ith that of funerary c haracter a s
i
s e
loquently a ttested by t he re
liefs with the Thracian h orseman. But,
a
lthough it seems c redible that the fo
llowers of ac erta in rel
ig ion prefer-
r
ed a certain f unerary s ymbol, as regards works o f a rt in the provinces
where the symbo ls h ave u sually l
ost their or
iginal significance, t his fact
i
s hardly demonstrable.
Fol
low ing the same idea and at t he same time dealing again w i
th t he
dei
ties represented o n t
he f unerary monuments we n otice that several
pedestals (P24, Pl
. XXV, 3 0, Pl
. XXVI) a nd c op
ings o f s
telae ( C21, Pl
.
XVII; C23, P l. XVIII) found a t Mic
ia d epict the head o f Ammon w ith the
horns of ar am on his t
emp le, abundant h air and sometimes w ith a pine-
c
one o n the crown.
I
n the absence o f a ny inscription which ment ions t he n ame o f the d ei
ty,
we wonder i f these monuments a ctual
ly attes t the e xistence o f t
he c ult of
Ammon i n Dacia as has b een s uggested. 224 The p ossibili
ty i s not e xcluded
t
hat t he image o f t
he d eity became a d ecorat ive element t o some e xtent,
especial
ly o n the pedesta ls mentioned a bove ( which w ere evidently mass-
produced) a nd was n ot always t he answer t o ad emand made by a f o
llower
o
f the c ult o
f t he Egyptian g od. A p edesta l from U lpia Tra iana ( P15 , Pl.
XXV) i s interesting f rom the p oint o f v
iew o f iconography : the bust
o
f Ammon i s r eplaced by a h ead o f a ram f lanked by l ions b ack t o back
on the ma in side.
A f
ew p edestals of altars and the f
ield of ap ediment b
elong ing to a
f
unerary c onstruction s how the bust of a male dei
ty with the a
spect o f
a
n old man w i
th rich h a
ir i n r
inglets over the forehead and a bushy b eard
;
S
. F err
i interpreted t his figure as being J upiter Danubianus 225 (F12,
P
l. XLII).
Geni
i cucul
lat
i, in profile a
nd h olding a d
agger i
n the hand a
ppearing
b
ehind t he c
ape are shown o n the wall o
f an a
edicu
la in t
he Clu
j Museum
(AE 2
4). There are paralle
ls in Gall
ia, Noricum, Pannonia a
nd Britann
ia. 2
26
Lupa c api
tolina, t he symbol of Rome, 227 occurs o n seven monuments
i
n Dacia Super ior; t he base of af unerary monument a t Aiud ( P21, Pl.
XXVI), t he wa ll o f an aedicula at Cr 4test
i a nd f ive fragmentary monu-
ments, p robably s telae, found at Apu lum, Cr4testi , Gher la, Il4ua a nd
Brincovene ti.z 2 8 Six of the monuments ment ioned a bove r epresent t he
suckling t wins ( Romu lus and Remus) a nd t he wa ll o
f a n aedicula a t
Criste ti (AE64, P l. XXXVIII) d epicts the t w
ins metamörphosed i nto the
cubs o f t
he wo lf. According t o C. P op, the g arland wh ich comp letes the
s
cene o n the same monument, r emembers t he fi cus Rumina lis. 2
29
The decorative motif —the she-wo lf a

nd the twins —wh ich was a n i
cono-
graphic expression of the p o
licy carried out by Augustus t o d emonstrate
the descent of the g
ens I ul
ia from t he f
ounders of Rome, b ecame the
emblem of the Eternal City o n t
he works both of major and m inor art 2 30
The motif appears on the f unerary monuments i n the metropo l
is and
4
6
provinces i
n the Imperial period; t he monuments d ated f rom the ist cen-
tury to t
he middle o
f the 2 nd century were found in Ga llia, Britannia,
Noricum, Pannonia etc. 2
31 Analys
is of the i
nscript
ions o n tombstones
shows that t
he image of t he she-wolf i
s represented on monuments o f
Roman cit
izens a nd f
or t hem this symbol emphasized t heir socia
l cond it
ion. 2
32
The funera
l banquet, whose s
ign
ificance h
as been given d ifferent i
n-
t
erpretat
ions, 2
33 is t
he ob
ject of as
tudy by Luca Bianchi. 2
34 A
ccording
t
o h er, the motif was b rought t o Dacia by troops from t he Rh ine, h as
s
evera l variants (man o n ak lide, w oman and slave; b anquet w ith severa l
persons; b anquet w ith a s ingle person and the simpl if
ied b anquet o f the
Noric-Pannon ian type) a nd t he f
ol
low ing characteristic t rai
ts a re d
ist in-
guished: a t endency t o c onvey por trai
ts and details of g arment, i ncrease
i
n t he number o f the part icipants in the banquet to r epresent t he rel
ief ;
t
he c ompress ion of figures a ccording t o t
he size of the n iche a nd the d is-
i
ntegration o f the scene ow ing to the sl
ight representat ion o f the figures.
The s
cene of t he funeral banquet decorates 22 monuments f ound i
n
Dac
ia Superior: s telae with two and three registers, the l
atera
ls and
h
ind walls o
f aedicu lae and once on the f
ront of a n a
ltar i
n the shape o
f
apseudo-aedicula f ound at I
li2ua (A44, Pl. XXI).
Since t he number o f "principa l persons" i s characteristic o
f the man-
n
er i n wh ich t he s cene was c once ived, i n my o pinion the fo
llowing variants
o
f the f unera l b anquet c an b e distinguished i n Dacia : b anquet w i
th a
s
ingle p erson ( the d eceased l ean ing o n ak l
id e), b anquet w ith two p
ersons
(deceased l eaning o n ak lir
fb ,a nd woman s itt
ing o n acathedra); b anquet
w
i th severa l p articipants a nd the " simplified" banquet o f the Pannonian
t
ype ( mensa t r
ipes f lanked by c amillus a nd c ami
lla). As in Gall
ia of the
2
nd-3rd c entur ies, t he b anquet r epresent ing t he h ero
ized d ead changed
i
nto a " fam i
lial feas t" 2
35 i
n Dacia a s wel
l.
The b anquet w ith a single p erson i s scarce i n Dacia a nd i s encountered

on t
he i nside f ace of a wall of a n a edicu la a t Apu lum ( AE15 , P l. XXXV)
and two a nalogous s telae at Gher la ( S61 , P l. V ) a nd P ota issa ( S114). But
t
he three monuments d o not const itute a h omogeneous s eries. The s cene
on t
he a ed icula from Apu lum s eems r eally t o be " compressed" i nto a con-
f
ined s pace wh ich compe l
led t he s culptor t o disp lay it v ertica lly as if h
e
i
gnored t he laws o f perspect ive. A k l
ine' w ith t he bust o f t he deceased
o
ccup ies t he who le area a nd the t able h eaped w i
th f ood i s p laced b etween
i
ts l
ong a nd b eautifully carved l egs. A ma le s lave a nd a f ema le s
lave
who wai t at table appear o n the s telae a t Gher la a nd P otaissa r espectively.
They a re o f much s maller size a nd a re p laced i n t he lower p art to the r
ight
o
f the s cene. The f act should a lso b e m ent ioned t hat t h
is i s au nique
monument a t Gher la o n which t he b anquet i s e nclosed by a n a rchitectural
f
rame, b eneath a n arch with c olumns f luted i n s piral a nd Cor inthian
c
apitals.
The b anquet w ith the d eceased r ecl

in ing o n ak l
inb a nd an attendant
s
lave i n f
ront of it is a
ttested i n G ermany a round A .D. 7 0; the e ar
liest
s
tela is that o
f Iulius Ingen ius a t Mainz. Af terwards, t he b anquet s pread
on al arge sca
le in G ermany I nferior at Kö ln, Bonn, Xanten. The s eated
woman a ppears b eside the lean ing man i n t he Flavian period but t he ini-
t
ial motif cons
isting o f as ingle p erson a nd h is a
ttendant s lave l
asts unt il
t
he p eriod of Hadrian. 236
W
e t hink that the banquet with a single p
rincipal person penetrated
f
rom G ermany t o Dacia; t he s
tela at Gherla a
nd t he ste
lae at Mainz are
a
nalogous t o t
he arched n iche and the columns fluted in sp
iral which
c
onsti
tute t he architectural f
rames although the s hel
l-shaped b a
ldachin
o
n the u pper part of the niche in Germany is not encountered in Dacia. 2
37
4
7
But we d o not a
ss ign t he s ame origin to the banquet w ith two principa
l
p
ersons. The c losest a na logies with this variant of the funeral banquet
e
xist in Moesia Inferior 238 and in the cemetery at Byzant ium. 239 A de-
v
elopment o f the funera l b anquet f rom the stela of Antigona and Au losanus,
s
til
l attached to the Greek p rototype, a nd ending w i
th t he Roman stelae
o
n wh ich the funeral b anquet w ith several partic
ipants i s sometimes as-
s
ociated with the Thrac ian h orseman, is n ot
iceable in Moes ia I
nferior
during the f
irst four c entur ies A .D.
The ste
la a t Cäpe
i ( S101, Pl
. X ), which i
s a n obvious example of
p
rov
incia
l e clect
icism, belongs to the "c
lassica
l mode l" of t
he funeral
b
anquet which was s pread f rom the North of the B
lack S ea to t
he Nor th
o
f t
he Sea of V l
armara.240
The s cene o f ab anquet w ith s evera l p ar ticipants i s t yp ical o f Dacia .

An i ntermed iate s tage i n t he d eve lopment o f t his d ecora tive mot if i s r e-
presented by t he s cene o f ab anquet w ith t hree p ersons , i n wh ich e ither
a bust o f ac hi
ld ( as o n t he h ind wa l
l o f a ed icu la--AE92, P l. XL) o r t he
bus t o f a woman ( as o n t he s tela o f Va ler ia Du lae f (ilia) f ound a t P ota issa
—S125) i s i ncluded b es ides t he d eceased o n k line a nd t he w oman s eated
on ac athedra . I f the b anquet w ith t hree p ersons b elongs s ti
ll t ale qua le
t
o t he c anon o f Or ienta l-he llen istic a rt, t hat w i th four o r f ive p articipants
i
s p roper t o Dac ia. The l a tter d oes n ot r epresent a r ecurrence o f t he
scheme d iffused i nto Moes ia I nferior 2 41 but t he r emak ing o f ag iven
theme. I n c ontras t t o L . B ianch i
,2 42 who c ons iders t ha t t he i ncrease i n
the number o f figures was a n a rtis tic phenomenon wh ich was p roduced
s
imu ltaneous ly i n d ifferent p rov inces t o e stabl ish a c orre lat ion b etween
the n ames o f p ersons ment ioned i n t he i nscr ipt ion a nd t he f igured r e-
presenta tion, L . r
emogn ik, 2 4 3w hose o pinion s eems t o u s n earer t o t he
t
ruth, n o tices t hat t he s cene o f the b anquet c onta ins n ew a nd d ifferent
e
lements i n e ach p rov ince. The g roup o f t he f unerary monument w i
th
s
evera l p articipants i n t he b anquet i s c haracter ized by t he v ert ical em-
phas is a nd t he s ymmetr ical a rrangement o f t he p ersons; t he b od ies r e-
c
lin ing o n ak line a re n o more e longated a nd o n ly the bus ts j oined t o-
gether c an b e n oticed. The s ty l
ized t raits wh ich a re c ommon t o s evera l
monuments f ound a t P otaissa a l
low u s t o sta te f or certa in t hat a l ocal
workshop was a ctive a t t he e nd o f t he 2 nd c entury a nd t he b eg inn ing o f
t
he 3 rd c entury, c erta inly a fter 1 68 when P otaissa e xerted a c erta in i n-
f
luence a lso o n t he s tone-cutters who worked c lose by a t t he c amp o f ala
S
iliana a t G ilXu. I n c onsequence, w e p resume t hat t he d iffus ion o f t he
s
cene w ith t he f unera l b anquet i n Dac ia was d ue t o t he s tation ing o f t he
l
eg ion f rom T roesmis h ere; t he f act t hat 1 0 o ut o f at ota l o f 22 monuments
with t he s cene o f ab anquet c ome f rom P otaissa s eems t o u s t o b e ad etail
which c annot b e i gnored.
The care t aken i n the detailed r epresentat ion o f the f urn iture i s an-
o
ther c haracterist ic trait of the scenes o f the banquet; a wa ll o f an
a
edicula in the wa l l of the mans ion a t L uncani, Cluj c ounty 2 44 deserves
par
ticular attention. W e r
efer t o the h ind wa l
l o f an aed icula ( AE62 , Pl.
XXXVII) wh ich s hows a man a nd t wo women o n ak line w ith t he l egs
b
eautifully carved a nd a n arched b ack, a nd a w oman s itting o n ac athedra
w
ith a high b ack. There i s am ensa t r
ipes h eaped w i
th f ood i n f ront of
t
he klinb. The man h as a broad f ace w ith a b rutal express ion; t he beard
a
nd the moustache a s w e
ll as the h air a re wavy. He w ears a t un ic cut
s
traight at the n eck a nd over i t a mant le with the left s ide o f the h em
t
urned up. H e h olds a t runcated c one s haped b ow l i
n h is r ight h and.
A
ll women, b o
th o n c athedra a nd k line a re represented i n t he s ame man-
n
er and h ave a f airly i nexpress ive f ace. They h ave t he h air p arted a nd
4
8
two large waves o n the f orehead l eave t he ears uncovered. The h igh
coiffure is covered by a bonnet made o f at h
in mater ial which l e
ts t he
shape o f the coiffure b e s een. They wear g lobu lar e arrings, p endant
i
n t heir ears. They a re d ressed i n long tunics w ith mante ls over. The
l
ef t hand is covered by t he f o
lds o f d rapery a nd e ach h o
lds a s ymbo l
ic
object in the right h and. I t shou ld b e remarked t hat t he armcha ir with
ah igh back wh ich imitated a c ha ir made o f knitted o sier i s s
imilar
t
o t he chair of stone ( which i mitates a lso a chair of o sier) found i n the
mortuary r oom at Köln -Weiden 2 45 This piece o f furn iture of Etruscan
o
r igin was a dopted by t he Romans a nd a ppeared i n t he f unerary r ooms
and s ome s cenes o n the f unerary monuments i n t he w estern p rov inces. 2
46
And s o at heme o f south-eastern o rigin was e nriched w ith elements

coming f rom a n oppos ite d irection.
F
inally, a l ast v ariant o
f t he banquet i s the " simplif
ied" o ne of Pan-
nonian t ype; c amillus a nd camilla f
lank mensa t r
ipes i n the lower register
o
f t he wall of the a ed icula a
t 5 eica M
ica ( AE74 , P l. XXXVIII) a nd the
middle reg ister o f the wa l
l of the aedicula at Cr iste ti (AE66). I t i
s in-
t
eresting t o note that t his s
cene i s associated w ith t hat of t
he h orseman
spearing a n enemy who h as fa
llen by t he h orse's legs a nd which i s a
motif inspired c ertain ly from the Rhen ish s telae 2 4'
The simp l
ified b anquet o r the scene w ith o
fferings occurred in Pan-
nonia i
n t he l
ast t wo d ecades o f the ist century A. D. and continued to
appear in the d ecoration o f the intermed iate c
ordon b etween the centra
l
r
elief and the field of t he inscription until the middle of t
he 3rd century.
The workshop a t Aqu incum p la vd a n important role in t
he elaborat
ion
and the diffusion o f the scene.' "
The offering-scene of Pannonian type d oes n ot o

ccur o n the s telae in
Dacia, but a s Is howed before, on two wa
lls o f aediculae to wh ich a nother
f
ound a t Criste5ti (AE26) a nd r
epresenting t he p air of s
ervants w ithout
mensa tripes must b e added. We b e
lieve that t he presence o f this scene
i
s due t o colonists c
oming from P annonia and s ettled at Criste5ti.
The funera l banquet i n Dacia is not associated with the Thracian horse-
man as it is in Nloesia I nferior or with c a
b oa s in German ia.249 On ly a
s
ingle stela at Gilau w ith t hree registers s hows a h orseman wa lking and
as qu
ire h olding a t orch i n one h and a nd a long s pear in the other hand
i
n front o f h
im i n t he l ower r eg
ister ( S109, P l. X). P
ossibly the scene
r
epresents t he h ero ized d eceased i n the i mage of a Thrac ian horseman
and his acolyte. 250 _
Other representations, isolated and p arted from c

ontext, are also
c
onnected w ith the scene of the funera l banquet. We r efer t
o vases,
c
ult-objects, food, which ei
ther c omplete the scene, a
s o n t
he wall of a
n
a
edicula at Potaissa (AE91) or simp ly replace i
t as on an aed
icula with
t
he figure of ac ab oa
t Gherla ( AE27 , Pl. XXXIX).
I
n process o
f time, the representation of those who s erve at the
banquet became more frequent than the b anquet itse
lf a nd the f
igures
o
f the deceased c
ould b e confused with those of camillus and cami
lla on
many monuments, a s f
or instance the wall o
f the aedicu la a
t Napoca ( AE
31, P
l. XXXVII).
Summarizing our views on t he f

uneral banquet, w e consider t
hat none
o
f the decorative p
atterns reflect so c
learly as the s
cene with which we
d
ealt previously, t
he p os
ition of Dacia a
s the p o
int of f
usion of t
he art
is-
t
ic currents coming f
rom t he east, t
he south a nd the west.
4
9
We r efer t o t he re
lief o f a " co iffeuse" at R ed iu, Clu j county ( AE40, P l.
XXXIX) wh ich was made p robably a t Potaissa a nd d epicts a woman w ith
r
ich h air f alling over h er s hou lder a nd h old ing a b ox w ith p omade i n her
hands, i n t he process o f be ing c ombed by a nother woman b ehind h er.
A c omb i s r epresented i n t he f ield of relief. A wa ll of a n aedicula at
e
icg M ica ( AE74, P l. XXXVIII) wh ich is d ecorated w ith s ymbol ic scenes
i
n t hree r eg isters, d ep icts a p easant p lough ing a nd a c h
ild d r
iv ing t he
horses o n the m idd le r egister. The s cene c ould b e c ons idered e ither
a
s a n allus ion t o the a ctivity o f the deceased o r as ymbo lic scene, if w e
a
ccept t he p oint of view o f F r. Cumont who b elieves t hat t his scene,
which i s f requent ly e ncountered o n the monuments i n As ia M inor, alludes
t
o t he h ard l abour wh ich must r eceive recompense i n the l i
fe after death 251
A wa ll of a n a ed
icu la at P ota issa ( AE22, P l. XXXV) s hows a woman s pin-
n
ing b es ide a n aked c hild. The s cene c ou ld r epresent e ither t he mother
w
ith h er c hild o r a moira s pinn ing t he thread o f fate •
252
P
ossibly t
he scene on a wa
ll of an aedicu
la in t
he Brukenthal Museum
(
AE28, Pl. XXXVI) s hould a
lso be connected wi
th e very d
ay li
fe: it
d
epicts two g
ladiators, shou
lder to shoulder, o
ne of them ho
lding a curved
s
word which is s
imilar t
o the Dac
ian s icca.
The s cenes w ith a c a

b of lanked by t wo h orses a nd h olding t heir reins
wh ich d ecorate t he wa l
ls o f a n aed icula a t Gher la where a la I P annon iorum
was i nstalled a re also c onnected w ith the a ctivity of the d eceased. C er-
t
a inly, t his motif a s well as t hat o f the d eceased i n a waggon pu lled by
horses 253 a s is s hown o n a wa l
l o f an a ed icu la at Gherla ( AE67 , P l. XXXIX)
and a nother o f unknown p rovenance i n t he Brukentha l Museum ( AE28,
P
l. XXXVI) were a dopted f rom t he d ecorative r epertory o f the monuments
i
n P annon ia. 254 S
ince t here a re n o monuments w ith m i
litary meda ls or
badges i n Dacia, t hose d epicting a h orseman w ith a s pear i n his h and
and i n p rocess o f spear ing t he e nemy 2 55 (AE74, Pl. XXXVIII) o r wa lking
c
an a lso b e cons idered a s a n allusion t o t he career o f the d eceased a nd
not n ecessar ily t o t he deceased h eroized i n the image o f the Thracian
horseman.
The s
cene of hunt
ing o
ccurs only o
nce in Däcia,on a f
ragmentary
monument found a
t Napoca and wh
ich depicts a h
are attacked by t
wo dogs.
Figures of the d eceased. The i mage of t he deceased dominates the

decorat
ion o f t
he f unerary monuments i n Dacia Superior. These a re
shown e ither a
t f ull length on aediculae and a l
tars o r c
opings in the
shape of at runca ted pyram id or o n pedestals worked i ndependently.
The half-length f igure of the deceased is e ncountered o nly i
n a single
c
ase, o n a meda l
lion f rom Mihai Viteazul, Clu j county (M22, Pl. XXXIII).
Usua lly, the f igures a re e nclosed by a n iche which c an b e rectangu lar
(
for e xamp le S 120, P l. IX), a rched ( S139, P l. X II), s he
ll-shaped ( for
examp le M25, P l. XXXII) o r h orseshoe-shaped ( for examp le S 174, P l. XV).
The a rched n iches a nd those i n the shape o f as hell are placed i n the
space b etween t he c o
lumns wh ich border t he f i
eld o f i
nscr iption a nd s ome-
t
imes t heir upper p art j
oins t he base o f t
he e nclosed p ediment ( for e x-
ample S 52, Pl. V I). Rarely t he p ortra
its of t he d eceased a re not e nclosed
by n iches, but by e lements o f coping a s is attested o n o nly t wo monuments:
af ragmentary s tela o f marble w i
th t he bust o f t he deceased i n as hel
l-
shaped c lippeus o n the ped iment a t Ulpia Tra iana ( S166, P l. X III) a nd
the s tela o f Ulpius Vettius w ith a woman 's head e nclosed by a p ediment
a
t M ic ia ( S55, P l. V I).
5
0
The meda ll
ion, e ither shell-shaped o r flat, the horseshoe-shaped
meda l
lion a nd the r epresentation of the bust o f the deceased o ccurs more
f
requent ly in Dacia c ompared w ith the s ituation in t he n e
ighbour ing
provinces. The f act must b e pointed o ut that apart f rom t he s cenes with
the funera l banquet, t he male or female d eceased are n ever r epresented
i
n as itting position. Super imposed n iches, a s i
n n orthern I ta ly 2
56 d
o
not occur i n Dac ia and in contrast with Germany a nd Ga l
lia, 257 t he f
igure
of the d eceased i n fu
ll length o r h
alf full length is not e ncountered i n
Dacia.
The number o f busts varies f

rom 1 to 7a nd the representation o f 2
,
3or 4p ersons is more frequently encountered. I f more than t wo persons
a
re represented o n monuments, t hen the busts are arranged in t wo re-
g
isters: t he parents in the upper and larger register a
nd t he children
i
n the l
ower r egister. The woman w i
thout e xception i
s placed o n the
l
eft s
ide of the relief
.
A relation between t he iconograph ic r epresentat ion a nd the epitaph

c
an hard ly b e established, since t he number o f persons ment ioned i n
t
he i nscription d oes n ot a
lways c orrespond w ith t hat of the f
igures s hown
on the monument. F or examp le the s tela w ith t wo f emale busts in meda l-
l
ion a nd f ound a t Micia (S77, Pl. V III) was e rected by Lucius Mattav ius
Blastus t o his wife Mattav ia Laeda a nd h is d aughter B laste. The f act
t
hat t he p erson who r equested s uch p roducts c ou ld a
lso e xpress h is wish
s
eems t o b e a
ttes ted by a meda llion a t Apo ldul Mare, S ibiu county ( M10,
P
l. XXXI); t he meda llion represented i nitial
ly 5 p ersons ( the parents
above a nd t hree c hi
ldren b elow) t o which t he a rtisan added h astily t he
bust of ab aby b etween t he adults.
The p ortrait h ad no tradition i

n Dacia as w el
l as in other r egions o f
t
he emp ire, n orthern I ta
ly inclusively. We c ons ider that t he opinion of
G. A. Manuse lli who a ttributes the genesis of the portrait i n n
orthern
I
taly to the Roman ization of the nat
ive p opulation and m i
litary c olonizat
ion
wi
th bearers o f ac ultural patrimony wh ich was a cquired t hrough g enera-
t
ions, 2
58 i
s a pplicable mutatis mutand is to Dacia as well.
The funerary p ortra

its o n the monuments f ound i n the province to
t
he n orth o f the Danube a re not of i
ntrinsic a
rtistic value. As i n other
p
rov inces, 259 the funerary p ortrait i
n Dacia was i nf
luenced by t he c u
lt,
aul
ic p ortrait; p r
ivate iconography b ecame a replica of the imperia
l icono-
graphy. 260
Apart from a f ew p ossible e xcept ions , like a wa l

l o f an a edicula at
Napoca ( AE31, P l. XXXVII), a meda llion a t Apo ld ( M2, P l. XXXI) a nd a
f
ragmentary s tela a t Apu lum ( S50, P l. V ), t he p ortraits a re standard
products. I n g enera l, the f aces a re c haracterized by a s tereotyped g eo-
metry a nd bear t he marks o f t he workshop i n wh ich t hey w ere c arved
more e v
idently t han t hose r eflecting f idelity to the currents a nd tendencies
o
f a u
lic art. The f aces a re almost s quare a t Apu lum wh ile they a re tri-
angular at Ulpia Tra iana a t ac ertain p eriod. The i ris a nd t he pup il of
the eyes are rare ly marked a t Apu lum wh ile they a re p recise ly indicated
a
t Micia. The e ars a re elongated a nd j o
ined t o t he h ead a t Napoca ( AE31,
P
l. XXXVII) a nd d rooping a t A lburnus Ma jor ( S139, P l. X II). Both t he
men a nd the women h ave fleshy l ips a nd t he c orners o f t he mouth d roop.
The interpretat ion o f the f eatures s hows r ather t he ind ividua l
ity o f a
c
ertain workshop.
The d
iametr ical
ly o pposed t
endencies man
ifested in the funerary
p
ortrait o
f the i mperia
l period, t
he f
lattened form expressed linear
ly and
t
he "volumetriea" plastic f
orm expressed by the play o
f light and shadow
5
1
a
re a
lso p ercept ible in Dacia, a s on the s
tela at C 4ei (S101, Pl. X) or
o
n as tela at Apu lum ( S50, P l. V). These t endenc ies are general in
p
rovincial a rt and resu lt from t he preference for a technique which u ses
t
he dril
l to emphas ize v o
lume o r for the technique of narrowing t he sur-
f
aces by u sing more s uperf icial i
ncisions. It therefore results that the
p
ortraits in high r elief at Apu lum a nd in Dacia Inferior c
annot b e attr
ibu-
t
ed on s uch zirounds t o a rtisans coming f rom Noricum a s L. Bianchi
s
uggested. 2 1
31
The pathos which c

haracter izes t
he imper ial portrai
ts in the p
er iod
o
f t
he Antonines o r t
he n eo-real
ism wh ich is typical o
f t he m
iddle of the
3
rd century a re p
oorly reflected by t
he f unerary p ortraits i
n the prov ince
o
f Dacia.
Although t he c oiffures a re n ot ident ical and absolutely c ontemporary

w
ith t hose in the metropo lis, they a re often t he on
ly c ri
ter ion for d
ating
t
he monuments. The f emale coiffures a re more v aried in types. The
e
arl
iest a re similar t o the c o
iffure l aunched by P lotina a nd the women
b
elong ing to the i mper ial house o f Trajan. The h a
ir in p la
its a nd t
wisted
r
ound t he head into a n amp le a nd c ompact bun t akes t he s hape of akind
o
f diadem a bove t he f orehead. 2 62 Such c o
iffures a re worn by t he women
s
hown o n the meda ll
ions a t M icia, Apo ldu l Mare, Apu lum a nd the medallion
a
ssociated w ith lions a t Aiud ( M25 , P l. XXXII).
Even if t hese c oiffures approach that of Matidia or Plotina, they a re

not a homogeneous g roup and several variants are distingu ishable. S ome
o
f them h ark b ack to a n ear
lier period, the Flavian p er
iod —the c oiffure
l
aunched by J ulia, t he daughter of T
itus, on a meda ll
ion a t Apold ( M2,
P
l. XXXI) o r a re la
ter t han the period of Trajan a nd approach more t he
f
irst years o f the reign o f Hadrian, when h is wife Sabina c ontinued t o
wear the coiffure o f h er predecessor, as on am edall
ion i n the Deva Museum
(M23, Pl. XXXIII).
Another co
iffure which r eached t he prov inces i s that l
aunched by
Faustina, the wife of Antoninus P ius. 2 " Despi te t he fact that t his co
if-
fure derived from that of Plotina, it i
s less artific
ia l and more e legant;
the hair i
s free and not who lly weaved a nd twisted i n a bun o f b raids on
the top of t
he h ead. This c oiffure is represented o n a medall
ion a t
Apoldul Mare ( M10, Pl. XXXI) a nd a wa ll o
f a n a edicula at M icia ( AE56).
The plain co
iffure of Faustina Junior lasted much l onger; i t was
a
dopted no t on
ly by h er daughter Luci l
la a nd by h er daughter-in-law
Crispina, but by t he Syrian empresses f rom t he end of the 2nd century
a
nd t he b
eg inning of the 3rd century. The p arted ha
ir f e
ll on both sides,
over t he c heeks a nd c overed t he e ars. The s uccess ion o f waves wh ich
are separated e ach f rom t he other d etermined t he German s cho lars t o
use the t erm " Mellonenart ig" f or th is c o
iffure. The d ifference i n c oif-
fure b etween F aust ina a nd Ju l
ia Domna c an h ard ly b e d istingu ished o n
the prov inc ial monumen ts. I
t is n oticeable t hat t he more d ense a nd
curly l ocks o f h a
ir c over ing o nly t he u pper p art o f t he e ar are t ypical
of the 3 rd c entury. 2 64 I
n s pite of uncer tainty i n t his fi e
ld we b el
ieve
that the c oiffure o f F aust ina J unior c an b e r ecogn ized o n a meda l
lion
a
t M ic
ia ( M24, P l. XXXIII) a nd t hat o f Ju lia Domna c an b e ident ified
on a wa l
l o f a n a ed icula a t P otaissa ( AE105, P l. XLI). We mention t wo
more p art icu lar c oiffures a ttested a t P otaissa ( AE 2 1) where t he women
have t he ha ir h ang ing d own o ver t he s hou lders a nd a w ig worn a ccord-
i
ng t o t he f ash
ion o f t he 3 rd c entury, by Aure lia S ambu o n a ste la at
A
lburnus I V
Iaior ( S133, P l. X II).
5
2
The ha
irdressing of men i
s less varied. The b eard and the mous-
t
ache are genera
lly spread and are treated in the same manner a s the
ha
ir. F or example, t
hey are only marked o n the stela a
t C 4ei (S101,
P
l. X) and are abundant on the wal
l of the aedicula at Pota
issa (AE105.
P
l. XLI) and the medall
ion a
t Micia (M8, Pl. XXXII).
The h airdress ing i n distinct l ocks o ver t he forehead o r the short

hair r olled over t he f orehead ( M2, Pl. XXXI) b elong t o a n earl
ier tradi-
t
ion. The l oose h air or w ith c urls in t he s hape o f she lls on the aedicula
a
t M ic ia are r e
lated t o the Anton ini; a ccord ing t o 0. F loca a nd W. Wolsk i,
t
his c oiffure i s "typ ical
ly Or ienta l". S
tudy ing t he Ce lt
ic influences i n
Roman a rt, H . S choppa 2 65 insists j ust o n this " non-c lassical" type o f
coiffure wh ich o ccurs a lso i n Ga llia ( evidence f or the i nfluence exerted
by t he n ative Ce lts who c hange t he n a
tura l element i nto a n ornamental
one) a nd s pread o ver a n e xtreme ly large a rea from t he west t o Pa
lmyra .
The f act of the matter i s t hat t his kind o f coiffure is c onnected w ith the
representa tions o f Luc ius Verus. The d ense locks s tuck o n the head like
aw ig a re typical o f the 3 rd c entury a nd o ccur o n severa l monuments a t
Micia ( AE53, 8 1, 8 2). There i s af u
ll c oncordance b etween t he manner
of d ating t he h a
ir a nd the s horter a nd l ess a bundant b eard.
The c lothing a nd a ccessories 266 const itute a s ub

ject wh ich c an h ardly
be exhausted i n o nly a f ew pages; b efore mak ing a s uccinct a nalysis,
c
ertain f eatures must b e emphas ized i n a nticipation, e ven i f s
ome o f them
have a n axiomatic t ouch. We r efer t o t he f act that the cloth ing was much
l
ess v aried in antiqu ity t han i
n more modern t imes, t he n on-stereotype
was almost e xclusive ly due t o t
he manner o f arrangement o f drapery a nd
t
o the f act that the p re-Roman a rtic les o f cloth ing (sh irts, mante ls, trousers)
a
re e ncountered i n a n area exceed ing t hat i nhabited by t he Dacians a nd
a
re also c onsidered " native" in the r eg ions w i
th I l
lyrian a nd Ce lt
ic p op-
u
lations. 267
As regards ma le c lothes, t he tunic, t he mantle ( sagum o r paenu la)

and t he toga, v ery r arely, p redominate. T ight trousers ( bracae) a nd
woollen s ocks a re n oticed o n s ome f unerary monuments ( wal
ls of aed iculae).
The t unic is ag enera lized a rticle of clothing. I t c
orresponds t o the Greek
chi
ton a nd cons ists o f two r ectangu lar p ieces, s ewn a t t
he e dges a nd
open a t the head a nd s leeves. I n compar ison w ith the Greek c hiton, t he
Roman t unic is narrower a nd u sual
ly s leeved ( tunica man icata) ,as i s
a
ttested on t he wa l
ls o f aedicu lae. The t un ic of Dacia seems to b e made
o
f at hick cloth, r each ing t o t he knees, c ut round t he neck, long-s leeved
and g irdled b e
low t he wa ist.
The mantle c
overing the tun
ic is of t
wo types: s agum ( mili
tary coat)
and paenula (cape of t
hick fabr
ic, woven circularly a
t t he neck to f
it
round the neck; it c
overs the whole body, the arms inclusively) worn
by the c
ivil
ians but a
lso by the mi
litary i
n regions of co
ld weather. 268
Diverse manners o f wear ing the s agum a re attested by t he monuments

i
n Dacia. I t could h ave t he appearance o f ar ich d rapery wrapping up
t
he b ody w ith a n e dge h ang ing invariably o ver t he l eft s hou lder, a s is
s
hown o n a meda llion a t M icia (M15, Pl. XXX) f or e xamp le. I n this case,
i
t approximates t o t he s hape o f t
he pa ludamentum ( the mant le of t he high
r
ank ing officers a nd t he c ommanders o f a
rmies —imperatores). I t is pos-
s
ible that t he deceased r epresented w ith s uch a g arment wou ld h ave b een
o
fficers. Another t ype o f s agum approaches t o ac hlamys; i t is also made
o
f af ine and e lastic f abric which i s f
astened by a r ound f ibu la o ver the
r
ight s houlder a nd l eaves t he long s
leeve o f t
he t unic v isible; a t t he
n
eck, t here i s af old s imilar to ar ound c o
llar. F or i nstance, t he s tela at
5
3
Napoca (S158, P
l. XIII). A s imi
lar manner o
f wearing t
he mil
itary mantle
i
s shown by a medall
ion a t Ampelum (M16, P
l. XXXI): a n angular fo
ld
a
t the n
eck, s quare fibu
la fastening t
he mantle a
lso o
ver the right shou
lder.
The class ica l p aenu la is also attested i n Dacia; i t i

s i n the s hape o f
af unne l, w ith h oles f or h ead a nd s leeves, s ewn o n the f ront a nd w ith a
neck o pening i n t he s hape o f al etter V , as is noticed o n t he s telae a t
Micia ( S173, P l. X IV) f or instance. There a re also mant les o f t hick a nd
hard f abric wh ich c overs t he s houlders a nd leave t he t unic o r t he v est
v
is ible, a s for e xamp le o n a meda ll
ion a t Aiud ( M25, P l. XXXII); o ther
mant les h ave t he a spect o f s
tr ips of f ur or leather j o
in ing i n t he f ront
and hang ing d own i n two e nds a s f or instance o n as te la a t $e ica
S
ibiu c ounty ( S62, P l. I V) or cover o nly the b ack, a s o n t he wa ll o f a n
aedicu la at P ota issa ( AE48). The mant le cut at a n ang le a t the n eck a nd
f
astened i n t he f ront a s o n as tela a t Apu lum ( S63, P l. V II) i s more
f
requent ly e ncountered. Accord ing t o C. Da icoviciu i t i
s " pos itive ly a
c
iv i
l a nd l ocal g arment, Dacian o r p erhaps Nor ic". 269 But t he g arment
o
ccurs a lso i n Da lmatia. 27 ° The f act o f the matter i s that t his t ype o f
mant le as we ll a s t he v est worn over t he tunic are n on-Roman a nd l ocal
garments a dopted by t he v eterans s ettled here. Certa inly, t he v eteran
I
ulius Crescens r epresented o n the s tela atCgeei ( S101 , P l. X ) a dopted
here t he fleecy mant le o f l
ocal o r
ig in.
The lacerna is h
ard ly distingu
ishab le f
rom t he sag-um owing t o the
f
act tha
t it i
s fastened o n the shoulders by a fibula. D istinct
ive a nd
c
onclusive are the fo
lds a s can be dist
ingu ished o n t
he mant le of the
d
eceased s hown o n a medallion f
ound a t Y
l
iha i V
iteazul, C luj county ( M22,
P
l. XXXIII).
As regards the mantle, we consider t hat a g
arment c ut a
s 0. Floca
a
nd W. Wolski s
uggested i n referring to one of the wa
lls of t
he aed
icu la
f
ound at M
icia (AE56) is out of the question, s
ince the mantle wi
th t wo
e
nds hanging down i n the f
ront o r l
ike a sto
le was actual
ly a paenula
w
ith t
he edges rolled up. 2
71
Two narrow str

ips e nd
ing with a t
assel in front c
an be noticed on the
c
hest of men which occur on some wa
lls of aediculae a
s that f
rom P ota
issa
(AE49). We p resume that they r
epresent the ribbons of ahood.
On ly a s ing le f unerary r elief, f ragmentary a nd o f unknown p rovenance,

represents t he d eceased d ressed i n at oga ( AE96, P l. XL). The Roman
c
lass ica l g arment i s only o nce more e ncountered o n the h ead less s tatues
a
t U lpia Tra iana a nd Apu lum. The a bsence o f the t oga c ou ld lead t o t he
f
alse p resumption t hat Roman c itizens a re n ot s hown o n t he monuments i n
Dacia. On t he o ne h and t he f act t hat t he t oga was u sed o nly f or official
c
eremon ies i n t his p eriod a nd o n t he other h and, t he f act t hat t he monu-
ments w ere r aised by v eterans o r s oldiers o n active s erv ice, s hou ld e x-
p
lain t his. I n c ontrast w ith t he monuments i n German ia o r Br itann ia, t hose
i
n Dacia d o n ot d epict soldiers wear ing a rmour a nd c arry ing w eapons a nd
s
igna but o nly d ressed i n t unic a nd s agum. E . S ander, 272 i n as tudy o f
t
he c ostume worn by Roman s oldiers a nd b ased o n the a nalys is of t he
t
exts o f t he a ncient wr i
ters, r eaches t he c onclus ion t hat t he " off
icia l"
uniform a nd i t s a ccessor ies, c ons isting o f t unic, s agum, g ulum, g lad ius
and pug io a s we l
l a s the a rmour, were r arely worn by t he Roman s old iers
who u sed t hem o nly when t hey w ere s ent t o carry o ut o fficial m issions
(Soldat a ls Amtperson). Usua lly, t he soldiers wore work ing c lothes
(
tun ica a nd s agum) o r p aenu la in t he reg ions w ith c o
ld weather. Cor-
r
oborating t he s tatements o f E. S ander w ith t he e vidence r eflected by t he
s
epu lchra l stones i n Dacia, we r each a c onc lusion wh ich i s diametr ica l
ly
5
4
o
pposed t o that of Gr. Florescu who, a lthough not icing that the usual
garment consisted of tun ic and sagum, c oncluded t hat "as regards the
dress of t
he d eceased represented o n re
lief, it shou ld be noted that none
wears a mi
litary costume a nd no other indications wh ich c
ould d emonstrate
t
he mili
tary c haracteristics of t
hese p ersons e xist". 273
As i
s s hown o n the funerary monuments , the usua l f
ema le dress c on-
s
isted o f t wo g arments: t he long t unic r eaching to t he ground a nd
covered by a p al
la. The i ntermed iate g arment--sto la-
--is encountered o nly
s
carce ly. 0 . Floca a nd W. Wo lski274 noticed c orrectly that a mant le like
ac ape of t he t ype attested in Il
lyr icum, e astern Moes ia, Nor icum a nd
Pannon ia 2
75 i
s s hown o n a wall o
f a n a
ed icula at Potaissa ( AE62, P l.
XXXVII) a nd a d almatica can b e i
dent ified o n a wall of an aed icu
la a t
Rediu, C luj c ounty ( AE40, Pl. XXXIX).
A n
on-Roman mant le, unfastened i n t he front, with a piping o n the
edges and a c ol
lar w ith r ounded e nds and f astened n on-symmetrica lly is
worn by t he dead women o n a wa l
l of a n aedicu la (AE83) and a stela
(S173, Pl. XIV) f ound a t Micia. I n default o f ana
logies and o n the b asis
o
f b oth the epitaph ment ioning a f ami
ly o f Moors a nd the relief i
n wh ich
t
he women wear a s imilar co iffure I put f orward t he hypothes is that t he
garment c ou
ld h ave b een of A fr
ican o rigin. 276
A simi
lar mant le but without col
lar and which leaves the f
olds o
f the
t
unic visible, is worn by Medusa, s hown on the r
oof of an aedicu
la (AE2,
P
l. XXXIV) a nd the stela (S179, Pl. XV) found at Criste ti a
nd by the
d
eceased o n t
he stela at Cristeet
i (S59, Pl. V).
The mantle worn by Aure lia Sambu o n the ste

la at Alburnus Major
(S133, Pl. XII) is also of non-Roman o rigin; i t f
ully covers t
he breast
and h angs in diagona l f
olds. A lthough it is of aclassica
l type, t
he d ress
on a wall o
f a n aedicula at Napoca ( AE31, Pl. XXXVII) i s somehow un-
usual; t he dead woman wears a c olobium r eaching to the ground and a
mantle hanging d own from t he shoulders.
The Noric-Pannon ian t ypica l dress ( long tunic covered by a s horter

t
un ic fastened o n the shoulders by f ibulae, shirts with broad sleeves,
g
ird le fastened round t he wa ist) 277 occurs on t he s
cenes of offerings
which d epict t
he c amil
lus-cam i
lla p a ir correspond ing to t
he simp l
ified
banquet; t he scene is elaborated a ccording to ac ertain cannon a s is
shown n on-completely by t wo s telae a t Cgeei ( S101, Pl. X) and Cr iste ei
(AE64, P l. XXXVIII).
The women h ave t he h ead uncovered o r covered w ith a n e nd o f a

mant le, f or i nstance a s o n a l
l d raped s tatues a nd v ery r are ly w ith a t hin
veil. The b onnets a nd t he t urbans which a re t ypica l of the Nor ic-
Pannon ian g arment a re n ot i n u se. 2 78 I
t is true t ha t some wa lls o f
aed iculae f ound a t P o taissa ( AE62, P l. XXXVII) a nd Z am ( AE107) s how
women wear ing a b onnet o f at hin mater ial wh ich l eaves t he waves o f the
coiffure v isib le, but t his t ype o f b onnet d iffers f rom t hat in Nor icum
(Nor ische Haube); t he l atter has t hickened e dges a nd occurs a lways i n
assoc ia tion w ith s pec ific o rnamen ts. 2 79 There i s also n o quest ion o f a
s
imp lified f orm o f t he P annon ian b onnet, s ince t h
is c overed t he f orehead
as i s attested by t he f ema le p ortra its a t Aqu incum a nd Ma lomdü lö .2 80
The P annon ian t urban i s a lso n ot a ttested. The ha ir b raided a s i s s hown

by t he f ema le p ortra it i n t he Brukentha l Museum, 2 81 can b e e asily c on-
f
ounded w ith t he t urban o n t he p rov inc ial monuments wh ich p ay l ess
a
ttent ion t o t h
is d eta il, a s is a ttested by t he d ead woman o n as te la a t
Alburnus Ma jor ( S139, P l. X II) o r t he s tela at Micia ( S77, P l
. V III).
5
5
The j
ewellery are f
air
ly varied a
nd f ash
ionab
le; some of them are
c
ertain
ly inherited f
rom t he C
elt
ic patr
imony and used a
lso i
n p re-Roman
Dac
ia. 2
82
The ornaments u sed by men were l imited to t

he r ound fibula f or
f
astening the mantle on the shou lder, a nd a n o
rnamenta l chain as i s
s
hown o n the walls of a
n aedicula ( AE105 , Pl. XLI) in Dacia P orol
issen is:
a
nalogies with the l
atter ornaments d o not exist on the Roman monuments;
t
hey c ou
ld b e o
f native or
igin. 283 A r
ing w ith a gem is worn r ound t he
r
ing-finger of the l
eft hand of t he deceased o n a wal
l o f a
n a edicula at
Z
am, C luj c
ounty ( AE107, Pl. XLI).
Natura
lly, the f
emale ornaments are more d
iverse. E
arr
ings, f
ibu
lae
a
nd col
lars are f
requently encountered.
The earrings are almost a lways p endants a nd o

f p r
ismatic shape, as
i
s shown by a wa ll o
f a n aed icula a
t Napoca ( AE31, Pl. XXXVII), g lobular-
s
haped, a s on a medallion a t Alburnus Ma jor (M28, Pl. XXXIII), rounded
p
alette-ends as o n a medallion a t Apo
ldul Mare ( M2, Pl. XXXI), or in the
s
hape o f arosette, as o n the hind wa l
l of an aedicu
la at Potaissa (AE91).
F
ibulae a re in the shape of an anchor, a s on a wa
ll of an aedicula at
Apulum ( AE16), n odulated a s i
s that worn by U lpia Maximilla on the
s
tela d evoted to h er (S64, Pl. VII) or winged, a s i
s that worn by t he
deceased woman o n astela at Criste e
i ( 583, P
l. V). A meda ll
ion a t
Apoldu l Mare ( M2, Pl. XXXI) s hows t he deceased woman wear ing f ibu lae
i
n t he shape o f as poon; t hese ornaments a re i
nterpreted a s being o f
Dacian tradition. 2o4
The women wore b eads in the s hape of pear

ls r ound the n eck as i
s
shown by a wal
l o f a
n a edicula in the Turda Museum ( AE62, Pl. XXXVII)
o
r torques, as on the meda ll
ion a ssociated with li
ons at Aiud ( M25
, Pl.
XXXII). The c ol
lar w i
th p endants o f t
he Noric-Pannon ian type o ccurs
o
n a wall o
f an aedicula at Apu lum ( AE16); a torque w ith cord-shaped
p
endants is encountered o n a medallion found in t he s
ame locality (M36).
Bracelets are rarely encountered. The mother a

nd the d
aughter
wear a bracelet in the shape o
f as tyl
ized s
nake on t
he a
edicula p
reserved
i
ntact at Micia (AE1, Pl. XXXIV).
Attr
ibutes a
re l
i
ttle v
aried a
nd s
eem t
o b
e a
ccidenta
l a
ddi
tions, more
o
r l
ess. 2
85
a
) Ma
le a
ttr
ibutes
Vo
lumen, i s held i n the left hand by t he d eceased d epicted on the
walls of aediculae a t Zam, Gher la, P otaissa ( AE100, 1 05, 103, Pl. XLI) and
Micia (AE56). I t is difficult to state if it r
epresents t he Roman c i
tizensh ip,
a
s Hoffmann 286 b e
lieves, o r e
ither t he wedd ing a ct or an al
lusion to the
profession o f t
he d eceased. 287 Maybe o nly the v olumen h eld by the de-
c
eased w i
th a c alamar ia t heca at the g irdle could mean a n allus
ion to the
o
ccupat ion dur ing h is l
ife. I t is interesting t hat t he monuments f ound
i
n Dac ia never s how s evera l rol
ls o r capsa w ith v olumina but always a
s
ing le one.
The men h old a truncated c one b ow l i

n their hand in the s cenes o f t
he
f
uneral banquets, a s f
or instance o n t he wal
l of an aedicula ( AE62 , Pl.
XXXVII); t he stela a
t C.4ei shows I ulius Crescens h olding a wrea th in
h
is r
ight hand ( S101, Pl. X); t he wreath i s ap ermanent a ttribute of
t
he deceased reclining on ak l
ine o n the monuments c oming f rom the c eme-
t
ery at Byzantium. 28 Sometimes, a s o n the wal
l of an aedicu la at Napoca
t
he men are represented a s ac amillus who h o
lds the end o f an apkin
5
6
h
ang
ing d
own f
rom t
he s
hou
lder i
n h
is l
eft h
and a
nd t
he hand
le o
f a
p
itcher i
n h
is r
ight h
and.
In contrast w ith Gall
ia where t he attributes emphasize the a
ctivi
ty of
t
he d eceased dur ing his li
fe ,2
89 on
ly a s ingle s
tela i
n Dacia (at Pota
issa,
S134) represents t he deceased h o
ld ing t he hammer-pick u sed i
n his work
during his life-t
ime. A wa ll o
f an a edicula in t
he Blaj Museum s hows a
deceased w i
th a s trange attribute wh ich was interpreted as atimpanum. 290
The fema
le attributes c ons ist of fruits (apples o r grapes) as o n the
a
edicula at Zam (AE107, P l. XLI) a nd t he wall of an aedicula at Napoca
(AE32, Pl. XXXVII), a d ove, o n a wa l
l o f an a
ed icula a
t Luncan i (AE62,
P
l. XXXVII) o r fl
owers, a s o n the al
tar a t Ampe lum ( A47 , Pl. XXI) a nd
t
he wall of a
n aedicula at M icia ( AE54). The f ema le participants in the
banquet hold a bowl with p edesta l or ar ython in the hand a s i
s shown
by the wal
l of a
n a edicula ( AE62, P l. XXXVII).
Of the f
ema le typical a
ttributes, the fol
lowing must b e mentioned:
t
he m irror on the wall of a
n aed icu
la found a t Napoca (
AE31, Pl. XXXVII),
t
he receptacle f or pomade ( pyxis) and the c omb i
n the re
lief f
ield of the
c
oiffeuse at Red iu, Cluj d
istrict (AE 40, Pl. XXXIX) o r the f
an o n the
wal
l o f a
n aedicu la a
t Apulum ( AE15, P
l. XXXV).
The attributes o f children r epeat o ften t hose of women: f lowers,

f
ruits, b irds. We ment ion e specially the wr iting instruments ( sti
li and
c
rumena) o n the wa l
l of a n aedicula at Germisara ( AE90) a nd t
he meda ll
ion
a
t M icia (M14, Pl. XXX) which a ttest t he existence o f e
ducation i n Roman
Dacia. 2
91 The c astanets ( crotales) in t he h and of the li
ttle g
irl depicted
on the wa l
l o f t
he a edicula at P otaissa 292 (AE105 , Pl. XLI) must a lso be
mentioned.
As regards t he meaning of c ertain gestures, dextrarum iunctio i
s not
encountered on t he monuments i n Dacia. Usua lly, the men embrace the
shoulders of women w ith their right a rm and the women embrace t he shoul-
ders of t
heir husbands w ith t he left arm. A g esture out of t
he common i s
made by the d eceased depicted o n t he wal
l of an aed
icula at Napoca: h e
The figure o
f the mother w
ith the infant i
n her arms occurs o
nly o nce
i
n Dacia namely on the wal
l o
f an a
ed icu
la f ound a
t Ulpia Tra
iana ( AE43,
P
l. XXXVII).
Attempting t o draw conclusions from t he dress, the ornaments a nd the

a
ttributes, w e f
ind t ha
t the large major ity of t
hem a re of Roman feature.
This fact i
s surpr is
ing, for this s
trong ly Roman ized province, where
t
he g enti
licius Ulpius Ael
ius a nd even Aure l
ius borne by t he Roman c i
tizens
c
ou ld have easi
ly h idden the natives. 294
I
t s
eems to us that mili
tary d ress i
s predominant on t he monuments
but it d
oes not mean that a bsolutely al
l represented in this dress were
a
ctua l
ly so
ldiers. The f unerary monuments were s tandard monuments a nd
corresponded to the social condition and the taste o
f those who r equired
them but they were not their " photographs".
As regards t he decorative p atterns as a who le, the g eneral view p re-

sented above suggests t hat n one o f the patterns were t ypical o
f ac ertain
monument in Dac ia. The s ame ornamenta l elements are e ncountered o n
the s
telae as we
ll a s the a
ed iculae, t he a
ltars i n the shape of pilaster
and even on the c opings. A lso, i t i
s not p oss
ible to state that as was
h
appen ing i
n Gallia a
s regards t he scenes of dai
ly li
fe, f
or instance,
acerta
in decorative motif was p referred in Dacia. The portraya l of t
he
d
eceased is not t
ypical of Dacia, but is ac haracter
istic t
rai
t o f the whole
5
7
o
f Roman p rovincia
l a
rt. I
t s
hou
ld b
e n
oted o
nly t
hat t
he bust i
s p
refer-
r
ed in Dacia.
Despite the absolute eclecticism of decoration, t he undiscern ing

adoption o f afigured r epertory " in c
irculation throughout t he Roman
Empire i n the 2nd-3rd c enturies" is out of the question. The a doption
o
f some s ymbols and t he rejection of o
thers s eems t o have b ecome a c har-
a
cteristic o f e
ither a workshop o r of an "artist
ic centre". On ly i n th
is
way c an the fact that Medusa o ccurs very frequent ly and t he gate of h e
ll
i
s never e ncountered o r that Attis became a c ommon f igure wh i
le D ionysos
i
s comp letely absent b e explained.
As regards t he arrangement of decoration, i

t i
s possib
le to s
tate t
he
e
xistence o f atectonic which was typ
ical to Dacia, where the d
ivis
ion of
t
he fie
ld i nto r
egisters whose decoration was a prior
i al
located was r
igor-
o
usly r espected.
I
n addition t
o t
he provinc
ial g
eneral tendency not t
o leave empty
s
paces, certain t
ypes o
f monuments in Dacia, l
ike t
he copings in the shape
o
f atruncated pyramid, are r
icher d
ecorated than in t
heir orig
inal country.
We consider that although, a ccording to t

he decorative p atterns, Dacia
d
oes n ot ho
ld a s pecial position in the Ba
lcano-Danubian a rtistic wor ld,
t
he a na
lysis of these p atterns facil
itate the i
dentif
ication o f t he p lace o f
o
rigin of some types o f sepu lchral monuments a nd the d ef
in ing o f artistic
t
rends a nd centres i n Dacia. We w il
l dea
l with these p roblems i n t he
f
ollowing chapters.
5
8
CHAPTER 4
THE ORIGIN OF FORMS AND DECORATIVE PATTERNS
The attempt t o d etermine t he or

ig in of forms a nd d ecorative p atterns
i
s important a nd difficult. I t requires a p revious know ledge o f the fun-
e
rary monuments i n t he Roman p rov inces and, a s detai
led a s possible,
t
hose found i n the n eighbour ing prov inces to Dacia. Even t he partial
s
olution of the prob lems c oncerning t he paternity of the s epu lchral art
i
n Dacia, d oes mean a t the same time t he determina tion of t he sphere o f
i
nfluence--western o r e astern —to wh ich the prov inces t o the North o f
t
he Danube g ravitated.
Our research i s i
ntended t o establish if t
he types e ncountered i n Dacia
were accurate types o f t
he o r
ig inal model--more o r l
ess s uccessful re-
p
roductions--either mod ified o r remade t ypes. We w i
ll try as much a s
p
ossible to identify the route of p enetration of t
he t ypes of monuments
t
ogether w i
th t heir decoration, since we a re not indiffer
.ent i f s
ome forms
f
rom n orthern Italy, for instance, p enetrated from t here direct, or
t
hrough a Nor ic-Pannonian c hanne l.
The more g eneral p rob

lem o f the origin of the Roman f unerary monu-
ments w i
ll o n
ly b e touched o n, 29 ' s
ince we a re a
lmost e xclusively inter-
ested in the o r
ig in of forms and d ecoration attested i n Dacia Superior.
We wil
l r efer to t he problems of w ider interest, like the origin of s
ome
types of f unerary monuments i n t he Danubian p rovinces, o nly when we
can make a n ew c ontribution t
o t he elucidation of their origin.
Owing to the l
arge v ar
iety of f
orms a nd the o rnamenta l ec
lecticism,
t
he origin o
f stelae can be determined o nly with much d ifficulty. As I
s
howed i n t
he c hapter devoted to the form a nd t he typology o f monuments,
p
aral
lels with the types in Dacia exist in the cultural-artistic h orizon of
t
he Danubian a nd Rhen ish provinces, where a ll, almost w ithout a ny
e
xception, have b een considered as originating f rom n orthern I taly .2
96
As regards Dacia, wh ich was included l

ater than o
ther territor
ies in
t
he Roman Empire, t he funerary stela i
n a multi
tude of f
orms c ould have
p
enetrated f rom northern I ta
ly e
ither direct
ly, by the agency o f t
he
a
rtisans c oming f
rom t here or t
hrough t he neighbouring provinces, where
t
he n orth-Ital
ian artisans made a n impact half a c
entury before at l
east.
S
ome o f the v ar iants o f t he unf igured s tela wh ich a re a ttested a t
Ulpia Tra iana i n t he f irst h a
lf o f the 2 nd century A . D. c ou ld b e attributed
t
o s tone-cutters c oming f rom n orthern I taly. Acroter ia in t he s hape o f
s
emi-pa lmettes, unf igured s telae, n on-archi tectura l s te
lae w ith a n en-
c
losed p ediment d ecorated w ith t he h ead o f Medusa a nd p seudo-acroter ia
i
n t he s hape o f sty lized p almettes a nd s telae with a_ ped iment w ithout base
and w ith a r osette i n the c entre e xist at Ravenna. 297 A
t Aqu i
leia, t he
s
epu lchral a rt of t he i st century A . D. is dominated by t he unf igured s telae
with t he ped iment d ecorated w ith a r osette a nd acroter ia i n the s hape o f
s
em i-pa lmettes. 298 The h orseshoe-shaped n iche, wh ich o ccurs c onstant ly
on t he stelae in t he c api ta
l o f Roman Dac ia is of north-Ita lian insp iration
but a " Dac ian" innovat ion i n the last a nalysis.
5
9
Two variants of the unfigured type are attr
ibuted by u s to some in-
t
ermed iaries: t he stela with t
he pediment decorated w ith an acanthus
l
eaf is d
irect ly connected w i
th Carnuntum, 299 where it i
s wel
l d ocumented
i
n t he i
st century A . D. and t
he s
tela with a semi-circular pediment is
r
elated t o Ratiar
ia, where i t c
an be cons
idered a s a workshop character-
i
stic. 3"
The f
igured s telae, which a re much b etter a ttested numer ical
ly, r aise
numerous p roblems t o the same e xtent a s their d iversity. The e arliest
s
telae with a Roman p ortrait date t o the 3rd c entury B .C. They a re
grouped in Campan ia a nd d erive f rom t he He llenistic stela i
n t he s hape
o
f n a
iskos. The a rchitectura l stela with p ortraits b ecame the mos t d if-
f
used monument i n northern a nd c entra l Italy in t he middle of the i st
c
entury B .C. In c ontrast w i
th t he He llenistic s telae which always d epict
f
ull-
length f igures, a n eclectic type wh ich i s influenced by t he arch i-
t
ecture of the columbar ium —the s tela wi th s uper imposing niches a nd busts
a
rranged i n parallel r ows b ecame g enera l in the C isalpine region. 301 -
If t
he "storied" stela was adopted o n
ly o ccasional
ly by t he p
rovinces,
t
he type o
f stela wi
th a p seudo-aedicula s pread s oon even from the i
st
c
entury A. D., especial
ly o n t
he Rh ine n2 a nd in Dalmatia. 3
03
The stelae w i
th a p seudo-aed icu la a re s carce i n Dac ia a nd d o n ot form
an h omogeneous g roup which c ould b e r elated t o ap articular w orkshop.
Only a s ingle s pec imen i n the Bruckentha l Museum ( S44, P l. I V) c ould
be included, w ithout r eservat ions, i n the c ategory o f stelae w ith p seudo-
a
ed icula. A lthough t he s tela f rom Apu lum a pproxima tes to t he Venetian
and P aduan s te lae o r t o the s tela o f Q . L abienus Mo ll
io a t P o
la, 304 i
t
shows a n oticable d ifference i n iconography a nd t he a rrangement o f busts
i
n r egisters b e longs p erfect ly t o t he art istic ambience o f Dacia a nd s up-
ports a more c red ible a ttribut ion t o a " spec ial" o rder i nspired f rom t he
model-books r ather t han t o a n Italian a rtisan who i s h ardly l ikely t o h ave
c
reated o nly a s ing le monument. As r egards t he o rigin, t wo s telae w ith
ap seudo-aed icu la, o n wh ich t he v olumetr ic e xpress ion c hanged i n a
l
inear manner, h ave t he flavour o f the nat ive l and o f the d eceased . We
r
efer t o the s te la o f I ul
ius S ecundus, n ative o f CoIon ia Agr ipp ina ( S45 ,
P
l. I V), wh ich p ara l
le ls t he stelae f ound a t Kö ln a nd t he stela a t Petn ic
(S46) wh ich c ou ld b e c onnected w i
th t he t roops quartered i n the n eigh-
bouring c amp a t Mehad ia, n ame ly Cohors II Da lmatarum.
I
t results from this t
hat the s
telae with a rectangular pseudo-aed icu
la
a
re not typical of Dac
ia and the existing spec
imens, a lthough they h ave
s
ome n orth-Ita
lian reminiscences, arrived here via some intermediar
ies.
The s
election of types appears to us to have been fortuitous.
The s te
la w ith a n arched n iche i s a
lso o f n
orth-Ita l
ian o rig
in; t he
a
rched n iche e ither o ccurs t ogether w ith the rectangu lar niche o n the
s
ame s te la, like a t Cotignola o r c overs t he fi
eld of rel
ief as at Modena a nd
Este a nd r epresents motifs a dopted f rom t he architecture o f the colum-
barium a nd mura l painting. 3°5 The s telae with an arched n iche s pread
f
rom n orthern I taly especially t o Germany where i t i
s the c haracteristic
f
orm o f t he workshops a t Kö ln, 306 Dalmatia
, Moes ia Super ior, a nd P an-
nonia, where s pecimens d at
ing e ven in the ist century A . D. ,3
07 are
a
ttested.
The s
telae w
ith the niche beneath the arch a re numerous in Dacia
a
nd v ery c
ommon a t Apu
lum, M icia and the area o f t
he aur
iferous moun-
t
ains. Taking into a
ccount t he f
act that t
he a rt
isans of Apulum, e ven
f
rom the fi
rst ha
lf of t
he 2
nd century, created f
orms which spread o
ver
t
he p
rov ince o
r inf
luenced the s
tone cutters i
n o
ther l
ocalit
ies, t
he prob
lem
6
0
o
f the o rigin of t he s telae a t Apu lum is of p articular i mportance. I n con-
t
rast w ith n orthern I taly, Germany o r P annon ia, wh ich a re s uggested a s
b
eing t he o rigina l place o f t he stelae with a n arched n iche, t he niche is
n
ot o rgan ically c onnected w ith the monument a s a who le. I t is mostly
p
laced b eneath a n archway s uppor ted by c o
lumns wh ich s erves a lso as
a
n a rch o f the n iche a t t he s ame time. The a rchitrave i s limited t o an ar -
r
ow l ine wh ich c ou ld b e n oticed o nly on ei
ther s ide of the a rch ivolt. The
a
rchivo lt either c ut o r reaches t angentally t he base o f the p ediment. The
l
ower p art is thicker a nd a t t he same time r epresents t he line o f demarca-
t
ion b etween t he r el
ief f ield a nd the fi
eld o f the i nscription.
The g roup of stelae wi

th a n arched niche i s wel
l defined in Germany.
I
n addit
ion to the fact that the n
iches a re noticably deeper t here and
c
urrently only a single bust is r
epresented, w e must p o
int o ut that t
he
a
rch of the niche is supported by p i
lasters a nd cuts the lower fascia of
t
he architrave, as is shown by the s te
lae of C . Vet
ienius at S. G ermain-
e
n-Lay a nd C . A
iacius at Köln. 3
08
The framing w ith the fluted co

lumns s upporting a n a rch, b eneath
which t he busts o f the deceased a re represented, o ccurs i n Pannonia a t
Scarbant ia on t wo stelae dated to the ist c entury A .D. a nd at Arrabona. 3 09
The o bvious d ifference b etween these ste lae and t hose in Dacia c onsists
i
n t he fact that a d ecorated c ord separated t he re
lief fi
eld o f the inscr ip-
t
ion wh ich is e nclosed by i ts own frame. On t he other hand, t wo unfigured
s
telae w ith the e pitaph e nc
losed by a n a rchway a re also attested i n Pan-
nonia, a t Carnuntum.310
Co
lumns s upporting a n a rchi
trave a nd bordering both f i
e lds (relief
a
nd i nscription) occur o n s telae of alarge size in northern I taly at
Padova , Ravenna e tc. 311
- I
t therefore r esu
lts that the stelae w i
th a n iche
under a n arch at Apu lum a nd other a nc
ient local
ities in Dacia r epresent
a" re-elaborated" t ype w ith elements a dopted from t he sepulchra l art
o
f Germany a nd Pannon ia, but o f north-Italian orig
in . I t i
s p ossible
that the stelae wi
th a rchway were i n
itial
ly made by a rt
isans f rom P an-
nonia who f ol
lowed l egio X III Gemina wh ich was transferred f rom P oetovio
t
o Apu lum.
Since a variant o f t
he stelae wi
th relief a nd inscr ipt
ion under t he
archway s hows t he busts of the deceased i n a meda l
lion p laced b eneath
the arch wh ich associates the wreath with t he meda l
lion, w e consider
that this i
s the p roper moment t o t
ackle the p roblem o f the s
te lae with
medallion, wh ich represent the most character istic g roup i n Dacia. They
deserve c areful a
ttention since the genetic r e
lation b etween t he stelae
with meda l
lion and t he independent meda ll
ions i s not y et sufficiently
explained.
At t
he time when A . Schober wrote h is monograph o n the f unerary
monuments in Nor icum a nd Pannonia, h e did not know t he funerary mon-
uments with the busts o f t
he deceased i n c
lipei in n orthern' Italy a nd
cons
idered t hat the independent meda l
lion, o r
ig inal
ly i n Nor icum, was
t
he p r
imary f orm wh ich would be transposed o n ste
lae l ater. 312 We
cons
ider that b oth types deriving from t he i
mago c lipeata d eve loped i n-
dependently from e ach other.
The s tela of the Corne li

i at Concordia is the earl
iest s pecimen w ith
t
he busts o f the deceased i n aclipeus; i t seems to date t o the end of
t
he ist c entury B .C. I t is poss
ible that the triumpha l arch w ith t
he
f
igures o f d ei
ties enclosed i n aclipeus a
t R imini was t he source of inspira-
t
ion. 3
13 The busts o f the deceased in aclipeus o n the Venetian e xamples
a
re a k ind o f coping s upported by t he t
rue body o f the stela. Dur ing
6
1
the ist century A .D. t he Brescian workshops c reated s te
lae w ith the
busts o f t
he d eceased i n ac l
ipeus p laying not o n
ly t he role of ac oping
but a s acentra l relief above the fie
ld o f i
nscription. A s tela b ordered
by c o
lumns i n s p
ira ls which s upport a n a
rchitrave i s in the e piscopal
palace at Brescia. Beneath, i s the bust of the d eceased i n a meda ll
ion
surrounded by a c orona w ith a f
lat background. 3 14 S
imu ltaneous ly w i th
the stelae with meda l
lion, the independent meda ll
ion which c rowned t he
s
te la in t
he s hape o f cippus was c reated in the workshop a t A ltinum. 3 15
Clipei are in the shape o f ac ircu

lar n iche surrounded by a c orona o r a
narrow a nd p la
in f rame, o n the funerary s te
lae in n orthern I taly.
The monument o f the Concord ii a

t Boretto is o
f particular importance
f
rom t he p o
int of v
iew o f the simultaneous e x
istance of both forms. The
main side of the monument h as two semi-co
lumns i n spirals which support
the entablature. The s pace between t he co
lumns i s decorated with the
busts of the deceased in a meda l
lion surrounded by a wreath; b eneath
the wreath, is the inscription. Two busts a re r
epresented o n the en-
t
ablature, i n the s
he l
l-shaped n iche suppor ted by the funerary g eni
i. 3
16
As types of funerary monuments i n northern Ita

ly, t he s
telae w
ith
c
l
ipeus a nd t
he independent meda ll
ion are simultaneously attested a
nd the
c
l
ipei could b
e flat and s urrounded by a wreath or shel
l-shaped. But
t
he corona i
s not associated with t
he shel
l-shaped n iche.
The ste
lae w i
th meda llion are d istributed in numerous v ar
iants u nt
il
t
he m iddle o f the 2nd c entury A . D.; t he majority of them can b e consid-
e
red a s alate e cho of those of Nor icum a nd P annon ia. As w e h ave s hown
before, a var iant of them —the s tela w i
th a n att
ic o n the upper p art—
r
epresents a n ew form which e nriches t he Roman p rovincia
l repertory.
The f orm, p erfectly eclectic n
o d oubt, c ombines a nd re-elaborates t he
north-Ital
ian a nd Noric-Pannon ian e lements o f structure and d ecoration.
As r
egards t he n on-archi
tectura l s
telae, i
t should be noted t
hat the
s
telae w
ith t he busts of the deceased i n the r
ectangu lar n
iches and w
ith-
o
ut architectural e
lements a re simultaneous w ith those in t
he shape o
f
p
seudo-aed icula in northern Italy. 317
A type d erived f rom t he a rchitectural stelae s pread i n the Danubian

provinces; i t could p reserve t he p ediment, a s decorat ion, a nd t he pilas-
t
ers a s af rame f or inscr iption; s
imultaneous w ith this type i s t he ste
la
w
i th rectangu lar n iche wh ich enc loses either the busts o f the d eceased
o
r s ymbo l
ic s cenes a s we ll. As r egards Dacia, t he stelae w ith a r ectangu-
l
ar n iche are c haracter istic of the northern a rea ( Dacia P orolissens is).
The d ecoration w ith sty lized leaves o n the f
rame o f niches, a s o ccurs o n
as tela a
t P otaissa ( S120, 1 23, Pl. I X) is ac haracter istic element o f the
f
unerary a rt o f Moesia I nferior 3
18 a
nd allow u s to attribute t hem t o s
tone-
c
utters who f ollowed l egio V Macedon ica, transferred f rom Troesm is to
Potaissa in 168.
As A Schober remarked, 319 the s

telae with symbol
ic scenes a re fre-
quent in the mi
litary provinces. The o rigin of t
hese ste
lae c an hardly
be establ
ished, but it seems that they corresponded to the taste of t
he
s
oldiers quartered especially in t
he north-west of the province.
On t he b as
is of the simi
lar i
ty o f the s telae a t Aure lianum Aquae,
T
imacum M inus a nd S
ing idunum, t o the s telae w ith a n a rched n
iche, w ith-
out t
he a rch i
tectural elements, l i
ke t hose i n t he a ur
iferous mounta ins
and a
t T ibiscum, a s w el
l as the stela w ith t he s cene o f a banquet e nc
losed
i
n an iche w ith the arch s uppor ted by c onso les a nd d ecorated with the
f
igure of A ttis at Germisara ( S76), they c an a ll be attributed to it
inerant
6
2
artisans c oming f rom Moes ia Super ior. 3
2 ° I n Dacia , the stelae w ith a
horseshoe-shaped n iche, o f north-Ita lian o rigin, a re decorated w ith the
bust o f the d eceased, s ometimes p laced e ven i n a meda l
lion a nd c an be
considered a s ac reation of the l ocal artisans; t hey enrich a s w e
ll the
repertory o f Roman p rovincial stelae. The v ariant w ith attic o n the
u pper p art, a bove the h orseshoe-shaped n iche i s a
ttested a t Micia; t he
a
tt ic is decorated w ith g enii carrying a g arland which i s a motif r epre-
senting a n i
conograph ic syncret ism s ince t he E rotes carry ing a g arland
are of He llenistic or
igin a nd h ave t he p osition o f dadophoro ii21 a
nd
Bacch ic attributes.
The a
ltars li
ke t he ste
lae are of western or
ig in. The c lassical type
o
f ara, wi
th t he base, the middle body a nd t
he c ornice al
l worked f rom
t
he same block, r eproduces the Roman metropo litan altar 3
22 and it pos-
s
ibly penetrated directly to Dacia, w
ithout a prev ious stage i n one of the
n
eighbour ing prov inces.
A
lthough t he cubic a ltar with i nscriptions o n the front and undeco-
r
ated o n the other sides o r wi
th i nscr iptions o n t
he f ront and decorated
o
n t he other s ides is we ll documented i n Noricum ( where i t p
enetrated
f
rom n orthern I ta
ly) ‚323 i
t c
ou ld h ave r eached Dacia by t he agency of
a
rtisans c oming from Aqu i
leia. 324 But the altar of Viria Publia a
t Apu lum
(A37, P l. XX) w ith the busts o f the d eceased i n a meda l
lion above the
f
ield of i nscript
ion b etrays t he Nor ican i nf
luence.
The aedicu
la-shaped a ltars, li
ke that found at I l
iv a (A44, P
l. XXI)
a
re of northern Ita
lian or
ig in, but it i
s possible that they penetrated i
n-
t
o Dacia through the Dalmat ian channel, since the t ype w
ith the scene o
f
a banquet on the f
ront i
s we l
l documented t here. 3
25
The Aqu i
le ian o r igin of t he copings worked i ndependent ly i n the s hape
o
f at runcated pyramid o n t he upper p art o f altars, h as b een c learly
demonstrated .3 25 On t he other h and, t he p roblem o f the o rigin of t he
mono lith a ltars w ith a t runcated pyram id on t he upper p art a nd wh ich
E. Drexe l considered a s being a nalogous w ith t he Ga llo-Be lg ian s peci-
mens, 3 27 i
s more c omp lex a nd s til
l i nsufficient ly e xp lained. C . Da ico-
v
ic iu a dopted t he o pinion o f Drexel a nd cons idered t hem a s d erivative
f
rom t he a rch itectura l stela a nd in t he a bsence o f p arallels, a nd taking
i
nto c ons iderat ion o nly a n altar w ith a Greek i nscript ion a nd a pyramid
on t he upper p art, 32 he reached t he c onclus ion t hat " we must a dmi t a
d
irect i nfluence f rom As ia M inor". 32 ° D ealing w i
th t he f unerary monuments
related t o the a ed icula, 0 . F loca a nd W . Wo lski c onclude i n c onnect ion with
the f unerary p ilasters t hat " their d iffusion i n M icia o r other c entres
where f unerary a edicu lae were a lso f ound, a s Apu lum o r A iud, c onf irms
once more t he d irect way o f p enetrat ion by t he a gency o f t he wave o f
orienta l c o
lon ists s ett led in t hese centres". 3 30
A
t p resent, i n consequence o f s tudy o f some types o f monuments i n
northern I ta ly a nd Germania_ w e consider t hat the p roblem of the orig in
o
f altars i n t he s hape o f pi
laster in Dacia Super ior a ppears in an ew l ight.
The monuments i n the s hape of pi
laster i n northern I taly (sepolcri ac us-
p
ide) l ike t hat o f A . Murcius Obu laccus a t Sarsina, a re a
ttested e ven a t
t
he e nd o f t he R epubl ican p eriod. 3
31 Accord ing to G . A. Mansue lli
, t he
monuments o f t he S ars ina-Bo logna-Aqu ileia type o r
iK inated from a d irect
f
low o f orienta l Hellenistic e lements t o Roman I taly 33 z and from where
t
hey s pread i nto Ga ll
ia333 a nd Germania 3 34 i
n the f irst half of the ist
c
entury A . D. More r ecently, H . Gabe lmann3 35 c onsidered t hat the
monuments w i
th a t runcated pyramid o n t he upper p art did n ot derive
f
rom t he s tela w i
th n iche a s F. Drexe l opined, but f rom t he aedicula w ith
6
3
t
he funerary s
tatues i
n Ita
ly, a nd which deve
loped by c
hanging into
b
as-relief o
n t
he Rhine; t he type was brought by t
he n
orth-Ita
lian
a
rtisans who f
ol
lowed the troops there.
As r egards a gain t he a ltars w ith a t runcated pyramid i n Dac ia Super ior,

there a re n o a pprox imate western a nalog ies. The t runcated pyramid i s
worked i ndependent ly b oth i n northern I taly a nd Ga ll
ia, Germany a nd
Raet ia. 336 But a na log ies w ith t he mono lith a ltars w ith a t runcated
pyramid e xist n either i n A frica n or i n Asia M inor. The Syr ian funerary
t
owers 3 37 o
r t he monuments w ith a pyramid l ike that o f Absa lom at
J
erusa lem o r t hose a t Dugga a nd Ghirza i n Cyrena ica 338 a
re mass ive c ons-
t
ruct ions wh ich h ave n either p ortra its n or s tatues o f t he d eceased.
S
tructura lly, t he a ltars o f Dacia r esemble more t hose i n t he s hape o f
a
ed icu la ; t he bus ts o r t he f ul
l- leng th f igure o f the d eceased a nd e ven
symbo lic p ersons a re a lways p laced w ithin a n architectura l f rame. I t is
possible t hat t he mono lith a ltar i n t he s hape o f an a edicula w ith a t runc-
a
ted pyramid i n Dacia i s ac reat ion o f t he n ative artisans a nd r esults
f
rom t he a ed icu la-shaped a ltar o f w estern o rigin a nd t he c oping i n t he
shape o f a pyramid worked i ndependent ly a nd p erhaps c orrespond ing t o
t
he t aste o f a n o rienta l p opu lation. I t is i nterest ing t o n ote t hat t he a rea
o
f d istr ibut ion o f the p ilaster-shaped a ltars d oes not c oincide w ith t hat o f
o
f t he c opings worked i ndependent ly. We b el
ieve t hat t he s ynthes is
between t he a ltar i n t he s hape o f an a ed icu la a nd t he c oping worked s e-
parate ly was due t o stone-cutters f rom M icia. Another hypothes is c on-
c
ern ing t he o rigin o f t he a ltars w ith a t runcated pyram id i s t hat they
a
re a s imp l ified v ariant o f t he Ga llo-Be lg ic monuments i n t he s hape o f a
p
ilaster.
The o rigin o f t he funerary meda l

lion worked s eparate ly h as been t he
object of s ome i nteresting s tud ies. The o pin ion of A . S chtiber, 339 that
this type o f meda l
l ion d erived f rom i mages c lipeatae ( por traits on as h
ie ld)
was e nriched by l ater r esearch w i
th i mportant c ontribut ions. R . W inkes 3 46
considers t hat t he i mago clipeata was c onnected w ith t he r epresentation o f

t
he c ult o f the a ncestors o n t he o ne h and a nd o n the other h and w ith t he
pompa t riumpha lis. S ince t he p erson d epicted i n this form was h ero ized
even f rom t he i st c entury A .D. i mago c lipeata b ecame a f unerary s ymbo l
on reliefs a nd is r epresented e ither a s ap ortra it i
n as he l
l-shaped n iche
(
the monument o f t he Corne l i
i a t Boretto) o r i n a wreath ( the monument
o
f t he Ha terii at Rome). Deal ing w ith t he t ypo logy o f the s telae o n t he
Rhone, H . Gabe lmanni 4 1 n
oted t hat t he s hel l, a s ab ackground o f the
n
iches w ith p ortra its, was a c reation o f t he workshop a t A lt
ino i n t he i st
c
entury A .D. f rom whence t he motif s pread t o Dalmatia , Nor icum, P annon ia
and Ga ll
ia Narbonens is.
Gr. F lorescu c onsidered i n a n article p rinted a fter his monograph o n

the funerary monuments o f Dacia Super ior t he p rob lem o f the o rig in o f
the funerary meda llions a nd reached t he c onclusion t hat they d id n ot
derive f rom t he c lipeus, but f rom t he s he l
l--the s ymbo l of Aphrod i te. 342
I
t s eems t o u
s t hat t he o p
inion o f Gr. F lorescu c annot b e supported s ince
only a p art o
f t he meda l
lions h ave a s hell-shaped n iche. The o rnamenta l
patterns o f cornices a nd niches v ary i n e ach p rov ince a nd o nly t he r ep-
r
esentation o f t he d eceased i s constant; t he busts o f the d eceased s tand
out aga inst a circu lar background a nd h ark b ack t o t he orig inal mode l
which c annot b e o ther t han the imago c l
ipeata. We c onsider t hat t he
i
ntroduction o f t he shell as ab ackground f or the f igures o f the d eceased
was due t o the i nterm ingling of the a rtisan 's p roduct ion of v otive t ype
and t hat o f f
unerary t ype o n the one hand a nd o n t he other hand, t o the
6
4
horror vacui wh ich was a c haracteristic and p ermanent t rait of provincia l
a
rt. As r egards t he penetrat ion o f the independent meda ll
ion i nto Dacia
and the determinat ion o f the prototype, t he opinion t hat this form is
or
iginally from Nor icum 343 a nd c ame t o Dacia3 4 4 f
rom t here is accepted.
The publication o f alarge number o f monuments f rom nor thern I taly and
t
he p rovinces allow new d iscussion o f the p roblem o f the origin o f t
he
medall
ion. F irst ly, the area o f distribution o f the independent meda ll
ion
i
s not limi
ted t o Noricum, P annon ia a nd Dacia S uper ior as was l ong b e-
l
ieved, but i nc
ludes o r
ienta l, north-eastern a nd s outhern Macedon ia a s
we
ll. 3
45 A s
ing
le s
pec
imen i
s known i
n Moes
ia I
nfer
ior a
t Oescus 3
46 a
nd
i
n Moes
ia S
uper
ior a
t Aquae. 3
47
The e xistence o f the i ndependent meda l

lion a t A ltino 3
48 i
n northern
I
taly is extreme ly important. Here, t he meda llion s erves a s ac entral
a
croterion c oping a nd is in the shape o f ac ircu lar n iche w i
th f lat edge
(
on ly a single s pecimen h as the edge i n the s hape o f a wreath) a nd c on-
t
ains a sing le bust; i t d ates to the time o f the J ulio-Claud ian dynasty.
Taking into a ccount t hat t he period of e xtens ive d iffusion o f the inde-
pendent meda llion in Noricum i s the 2 nd c entury a nd e ven i ts m iddle (al
l
f
ive meda ll
ions w ith pediment a t V irunum h ave b een r ecent ly d ated to
t
he m iddle o f the 2nd c entury) ‚349 i
t seems t o u s b eyond a ll d oubt that
t
his sepu lchra l form penetrated f rom n orthern I taly. .i
50
As r egards t he c ontribution o f Dacia to t he d evelopment o f t he t ype,

i
t was c onsidered t hat it consisted o f the a ssociation o f t he i ndependent
meda ll
ion w i
th t he f unerary l i
ons. On t he b asis of the meda l
lion a ssocia-
t
ed w ith l ions found i n one of t he cemeter ies o f the c ity o f Apu lum ( M19,
P
l. XXXII) a nd analogous w ith o ne s pecimen i n the H istory Museum o f
Roman ia ( M25, Pl. XXXII) a nd a nother i n t he Ploieeti Museum ( M8 , Pl.
XXXII) a nd t aking i nto account t he finds i n Nor icum a nd P annon ia, D .
Protase 3 51 c
lassif
ies t he meda llions a s fol
lows: 1
) meda l
lions w ith p edi-
ment --ist c entury-f irst h alf of the 2 nd century; 2
) p la in meda llions--
the 2 nd-3rd c enturies; 3 ) meda l
lions w i
th f igures o f ag en ius p laced
l
atera lly--the 3 rd-4th c entur ies; 4 ) meda llions w ith a potropa ic l ions--3rd
century. He noted t hat "the j o
ining o f t he a potropa ic l ions o f orienta l
origin to t he meda llion p roper, wh ich is diffused o nly i n t he t hree p rov inces
ment ioned a bove ( Noricum, P annonia a nd Dacia Superior) i s a phenomenon
typica l of Dacia ,
, where, a s is a ttested, t he f unerary meda llion h ad its own
deve lopment". 32
Even i f the a ssociation b etween e lements s o different i n f

orm a nd
meaning —meda l
l ion a nd l ions--seems t o h ave b een t ypica
l o f Dacia, we
do not be
lieve t hat it represents t he l
ast phase o f the deve lopment o f
the medal
lion. I n o ur o pinion t he medallion a ssociated w ith li
ons a t Aiud,
does not close t he s eries but o pens it.353 Morpho logically, it i
s l ess
connected ( i
t d iffers i n t he form o f t
he n iche, t he manner o f support ing
the medal
lion, a nd the t ermina l on the upper p art) with t he monument
a
t Apu lum a nd t hat at Micia, t han w ith the c opings o n t
he s te
la o f Q.
Egnatius at Casa lmoro a nd t he stela of the Concord ii at Boretto. 354
On the bas is of the resemblance b etween t he co

iffure o f the women
and t hato f Plotina , t
he she l
l-shaped n iche of north-Ita l
ian t radition —
t
o which t he corona was n ot yet added —and t he stylistic a nalogy w i
th a
medallion f ound a t Salona a nd dated to the beg inning o f t he 2 nd century, 3
55
the meda llion a ssociated w i

th lions at Aiud d ates to t he f irst h a
lf of the
2nd c entury. A lthough the meda llions associated with l i
ons r epresent a
f
orm o f sepu lchra l monument which i s f
requent i n Dacia Super ior a nd the
period o f circu lation is n
ot p recisely de
limited ( the s pec imen a t Apu lum
seems t o b e late), h owever t he statement that t he association o f t
he lions
6
5
o
f oriental o
rigin with a motif coming from t he west took place i
n Dacia
i
s valid. The c ontribution of Dacia t
o t he development o f the t
ype was
n
ot r educed on
ly t o this, but f
irstly consisted in the associat
ion of t
he
s
hel
l-shaped n iche w ith the corona (a fact already noticed long ago) 356
S
ince the medallion-coping p enetrated i nto Dacia even i n the fi
rst
half o
f the 2nd century a nd t he type w ith pediment and f ema le persons
i
n Nor ican dress are n ot attested h ere, we c onsider that this form o f
funerary monument d id n ot penetrate n ecessar
ily from Nor icum i nto Dacia,
but it i
s more credible t hat it penetrated w ithout an intermed iary from
northern Italy i
nto t h
is p rovince.
The o
rigin of t
he f
unerary aedicula was r
ecently t
he ob
ject o
f s
ome
e
xchange of o
pinions. Our ear
lier opin
ion that t
he aed
icu
lae would have
been " three s te
lae j oined under a r oof" 3
57 and wou ld h ave p enetra ted
f
rom t he west 3 58 was o pposed by a nother, s kilfu l
ly a rgued a nd a ccord-
i
ng t o which t he a ediculae "copy a t ype o f S yrian monument" a nd p ene-
t
rated i nto Dac ia " by d irect contact, t he S yrian a nd P a
lmyr ian f actors
p
lay ing a p rominent r o
le" or " ind irectly" from c entres l ike Aqu i
leia a nd
I
ntercisa where t he g roups o f c olonists c oming f rom t he Orient, e specially
Syria p layed a s im ilar r o
le in t ransmitt ing d irect ly s ome t ypes o f funer-
a
ry monuments. 3 59 At the time, I a rgued a gainst t his thesis 3
6 °a nd d o not
not intend t o r
epeat t he arguments a gain. But, o n t he basis o f the g reater
evidence a t our d isposa l, we b elieve t hat w e c an d iscuss o nce more t he
problem o f t he o r
ig in o f aediculae f rom t wo n ew p oints o f v
iew: t he p re-
c
ise d efin ition o f t he term " direct o r indirect o r
ienta l influence" a nd t he
i
dent if
icat ion of t he r oute of p enetrat ion o f t he a ed icula into Dacia.
Syrian a rt, which was s uscept ib le t o i nfluences d irectly by means o f

artisans who were t ransmi tters o f t he c u ltura l assets o r artisans who
a
ccompanied t he troops —was a n e clect ic a rt. The a na lysis of t he ma in
components s hows t hat i n a ddition t o i ts own t radition —actua l
ly, H ellen-
i
stic--Ita lian i nfluences b oth i n a rch itecture a nd i n f unerary a rt man i-
f
ested t hemse lves i n the e ar ly.imper ial p er iod, a s for i nstance t he stela
with bust i n t he s hape o f a n a ed icu la. 31 The f act t hat the o riental He l-
l
enistic f orms p enetrated i nto northern I ta ly e ven i n the i st century A . D.
and a fter b eing r e-elaborated r ad iated i nto t he p rov inces i s unanimous ly
a
ccepted. But t he Italian a rtisans a nd n ot t he Or ienta ls diffused t he
types o f monuments f ound 3 62 a
nd t he c ippi w ith a t runcated pyramid d id
not r each Ga llia directly due t o o rienta l c olon ists but by t he a gency o f
Aqu ileia. 363 I
f we a dmit t hat t he a ed icu la p enetrated d irectly f rom t he
Orient i nto Dacia, t hen we s hou ld f ind s imi lar monuments t here. But s o
'"
f
ar w e d o n ot know a S yrian monument ( the t ypes o f f unerar,y monuments
a
t P almyra a re g athered i n a monograph o f M . Gav likowski) 3 which
wou ld h ave b een " copied" by t he a ed icu lae i n Dac ia.
But a nalogies with the a ediculae w ith t he d ouble-sloped r oof or

v
au lted r oof d o ex
ist in n orthern I taly. The P aduan s tela with pseudo-
a
ed icula a nd laterally with a croteria-lions o n the slopes of the pediment 365
a
nd e specia l
ly the monument o f the Vo lumni i found i n the same locality
a
nd c onsidered a s b eing " una gigantesca s tela" by G . A . Mansue l
li3 6 b
were t he s ource of inspiration f or the a ed

icu lae i n Dacia.
I
t consists of three ma in parts: a p edestal, an open niche w i
th three
wal
ls and d ecorated with t he busts o f t
he d eceased a nd pi
lasters o n t
he
i
nside and w ith a roof with d ouble slopes a nd decorated on the p ediment.
The monument i s t
he link b etween t he stelae with pseudo-aed icula and
t
he aediculae p roper, n amely t he connection b etween functional and p seudo-
f
unctional367 li
ke the "triptych" ( three j uxtaposed stelae dedicated to
6
6
t
he same fami
ly) wh
ich i
s t
ypica
l o
f Verona, a
nd l
eads t
o a
n a
rch
itectura
l
e
ntity .
368
Two monuments i n the c emetery a t St. P eter, i n the territory of

mun icipium C laud ium C eleia were a n important s tep on t he route of pene-
t
ration o f aedicula into Dacia. We r efer t o t
he monuments o f the Eni
i a nd
Priscian i f ami
lies. They c ons ist of three p arts: t he p edestal with the
c
inerary u rn, t he construction w ith a baldachin s upported by t wo columns
on t he f ront a nd a wa l
l b ordered by p ilasters a t the back a nd covered by
ar oof w ith two s lopes. The t omb o f the Enii s hows t he busts o f the de-
ceased wh ile that of the P risciani represents t he d eceased a s seated
s
tatues. The monuments d ate from the b eginn ing o f the 2 nd century
A. D. 369 A wall of an a edicu la which d epicts a man d ressed i n atunic
down t o t he knee a nd h olding a j ar in his right h and a nd a b owl i
n his
l
eft h and i s known a t Flav ia S olva, in Noricum. 37 °
About 3 0 wa l
ls o f aedicu lae are known i n Pannonia; o f these, 1 5 come
f
rom I ntercisa a nd 4 f rom Aquincum. S ince n o roof was found, t he form
o
f t
he P annonian a edicula c an h ard ly b e r estored. Accord ing t o the
d
ecorat ion of t
he wa lls, which i s more uni tary but with a limited r epertory
i
n c
ompar ison w ith t hat i
n Dacia ( the wa lls, b ordered by p ilasters, a re
d
ecorated o n both f aces; t he f amily o f t he deceased is represented i nside),
t
he monuments a re d ated to t he f i
rst h a
lf o f the 2nd century a nd e speci-
a
l
ly t o the midd le o f t
he s ame c entury. Accord ing to t he opinion o f G.
E
rdely i, the Pannonian a ed icu lae o riginated i n northern I taly, from where
t
hey p enetrated d irectly from Aqu ileia, 371 a nd the aedicula p enetrated
f
rom P annon ia into Dacia. 372
We cons
ider that t he a
ed icula as wel
l a s a
ll o
ther forms of sepulchral
monuments whose o rigin I discussed in the p rev
ious p ages, penetrated
f
rom northern Italy into Dacia, but by t he Pannon ian channel and not
d
irectly. The s epulchral monuments o ccur h ere enriched from the point
o
f view of the v
ariety o f t
he d ecorative patterns.
6
7
CHAPTER 5
DIFFUSION OF FUNERARY MONUMENTS

AND PROBLEMS OF STYLE AND DATING
I
f the form a nd the decoration of t
he f unerary monuments r epresent
l
andmarks i n t he u nderstand ing of t
he position held by Dacia i
n the cul-
t
ura
l life of the Roman Emp ire, the d
iffusion o f t
he funerary monuments
t
o t
he t err
itory o f the north-Danubian p rov ince and the crea
tion of most
i
mportant a rt
ist ic centres h e
lp us to unders tand some aspects of the pro-
c
ess of Roman ization and s how to what extent t he Roman way of l
ife was
a
dopted.
I
t mus t b e ment ioned t hat, a s r egards t he distribut ion o f t he d iffer-
ent types o f monuments, t he d rawing o f a map o f the localities where t he
funerary s tones were f ound i s not f u
lly c onc lusive s ince t he p rovenance
of quite a l ot o f them i s no t known. Dur ing t he Midd le Ages, s evera l
monuments w ere " carr ied" a nd u sed t o a dorn p arks a nd cas tles o r bu i
lt
i
nto t he wa l
ls o f secu lar o r r eligious b uildings. F rom t his p oint o f view
the situat ion e x isting i n p resent-day Hunedoara c ounty i s sign ificant;
s
te lae a nd f unerary a ltars a re embedded i n t he walls o f the c hurches a t
Densu a nd P es teana a nd t he w all o f t he c emetery r ound t he c hurch a t
Ostrov i s exc lus ively made o f funerary monumen ts. Then , i t canno t b e
i
gnored t hat ow ing t o t he i nequa lity i n t he g eograph ical distr ibu t ion o f
research ( the r ural s ettlemen ts, e spec ia lly t hose i n the e ast o f t he p rov ince
are less s tud ied) a nd c hance, t he p icture o f distribut ion o f the f unerary
monuments i s d istorted. F or i nstance, t he l arge number o f sepu lchra l
monuments c oming f rom a nc ient M icia i s ow ing t o the bu ilding o f t he
power s tation a t M intia, when s evera l c hance-f inds o ccurred. Bu t t here
are also s ome f ind-spo ts where t he d ifferent t ypes o f funerary monuments
are concen tra ted a nd wh ich w i
ll b e still v alid a f
ter t he map o f finds h as
been s ubstan tia l
ly e nriched. We r efer t o the u rban c entres o r t he quas i-
urban c entres o f Dac ia , for i nstance A l
ic ia, wh ich were f oci o f c ulture
and d iffusion o f the s uper ior f orms o f civ i
liza tion t o the inter ior o f the
province.
The funerary monuments, i n t otal

ity, were made i n Dac ia, a s is
a
ttested a lso by p etrograph ic a nalys is of some of t hem. 373 The e xistence
o
f workshops o f s tone-cutters i n t he i mportant centres o f Dacia , wh ich
could b e stated a p riori, i s p roved by t he "reject" o r unfin ished monu-
ments f ound a t U lpia Tra iana, M icia, Apu lum, Napoca a nd P otaissa. 3 74
The g eograph ica l distr ibut ion o f t he funerary monuments s hows t he c on-
c
entra tion o f t hese a lso n ear t he c amps o f the aux i
liary t roops i n Dac ia
Porol
issens is. The p rob lem o f the workshops o f stone-cutters 3 75 i
n
Dacia cannot b e r estricted t o the l ocation of the intense d istribut ion o f
f
unerary monuments o n the map. To d etermine t hese p laces, e ven b road ly,
t
he sty list
ic a nalys is o f the monuments c oming from t he same l oca lity i s
e
loquent. I t allows u s to s ee if it is as ingle workshop o r severa l, c on-
t
emporary o r in c hrono log ica l success ion. Before p resent ing b riefly t he
s
tylistic features o f s ome workshops i n Dacia, w e must r efer a l i
ttle t o
t
he s ocial c ondi t
ion o f the s tone-cutters. A ccord ing t o Hoffmann, t he
f
unerary monuments w ere e xclusive ly w orked by s o
ldiers i n t he p rov inces. 3
76
6
8
S
chober t hought t hat t hey were made by c ivil
ians who a ccompanied t he
t
roops, and r emained t o work in the same p lace, a fter the d
isplacement
o
f the m
ilitary un i
ts. 3'
'' Hara
ld v on P etr
ikov itz c onsidered that the stone
c
utters in the service o f the t
roops were p art
ly s oldiers and part
ly c ivi
li-
a
ns and at t he same time h e noticed that t he cities with a s
trong g arrison
(Kö
ln, for instance) d iffered a ppreciably f rom t he "bourgeois hinterland". 3
78
As r egards t he s ocial c ond ition o f the a rtisans i n Dacia, t he informa-

t
i on given by i nscr iptions i s e xtreme ly poor a nd only f ive n ames o f s tone-
cutters are mentioned: D iogenes a t Aquae, M . Cocceius Lucius who e rected
an altar to Victoria Augusta e t Gen io col
leg i eiius [ s
ic] a t M icia, H ermer ios
l
ap idarius at Cristeet i, T itus I u
lius i n a n unknown l ocality a nd t he s culptor
Cl(aud ius) Saturnin(us) who e ngraved h is n ame o n ad raped s tatue a t
Sarmizegetusa. 379 I
t i
s v ery l ikely t hat these s culptors w ere c ivil
ians.
I
n a ttempting t o reconstruct t he a ctivity of t he stone c utters, i t s
eems
t
o u s that a distinct ion b etween t he u rban workshops a nd t he r ural work-
shops, o n as tylistic b asis, 389 as h as been s uggested, i s n ot p ossible.
We c onsider that t his is r ather a matter o f stable workshops a nd itinerant
artisans. 3
81 The i tinerant a rtisans c ontributed t o al arge e xtent t o the
d
iffus ion of the forms a nd o rnamenta l patterns a nd c erta in
ly more t han
the books o f mode ls.
Civ
ilian a rtisans w i
th several assistants recruited f rom the n atives a
s
wel
l, s hou ld h ave worked i n the important c entres o f Dacia, r egardless
o
f t heir status ( municipia, c
oloniae or pagi). Even i f in
itia
lly t hese
workshops f ulfilled the requirements o f t
roops in g arrison, s oon they
r
esponded t o t he demands made by t he population o f the canabae.
I
t
inerant artisans worked, o r monuments were " imported" f rom t he
n
eighbour ing cities, i
n t he r ural environment o r near the c amps o f the
auxi
liary troops. The p oss ibil
ity is not excluded t hat some g rave stones
were made by s tone cutters c om ing from the army a nd who, in c erta
in
c
ircumstances, c arved the monuments i n t
he memory o f their co
lleagues,
o
r by l oca
l art
isans e xper ienced i n sculpture in wood. 382
F
rom t he p o
int of v iew of sty
le, t he monuments o f Dacia do not differ
basica lly f
rom t hose found i n the neighbour ing p rovinces; h ere are
man ifested t he predilection for portraits and t he i
gnor ing of the anatomy
of the b ody, h idden by t he schematic a nd geometricizing folds, as well
as t he two trends o f compress ing the s cene, which i s expressed by l inear
t
reatment o r plastic v o
lumetr ic representation, a nd the s earch for the
effects o f shadow a nd l ight by deep a nd shallow carving.
The workshops c an be def

ined in Dacia, on t he basis of the prefer-
e
nce for certa
in forms and decorat
ive motifs a
s we l
l as t he f
requency a nd
t
he constancy of occurrence o
f some o
f the stylistic tra
i ts mentioned
a
bove.
Certainly, several workshops e x

isted a t Apu lum ( in fact t here w ere
two c ities: 33 mun
icipium Aure lium Apu lense, d eve loped f rom t he canabae
o
f l eg io XIII Gemina a nd which b ecame c olonia Aure lia Apu lensis p rob-
ably i n the time of Commodus a nd named c olonia Aure lia Apu lens is Chryso-
polis —on t he s
ite of the p
resent-day P artos quarter —by a n inscr ipt
ion o f
253 a nd also municipium Sept imium Apu lense, which b ecame c olonia Nova
Apu lens is —in the surround ings o f t
he " Cetatea" p lateau —in t he time o f
Tra jan Decius). Unfortunate ly, owing t o t he fact that t he p rovenance
o
f t he monuments i n the A
lba I u
lia Museum i s only r arely known p recisely,
only f ew s pecimens c an be attributed f or c ertain to o ne o r other o f the
two c ities.
6
9
The f
act is that al
l t he t
ypes of funerary monument d ocumented i n
Dacia are encountered a t Apulum as well, but the figured stelae with t
he
busts of the deceased i n an arched niche o r medal
lion, the independent
medallions and the copings i n the s
hape o f atruncated pyramid w ith
curved e dges, wh ich p resume —as I showed —the e xistence of funerary
enclosures, were v is
ibly p referred by t h
is city.
The workshops i n the c

ity developed from canabae, created the stela
w
ith an arched n iche at the middle of t
he 2 nd c
entury; t he variant with
a
ttic on t
he upper p art and busts i
n meda l
lion is t
ypical. It i
s possible
t
hat the artisans from h ere would have enriched the decorat
ive repertory
o
f the cop
ings i n the s hape of atruncated pyramid.
The monuments o f Apu lum, made o f stone b rought from t he neighbour-

i
ng quarries, e special
ly limestone from I ghiu and gritstone f rom S ard,
s
hows b etter than all others the prov incial horror vacui a nd e ven t he
sma
llest space is decorated. The a rchway s upported by p ilasters o r
c
olumns a nd roofing t he niche or the meda llion with the busts o f the
d
eceased o ccurs constant ly. The a rchitectural elements, s uch as the
p
ediment, d o not integrate o rganically the monument; t hey p lay a purely
d
ecorative role; t he u tmost taste f
or o rnamenta tion lead often t o the
d
ecoration with stylized ivy-leaves o n the sides of t
he p ediment.
The sculptor d irected his f u

ll attention to t he r epresentation o f t he
deceased. The busts s tand o ut clear cut a ga
inst t he b ackground o f
n
iches in compar ison w ith the a djacent reliefs (espec ially t he a
ttic deco-
rated i
nvariably w ith g eni
i) wh ich d etach v ery l i
ttle f rom t he fl
at relief
and make a pictorial impress ion. The s tone c utters, h and icapped by t he
poor qual
ity o f t
he s tone, have c arved stereotyped a nd i nexpressive
physiognomies a nd c oncealed t heir inabi
lity to make a p ortrait by pay ing
a
ttention to the details of garment a nd accessor ies.
The importance of the "school o

f Apulum" li
es in the fact that i
t t
rans-
mitted forms throughout t he whole province a
nd contributed t o the f
orma-
t
ion o f an a
rtistic l
anguage p roper to t
he province t
o t he North of the
Danube, more t han Ulp
ia Tra iana d
id.
In contrast w ith Apu lum w ith i ts monuments o f b aroque s ty le, t he

capita l of Dacia p erpetuated t he c lass icizing s tyle o f t he works o f a ulic
art. 384 The unf igured s tela w ith h orseshoe n iche was c rea ted e ven i n
the f irst h a
lf o f the 2a d c entury; t his e lement wou ld l ast w ith a n amaz ing
accuracy i nto t he n ex t c en tury. The r e
ject ion o f anthropomorph ism i s
often e ncountered a nd i s ac onstant c haracter istic o f t he a r tisans h ere,
except f or t he draped f ema le s tatues a nd t he ma le statues r epresent ing
toga t
i wh ich were f ound i n al arge number h ere a nd a ttest t he e xistence
of mauso lea . I n add ition t o t he s te lae, t he a ltar, e ither w ith t he b ase,
the m idd le b ody a nd t he c orn ice a ll worked f rom t he s ame b lock o r w ith
at runca ted pyram id o n t he upper p art was i n u se at U lpia Tra iana i n
the 3 rd c entury A .D . I t s eems t ha t t he meda l
lions, a nd t he c op ings i n
the s hape o f at runca ted pyramid were n o t made h ere a nd t he o ption o f
the t raditiona l types was ma inta ined unchangeab ly. A t t he e nd o f t he
2nd c entury a nd t he b eg inn ing o f t he n ext c entury, a ed icu lae o ccurred
a
t U lp ia Tra iana, bu t i t was n ot i n g rea t d emand. Ow ing t o t he s ty le,
al a
tera l wa ll of one a edicu la (AE43, P l. XXXVII ) s how ing t wo women,
o
f wh ich o ne h as a n i nfant i n a rms, d eserves p articular a ttent ion. The
h
iera tic f igures, t he b od ies e xcess ive ly e longa ted, t he s trange d iadem
worn r ound t he head o f o ne o f t he women, t he d rapery h iding t he a natomic
details o f t he b odies, a l
low u s t o f oresee t he d awn o f an ew a rtis t
ic c on-
c
ep tion wh ich wou ld ma ter ia l
ize w ith in Romano-Byzant ine a rt later. 3 85
7
0
S
imu ltaneously with t
he sober monuments a ttesting a steady hand
a
nd a r efined tas
te and made most ly o
f marble of Bucova, t he i
nfluence
o
f t
he s choo l o
f Apulum is f
elt in afew works o f e
clect
ic feature here,
a
s i
s s hown by a f ragmentary stela w
ith medall
ion ( S151).
M
icia, o nly a p agus i nside U lp
ia Tra iana, 386 knew a quas i-urban
development e specially a t the e nd of t
he 2 nd century a nd in t he 3 rd
c
entury. Funerary monuments i n alarge v ariety of forms, o f wh ich t he
s
tela, t he aed icula, t he meda llion a nd the p i
laster-shaped a ltar w ere
predominant, were s culpted i n t he workshops h ere. The Or ienta l troops
here (cohors I F lavia Commagenorum, Numerus Maurorum M iciens ium)
s
tationed t ogether w ith ala Campagonum ( recrui ted from Hispan ia) in t he
s
ame c amp d id n ot c ome d irectly from t he Or ient but from t he n eighbour-
i
ng p rov inces. Accord ing ly w e cannot e xpect t hat they brought t ypes o f
monuments f rom t heir n ative land but t hey a dapted those circu lating
extensively i n t he Ba lcano-Danubian p rov inces a nd which were t o their
t
aste.
If it i
s p ossible t hat finished monuments were brought f rom U lpia
Traiana o r Apu lum 3 87 i
n t he first d ecades o f t
he 2 nd century A. D., i n
course o f time the s tone c utters e xecuted t ypical monuments made e speci-
a
lly of g rey o r red a ndes ite from Uro iu a nd wh ich represented combina-
t
ions b etween mode ls a dopted f rom Apu lum a nd Ulpia Traiana. I n conse-
quence o f t h
is, t he f igured s tela, w ith attic on the upper part a nd the
busts of t he deceased i n a meda ll
ion p laced b eneath a h orseshoe-shaped
n
iche o riginated h ere.
From t he point of view o f style, the " M

ician schoo l" is characterized
by certain kinds of p ortrait at the end o f the 2nd c entury a nd the b egin-
n
ing o f the 3rd century: men w ith almost s quare f aces, women w ith more
oblong faces, narrow f orehead, a nd bulging e yes w ith marked e yel
ids,
wide nose, fleshy mouth, para l
lel thick lips a nd the mouth w ith the e nds
cast down. A l
l women wear t he s ame coiffure: parted h air with two
waves cover ing the ears a nd twisted in a bun o n the top of the head.
The phys iognomica l t
ra its are distinguishable i n the mytho logica
l p ersons
as wel
l: Medusa a nd J upiter Ammon, who o ccur preeminent ly on the
copings a nd the pedesta ls here.
Tomb-stones, s telae a nd a ltars, t he ma jor ity b elong ing t o s oldiers

a
ccord ing to t he e pitaphs, were f ound a t T ib iscum. 3 88 The f igured
s
telae, w ith a r ectangu lar o r arched n iche, b elong t o t he a rch itectura l
type. A lso t wo s telae w ithout a rch itectura l d ecorat ion have t he f ield o f
the inscription d ivided i n vertica l r eg isters. One o f them p reserves t he
busts o f the d eceased, whi le t he r elief f ield o f t he other i s v ery c orroded.
This t ype o f stela was s pread i n Mauretan ia a nd n orth-western Afr ica. 3 89
The f unerary a ltars a re worked a fter t he mode l of those a t U lpia Tra iana
and c opy t he c lassical t ype o f a ra; t hey a re v ery s imilar t o t he v otive
a
ltars. The monuments a t Tibiscum a re c haracter ized by a p oor a nd f airly
uninspired o rnamenta l repertory, t he s ober s ty le with a n evident t endency
t
o g eometricizat ion a nd a bstract ion a s w i
th d eep s culpture, h as p lays o f
shadow a nd l ight i n the c lear-cut d etaching o f n iche a nd f rames. The
act
iv i
ty o f stone-cutters b egan i n t he f irst h alf of the 2 nd c entury. As
regards t he e thn ic o rigin o f the t roops, t he s ituation i s almost i dent ical
a
t T ibiscum a nd M icia ( numerus P almyrenorum a t Tibiscum, c oh. I F l.
Commagenorum a t M icia; numerus Maurorum T ibiscens ium a nd numerus
Maurorum M iciens ium .; c oh. I V inde licorum a t T ibiscum a nd a la I H ispan-
orum Campagonum a t M icia): t roops r ecrui ted both f rom t he Or ient a nd
the West were quartered i n these c ities. I n c ontrast w ith t he s ituat ion
f
rom t he p o
int o f view ment ioned a bove, t he monuments d iffer much i n
7
1
t
ypo logy, s ince M
icia was s trong ly influenced by t he a rt
ist ic trends from
Apulum. I f an or
ienta l component i n the funerary a rt in Roman Dacia
would be a ccepted, t hen evident s imilarit
ies should h ave e x is
ted b etween
t
he f unerary monuments a t Micia a nd those at Tibiscum. The p opulation
both at Micia and T ibiscum u sed t he type of monuments " in fashion" a nd
i
n extensive c irculation in the Ba lkano-Danub ian e nvironment.
Naturally, workshops e xisted i n cities a s well as c amps i n Dac ia

Porolissens is, 399 wh ich was we ll p rotected by t he aux i
liary t roops a nd
s
ince 1 67 by l eg io V Macedon ica, t ransferred f rom Troesmis t o P otaissa.
The workshop a t Napoca, t he c apital o f the p rovince, was c haracter ized
by A . Bodor , 391 a s produc ing e spec ially stelae a nd wa lls o f aedicu lae,
but f unerary c onstruct ions3 92 s
hou ld h ave e x
isted h ere a s well a s at
Potaissa a nd P oro lissum. F rom t he p oint o f view o f the s tyle, t he monu-
ments a t Napoca a re c haracter ized by t he framed a nd d ished r ectangu lar
p
laque a nd t he e quil
ibr ium a nd t he s ymmetry o f the compos ition o f t he
s
cenes. The f igures a re express ive; t he women wear t he s ame c oiffure:
parted h air c over ing t he e ars a nd t wisted i n a bun a t t he b ack o f t he head;
t
he b eard a nd t he moustache o f t he men a re d eeply ridged. We a dd t hat
o
ther monuments, l ike a s tela w ith meda llion ( S17, Pl
. V III) s how i nflu-
ence f rom t he " schoo l o f Apulum".
At Potaissa, 3
93 the artisans c arved s telae a nd aedicu lae in limestone
f
rom t he neighbour ing quarr ies situated a t Che i
la Turzi i; t he s cene o f
t
he f uneral banquet was t he p referred d ecorat ive motif. Two s tylistic
t
raits are particularly evident: a s regards t he portrait —the n eck r e-
presented like a "faux-co l", the e ar-flaps, t he h and with l ong a nd th in
f
ingers — t
he h eads a re cut firm ly and d eeply i n compar ison w i
th t he r e
lief
which is a
lmost etched o n the s tone. 394 -
I
n Dacia Porolissens is, in the c amps a t Gher la, C 4e i, I
li va, G i
läu,
and Brincovenpsti 395 e xist monuments wh ich we s uspect w ere worked by
s
oldiers or local artisans —works o f popu lar art a nd n a
ive c reations by i n-
experienced hands —in a ddi
tion t o the works c reated by t he itinerant
a
rtisans a nd which a re t ypologically re
lated w ith t hose found a t Pota issa.
But, in contrast w ith the classicizing sty le wh ich knew p eriods of aban-
donment a nd new outburs ts the n a
ive a nd p opu lar style was man ifested
c
onstantly a nd perenn ial
ly a nd always e xpressed t he same s incere a rtis-
t
ic message.
Ow ing t o the f act t hat many t ypes a re not i nscribed ( wa

lls o f aediculae,
meda l
lions, a ltars i n the s hape o f p ilaster, p edesta ls a nd c opings)
even when t he epitaph i s intact o n t he i nscribed t ypes, i t is succ inct and
rarely c ontains e vidence f or a p recise d ating. The c haracters a nd the
abbrev iations g ive n o c ertain ind icat ion f or d ating. 396 The inscr iptions,
with a s ing le exception, b eg in with a n invocat ion upon t he Dei Manes,
abbrev iated t o the f orm D M , a nd e nds w i
th t he a bbrev iated formu la BMP
or av erb, u sually p osu it. The f ormu la H S E o ccurs i n association w ith
B M Pt wice. I n g enera l, t he form o f the i nscr iption i s stereotyped: t he
i
nvocat ion upon t he De i Manes i s f ollowed by t he name o f the d eceased,
mostly i n the n ominative, t he v erb v ixit, t he number o f y ears o f his
l
ifetime a nd a t the e nd, t he n ame o f the p erson o r p ersons who e rected
t
he monument, t heir r elation w ith t he d eceased a nd t he f inal formu la.
The fact should be remarked t hat t

he praenomen i s m issing on inscrip-
t
ions dating from t he 2nd c
entury, a nd the verb indicating t he service
i
n the army is almost always missing and the ind
ication o f the years o f
a
ctive service is absent even from the s
telae of some soldiers sti
ll on
a
ctive service and s o much the more on the monuments o f veterans.
7
2
The f
i
liation a
nd the native place are i
ndicated on
ly on afew ste
lae
o
f t
hose which we have dea
lt with; t hese s
telae did not e
xceed t
he
s
eventh d
ecade of the 2
nd c entury.
If the d ating o f monuments t o the 2nd-3rd c enturies is sat

isfactory
f
or a p rov ince w i
th a l onger p eriod of integration into the Roman Emp ire,
acloser d ating is required a s regards Dac ia. Th is desideratum c an b e
r
ealized o nly by a ssemb l
ing s evera l da
ta s uch as the frequency a nd t he
c
ircula tion o f t
he r espect ive ornamenta l type, the stylistic f
eatures,
t
he c oiffure o f those depicted, d ated analog ies i
n other p rov
inces, t he
h
istory o f the settlement f rom whence t he monument c omes etc.
As Is howed, t he poor contents of the i

nscr ipt
ions a llow u s t
o d a
te
o
nly a s ma
ll number o f inscr
iptions. We men t
ion t he b
ilingua l (Latin and
P
almyran) i nscr
ipt
ion o f Neses Ierhei which dates i n 160, t he i
nscription
o
f the li
ber tus Syril
lio which is dated around 1 70 a nd the inscript
ion f ound
a
t Apulum a nd belonging to av eteran of l
egio V Macedon ica which a ppears
w
i th t
he e pithet o
f pia constans a nd a
ccording ly t he i
nscr iption can b e
dated t
o t he 3rd century.
The chronologica
l distr
ibution shows that t he majority o
f the funer-
a
ry monuments d ate i
n the 2nd half o
f the 2nd c entury a nd the f
irst half
o
f the 3rd century. Even i f abreak in the artistic l
ife cannot be per-
c
eived, after the Marcomanic wars, a fl
ourishing t ook place, especia
l ly
i
n the per
iod o f the Seven. The p eriod of po
litical disturbances wh ich
f
ollowed cannot b e p
erceived i
n the funerary a rt.
When fortunately the text of t

he inscr iption referring to the mil
itary
c
areer of the deceased is preserved o n the monument t he ep
itaph, c or-
r
oborated by t he data concerning the c antonment p rior t
o the arrival of
t
he troops in the province to the North o f the Danube , and the evidence
o
f the garrison or the garrisons in Dacia g ive the most certain elements
f
or dating.
F
or e xample, the s
tela o
f I u
lius Secundus , so
ldier o
f numerus e xp
lor-
a
torum G ermanicianorum (S45 , Pl. IV), dead a t t
he age of 55 y ears,
a
fter 32 years on act
ive service, was d ated to the f
irst ha
lf o f the 2nd
c
entury. The t omb-stone was r e-used a s bui
lding material in the camp
a
t Orä5tioara, Hunedoara coun ty. The a ltar of Z
eno Tarasi ( f
ilius) sold
ier
o
f numerus G ermanicianorum ( Al) was e rected at Apulum a lso in the 2nd
c
entury. 397
The ste la of A el
ius Mucapor is f
rom A la I Tungrorum F rontan iana,
w
ith t he f ie
ld d ivided i n registers and f ound at I4ua was d ated t o the
s
econd h a
lf o f the 2 nd century ( S110, P l. XI); t he altar o f P. Ae l
ius
Tert
ius, f ormer o ff
icer o f cohors I Ulpia Brittonum ( A22) b elongs t o the
end o f the 2 nd c entury; t he stela of the cornicularius Aure lius Car inus
o
f Ala S iliana a t G nu ( S108, Pl. XI), a nd the stela of t he v eteran
Aurelius Maurus o f cohors I F lavia Commagenorum a t M icia ( S173, Pl.
XIV) 398 are d ated t o the 3rd century.
As regards t he e
pi taphs of so
ldiers, two of them should be mentioned;
t
hey g ive a concrete picture of what local r
ecruitment means. W e refer
t
o an altar coming from Opta tiana (A28, Pl. XIX) a nd men
tioning a family
o
f Thrac ians (or even Roman ized Dacians, one of whom was signifer of
numerus Maurorum Optat ianensium and t he s
tela of t
he African Aurelius
Maurus, v eteran of c
ohors I S ecunda F lav
ia Commagenorum ( S173, Pl.
XIV).
There a
re c
erta
in epi
taphs which c
an b e d
ated on the bas
is o
f d
ata
c
onnected w
ith t
he adm
inistrat
ive o
rganiza
tion of t
he province. We refer
7
3
t
o those wh ich n
ame S arm
izegetusa a
s metropol
is (A26, A14) a nd c
an be
dated to the 3
rd century 399 a
nd t
hose which ment
ion beneficiari
i c
onsu-
l
ares. 400
A
t t he end of our d
iscussion of form a nd the typology, t he decoration
and origin of the funerary monuments i n i
nter-Carpathian Dacia a nd
i
mp l
icitly, the workshops where t hey were e xecuted, it i
s time to make
as hort stop to ref
lect upon the posi
t ion held by the funerary a rt of
Dacia in the ensemble of Roman p rovincial ar
t a nd to analyse to what
extent the tombstones attest the Roman izat
ion o f t
he p opulation to the
north of the Danube.
Our whole t
ask has been dominated by an a
ttempt t
o detect the
t
ypical f
eature of t
he funerary a
rt in Dacia. For t
his r
eason, w e have
r
esorted of
ten to comparisons. Now w e i
ntend to s
tress s
ome o f the
r
esults o
f o ur r
esearches.
— The f unerary a rt of Dacia b elongs t o t he c u

ltura l hor izon o f the
Balkano-Danubian p rovinces, a nd i ncreases t he ir a rtistic p a
tr imony.
Even if the development f rom s imp le t o comp lex c annot b e p erceived i n
Dacia as well as in n orthern I taly where t he r ev iva l o f the l ate Hellen is-
t
ic forms a nd p atterns t ook p lace h owever, a n a rt
istic d eve lopment i s
evident. As h appens i n Dac ia i n the p re-Roman p er iods when t he G eto-
Dacians assimilated c reative ly t he s uper ior forms o f civ i
lzation, s o also i n
t
he Roman p eriod, n othing was a dopted w ithout c are. The a nalysis of
every type o f monument a l
lows u s to see t he " Dacian" i nnovations: t he
s
tela with attic a nd meda llion under a rchway, t he s tela w ith h orseshoe
n
iche, t he al
tar w ith a t runcated pyramid, t he a ed icula w i th t he lateral
walls d
ivided i n r egisters, t he meda ll
ion w ith c orona a nd s hell-shaped
n
iche o r the meda llion a ssociated w ith lions, t he c op ings i n the s hape o f
at runcated pyramid w ith c urved e dges a nd d ecorated w ith t he busts o f
t
he d eceased o r mytho log ical p ersons.
— The a rtistic l
anguage p roper of Dacia, o f Romano-western o rigin,
was formed e ven by t he m
idd le o
f the 2nd century. The o r
ientation of
Dac
ia p articu lar
ly t owards the western prov inces manifested i
tself in two
ways: e ither by a dopting f
orms o r decorat
ive p atterns and chang ing
t
hem o r by p erpetuating some forms which h ad a
lready b een abandoned
i
n their nat ive places.
— A l
l forms o f f
unerary monument a ttested i
n Dac ia are of north-Italian
o
rigin. Bes ides Aqui
leia, whose role i
n transmitting the artist
ic-cu ltural
a
ssets to the Danubian p rovinces was repeated
ly p ointed o ut, another
c
entre, A lt
ino, mus t be added.
— The style of some monuments , l

ike the wall o
f the a edicula a
t Ulpia
Tra
iana dating to the 3
rd century foresaw the d awn o f the future Byzan-
t
ine art a
nd c onf
irms the t
hes is o
f L. Bianchi-Band inell
i, t hat t
he trai
ts
o
f an art which could b
e qualified a
s pre-med ieval occurred i n the Ba
lkano-
Danubian zone.
I
n conceiv ing the funerary monuments a s as upra-structura
l expres-
s
ion of the socio-econom ic r
eal
ities and Romanizat
ion a s acomplex process
which d
eve loped n ot only l
inguistica
lly
, Dacia can be considered a
s b eing
a Romanized p rovince.
-
- " Lovers of sp
lendour a nd epigraphical p erpetuation" —we u se t
he e x-
press
ion of Vasile P
iervän—are first
ly t he veterans who r ema ined i
n Dac ia
and the so
ldiers on act
ive service. The f unerary monuments s how that
t
he army was a dynamic f actor in the process o f Romanization. They s how
a
lso that the Roman way o f l
i
fe a nd the Latin language i mposed themse lves
7
4
i
n the urban and rura
l environment, the c
entres si
tua ted o n the ma
in
a
rteries o
f the p
rovince and in t
he inter
ior. It is no
t a n accident tha
t
a
l
l the funerary monuments but one, bear an e
pitaph i n L
at in.
— The distribut
ion o f the f
unerary monuments shows that t
he c
ities
w
ere focuses of radia
ting Roman c iv
ilizat
ion a
nd it i
s s
ignif
icant t
hat the
t
ypes of monuments c reated by the workshops a
t Apulum spread over
a
lmost the whole province.
— The t omb-stones of as uperior art

istic execution w ere not the apanage
o
f ac i
ty but a re also encountered in the modest s ett
lements o r nearby
v
il
lae r usticae. The c hronology s hows that creeds d id not exist i
n the
a
rtis
tic life of Dac
ia and t hat S
ept im
ius S everus c ould be rightly consid-
e
red a s the second founder o f the province to t
he n orth of the Danube.
— If t
he contr
ibut ion o
f t
he Roman f
actor t
o t
he spir
itual c
ulture of t
he
p
rovince o
f Dacia was n a
tural a
nd b
eyond any doubt tha
t of the n
atives
i
s h
ardly d
iscern ib
le.
Owing t o the lacunae i n t he d ocumentat ion c oncern ing t he a rt and t he

garments o f p re-Roman Dacia, t he s eparat ion o f the l ocal c omponent f rom
t
he a rt o f Roman Dac ia is e xtreme ly d iff
icu lt. However, w e b elieve tha t
t
he f unerary monuments p roduce g ood e vidence i n s upport o f Dac ian
c
ont inu i
ty. F irst of a l
l, w e r efer t o t he " Roman" a rt
icles o f cloth ing
(mantle, v est, t he fluffy woo llen mant le) a nd t he o rnaments o f a n ancient
t
rad it
ion ( the o rnamenta l c hain, t he f ibu la i n t he s hape o f as poon a nd,
possibly, t he torques) d epicted o n t he t omb-s tones. I n a ddition s ome
s
telae s eem t o have b een made by a rtisans e xper ienced i n scu lpture i n
wood. The s tylized v egetal p atterns wh ich d ecora te t he p ed iment o f
s
ome s telae a t Apu lum, c ould s ign ify t he p erpetuat ion o f an a rtistic expres-
s
ion o f loca l tradit
ion a nd t he v ariety o f f orms o f funerary monuments
should n ot and c ould n ot b e e xplained o nly by " colon ization" e x toto orbe
Romana, but e specially by t he r ecept iv i
ty t o as uper ior c ulture a nd the
greater p ower o f assim ilation o f the n ative p opu lation.
The stone c utters c oming from t he o

lder Romanized p rovinces, a nd
t
he local artisans who n ow famil
iarise themselves wi
th s cu
lpture i n stone
c
omplied w ith t he d emands a nd s at
isfied the t
aste of t
he p opulation of the
p
rovince, s o that, b ecause o f the necessi
ty to f
ind a common " modus
v
ivend i" and t o d efend i t
, everyone —officia
ls, so
ldiers and c ivi
lians--made
e
very e ndeavour t o integrate themse lves qu
ickly and as organ ical
ly a s
p
ossible into t he Roman wor ld.
7
5
NOTES
1
. For the a cceptance o f the t erm, s ee: G . A. Mansue l
li, s.v. P rov in-
c
iale a r
te, i n EAA, V II w i
th e arl
ier b ib
liography: i dem L e caractäre
provincia l de P art roma in d 'Italie du Nord a vant le bas empire, i n
L
e r ayonnement d es civilisations g recque e t romaine sur les cu ltures
p
eripher iques Con ees i nternational d
'archeologie class ique
Paris, 1963), P aris, 1 965, p . 1 87; R . Bianchi-Bandinell
i, Stor icitä
d
e l
l'arte c lassica, Firenze, 1 943, pp. 2 19-220; A . Bali
l, Sabre e l
a
rte H ispanoromana, i n Hommages ä A lbert Grenier, I, Bruxelles,
1
962, pp. 1 73-186.
2
. Of the monographs d evoted t o p rov incial art s ee: S. F erri, Arte
romana s ul Reno, M i
lano , 1 931 : i dem Ar te romana s u
l Danub io,
Milano, 1933; L . Hah l, Zur S tilentwick lung d er p rovinzialrömischen
P
lastik in German ien und Ga l
lien , Darmstadt, 1 937; H . Koethe, L a
s
cu lpture r omaine a u p ays d es Tr 'ev ires
, i n RA, X , 1 937
, pp. 1 99-
239; Marce l E. Marien, L a scu lpture r oma ine. L
' art en Be lgique,
Bruxe l
les, 1 945; R . No l
l, Kunst d er Römerze it in Oesterreich,
Salzburg, 1 949 ; H . S choppa, D ie Kunst d er Römerze it in Gallien,
German ien und Br i
tann ien, Ber lin -München, 1 957; A . Frova, L 'arte
d
i Roma e d el mondo r omane. Tor ino, 1 961 ; J . M . C .Toynbee, Art
i
n Roman Br ita
in, L ondon, 1 963; i dem Ar t in Britain under t he
Romans, Oxford, 1 964; R . Bianch i-Band inelli
, Rome — la fin d e Part
antique, P aris, 1970.
3
. The f
ollowing works o f synthesis concerning Roman a rt were especi-
a
lly used in the present work: E . Strong , L
a scultura romana d a
Augusto a Constantine, I
, Firenze, 1 923 and I, Firenze, 1926;
G
ilbert Charles Picard,L'art romaine, P ar
is, 1964; B . Andreae,
L
'art de l
'ancienne Rome, P ar
is, 1973.
4
. We r efer t o t
he important c o
llection Corpus S ignorum I mper ii Roman i
(CSIR) o f wh
ich t he following were u sed i n the p resent work :
Osterreich, I , 1( A. Neumann, D ie Sku lpturen d es S tadtgebietes
von Carnuntum), W ien, 1 967; Osterreich, I , 2( M. L . Krüger, D ie
Rundsku lpturen d es S tadtgebietes v on Carnuntum), W ien, 1 967, 1,
3( M. L. Krüger, D ie Reliefs d es S tadtgebietes v on Carnuntum.
Die figür lichen Reliefs, W ien, 1 970); I , 4( M. L . Krüger, D ie Re liefs
des S tadtgebietes v on Carnuntum. D ie d ekorat iven Re liefs-
mili
tär ische Ausrüstungsgegenstände, t i
er ische o der v egetabi le
Ornamente), W ien, 1 972; I , 5( M. L . Krüger, D ie Re liefs d es S tadt-
gebietes v on Scarbantia und S avaria), W ien, 1 974; Osterreich, I ,
1( G. Piccottini, Die Rundsku lpturen d es S tadtgebietes v on V irunum ,
Wien, 1 968); Osterreich I, 1 ( G. Piccottin i, D ie Rundmeda i
llons
und N ischenporträts d es S tadtgebietes v on V irunum, . Wien, 1 972);
II, 1 ( N. Heger, D ie Sku lpturen d es S tadtgebietes v on I uvavum,
Wien, 1 975); II, 2 ( L. E ckhart, D ie Sku lpturen d es S tadtgebietes
von L aur iacum, W ien, 1 976); Deutsch land, I , f asc. 1 ( Fr. Wagner,
G. Gamer, A . Misc .h, Raet ia — Nor icum, Bonn, 1 973; P o
logne, I ,
(A. S adurska, L es p ortraits, Warszawa, 1 972). S ee also E . Esper-
and ieu, Recuei l genera l d es b as-re l
iefs d e la Gau le roma ine, v o
l. I-
VIII, P aris, 1907-1922.
7
6
5
. F
or i
nstance, see L
. Bal
la, T. Buocz, Z
. Kädär
, A. Moosy, T .
S
zent
ldleky, Die S
teindenkmä
ler von Savar
ia, Budapest, 1971.
6
. C. Daicoviciu, L a Transy lvanie d ans Pantiquitd
, Buc., 1 945, pp.
144-145; I storia Romàn iei,I, Buc., 1 960, pp. 442-445; M . Macrea,
Viata i
n Dacia Roman , Buc., 1 969, pp. 356-357. D . Tudor,
Orase, ti
rgur i
, s ate in Dacia romariä, Bucureeti, 1968. S ee a
lso
L. Teposu Dav id, P o
ints d e vue s ur Petude de l'
art provincia
l de
l
a Dacie Supdr ieur, in Hommages ä Marce l Renard, I I, Bruxelles,
1969, pp. 5 50-557.
7
. For the h istory o f research see I DR, I , pp. 3 7-63 a nd IDR, I I/1, pp.
19-29 J . Neigebaur, Dacien a us dem Ueberresten d es klassischen
Altertums, m it b esonderer Rücksicht a uf Siebenbürgen Bra pv,
1851; F r. Mü ller, i n AVSL, XVI, 1 881; G . Torma, I nschrif ten a us
Dacia, Moes ia S uper ior und P annon ia I nferior, in AEM, V I, 1 882,
pp. 9 7-145 ; F r. Studnicza, M ithraeen und a ndere Denkmä ler a us
Dacien, i n AEM, V III, 1884, p . 36; G . Teglas a nd A . v. Domaszewsk i,
Inschr iften a us Dacien, i n AEM, I X, 1 885, pp. 2 37-248; F r. Cumont,
Rev idierte und n eugefundene I nschr iften a us Dacien, i n AEM, X IV,
1891, pp. 1 08-113; i dem, Neue Funde a us Dacien und Moes ien, i n
AEM, XVII, 1 894, pp. 1 6-32; G . Tdg läs and P. K iräly, Neue I ns-
chriften a us Dac ien, i n AEM, X IV, 1 891, pp. 1 08-113; P . K iraly,
Dacia P rov incia Aug rusti, Nagybecskerek, 1 893-1894.
8
. J
. J ung, Mitteilungen aus Apulum, in JbAI, I I, 1
900, Beibl., p.
190; B . Cserni , A
ls6feher värmegye monografiäya, Aiud, 1901;
G. Tdgläs, Hunyadvärmegye t örtenete, Budapest, 1
902; H . Hofmann,
Rdmische Militärgrabsteine d
er Donau länder
, Wien, 1
905; R . Münster -
berg and J. Oeh ler, Antike Denkmä ler in Siebenbürgen, i n JöAI
V, 1902, Be ibl., pp. 103-105; J . Ornste in, Ausgrabungen b ei
Szamosu jvar, i n J
eiAI, VI, 1903, Beibl., c 1 14-120; A . Schober,
Romai sirkövek Daciabo l, in Dolgozatok, I , 1911, pp. 275-287;
A. Buday, S zorvänyos r omaikori emlekek E rddlybol, i
n Dolgozatok,
VII, 2
, 1 916, pp. 1 14-115; I . Marpan, Tara Wä gudu lui i
nainte de
i
nstituirea r egimului de gigniceri
, Nägäud,1934.
9
. I monumenti funerari de
lla Dacia Superior, i
n ED, I V, 1930, pp. 72-
1
48. Gr. F lorescu dealt t
angentally in I monument i f
unerari romani
d
ella Dacia I
nferiore, Bucureeti, 1942, pp. 54-57.
1
0. ARD, M
ilano, 1
933.
1
1. C
losca L . Baluta, Monumente s culpturale d e l
a Apulum, i n Apu lum,
XII: 1 974, pp. 117-133; I. Berciu, A l. P opa, Monumente e pigraf ice
d
in Apu lum, i n Apulum, V , 1964, pp. 1 94-195; L . Bianch i, Par t
icolari
ta
s
tilist
iche d i alcun
i ritra
tti funerari della Dacia Superior, i n Apu lum, X I,
1973, pp.721-728 ; idem, Ri
lievi funerari c on banchetto d e
lla Dac ia romana,
i
n Apu lum, X II, 1
974, pp. 159-181; i dem, i n Apulum, X III, 1 974, pp.
1
55-181 ; A , Bodor, Un n ou monument f unerar d e l
a Giräu i nfähs ind
banchetul funebru , in OmD, Bucureeti , 1 960, pp. 4 1-50; E . Bujor,
Monumente a rheo logice de la P otaissa, in Apu lum, V I, 1967, pp. 1 82-
202; V . Chr istescu, Cons iderapun i asupra unei s tele funerare d e la
5
ei, in RIR, 1,1932, pp. 2 67-287 ; idem, Nouveaux monumen ts
d
'Apu lum, i n Dacia, 1927-1932, — pp. 3 24-326; C . Daicoviciu,
Monumente i ned ite in Dacia, in AISC, I , 1 928-1932, pp. 1 12-118;
i
dem, Neue M itt ilungen a us Daz ien, in Dacia, V II-VIII, 1937-1940,
pp. 229-336; i dem, Cronica a rheo logieä 5 i e pigraficä a Transilvan iei,
i
n ACMIT, I , 1 929, p. 300 sqq.: H . Daicov iciu, Un monument f unerar
i
n Dacia S uper ioara, in Omag iu l ui P. Constant inescu-Iasi, Bucureet i
,
7
7
1
966, pp. 101-108; i dem, Coronamente le in form
*g de trunchi de
p
irami a arcu ifä pe t
eritor
iul prov inciei Dacia, in Apulum, V II,
1
968, pp. 3 33-352; S t. M nird
.
, Un monument f unerar roman d e la
I
l
isua, district Bistr
ita Näsaud, in ActaMN, X , 1973, pp. 605-609;
0
. Floca, Monument i romani inedit
i d e
l d istretto d
i Hunedoara, i n
Dacia, V II-VIII, 1 937-1940, pp. 3 37-344 ; i dem, Monumente e pigraf ice
s
i s cu lptura le d e l a M icia, i n ActaMN, V , 1 968, p . 1 23; 0 . F loca a nd
W. Wo lsk i, Aed icu la f unerara i n Dacia r omanä , i n BMI, XLII, 1 973,
3
, pp. 3 -52 w ith a f oreword by D . M . P ipp id i; N . Go s tar, I nscr iptii
s
i monumente d in Germansara, i n CCRH, Deva, 1 956, p . 8 1 s qq.:
i
dem, E in Numerus Germanicianorum e xp loratorum i n o beren Dakien,
i
n Germania, 5 0, 1 972, 1 -2, pp. 2 41-247; N . Gudea a nd V . Lucäce l
,
I
nscr ipti i p i monumente s cu lptura le i n Muzeu l d e I stor ie s i a rt äZ aräu
Za
lä u, 1 975 ; M . Gramatope l, Une S cy lla f unera ire d 'Apu lum, i n
Apu lum, V I, 1 967 , pp. 1 63-167 ; M . Horhat, Un t ip r ar d e meda lion
r
oman f unerar, i n Apu lum, I V, 1 961, pp. 2 76-280; D . I sac,
Monumente f unerare r omaneo i n Muzeu l o rasu lui B laj, i n S tud ia Un i-
vers i tat is Babep-Bo lya i, s .-Histor ia, f asc. 1 , 1 970, p . 1 1 s qq.;
D. I sac a nd I . S tratan, Monumente d e a rt äp rov inc ial är omanU i n
Muzeu l Lugo j, i n Banat ica, I, 1 973 , pp. 1 17-130; D . I sac , V .
Wollmann a nd I . P . A lbu, Monumente f unerare r eprezent ind l ei d es-
coper ite i n j udetu l Hunedoara, i n S arget ia , X , 1 973 , pp. 1 37-148;
M. J ude, Monumente f unerare d e l a P ota issa, i n ActaMN, I X, 1 972,
pp. 4 97-501 ; i dem, C iteva monumente s cu lptura le d e la P ota issa,
in SCIV, 2 4, 1 976, 4 , pp. 6 59-661; M . J ude a nd C . P op, Monumente
sculptura le r omane i n Muzeu l d e i stor ie Turda, C lu j, 1 972; M . Läng,
Totenmah ldarste llungen a n d ak ischen und p annon ischen Grabsteinen,
in Az a rszägos Magyar Regeszet i t ärsu lat e vkön ive, I , 1 923-1926,
pp. 7 1-80; M . Macrea, I nscr ipt ii d e l a P oro l issum i n Muzeu l r aiona l
Zal n, i n Act iv itatea muzee lor, I , 1 956, pp. 1 11-116; L . N färgh itan
and I . Andr itoiu, Monumente f unerare r eprezent ind p e J upiter Ammon
din j udetu l Hunedoara , i n SCIVA, 2 7, 1 976, 1 , pp. 4 5-54 ; Z
. M ilea,
Scu lptur i r omane d e l a A lburnus Ma ior, i n Apu lum, I X, 1 971, pp.
435-441 ; i dem, Un c oronament d e a ltar f unerar d escoper it l a P ota issa,
i
n SCIV, 2 4, 1 973, pp. 3 39-540 ; Z
. M ilea a nd V . F enepan, Monument
sculptura l d e l a P otaissa i nfä t
ip ind un b anchet f unerar? i n Rev ista
Muzee ler, I I, 1 966, 3 , pp. 2 76-268; M. I VIoga , P agus t ibiscens is
i
n l eek t me c u t eritor iu l r ura l a l U lp iei Tra iane, i n T ibiscus , I , 1 971,
pp. 4 1-50; M . Moga a nd I . I . Russu, L ap idaru l Muzeu lu i Banatu lui
Tim 4oara, 1 974 ; V . Moga , Un p erete d e a ed icu la d escoper it l a
Apu lum, i n Apu lum, X I, 1 973 , pp. 1 85-190; i dem, No i monumente
sculptura le d escoper ite l a Apu lum, i n Apu lum, X II, 1 974, pp. 5 91-
599; V . Moga, Monumente s cu lptura le d e l a Apu lum, i n Apu lum,
XIII, 1 976, pp. 1 21-131 ; Em. P ana itescu, Castru l r oman d e la Cg5ei ,
Stela d e la Cäpei , i n ACMIT, I, 1 929 , pp. 3 27-339 ; i dem, Monumente
i
ned i te d in L arg iana, i n ACMIT, I I, 1 930-1931, pp. 8 3-108 ; I .
Paulov ics, Dacia ke let i h atärvona la e s a z ügynevezett " Dak"-ezt ist-
kincsek kerde se, C luj, 1 944; C . P eto lescu, I nc un monument
funerar d in Dacia Super ier, i n Apu lum, X II, 1 973, pp. 7 37-741; I .
P
iso, Epigraf ica ( I), i n S arget ia, X I, 1 975, pp. 5 7-79 ; I , i n Apu lum,
XIII, 1 975 , pp. 6 77-682 ; II, i n ActaMN, X II, 1 975 ,
• pp. 1 65-178 ;
IV, i n Apu lum, X IV, 1 976, pp. 4 41-453; I . P ise a nd V . P epe lea,
DouK p iese r omane d in Bo torca ( Tirngven i), i n ActaMn, I X, 1 972,
pp. 4 73-475 ; A l..Popa a nd V . P ave l, Ansamb lu l f unerar a l I u
l iei
Serena d e l a Apu lum, i n Apu lum, X III, 1 973, 1 13-120; C . P op,
Monumente s culptura le d in Napoca, i n ActaMN, V , 1 968, pp. 4 79-489;
i
dem, Reprezentar i c u Lupa Capi to lina p e monumente s cu lptura le
7
8
romane d in Romän ia, i n ActaMN, V III, 1 971, pp. 1 72-184; i dem
Un c oronament d e altar f unerar d in Muzeu l din A lba I ulia, i n Apu lum,
IX, 1 971, pp. 3 71-373 ; C . P op, 0 s terä f unerar 'ä c u simbo lu l Romei
d
in Dac ia, i n I nmem, C luj, 1 974, pp. 3 11-314; C . P op-T. S oroceanu,
Citeva s tele f amiliale d in Dacia Super ioarä , i n Apu lum, V II, 1 968 , 1,
pp. 4 13-420; C . P op, I . A ldea a nd V . Moga, No i meda l
ioane f uner-
are lucrate a parte d in Dacia S uper ioar-6, i n ActaMN, I X, 1 972, pp.
503-524; C . P op a nd A . Rusu, Un p erete d e a ed icu la d e la U lpia
Traiana S armizegetusa, i n Muzeu l Nationa l, I I, 1 976, pp. 1 53-157;
D. P rotase, No i monumente s cu lptura le r omane d in n ordu l Dacie i,
i
n Apu lum, I V, 1 961, pp. 1 38-140; i dem, Un n ou t ip d e meda lion
funerar d in Dac ia, i n SCIV, 1 1, 1 960, 2 , pp. 3 23-331 ; i dem,
Formes p articu libres d e l'art r oma ine e n Dacie, i n S tC1, I V, 1 961,
pp. 1 28-140 ; i dem, E lemente t race e ii hr i n a la I P annon iorum,
i
n SCIV, 1 9, 1 968 , 1 , pp. 3 39-344; D . Radu, Materia le e pigraf ice
i
n Muzeu l r eg ional A lba l u
lia, i n Apu lum, I V, 1 961, pp. 1 08-118;
i
dem, Trei monumente s culptura le d e l a Apu lum, i n Apu lum, V II,
1968, pp. 4 33-443; I . I. Russu, Mater iale e pigraf ice i n Muzeu l
raiona l Dej,in A ctivi tatea Muzee lor, I, 1 956, pp. 1 28-131; i dem,
InscripIii d in Dacia , i n Mater iale, V I, 1 959, p . 8 71 s qq.; i dem ,
Note e pigraf ice, i n Stud ii Si Commun idär i
, Muzeu l Brukentha l, X II,
1965, pp. 2 05-211 ; i dem, No te e pigraf ice, i n SCIV, 1 8, 1 967 , 1,
pp. 1 67-182; i dem, Un r e
lief r oman d e la P ota issa, i n SCIVA, 2 7,
1976, 3 , pp. 4 05-412; I . I . Russu a nd Z . M ilea, Mater iale e pigraf ice
e
is culptura le in Muzeu l raiona l Turda, i n P robleme d e muzeograf ie,
1964, pp. 2 7-29; M . Renard, S phinx h masque f unera ire, i n
Apu lum, V II, 1 968 , pp. 2 75-305; V . Vas il
iev, Un r elief f unerar
r
oman i
n I
V
Iuzeul d
e i
stor
ie C
luj, in AMN, I
V, 1967, pp. 4
77-480;
V
. Wo
llmann, Douäinscr
ipii romane d
in Munp
i Apusen i, i
n Apulum,
V, 1 964, pp. 5 91-592; i dem, Monumente s culptura le din Germisara,
i
n S arget ia, V , 1 968, pp. 1 09-119 ; i dem, Mater iale epigrafice ei
s
cu lptura le r omane i n Muzeu l Sebe , i n ActaMN, V II, 1970, pp.
173-183; i dem, I nscr ipiii is culpturi r omane d in s ud-estu l Banat-
u
lui , in ActaMN, V III, 1 971, pp. 5 39-553; V . Wollmann, Monumente
epigraf ice s i s
cu lptura le d in U lpia Tra iana, i n Apu lum, X III, 1 975,
1
31D
• 1 99-22 ; V . Wo llmann a nd R. Grecu, Monumente s culptura le
romane d e p e c upr insu l judetu lui Alba , in Apu lum, X IV, 1 976, pp.
99-118 ; L . Dav id a nd V . P intea, Un monument f unerar d in Dac ia
Porolissens is in ActaMN, I I, 1 966, pp. 4 59-463; L . David a nd L.
gärghi tan, Monumente s cultura le d e l
a M icia, in ActaMN, V , 1968,
pp. 1 25-135 ; L . Märgh i
tan, Monumente f unerare d e la M
icia, i n
ActaMN, V I, 1 969, pp. 1 59-164; I . Mitrofan a nd L . Teposu,
0 aed icu la f unerar äd e la P otaissa, in ActaMN, V II, 1970, pp. 5 31-
536; L . Teposu-Mar inescu, Despre o riginea unor t ipuri d e monumente
funerare d in Dac ia Super ior, i n SCIV, 2 3, 1973, 2 , pp. 2 15-222;
i
dem, S tatui le fem inine s arapate d in Muzeu l judetean Hunedoara-Deva,
in Sarget ia, I X, 1 972, pp. 5 55-565; i dem, Despre a edicula f uneralia
in Dac ia r oman , i n SCIVA, 2 5, 1974, 3 , pp. 4 17-425; i dem,
Prob leme d e arts p rovinc ialä r omans, I , Aed icula f unerarä. in Dacia
in Muzeu l Nat iona l, I , 1 974, pp. 1 3-22.
1
2. A
ISC, I
, 1
928-1932, pp. 1
12-118.
1
3. F
. Drexe
l, Die b
elgisch-german
ischen P
fei
lergrabmä
ler, i
n RoemMi
tt
2
5, 1
920, p
. 127 sqq.
1
4. H
. Daicoviciu, i
n Omagiu lu
i P. Constantinescu-
Ias
i, pp. 1
01-108;
i
dem, in Apulum, VII, 1
968, pp. 333-352.
1
5. SCIV, 1
1, 1
960, 2
, pp. 3
23-331=
-StC, I
I, 1
961, pp. 1
33-143.
7
9
1
6. Apu
lum, V
II, 1
968, pp. 4
13-421.
1
7. ActaMN, I
X, 1
972, pp. 5
03-524
.
1
8. BMI, XLII, 1
973, pp. 4-52. See different p
oints of v
iew i
n L
.
Teposu-Marinescu, i
n SCIVA, 25, 1 974, 3
, pp. 417-425; i
dem, i
n
Muzeu
l National, I
, 1974, pp. 1
3-22.
1
9. I
nscript
iile Daciei r
omane (IDR), c o
llection elaborated by D
. M .
P
ippidi and I. I. Russu and of wh
ich t he fol
lowing were published:
vo
l. I, Bucure ti, 1975; vol. I, Bucure t i, 1 977 a
nd vo
l. II/1,
Bucure ti, 1
977; vo l
. 11/2, Bucure ti, 1980 .
2
0. ED, I
V, 1
930, pp. 8
4-104.
2
1. As r egards n orthern I taly, see S . Bazzar in, S tele c on r itratt i d el
t
err itorio Padovano, i n Bo l
l. Mus. C iv. P adova, XLV, 1 956, pp. 3 -
43; G . A . Mansue lli, L e stele r omane d el territorio Ravenna te e d el
Basso l b, Ravenna, 1 967; G . S ena Ch iesa, T ipolog ie e s tile d elle
s
tele f unerar ie a qu i
lense , i n Aqu ileia n ostra, 2 4/25 , 1 963/64, pp.
73-86; i dem, L e stele f unerar ie c on ritratt i di Altino , Venez ia , 1 960:
f
or Da lmat ia: S . R ina ldi-Tuf i, S tele funerar ie c on r itratt i di e ta r omana
nel Musee Archeo log ico d i S pa
lato.Sagg io di una t ipo logie s truttura le,
i
n A tti della Accadem ia Naz ionale d ei Lincei , CCCLXVIII, Memor ie,
Roma, 1 971; f or Germany: H . Gabe lmann, D ie Typen d er r ömischen
Grabste len am Rhein, i n BJ, 1 72, 1 972, pp. 6 5-140: f or Moes ia
Super ior: A . Möcsy, Gese llschaf t und Roman isation i n d er r dm ischen
Prov inz Moes ia Super ior, Budapest, 1 970; f or Moes ia I nfer ior: M .
A
lexandrescu-Vianu, Contr ibut ion iune c lassification d es s tbles f un-
d
ra ires d e l
a M 'esie I nfer ieure, i n Dacia , N .S., XVII, 1 973, p p. 2 17-
2
41 ; f or Macedonia : M . Alexandrescu-Vianu, L es s teles f undra ires
de la Macedo ine r oma ine, i n Dacia, N .S., XX, 1 976, pp. 1 87-201.
2
2. Method u
sed by Al. Vu
lpe and M
. Gheorghifg
.
, Bo Is a r
eliefs d
e
Pope t
i, i
n Dac
ia, N.S., XX, 1
976, pp. 1
67-204.
2
3. I
DR, I I/1, nr. 173, p . 205 describes t he decoration as f o
llows:
"The upper r egister is decorated w ith a g eometrical p
attern: a
pattern in the shape of ac ompass ( or a big head o f a'bird' with an
e
ye i n prof
ile) in an iche c ut c
lums ily; b eneath, t he l
intel with three
a
rches a t the base....". We c ons
ider t hat the respective o rnamental
p
attern r epresented a ctually a corona w ith a rosette i
n t hecentre a nd
t
ied by a high ly sty
lized t aenia; i t was made by t he hand o f a n
i
nexper ienced sculptor.
2
4. Gr. Florescu, MonDacia
Inf , pp. 1
8-25. S ee a
lso M
. A
lexandrescu-
Vianu, in SCIVA, 28, 1977, 3
, pp. 378-380.
2
5. Gr. Florescu, MonDaciaInf
, pp. 18-23
, nr. 11-14 (
architectura
l
s
telae); pp. 2 0-23
, n r. 1
5-23 (
non-arch
itectural s
telae).
2
6. I
t s
eems to us t
hat the dating o
f t he inscript
ion CIL, II, 8034 t
o
t
he second ha
lf of t
he 3rd century i s too l
ate s
ince both t
he deceased
a
nd the ded
icants bear the genti
licius Ae l
ius.
2
7. Gr. F
lorescu, MonDaciaInf
, p
. 2
7, n
r. 2
0, f
ig. 1
2. •
2
8. Group VI, c
lass A-B, according to.M. Alexandru-Vianu, i
n Dacia
N.S., XVII, 1
973, p. 219. S ee D
. P . Dimi
trov, Nadgrobnije p
loci
o
t rimsko vreme o severa Bu
lgarija, Sof
ia, 1942.
2
9. A
. Möcsy, Roman
isation Moesia Sup., p
. 66, fig
. 20
; p. 8
9, p
l. 2
9;
p
. 1
02 sqq., P
l. 35; p. 136, pl. 41; p. 148, p
l. 4
2.
8
0
3
0. A
. S chober , Die r ömischen Grabste ine von Nor icum und P annon ien,
W
ien, 1 923, p. 1 9
, n r. 1 1
, f ig. 7( Virunum); P. 2 2, n r, 2 3
, f ig. 11
and p. 23 n r. 24, fig. 24 ( Poetovio); p . 24, n r
. 2 8, fig. 1 4
(Carnuntum)=CSIR, Osterre ich, I, 4, nr. 497
; p . 2 6, n r. 3 6, fig.
1
7=CSIR, O sterreich, I , 4, n r. 530; pp. 2 6-27, n r. 3 8, fig. 1 8=
CSIR, O sterreich, I , 4, n 4
. 5 19. S ee a
lso CSIR, O sterreich, I , 3,
nr. 249-241, pl. 3 7 (Carnuntum) a nd CSIR, O sterre ich, I I, 2
(Lauriacum), n r. 2 7, pl. 9; n r. 29, p
l. 10; n r. 32, p l. 10;
Savaria, no. 94, 9 6, 100, 1 02, 104, 112.
3
1. A
. S chober, Grabsteine, p
p. 19-67. See a
lso V. Hoff
iller a
nd B
.
S
aria, Antike Inschr
iften aus J
ugoslav
ien, Zagreb, 1938.
3
2. A
. S chober, Grabste ine, P . 46, nr. 97; CSIR, Osterre ich, I, 4
(
Carnuntum), n r. 385 ; n r. 384; n r. 421 i st century; n o. 420-
t
he beginning of t he 2nd c entury; n os. 469-472 i st century; n o.
4
76--the second h alf of the ist century; n os. 4 77-478 —the s econd
h
alf of t
he ist century; n os. 478-479, the f
i rs
t h alf o
f t he 2nd
c
entury a nd the beg inning o f t
he 2 nd century r espective ly; n o.
4
96; n os. 545-546, t he first ha
lf of the ist century, n os. 518-
5
24 the second h a
lf o f the ist century.
3
3. CSIR, D
eutsch
land, I
, 1(
Raet
ia, Nor
icum), pp. 1
1-13.
3
4. I
bid., nos. 1-2, pl. 1; n
os. 7
-8, p
l. 2
; n
o. 9
, p
l. 3
; n
o. 2
29, p
l.
6
8; n o. 335
, p l. 92.
3
5. H
. Gabe
lmann, i
n BJ
, 1
72, 1
972, P
. 6
9.
3
6. S
. R
ina
ldi-Tuf
i, S
tele S
palate, P
. 1
27 s
q.
3
7. S
tele Ravenna
, p
ass
im.
3
8. S
tele Ravenna, g roup I B2 ( triangol
i laterali a
l f
rontene ribassati
,
pseudoacroteri ap a
lmete), p . 1 38
, n o. 28, pl. 1
5, fig. 39
; p . 139,
n
o . 2
9, pl. 15, f
ig. 39; g roup I B14 ( l
istel
lo continuo con specchio
efrontone lim
itat
i at ratto), no. 59, fig. 70.
3
9. A
. S chober, Grabste
ine, p. 1
90, f
ig. 1
93; G . Sus
in i a
nd R. Pincel
li,
I
i l
apidario d
i Bologna, Bo
logna, 1
960, no. 9
, p
l. X II; no. 1
6, pl.
X
III.
4
0. G
. S
ena Ch
iesa
, i
n Aqu
ile
ia n
ostra
, 2
4/25
, 1
953/1954
, pp. 7
3-86.
4
1. Group I L (l
istel
li cont
inuo, frontone c urvi
lineo corn
iciate a go
la
come l
o specchio pseudoacroter
i c urvil
inei) accord
ing to G. A.
Mansue
lli
, Stele Ravenna, n o. 80, fig
. 102.
4
2. Group I N ( frontone curvi
lineo r
ientrante, l
im i
tato da cornice
cont
inuo c on l
o specchio pseudoacroteri c
urvil
inei con iniz
iali di
f
ormu la e
pigrafica) accord
ing to G. A . Mansuelli, S
tele Ravenna ,
no. 93, f
ig. 106.
4
3. We preferred the t
erm of p
seudo-aediculae (
cf. G. A
. Mansue
lli
,
Ste
le Ravenna) t o t
hat o
f "Aed
icula-Ste
le" (cf. H
. Gabe
lmann, i n
BJ, 172, 1972, p
. 75).
4
4. A
. S
chober, Grabste
ine, pp. 9
8-111, g
roup I
V F C-
i.
4
5. As r
egards t
he diffus
ion of s
telae i
n the shape o
f aedicu
la into I
taly
and t
he r
est of t
he empire, s
ee S. Rinald
i-Tufi, Ste
le Spalate, pp.
115-124
; Va lnea S
anta Mar
ia Scrinar
i, Sculture r
omane di Aqui
leia
,
Roma, 1 972
; G . Rosada, Scu
lture e mosa
ic i r
omani d
el Museo
Civico d
i Oderzo, Trevis
io, 1976.
4
6. D
. Sergejevski
, Neue Funde a us G
lamoc, in GZMBH, XLV, 1 933
, pp.
7
-14
; i dem, Römische Grabste
ine v on der Dr
ina, in GZMBH, 1934,
p
. 36, p
l. V, 16; A. Grgin, Trois st.
b
les sepulcra
les de P
otrav
lje
01
e
n Da lmatie, in S trena Bu liciana, Zagreb-Sp l
it, 1924, p p. 233-235;
K
. P etrov, Dva r elief od Bucovo , i
n Ziva Antigua, V , 1955, p p.
3
81-385; S . R inaldi-Tuf i
, S tele Spalato, pp. 115-117; V . J uri,
R
itratti sulle stele sepolcra l
i nelle c
ollezione del
la sezione per l '
ovo
a
ntico del Museo Archeo logico p er l
'
Istria a Pola, i
n Grada ir asprave,
P
ola, 1974, p l. I I, 1.
4
7. A. Schober , Grabsteine, no. 203, f
ig. 105
; n o. 204
; n o. 204
, f
ig.
1
06 (Flavia Solva), no. 208 (Carnun tum). See also E. D
iez,
F
lavia So
lva . D ie römischen Steindenkmäler a
us S ch
loss Segau
b
ei Leibnitz, Baden b ei W
ien, 1949.
4
8. A. Möcsy, Romanisation Moesia Superior, p. 1
26 sqq., pl. 3
9. See
a
lso M. Mirkov
i6 and S i. DusaniC, I
nscr ipt
ions d
e la Mes
ie Super
ieure,
I
, Beograd, 1976, no. 4 5
, no. 62.
4
9. H
. Gabe
lmann, i
n BJ
, 1
72, p
. 7
3 s
qq.; Römer am Rhe
in, Kö
ln,
1 , p
967 p. 1
71-172, A 1
27.
5
0. S
tele S
pala
to, pp. 1
19-120.
5
1. L
. Teposu-Mar
inescu
, i
n S
CIVA, 2
5, 1
974
, 3
, p
. 4
22.
5
2. In Dacia I nferior a re known t he stela o f Aure lius Grata , Gr. F lorescu
MonDac iaInf , p . 3 0, n o. 2 4, fig. 1 6 "...il campo f igurato, i n f orma
d
i nicch ia a rcuata i n alto, ei nquadrata a d es tra e a s inistra d a d ue
p
ilastrin i semp l
ic i" in t he stela of Anton ius N icanor is at Romu la, p p.
3
0-31, n o. 2 5
, f ig. 1 7: campo d e
lla rappresentaz ione f igurata,
i
n forma d i in nicch ia a d arco , èi nquadra to d a due p ilastr i i
n forma
d
i altare s u c ui p oggia l '
arco....". Recent ly, M . A lexandrescu-Vianu
c
lassified t he respect ive s telae in the t ype B . R ectangu lar s te
lae,
w
ith s em i-circular p ediment, f i
eld o f inscription a nd s omet imes o f
pedestal a nd p laced b eneath t he fie
ld o f inscr iption. S ee SCIVA,
2
8, 1 977, n o. 3 , pp. 2 80-285. The a rched n iche i s s uppor ted by
smal
l p i
lasters i n the s hape o f a n al
tar a t Naissus a nd in t he valley
o
f the Morava. S ee A . Möcsy, Roman ization o f Moes ia I nferior, p .
1
29. P i
lasters wh ich s upport a n arch o ccur a t Sing idunum i n the
3
rd c entury.
5
3. G. Erde
lyi, A r
ömai köfaragäs e
s k
öszobräsza
t Magyarorszägon,
Budapest, 1
974, f
ig. 20.
5
4. A
. Schober, Grabste
ine, p
. 7
2, n
o. 1
55 = CSIR, Osterre
ich, I
, 3
(
Carnuntum), no. 309.
5
5. A. S chober , Grabs teine, p. 8 5
, n o. 185 , f
ig . 94 = CSIR, Os terreich,
I
, 5( Scarbant ia, S avar ia), n o. 8 = D . Gab ler, in Arrabona , 11,
1969, n o. 51, fig. 5 1. The busts o f t he deceased a re placed in an
archway a nd the f ield of relief is separa ted from t hat o
f inscription
by a d ecorative f r
ieze o n the stela of P etronius Rufus. Another
s
te la f
ound a lso a t S carbant ia ( CSIR, Osterre ich, 1, 5, no. 9) and
belonging t o Tiber ius I ul
ius Rufus s hows t he busts o f t
he d eceased
i
n a n arched n iche e nclosed by a p seudo-aed icula. Bo th monuments
date to the ist c entury A .D.
5
6. C
f. H. Gabe
lmann, i
n BJ, 1
72, 1 972
, p
. 9
1 s
qq. a
nd G
. A
. Mansue
lli
,
i
n MonP
iot, 53
, 1
963, 1
5T69 sqq.
5
7. P
. L a Baume, Zu z
we i Grabste
len röm
ischer L
egionäre i
n Kö
ln, i
n
Bul
lKöln, 8, 1
969, IX, pp. 786-787
.
5
8. S
. Rinaldi-Tufi, Ste
le S pa
lato, n
o. 18, pl. V, fig. 5
; no. 19
, p
l. VI,
f
ig. 3: n o. 2
2, pl. VII, f
ig. 3; no
. 2 3
, p l. V
II, fig. 4
; no. 3
0, p
l.
I
X, fig. 3.
8
2
5
9. A. M6csy, Roman isation Moesia S uperior, pl. 24; I MS, I, 1
976, pp.
77-78, no. 52. A . M6csy, op.cit., P. 1
99, states wrongly that t
he
t
ype d oes not occur at Rat
iaria. S ee V. Velkov a nd I. Atanasova,
Latein
ische I nschrif
ten aus Ratiaria, in Izvestia-Sofia, XXX, 1967,
pp. 150-152, fig. 9-11.
6
0. A
. S chober, Grabsteine, no. 173, fig. 86 (Virunum) = CSIR, Oster-
r
eich, I, 2, n o. 1
34; n o. 174, fig. 87 (Iuvavum) = CSIR, Osterreich,
II, 1, n
o. 63; n o. 182, f
ig. 9 1 (Celeia) = V
. Hoffi
ller a
nd B. Saria,
o
p.cit., P. 24
, n o. 47; CSIR, Osterreich, I , 2( Carnuntum), no.
3
367-
6
1. G
. A
. Mansue
lli
, i
n MonPiot, 5
3, 1
963, p
. 3
7, f
ig. 4
.
6
2. S
. R
ina
ldi-Tuf
i, S
tele S
palate, P
. 1
01, n
o. 1
6, p
l. V
I, f
ig. 1
.
6
3. G
. E rde
ly i, A r6ma
i köfaragds,f
ig. 51 (
Intercisa); Schober, Grab-
s
teine, no. 278
, fig. 145 (Vindobona); Savaria, no. 9
5, fig. 7
8.
6
4. S
chober, Grabsteine, P
. 1
62.
6
5. Em. P anai
tescu, Castru l roman de la Cgeei, in ACMIT, I, 1 929, pp.
327-339; V . Chr istescu, Cons ideratiuni asupra unei stele f
unerare
de la Cgeei
, i n RIR, I, 1 932, 2-3
, pp. 2 67-287; Istoria Romän iei
,
I
, Bucure t i, 1960, P. 3 95, fig. 93; Römer i n Rumänien, Kö ln,
1969, pp. 1 35-136, D59 p l. 9 0; Civiltä romana in Roman ia, Roma ,
1970, p. 152, D 6 6, pl. XV; L . Bianchi, in Apulum, X II, 1974, P .
163 sqq.
6
6. L
. B
ianch
i, i
n Apu
lum, X
II, 1
974, P
. 1
63, n
ote 9
.
6
7. M. A
lexandrescu-Vianu, i
n Dacia, N
.S., XVII, 1
973
, g
roup B
,
c
lass X
II.
6
8. S. Ferr
i, ARD; E . Esperandieu, R ecuei
l, vol. VII-IX; M. J
.
Toynbee, Art i
n Roman Br i
tain, L ondon 1963; idem, Art i
n Brita
in
under the Romans, Oxford, 1964.
6
9. G
. A
. Mansue
lli
, i
n MonPiot, 5
3, 1
963
, pp. 5
0-53.
7
0. Funerary r el
iefs with the portraits of t
he d eceased, w i
thout e pitaphs,
could have b een embedded i n constructions. F or t
his i dea see G .
Sena Ch iesa, Una c lasse d
i rilievi f
unerari r omani del
l'Italia settentri-
i
ona le, in Stud i i
n onore di Aristide Calderini e Roberto P ariben i
Milano, 1 956, p. 407.
7
1. D
. Dimi
trov, Ste
le Bu lgar
ia, pass
im; S t. Ange
lova, L
e mur d
'enceinte
d
e Durostorum, in Archeolog
ia, 3
, 1973
, P. 86, f
ig. 5
.
7
2. A. Möcsy, Romanisation Moesia Super
ior, P. 8 0, pl. 24, P. 128 sqq.
and p
l. 39; N. Vu lid
, Antichi spomeniI
i n a§e zemle, in Spomenik-
Beograd, XCVIII, pl. 29
, n o. 2
85 and 2 86, P. 16, no. 38, P. 50,
no. 1
03.
7
3. A
. Schober, Grabsteine, pp. 94-121 and CSIR, Osterreich, I, 3,
(
Carnuntum), no. 2 83 a
nd 2 84; CSIR, Osterreich, II, 2, (Lauria-
c
um) n o. 2
9; Hoffi
ller-Saria, Inschr
iften, P. 26, n
o. 53 (Celeia),
p
. 103
, n o. 2
28 (Emona).
7
4. F
or i
nstance, see CSIR, Deutsch land (Raetia, Noricum), I, 1
, pp.
1
1-13 o
r for Hispania A. Garcia y Be
llido, Esculturas romanas d
e
E
spar
iay P ortugal, Madrid, 1949.
7
5. For i
nstance s
ee a s
tela with cop
ing a
t P
oetov
io i
n A
. S
chober,
Grabste
ine, no. 2
34, fig. 121.
8
3
7
6. Gr. F
lorescu, MonDaciaInf, pp. 3
2-33, n
o. 2
8 a
nd 2
9.
7
7. A. Schober, Grabsteine, n o.180, pp. 82-83, no. 181, f
ig. 90 (Inter-
c
isa); p . 122, n
o. 266, fig. 136 (Vindobona) a nd no. 2
68, fig *
.
1
38 ( Carnuntum) = CSIR, Osterre ich, I, 3, no. 3
48; CSIR, Os ter-
r
eich ( Carnuntum), no. 298-299 a nd no. 337; CSIR, Os terreich,
II, 1 (Iuvavum), no. 61.
7
8. A. Mdcsy, Romanisation Moesia Superior, p. 1
02, pl. 3
5. " Die
Bogennische und das von Rankenornament umgebene I nschr
if tfe
ld
s
ind ohne Zweife
l d as charakter
istische Elemente d
er obermdsischen
S
telen" (p. 1
02).
7
9. CSIR, Osterre
ich, I
I, 1 (
Iuvavum), n
o. 6
0, p
l. 2
6.
8
0. The s
tela o
f Iul
ia Ph
ilumene a
t Drobeta i
n Gr. F
lorescu, MonDac
iaInf
,
p
. 35, no. 31 =IDR, I, no. 5
5.
8
1. A
. Schober, Grabsteine, P. 1
26, no. 2
78 (
Vindobona); S avaria
,
n
o. 106, f
ig. 80
; CSIR, Osterre ich, I
, 2( Virunum), n
o. 123,
n
o. 127, nos. 1
29-130.
8
2. S
ee s
upra n
ote 4
2.
8
3. ED, I
V, 1
930, pp. 1
19-123.
8
4. D
. I
sac, V
. Wo
llmann, I
. P
. A
lbu, i
n S
arget
ia, X
, 1
973, p
. 1
41.
8
5. Gr. F
lorescu, MonDacia
Inf
, pp. 3
5-36.
8
6. A
. Schober, Grabste
ine, pp. 133-136, nos. 299-394 a
nd f
ig. 1
37.
S
ee a
lso Savar
ia, nos. 1
88-192, fig. 155-159
.
8
7. ED, I
V, 1
930, pp. 1
06-118.
8
8. A
ISC, I
, 1
928-1932, pp. 1
12-113.
8
9. For i
nstance see M
. J. Vermaseren, The Legend o
f Attis i
n Greek a
nd
Roman Art (Etudes pre
limina
ires aux Re
lig
ions Orienta
les dans
l
'Empire Romain), Le
iden, 1966.
9
0. I
ntercisa, I
, n
os. 1
60-170, p
l. LVIII, L
IX.
9
1. W
. Modr i
jan and E. Weber, D ie Römersteinsammlung des J
ohanneus
i
m Eggenberger S chlesspark, 1 Teil, F
lavia S
olva, i
n Schi
ld von
S
teier, 12, 1
964/65, P. 65, no. 231.
9
2. See 0. Floca a
nd W . Wo
lski
, i n BMI, XLII, 1
973, 3
, pp. 4
9-50 wh
ich
mentions two spec
imens of th
is type.
9
3. A
ISC, I
, 1
928-1932, p
. 1
14.
9
4. MonDacia
Inf
, pp. 3
8-41 a
nd 5
1-55.
9
5. We refer especia
lly to t
wo monuments, o ne of which I h
ad o ccas
ion
t
o see in the Archaeological Museum a
t Sofia, one found at Oescus
(
inv. 1 655) and another of unknown provenance ( inv. 1).
9
6. Gr. Tocilescu, Monumente e pigraf
ice si s
culptura le ale Muzeului
National de Antichi
ta ti part I-a, Bucure ti, 1902, p . 398, no. 8
6
publishes a funerary monument o f t
he Mavros c ollection, wi
th a
Greek inscription on t he front and coping in the s hape of atruncated
pyramid o n the upper p art. The monument i s a nalogous with an
a
ltar in the Archaeo logical Museum a t Sof
ia (inv. 1 55).
9
7. A
. Möcsy, Roman
isation Moes
ia Superior, p. 81 s
qq. and N. Vu
lid,
i
n S
pomenik-Beograd, XCVIII, 1941-1948, no. 3
03, 3
07, 319. see
8
4
a
lso Al. Cermanov
id-Kuzmanovid, Quelques i
nscriptions r
oma
ines d
e
Komind, in S
tar
inar, XVIII, 1
968, pp. 2
01-206.
9
8. N
. Vu
lid
, i
n S
pomen
ik-Beograd, XCVIII, 1
941-1948
, p
. 7
1, n
o. 2
92.
9
9. GZMBH, XLVI, 1
934, p
. 3
8 s
qq.
1
00. A. Schober, Grabsteine, pp. 1
36-144 a
nd pp. 1
77-179; CSIR,
Osterreich, I
, 3( Carnuntum), no. 2
76; CSIR, Osterreich, I
I, 1
(
Iuvavum), n o. 83.
1
01. A
. S
chober, Grabste
ine, pp. 1
36-144.
1
02. A. S
chober, Grabste ine, n
o. 3 28
, fig. 1
59; Intercisa, I
, n
o. 3 07,
f
ig. 159; F . Koepp, Germania-Romania, II, Die Grabdenkmäler.
E
in Bilder -At
las Bamberg, 1926, pl. XXX, 3
.
1
03. CSIR, Deutsch
land, I
, 1(
Raetia
, Nor
icum), n
os. 5
49-550.
1
04. I
bid. n
o. 1
44, n
os. 3
73-374
; n
o. 4
69; n
o. 4
76; n
o. 4
91.
1
05. E
. Esp4randieu, Receui
l, V III, 622 (
Koblenz), 6464 (
Köln). S
ee
a
lso Römer am Rhein, Köln, 1 967, A 1
60, p
l. 48-49.
1
06. E
. E spdrandieu, Receui
l, IX, 6992. S ee also J. J. Hatt, La t
ombe
g
allo-romaine. Recherches s ur les i
nscriptions et l
es monuments
f
undraires g a
llo-roma
ins des tro
is p remiers siäcles d
e n otre ä
re,
P
aris, 1951.
1
07. G. Gamer, Römische Altarforme in Bereich d
er Ste
lengruppen Burgeos
und Navarra, i
n Madr
ider M itte
ilungen, 1 5
, 1974
, pp. 204-252.
1
08. G. Gabe lmann, Achteckige Graba ltäre i
n ober Ita
lien , i
n Aquileia
nostra, 38, 1967
, pp. 17-58; i dem, Ober i
talische Rundaltäre, in
RoemMi tt, 7
5, 1968, pp. 87-105.
1
09. G. A . Mansue lli
, i n MonPiot, 53, 1
963, pp. 4 4-50; i
dem, Ii monumente
funerar io di Maccareto lo e i p
roblema dei sepolcr
i a cuspide in I
tal
ia,
i
n Archeo logia classica, IV, 1952, 1
, pp. 6 0-71; L. Lefebvre, L es
s
cu lptures g al
lo-roma ines du Mus e d'Arlon, in BIAL, 51, 1975, 1-2,
pp. 2 04-252.
1
10. W
. A
ltmann, D
ie römischen Grabal
täre der Kaiserze
it, Ber
lin, 1
905;
B
. Cand
ida, A
ltar
i ec ippi n
el Muse° Naz
ionale Romano, Roma,1979.
1
11. ED, I
V, 1
930, pp. 1
19-123, p
. 1
36 a
nd P
. 1
43.
1
12. Gr. F
lorescu, MonDacia
Inf
, pp. 4
1-43 pub
lishes f
our p
edesta
ls c
oming
f
rom Drobeta.
1
13. S
avar
ia, n
o. 1
97, f
ig. 1
64 A-B.
1
14. GZMBH, XLVI, 1
934, p
. 3
9.
1
15. CSIR, Deutsch
land, I
, 1(
Raetia, Nor
icum), n
os. 3
73-374; n
o. 4
91.
1
16. F
or instance, the funerary c
olumn of Mucatra Brass
i f
ound a
t Apu
lum,
i
n t
he H istory Museum of Romania (
inv. 66426) now.
1
17. H
. Da
icov
iciu, i
n Apu
lum, V
II, 1
968, pp. 3
33-352.
1
18. Coping i
n the shape o f at
runcated pyram
id, w i
th dolphins and tr
i-
dent a
nd decorated w ith a p
attern i
n t
he shape of f
ish sca
les on
s
ides and coming from Archtar; now in the Archaeolog
ical Museum
(
inv. 5629) a
t Sofia.
1
19. I
. Cremdgnik, i
n JÖAI, XLIV, 1
959, p
. 5
629.
1
20. D
. S
erge
jevski
, i
n GZMBH, 1
934, p
. 3
0.
8
5
1
21. CSIR, Deutsch
land, I
, 1(
Raet
ia, Nor
icum), n
os. 3
7-39
, 3
98 a
nd
4
24.
1
22. Das Museum f ür h
eimische Vor- und Frühgeschichte, Frankfurt an
Main, 1949
, P. 44, f
ig. 31 and 3
2 after H
. Daicoviciu, op.ci
t., p.
343, n
ote 1 8
.
1
23. A
. Gnirs, Führer durch Po
la, Wien, 1915
, p. 82
, n o. 193, fig
. 8 0;
p
. 82, no. 1
93, f
ig. 40; p. 82
, n o. 1
94; p. 93, no. 345, p. 9 4
,
n
o. 348; p. 94, no
. 352; f
ig. 47 af
ter H. Da
icovic
iu, o p.ci
t., p .
3
43, no
te 18.
1
24. A. S chober, Grabste ine, p . 178, f
ig. 186
; CSIR, Osterre ich, I I,
2( Lauriacum), n o. 92 ac oping ending with a Cor
inthian capi
tal and
show ing two dolphins e ntwined r ound a caduceus; R. Eggers,
Führer d urch die Ant ikensamm lung des Landesmuseums in Klagen-
f
urt, W ien 1921, p. 3 7, fig. 19; W . Modri
jan and E. Weber, in
Schild von Steier, 12, 1 964/65, no. 150; CSIR, Deutschland , I, 1
(Raetia, Noricum), n o. 5 49, 550.
1
25. V
. Kuszinski, Aqu
incum. Ausgrabungen und Funde, Budapes t,
1
934, p. 2
14 and f
ig. 149; Savar
ia, no. 196, f
ig. 1
63; D . Gab ler,
i
n Arrabona, 11
, 1969
, n o. 2
5; G. Erdely
i , A r
ömai käfaragäs
, f ig.
8
0 a
.b.
1
26. G
. Brusin, Aqu i
leia e Grado, ed. a I
V-a, Padova, 1
956, pp. 114-
1
20, f
ig. 63-64, pp. 120-122, f
ig. 6
6, pp. 1
24-125, f
ig. 6
7-68, p.
1
98 and f
ig. 123. V. S
t. S cr
inari, 2.c
it., pp. 1
37-141, n
o. 392-411.
1
27. G
. A
. Mansue
lli
, i
n MonP
iot, 5
3, 1
963
, p
. 3
4.
1
28. S
. Aur
igemma, Mausolei d
i S
ars
ina a gug
lia p
iram
ida
le, i
n P
allad
io,
I
, 1
937, pp. 4
8-49.
1
29. MonP
iot, 5
3, 1
963
, p
. 3
6.
1
30. ED, I
V, 1
930
, p
. 1
43.
1
31. S
ee s
upra n
ote 1
02.
1
32. G
. S
ena Ch
iesa, S
tela A
ltino
, pp. 3
7-40
, n
os. 2
1-26, p
l. 9
-11
.
1
33. D
. Dimi
trov, L es s
te
'les en forme de medallion dans l
a va
lide de l
a
S
trouma moyenne h i
léRoqueroma ine
, i n Annuaire de l
'Univers
ite de
S
ofia
, XLI, 1944-1945, p. 50, fig
. 3 7.
1
34. A. Schober, Grabsteine, pp. 144-151; V . Modr
ijan and E. Weber,
i
n S ch
ild von Ste
ier, 12, 1964/65, pp. 7 3-81
, no. 153
, 157, 159, 172,
224, 226; CSIR, Osterreich, I , 2( V
irunum), n o. 1
06-121; CSIR,
Osterreich, I
I, 2 (Lauriacum), n o. 96.
1
35. I
ntercisa , I, pp. 196-197, n o. 107, pl. XLIII, 4; n o. 1
08, p l. XLIII,
5
; n o. 109, pl. XLIII, 6; I ntercisa, I, n o. 415, p
l. LXXXVII, 4 ;
CSIR, Osterre ich
, I , 3( Carnuntum), n o. 294; G . Erdd
ly i, A r omai
käfaragäs , nos. 57-59, fig. 57-60; D . Dimi
trov, I Medag l
ion i sepol-
c
ra l
i iso
lat i n
ella vale d
el med io Struma e n el
la Macedonia s ettentrionale,
i
n Orme d i Roma n e
l mondo, Roma, 1 947.
1
36. S
ee s
upra n
ote 1
32.
1
37. M. Ve
likoviC, Un t
ype s pdc
ifique du medal
lion dundra
ire dans l
a
reg
ion du Danube Infer
ieur, in Zborbr
iik-Beograd, II, 1
960-1961,
pp. 9
8-100.
1
38. S
ee L
. T
eposu-Mar
inescu
, i
n SCIV, 2
3, 1
972
, 2
, p
. 2
19 s
q.
8
6
1
39. A medallion wi
th s
hell-shaped niche but w
ith a p
lain p
rof i
le c
omes
f
rom Aqu incum. See G . Erdd
ly i
, A romai k
öfaragäs, fig. 5
9; CSIR,
Osterreich, I, 2(Virunum), n o. 1
07.
1
40. A
. S
chober, Grabs
teine, p
. 1
95, f
ig. 2
03.
1
41. BMI, XLII, 1
973
, 3
, p
. 3
1; G
. E
rde
lyi
, i
n AE, 8
8, 1
961
, p
. 1
90.
1
42. G. Erdelyi, Adatok a Pannonia
i sir-aedikuläkhoz , i
n AE, 88, 1 961,
pp. 184-191; idem, A r omai k
öfaragas, pp. 8 5-94; V . Modr i
jan
and E. Weber, in Schild von S
teier, 12, 1964/65, pp. 100-101, n o.
237; CSIR, Os terreich, II, 2 (Lauriacum), n o. 54 a
-b, n o. 6 6-69,
no. 70; n os. 7
2-74.
1
43. When I pub l ished f or t he f irst t ime a monument o f t his t ype wh ich
i
s a ttes ted i n Dacia , f ound a t Z am, C lu j c ountry ( L. Dav id a nd V .
P
intea, i n ActaMN, I I, 1 966, p p. 4 59-463) I f ound a na log ies a t
Augsburg a nd I s uggested t hat i t b elonged t o af unerary c onstruct ion ,
which I d id n ot n ame a ed icu la , s ince a s r egards Dac ia t his t erm h ad
ap recise d ef in ition ( 3 wa lls e nc losed by a f rame -the h ind w ith
aw ide b order - latera l wa lls--w ith a r oof a nd a p edes tal. The l ater
publ icat ion o f s ome f unerary monuments wh ich a re s im i
lar t o t hat a t
Zam i mp lanted i n o ur l i
terature t he t erm o f " fam ilial s tela" ( C. P op
and T . S oroceanu, i n S CIV, 1 9, 1 966, 2 , pp. 3 51-355). The
specimens w ere i ncluded i n t he s er ies o f t he h ind-wa lls o f a ed icu lae
by 0 . F loca a nd W . Wo lsk i ( BMI, XLII, 1 973, 3 , p . 7 4) o n t he b asis
o
f t he f ollowing a rguments: t he s imi lar i
ty w i
th t he t ype o f f igured
representa tions o n t he a ed icu la a t M icia ( AE 1 , p l. XXXIV) a nd t he
existence o f t he s ame e lements a s t hose o f a ed icu lae: d imens ions,
the h o le f or f ixing o n t he upper e dge, t he n on-worked p or tion a t
the b ase o f t he wa ll. We e xpressed o ur d oubts a bout t his i n terpre-
tat
ion o n t he b as is o f t he f act t ha t t he l im it o f t he p laque i s e xceeded
by t he h eads o f p ersons o n s ome s pec imens, a s f or i nstance a t
Pota issa ( AE 1 05, p l
. XL I) a nd t ha t t he h ind-wa lls o f a ed icu lae s how
the f igured r epresen tat ion e nclosed i n an iche, more o r l ess p ro-
nounced a nd a lways a w ider b order o n t he upper p art, wh ich e vi-
dent ly d id n ot h appen i n t he c ase o f t he monuments under d iscuss ion ;
in a dd it
ion t o t his, t he b as-rel ief i s n ot e ncoun tered f rom t he p oin t
of view o f t he t echn ique. We c ons ider a lso t hat t he h oles o n t he
upper p art c ou ld have s erved f or f ixing a f ram ing o f t he s tela a nd
for t h is we t hink o f t he a na log ies w ith t he monumen t o f t he C orne lii
a
t Garasete ( G. C . Sus in i a nd R . P ince lli, I i l apidar io g reco e
romane d i Bo logna, 1 960, n o. 8 , p l. V II). S ee a lso t he a rch itec tura l
s
te lae w ith t he f ul
l-leng th f igure o f t he d eceased a t F errara i n
Arte e c iv ilita r omana n ell'Ital ia s ettentr iona le d all republ ica a la
t
etrarch ia, Bo logna, 1 959, I I, pp. 1 05-120 a nd t he s te lae i n t he
ceme tery a t Byzant ium ( N. P ira te ll
i a nd L . Rober t, L es s t Mes
fundra ires d e Byzance g rdco-roma in, P ar is, 1 964 . S ee G . B ordenache
and D . M . P ipp idi, I ntorno a un c orpus d ella s te la f unerar ie d i B isan tie,
i
n S tC1, V II, 1 965 , p . 3 53 s qq. The pub licat ion o f as im ilar monument
i
n P annonia ( G. E rde ly i, A r oma i k öfaragäs, f ig. 1 37, p . 9 9 s q.
determines u s t o r econs ider t he o pin ion e xpressed b efore a nd t o c on-
s
ider t hat t he r espect ive s pecimens w ere h ind-wa lls o f a edicu lae, o f
another t ype t han t hat w ith t hree wa lls a nd a r oof . S ee a s im ilar
rel
ief f ound i n I taly a nd d ated b etween 4 5-39 B .C. i n A . Andren,
Class ica l a nt iqu ities o f t he v illa S an M iche le, i n Opuscu la Romana , V ,
1965 , p . 1 35, n o. 2 5, p l. X IV.
1
44. L
. Ohlenroth, Grabmä
ler r
ömischer Ehepaare aus Augsburg
, i
n
German
ia -Anze
iger, 3
1, 1
953, 1/1, pp. 3
2-38.
8
7
1
45. G
. E
rdd
lyi, A r
öma
i k
öfaragäs, f
ig. 1
38.
1
46. BMI, XLII, 1
973, 3
, p
. 3
1.
1
47. D. I
sac, V. Wo
llmann, I
. P
. A
lbu, i
n S
arget
ia, X
, 1
943, p
. 1
43 a
nd
pp. 1
47-148.
1
48. C
. Daicov
iciu and Oct. Floca, Mausoleu
l Aure
lii
lor d
e l
a S
arm
izege-
t
usa, i
n Sarget
ia, I
, 1 937, pp. 1-23.
1
49. C
. P op a
nd A. Rusu, Un perete l
atera
l de a ed
icu la d
escoperit l
a
U
lpia Tra
iana S
armizegetusa, in Muzeul Nat
iona l, I, 1976, pp. 1
53-
1
57.
1
50. G
. A
. Mansue
lli
, i
n MonP
iot, 5
3, 1
963, p
. 3
3.
1
51. I
bid. p
. 3
4.
1
52. D
. I
sac, V
. Wo
llmann a
nd I
. P
. A
lbu, o
p.c
it.
1
53. For instance C. Daicov
iciu, i
n AISC, I, 1928-1930, p. 115 or G
. S ena
Chiesa, in Studi i
n onore d
i Arist
ide Calderini e Roberto P
aribeni
,
M
ilano, 1 956, p
. 407.
1
54. Les steles funeraires ä personnages de Bordeaux. Contr
ibution'a
l
'histoire de l
'art provincial s
ous l
'empire, Par
is, 1
959
, p. 107.
1
55. H. Gabe lmann, Römische Grabmonumente m it Reiterkampfszenen i m
Rheingebeit, in BJ, 173, 1973
, pp. 1 88-192 a nd pl. 40. See a
lso H .
Mylius, Die Krufter Grabdenkmä ler und ihre Reconstruktion, i n BJ,
130, 1925, pp. 180-192, p
l. VI-XI; H . Klumbach, Z um Aufbau d es
Grabma ls von Bierbach, i
n BJ , 158
, 1 958, pp. 1 83-191; H. Ro l
land,
Le mausolde de Glanum, in XXIe Supp l. ' a Ga
llia, Paris, 1
969.
1
56. L
. L
efebvre, i
n B
IAL, 5
1, 1
975
, 1
-2, pp. 3
-92.
1
57. H
. Gabelmann, i n BJ, 173, 1973
, P. 191, f
ig. 3
8 and p. 188, note
8
6. S
ee a simi
lar construction at S
estino f
rom the beg
inning of the
p
eriod of Augustus in M. Verzar, in MEFR Ant. 1774, 1, pp. 3
85-
4
44.
1
58. Closca L
. Blut , i
n Apulum, X
II, 1
974, p
. 1
21; Oct. F
loca, i
n
Acta
'MN, V. 1
968, p
. 123.
1
59. We refer to the i
nscriptions in tabula ansata, with decoration i
n r e-
l
ief, made of marble such a s the epitaph of U
lpia Constantina ( CIL,
II, 1203) at Apulum, i n the Deva Museum, i nv. 5 9 or the s
tela of
Publius Pontius Secund inus (CIL, II, 6 271) at Ulpia Traiana, in
the Arad Museum e tc.
1
60. L
. Teposu-Marinescu, in SCIV, 2
3, 1
972, 2
, p
. 2
16 s
q.; i
dem, i
n
S
arget
ia, IX, 1972, pp. 5
6-66.
1
61. See G . Traversar i, Statue ichoniche f emin
ile Cirena iche, Roma,
1960; p assim, M. Bieber, The c opies of the Herculaneum women,
i
n P roceed ings of the Amer ican Philosophical Society, 1 06, 1962, 2,
pp. 1 11-134; i dem, Cop ies of the Greek S culpture i n the Roman
Provinces, i n Hommages a A lbert Grenier, Co l
l. L atomus, LVIII,
Bruxe lles-Bercham, 1 962, pp. 288-293; R . Calza, S cavi di Ost
ia,
Ritratti greci e r
oman i fino al 1
60 c ca. d. C., Roma, 1 964, p. 109,
no. 1 88; H . Kruse, Römische we ibliche Gewandstatuen d es zweiten
Jahrhunderts n . Chr. Göttingen, 1 975.
1
62. S
. F
err
i, ARD, p. 2
03, fig. 223; pp. 294-295, f
ig. 383-384; p. 299,
f
ig
. 3
92; Arheo
loski Muzei Skoplje. Vodic
i niz l
apidarium, Skopl
je,
8
8
1
961, P. 93 and pl. I; N . Vule , in Spomenik-Beograd, XCVIII,
1
941-1948, p. 188, no. 3
90 a nd 391, p. 189
, no. 392; K . P
rijate
lj,
E
inige hel
lenist
ische Elemente in der S ku
lptur der Antiken Salona,
i
n ArchJug , I
, 1954, pp. 27-35.
1
63. A
l. Barnea a nd I
. P. A lbu, Piese de s
culpturä a
rhitectonieä r
omar
iä
d
in co
lectia Muzeului judetean Hunedoara-Deva, i n Sarget
ia, X,
1
973
, p . 162, nos. 30-31, fig. 8/1 a
-b and 2.
1
64. C
lo ca L
. InTü 0, i
n Apu
lum, X
II, 1
974, pp. 1
21-126.
1
65. S
ee supra n
ote 1
55 a
nd M
. Renard, i
n Apu
lum, V
II, 1
968, pp. 2
75-
3
05.
1
66. 0. Floca, i n ActaMN, V , 1 968, pp. 112-122, f
ig. 6-8. The f unerary
r
elief w i
th c antharos at Ulpia Traiana, a t p
resent in the cemetery
i
n t he village of Ostrov, Hunedoara c ounty, which is ana
logous w ith
ar elief found at Igel, now i n t
he Trier Museum, p leads for the ex-
i
stence o f some large c onstructions. S ee R. Schindler, L andesmuseum
Trier. Führer durch d ie v orgeschichtl
iche und rdmische Abte ilung,
Trier, 1 970, no. 214.
1
67. S
ee s
upra n
ote 1
56.
1
68. CSIR, Deutsch
land, I
, 1(
Raet
ia, Nor
icum), pp. 1
2-13.
1
69. CSIR, Deutsch land, I , 1, p. 13 owing to as lightly equivoca l utter-
ance, the proto type o f the monument i s considered a s b eing t he
column at Igel, although i t i
s dated a century l ater than t he tomb
o
f T . F
l. Mart ialis at Augsburg. F or the column a t Igel, s ee F.
Drexel, in RoemMi tt, 25, 1920, p. 127 s qq.; H . Kah ler, D ie Rhein i-
s
chen P fei
lergrabmä ler, in BJ, 139, 1934, P. 1 45 sqq.; E . Z ahn,
Die neue Reconstruktionzeichnung d er Igeler Säule, in Tr ierer Z e
its-
s
chrif
t, 31, 1968; Römer am Rhe
in, pp. 1
05-106, n
o. 4
8; F
r. Oe
lmann,
Aqu
ileia und die I
geler S
aule.
1
70. Gr. F
lorescu, MonDacia
Inf
, pp. 1
8-23.
1
71..G. Bordenache, i
n Dacia, IX, 1
965, p
. 262, f
ig. 7 a
nd 8
; P. 265,
f
ig. 12; p. 272, f
ig. 22 a
nd 23, P. 2
78, f
ig. 28 a
nd p. 2
79, f
ig. 29.
1
72. S
. R
ina
ldi-Tuf
i, S
tele S
palate, pp. 1
27-128.
1
73. A
. S
chober, Grabsteine, p
. 1
59.
1
74. CSIR, Deutschland, I, 1(Raet
ia, Nor
icum), pp. 1
1-13; n
o. 2
29,
P
l. 68; no. 355, pl. 92.
1
75. E
. Esperandieu, Recueil, V, 3728 (Reims); V , 4
366 (Metz); V II,
5
708 (Saverne) and VII, 5847 (Mainz); H. L
ehner, Das P rov
inz ia
l-
museum in Bonn, I
, Bonn, 1 905, no. 601.
1
76. A
. Muehsam, Att
ic g rave r
eliefs f
rom t
he Roman p
eriod
, i
n Berytus,
X
, 1953, 2
, pp. 53-114.
1
77. G
. A
. Mansue
lli
, S
tele Ravenna, p
. 3
4.
1
78. G
. Ch
iesa, i
n Aqu
ileia n
ostra, 3
4/35
, 1
953/54, P
. 7
0 s
qq., f
ig. 2
a
nd 4
.
1
79. S
. Rinaldi-Tuf
i, Ste
le Spalate, no. 10 p
l. I
V, f
ig. 3
; S chober,
Grabste
ine, p. 1
61 s qq.; S. Ferri, ARD, f
ig. 2
62-263.
1
80. S
. R
ina
ldi-Tuf
i, S
tele Spa
late, p
. 1
30.
1
81. The pilasters d ecorated wi
th vegetal p
atterns constitute one o
f the
most typical element of ornamentat
ion of the funerary ste
lae in
Moesia Inferior. S ee G . Bordenache, in Dacia, IX, 1965, p. 264 s
qq.
8
9
1
82. A
. S
chober, Grabsteine, p
. 1
61.
1
83. Semi-columns w ith he
lico
idal flutings occur in northern I
taly o
n monu-
ments d ated t
o t he m
iddle of the ist century A. D., a
t Pavia
, Borette,
Brescia, Cotignola. S ee G
. S ena Ch iesa, Ste
le A lt
ino, p
. 18, note 2
.
1
84. D
. S
erge
jevsk
i, i
n GZMBH, XLVI, 1
934
, P
. 3
7.
1
85. The ornamental pattern i
s wel
l d
ocumented i
n Dalmat
ia. S ee S
.
R
inaldi-Tufi, Ste
le Spalato ,
pp. 133-134
. See a
lso B. Candida
,
op.c
it. ,pp. 137-140.
1
86. Recherches s ur l
e s ymbol
isme f uneraire des r oma ins, Par
is, 1 966,
p. 339. F or the symbols on the funerary monuments s ee also J. J.
Hatt, Les croyances funeraires des g al
lo-roma ins d 'apYös la c
recora-
t
ion d es tombes, in RAECE, 2 1, 1970, pp. 7 -97. J . Engemann,
Untersuchungen z ur Sepulkralsymbo l
ik d er s päteren römischen
Kaiserzeit, i
n Jb. f. Ant. Christ. Ergänzungsband , 2, 1973, and
H. Jucker, Däs B i
ldnis im Blätterkelch, O lten, L ausanne, F ribourg ,
1961.
1
87. Studien zur r
ömischen Grabkunst, i
n RoemMi
tt, I
X, E
rgänzungshef
t,
Heidelberg, 1
963, p. 7
2 sqq. and p
. 390 s
qq.
1
88. S
tele Ravenna, p
. 8
3.
1
89. S
tele Spa
lato, p
. 1
34.
1
90. A
. Furtwäng ler, i
n Roscher
's Lexikon, I
, s.v. Gorgona; A. G iug-
l
iano, in EAA, II, s.v. Gorgones; G . R
iccioni, Or
igine e s
viluppe
d
e l Gorgoneion, in R
IASA, I X, 1
960, p. 1
27 sqq.
1
91. A
. S
chober, Grabste
ine, p
. 1
64 s
qq.; S
avar
ia, p
. 5
8 s
qq.
1
92. E
. Esperand
iep, Recuei
l, V
III, 6
540.
1
93. G
. A . Mansuelli, S
tele Ravenna, p
. 83 sqq.; G. Susini a
nd R
.
P
incell
i, op.cit., no. 7
8, pl. X
; n o. 1
31, pl. X
I.
1
94. S
. R
ina
ldi-Tuf
i, S
tele S
palato, p
. 1
34.
1
95. A
. S
chober, Grabsteine, pp. 1
65, 1
69.
1
96. Fr. Cumont, L e s
ymbolisme, p
. 101
, 117
, 1
60 sq. Evocat
ion o
f a
Celtic myth a
fter J. J
. Hatt, i
n RAECE, 2
1, 1
970, 1
-2, pp. 6
8-69.
1
97. See M
. VasiC
, L a r
epresentation d
e l
'ascia s
ur les monuments fun6r-
a
ires de l
a prov
ince romaine de Da
lmatie, i
n Starinar, XXVI, pp. 43-
5
1.
1
98. F
or the marine s
ymbo lism, f requent on sarcophag i see A
. Rumpf,
D
ie Meerwesen auf den a ntiken S arcophagreliefs, Roma, 1969. S ee
H
. Gabelmann, in BJ, 1 72, 1 972, p. 91 s
q. F or tr
itons as d
eities
s
ee H . Rol
land, op.cit., p . 35. F r. Cumont, L e s ymbo
lisme, p.
1
55.
1
99. A. Schober, Grabsteine, p
. 51, f
ig. 4
7; p. 8
9, f
ig. 99; S . Ferr
i,
ARD, p. 216, fig. 2
71; S avar
ia, p. 5
8 s
qq.; S. Rina
ld i-Tuf
i, Stele
Spa
lato, p. 136.
2
00. S
tele Ravenna, p
. 8
3.
2
01. H
. Gabe
lmann, i
n BJ, 1
72, 1
972, p
. 9
1.
2
02. H
. Gabe
lmann, i
n BJ, 1
72, 1
972, p
. 9
1.
9
0
2
03. F
r. Cumont, L
e s
ymbo
lisme, p
. 1
59, n
ote 3
.
2
04. S
. R
ina
ldi-Tuf
i, S
tele S
palato, p
. 1
35.
2
05. Gr. F
lorescu, MonDaciaInf
, pp. 1
8-20.
2
06. F
r. Cumont, L
e s
ymbo
lisme, p
. 1
67 s
q.
2
07. S
. Bazzarin, in Bol
l. Mus. Civ. Padova , XLV, 1 956, p. 24, F ig. 15;
p
. 13, f
ig. 10; G . Sena Chiesa, Stele Altino, pp. 56-57, n ote 1;
G
. A. Mansue l
li, Leoni f
unerari emil
iani, i n RoemMitt, LXIII, 1 956,
p
. 166 sqq.
2
08. E
. E
sperand
ieu, Recuei
l, V
, 3
972; V
III, 6
207; X
, 7
288.
2
09. F
or the s
ign
ificance o
f representat
ion, see B. Lunn, On the symbol
ics
o
f s
evered animal h
eads, in Latomus, XXII, 1963
, 3, pp. 251-260
a
nd Fr. Cumont, Le symbolisme, p. 4
31.
2
10. The mot if adopted from p aint
ing ( R. Bianchi-Band inelle, Il Maestro
de
lle imprese d i Trajano, i n Stor
icita d
ell
'arte c lassica, Firenze, 1 943,
p
. 2 03) occurs p articularly frequently on the f unerary a ltars since
t
he p eriod of Augustus. S ee E . Strong, o p.c
it., pp. 4 1-63 and
R. Turcan, L es guirlandes d ans l'
antiquite sique, i n Jb.f. Ant.
Chrst., 1 4, 1971, pp. 9 2-139.
2
11. F
r. Cumont, L
e s
ymbo
lisme, pp. 3
96-397.
2
12. I
bid., pp. 415-416. S ee a
lso G. Bordenache, in Dacia, N
.S., VIII,
1
964, p. 168 and for the c
ult of Hercu
les i
n Dacia M. Barbulescu,
i
n ActaMN, X IV, 1977, pp. 173-194.
2
13. F
or t
he cu
lt o
f Marsyas s
ee: K
. S
chauenburg
, Marsyas, i
n RoemM
itt,
6
5, 1
958
, pp. 42-66.
2
14. S
ee B
. Andreae, o
p.ci
t., pp. 8
8-130, p
l. 5
8, 1
.
2
15. CSIR, Osterreich, I
, 1(
Vindobona), n
o. 2
6.
2
16. M
. Vermaseren, Kybe
le und A
ttis m
it d
em F
isch, i
n I
nmem, pp. 4
01-
4
08.
2
17. Attis o
ccurs especia l
ly o n c
ipp i i
n Moesia Superior. S ee L . ZotoviC,
Les repi4sentations d e couple de jeunes gens sur les c
ippes f uner-
a
ires d e Jugos
lav ie
, i n Star
inar, XX, 1 969, pp. 431-440; A l.
Cermanov iC-Kuzmanov id, Starinar, XVIII, 1968, pp. 201-206.
2
18. A
ttis occurs o n the walls of aediculae in Noricum a nd Pannonia.
S
ee G . Erdelyi, in AE, 8 8, 1961, 2 , p. 184, no. 1 , 2, 6
, 9 , 12, 13;
I
ntercisa, I, no. 1 48-152, pl. LIV-LV; L . Eckart, i n JMW, X I
1
964-1965, pp. 2 1-27; c f. BAHR, S trasbourg, I V, 1965. The f igure
o
f Attis in German ia spread at o nce with the off
icia l
izing of his cult
i
n the time of Claud ius (J. J. Hatt, L a tombe gallo-roma ine, pp.
1
47-148; H . Gabe lmann, i n BJ, 1 72, 1972, P. 108).
2
19. A
ttis d
ecorates t
he corner p
ilasters of the e
nclosure at Boretto.
S
ee G . A. Mansuel
li, i
n MonPiot, 53, 1963, p. 40, f
ig. 8.
2
20. S
. R
ina
ldi-Tuf
i, S
tele S
palato, p
. 1
42 s
q.
2
21. M. Vermaseren, The L egend of A ttis i
n Greek and Roman Art, Leiden,
1
966; F r. Cumont, L e symbolisme, p . 220 sq.; E. W
ill, L
e rel
ief
cu
ltuel greco-romain
., Paris, 1955, p. 188 sqq.; J. J
. Hatt, in
RAECE, XXI, 1 970, 1-2, pp. 6 9-72.
2
22. L
. Z
otov
id., i
n S
tar
inar, XX, 1
969, pp. 4
31-440.
9
1
2
23. G
. E
rde
lyi
, i
n AE, 8
8, 1
961, 2
, P
. 1
84, n
o. 1
4a a
nd b a
nd n
o. 1
5.
2
24. A
l. P opa, Data noi cu p
rivire la c
ultul l
ui Men ei Jupiter Ammon in
Dacia Superioarä, i
n Apu lum, VI, 1967, pp. 145-161. L
. Märghitan
and I. AndriV:
piu, i
n SCIVA, 2 7, 1976, 1
, pp. 4 5-54.
2
25. S
. F
err
i, ARD, p
. 2
52.
2
26. See W
. Deonna, De Te lesphore a u "moine b
ourru". D ieux, gen
ies
e
t demons e ncapuchennes, Co ll. Latomus, XXI, Bruxelles, 1
955;
R. No
l l, Te
lesphoros-Gen ius c ucul
latus. Zu Denkmä lern von
Kapuzengötter, i n Festschrif
t Egger, I , W
ien, 1953; J. M. C.
Toynbee, Art i n Britain under t he Romans, Oxford, 1964, p
. 105
and 177-178.
2
27. J
. Carcop
ino, L
a l
ouve d
e Cap
ito
le, P
aris, 1
925.
2
28. C
. P
op, i
n ActaMN, XVIII, 1
971, pp. 1
78-179.
2
29. I
bid., pp. 1
78-179
.
2
30. S
ee Roscher
is L
exicon, I
V, c
. 2
02-209
.
2
31. S
ee W. A ltmann, op.cit., no. 1
5, 32, 4
3; S z. Bürger, Die Szene
d
er "lupa Capitol
ina" a uf p
rovinzia
len Grabsteinen, i
n Fo
l ia Arch.,
X
III, 1961, pp. 52-61.
2
32. A
. S
z. Bürger, i
n F
olia Arch., X
III, 1
961, p
. 5
4 s
q.
2
33. See M . Guarducci, Bryaktes. Un c ontributo a
lb os
tud io dei "banchetti
eroici", i
n AJA, 66, 1972, 3, pp. 273-280, who derives the f unerary
banquet from the heroic banquet and c ons
iders that the figure
scheme was formed in the Orient and imported to Greece e ven in t
he
6
th c entury B.C.
2
34. Ri
liev
i f unerar
i con banche
tto d e
lla Dacia, i
n Apu
lum, X
II, 1
974
,
pp. 159-181. S ee a
lso M. Lang, op.cit.
2
35. J
. J
. Hatt, o
p.c
it, p
. 1
52.
2
36. H
. Gabe lmann, in BJ, 1 72, 1972, p. 166 s
qq. a nd no. 46, f
ig. 34;
E
. E sperandieu, Recueil, VII, no. 5800, 5838, 5867 (Ma
inz); V III,
n
o. 6 262-6263, 6
268, 6270, 6 273 (Bonn); 6 449, 6455, 6
456, 6451
(Kö
ln); J . M. C
. Toynbee, Art i n Roman Br i
tain, London, 1963,
p
. 1 84 and 200 s
qq.
2
37. H
. Gabe
lmann, i
n BJ, 1
72, 1
972, pp. 8
8-94.
2
38. G
. Bordenache, Temi e mot
iv i d
ella p
lastica funerar
ia d
i eta romana
n
ella Moes
ia I
nfer
ior, i
n Dac ia, N.S., IX, 1965, pp. 2
53-281.
2
39. N
. F
irat
li and L
. Robert, Les st
'eles f
undra
ires d
e Byzance g
reco-
r
oma
in, Par
is, 1964, pp. 8
-22.
2
40. I
bid.
2
41. G
. Bordenache, i
n Dacia, N
.S., I
X, 1
965, pp. 2
57-263.
2
42. Apu
lum, X
II, 1
974, p
. 1
63.
2
43. Totenmah
ldarste
llungen a uf rdmischen Denkmä
lern i
n J
ugos
lav
ien,
i
n JÖAI, XLIV, 1959, pp. 207-230.
2
44. I
. Mitrofan and L. Teposu, in ActaMN, V II, 1970, pp. 5
31-535;
M. Jude, in Apulum, IX, 1971, pp. 547-552; M. J ude and C. P op,
Monumente Turda , no. 12, p
l. VII/1; 0 . Floca and W. Wolsk
i, i n
BMI, XLII, 3, no. 3
4, fig. 45
.
9
2
2
45. Fr. F remersdorf, Das Römergrab i n Weiden b ei Köln, Köln, 1957,
pp. 2 8-31, pl. 6-7 and P
. L a Baume, CoIonia Agr ippinensis, Köln,
1964, pp. 5 0-58, figs. 5
1-55. A s imi
lar chair occurs on t he r
elief
o
f t he coiffeuse at Neumagen ( Römer am Rhein, Kö ln, 1967, A 1 76,
p
l. 5 1).
2
46. A
. W. Daszewski, Basket a
rmchairs in t
he western provinces o
f
t
he Roman empire, i
n Melanges o
fferts h K
. Michalowski
, Warszawa,
1
966, pp. 3
47-354.
2
47. The motif is frequent o n t he Rhine (H. Gabelmann, i n BJ, 173,
1
973; S . F err i
, Arte r omana s ul Reno, P. 6 3, f
ig. 2; p. 6
4, fig.
3
; p . 65, fig. 4 ) but i
s also encountered in t he Danubian provinces
(H. Hofmann, o p.cit., P. 41, f
ig. 26; p. 3 9, fig. 25
; p . 29, fig.
1
8; S . F erri, ARD, P. 1 16, f
ig. 163.
2
48. A
. St. Bürger, A
ldoszati j
e
lenet Pannon
ia k
öem
lekein, i
n Rdgeszeti
f
üzetek, s
. 11, 5
, Budapest, 1959.
2
49. Cab oi
s shown in associat
ion with the funeral banquet unti
l the
middle o
f the 2nd century o n the s
telae o
f the sold
iers belonging
t
o alae, on the Rh
ine, e specia
lly at Köln (G. Bordenache, in Dacia,
N.S., IX, 1965, p. 263.(H. Gabe lmann, in BJ, 172, 1
972, P. 118).
2
50. A
l. Cermanov iC-Kuzmanov id, Die Denkmä ler der trakischen Heros
i
n Jugoslavien und d as Problem d es t
rak ischen Reitergottes, i
n
ArchJug, I V, 1 963, pp. 31-57; i dem, Que lques monuments du
cava
lier t
hrace p rovenant d e notre pays e t l
e probleme du Heros
t
hrace, in S tarinar, XIII-XIV, 1 962-1963, p. 113 s qq.
2
51. L
e s
ymbo
lisme, P
. 4
31.
2
52. M
. J ude and C
. P
op, Monumen
te Turda, pp. 1
2-13, n
o. 1
4, p
l.
V
III/1-2.
2
53. As r egards t he monuments i n Pannon ia, t he f igure o f Cab oo ccurs
on the intermed iary c ordon between t he fie
ld o f inscription a nd
t
hat o f rel
ief, first
ly o n the monuments o f sold iers belong ing t o
a
lae a t Brigetio and Aqu incum a nd then o n t he monuments o f
c
ivilians a s wel
l. H e is a
ssociated w ith the c arriage at Interc isa,
Scarbant ia and Carnuntum e ven in t he i st century a nd a fter t he
beginning o f the 2nd c entury is associated w ith t he scene o f o
ffer-
i
ngs. S ee A . Schober, Grabste ine, pp. 1 67-169 a nd M . P etö, Römische
Grabsteinbruckstück m it e
iner Reiterdarste llung i n Landwr rtschaft-
l
ichen Museum, i n Fol
ia Arch., XXI, 1 970, pp. 6 7-70.
2
54. C
. Sag
i, Rappresentazion
i d
el care su
i monument i sepolcral
i d
ella
P
annonia i
mper
iale, i
n AE, V-VI, 1944-1945, pp. 232-238.
2
55. The type o
f the barbarian fa
llen a
t t
he feet o
f ah orse was c
reated
by t
he workshop a t Mainz i
n the i
st c
entury A . D. S ee J
. J. Hatt,
La t
ombe gallo-romaine, P. 148.
2
56. G
. A
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lli
, i
n MonPiot, 5
3, 1
963, p
. 5
0.
2
57. S
ee E. Esperand ieu, Recue
il, I
, 6
54 (
Narbonne); V
, 3
667 (
Reims);
V
, 4310 (Metz).
2
58. I
l R
itratto Romano n
ell
'Ita
lia s
ettentr
iona
le, i
n RoemMi
tt, 6
5, 1
958
,
pp. 66-69. S ee t
he o bservat
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he Roman p
ortra
it i
n
G. Ch. Picard, op.cit., pp. 90-107.
9
3
2
59. See D. Dimitrov, Das Porträt auf den Grabstelen römischer Ze
it i
n
Nordostmakedon ien, in I
zvestia
, X III, 1939, pp. 1-128; A. Rüsch,
Das kaiserzei
tliche P
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969
, pp.
59-169
; A . Schober, Grabsteine, pp. 2 07-208.
2
60. S
ee G. A. Mansuel
li, S
tudi s
ull
'arte romana dell
'Ita
lia s
ettentr
iona
le.
L
a s
cultura co
lta, in R
IASA, 1958, pp. 45-128
.
2
61. Apu
lum, X I, 1973, pp. 721-728
. The I ta
lian r
esearcher r
efers to
s
ix stelae which are actual
ly much d
ifferent f
rom the po
int of v
iew
o
f s
ty le.
2
62. R
. Paribeni, I ritratto nel a
rte antica, Roma, 1
934, p
. 29, p
l. 208-
2
09. S ee a s
imilar coiffure on ap ediment o
f afunerary c
onstruc-
t
ion a
t Rome H . J ucker, op.cit., no. 50.
2
63. M
. Wegner, D ie Herrscherbildnisse i
n antoninischer Z eit, Berl
in,
1
939; L . Po
lacco, Due ritratti r
oman i d
a ApoIon ia di Cirene, P adova,
1
959, pp. 301-309; G . Bordenache, Un n ou p ortret a
l F austinei
c
ea tinärä
, in Omagiu lui P. Constantinescu-Iasi, pp. 9 3-98; P . R .
F
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2
6/183.
2
64. K
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everischen Z
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n
ach ihren F r
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er L andgrafl
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i
n S
ch loss Fasanerie b
ei Fulda, Mainz, 1968.
2
65. Keltische E
inflüsse i
n d
er p
rov
inz
ial-röm
ischen P
last
ik, i
n BJ, 1
58,
1958, pp. 268-294. —
2
66. The p roblem of t he dress in Dacia was brief
ly t reated by Gr. F lorescu,
i
n ED, I V, 1
930, pp. 1 33-134; M . Macrea , Viata in Dac ia romanä,
p. 416, a nd more d etai
led by 0 . F
loca a nd W . Wolsk i, in BMI, XLII,
1973, 3, pp. 4 0-42. For t
he dress in antiquity s ee M . Bieber,
Charakter und Unterscheide d er griechischen und r ömischen K leid-
ung, i n AA, 3, 1 973, p p. 4
25-447; E . Th ie
l, Gesch ichte d es
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North-West P rov inces of the Roman Emp ire, i n BJ, 1 68, 1968, 1 89 sqq.
2
67. For t
he Il
lyr ian and Nor
ico-Pannon ian c ostume s ee: I. Cremosn ik
,
Trachtendarstellungen auf römischen Denkmä lern i n Bosnien und
Herzegovina, in GZMS, N .S., XVIII, 1 963, pp. 1 03-125; i dem,
Die e
inheimische Tracht Noricums, P annon iens und I l
lyricums und
i
hre Vorbilder , i
n Latomus, XXIII, 1 964, pp. 7 60-773; J . Garbsch,
Die n
orisch-pannon ische Frauentracht i m 1 und 2 J ahrhunder t,
München, 1 965.
2
68. See E. Sander, Die Kleidung des römischen Soldaten, in H
istoria
XIII, 1
963, 2, pp. 144-146 and Fr. Kolb, Römische Mäntel: p aenula
l
acerna, wxyö vr
i , in RoemMitt, 80, 1
973, 1 , pp. 6
9-167.
2
69. C
. Da
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n A
ISC, 1
, 1
928, 1
932, p
. 1
24.
2
70. D
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les f
und'ra
ires monumentales
o
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its de l
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iadora, I
, 1959,
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tela a
t Ostrovice, GZMS, n.s., XVIII, 1963, p
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2
71. BMI, XLII, 1 973, 3
, p. 40. F r. Ko
lb, i n RoemMitt, 80, 1973
, p . 88
:
"
So lte man die ganz geschlossene paenula auf b
eiden S ei
ten h och,
s
o e rhie
lt sies das Aussehen eines vorne kurzen n ach unten z u
Spi
tz a uslaufendes Mantels".
9
4
2
72. H
istor
ia, X
II, 1
963, 2
, pp. 1
44-146.
2
73. ED, I
V, 1
930, p
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33.
2
74. BMI, XLII, 1
973, 3
, p
. 4
1.
2
75. I
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61.
2
76. L
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28.
2
77. S
ee J
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p.ci
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2
78. F
or t
he fema
le dress o
n the f
unerary a
ediculae s
ee 0
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loca a
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W
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973, 3
, p. 4
1 sq.
2
79. J
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2
80. K
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i
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2
81. S
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38, f
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33; RdmRum, P
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50, G 1
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6.
2
82. F
or the Dacian si
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d
acice (I), i
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, p . 1
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1
, 1972, P. 5 sqq. K . Horedt, Die dakischen Silberfunde, in Dacia,
N
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i
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X
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2
83. L
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, p
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2
84. S
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2
85. F
or t
he a
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0
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2
86. Op.cit., p
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2
87. For the s ymbolic s
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2
88. N
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2
89. F
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2
90. 0
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8.
2
91. M
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2
92. 0
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, 3
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2
93. S
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2
94. C
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2
95. G. A
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2
96. Gr. F
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2
97. See G
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.
9
5
2
98. G
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2
99. A
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S
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P
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3
00. A. M6csy, Roman isa
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5. See a
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,
L
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ai
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3
01. G
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l l
i, in MonP
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3, 1
963
, P
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8; G
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nd
R
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3
02. H
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, 1
72, 1
972, pp. 7
3-80.
3
03. S
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i, S
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.
3
04. S
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lMusCiv.Padova
, XLV, 1
956
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8, f
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, p
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5
1, f
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5.
3
05. G
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963
, pp. 6
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3
06. H
. Gabe
lmann, i
n BJ, 1
72, 1
972, p
. 9
4 s
qq.
3
07. D. Sergejevski considers i
n GZMBH, XLVI, 1 934, p. 3
7 tha
t the
arched niche penetrated i
nto Dalmatia by the agency o
f Pannonia
where i
t is a
ttested e ven s
ince the ist c
entury A .D. (A. S
chober,
Grabste
ine, P. 1 60).
3
08. H
. Gabe
lmann, i
n BJ, 1
72, 1
972
, p
p. 9
4-104
.
3
09. S
ee s
upra n
ote 5
5.
3
10. See CSIR, Osterre
ich, I , 4( Carnuntum), nos. 401-402 t
he stela o
f
Comagius Severus, soldier of l
egio XIII G
emina and the s
tela of
Caius Vis
ius Proculus, s o
ldier o
f the same l
egio; b o
th are dated
t
o the ist c
entury A . D.
3
11. G
. A
. Mansue
lli
, i
n MonP
iot, 5
3, 1
963, P
. 7
1, f
ig. 3
8.
3
12. A
. S
chober, Grabs
teine, P
. 1
81.
3
13. G
. A
. Mansue
lli
, i
n MonP
iot, 5
3, 1
963
, pp. 4
1 a
nd 7
3-74.
3
14. I
bid., P
. 3
7, f
ig. 4
3
15. G
. S
iena Ch
iesa
, S
tele A
ltino
, P
. 6
2.
3
16. G
. A. Mansuel
li, i
n AAM, 1
0, 1
960, p
p. 1
10-111; H
. J
urker,
o
p.ci
t., G 5
, pl. 2
.
3
17. G
. A
. Mansue
lli
, i
n MonP
iot, 5
3, 1
963
, P
. 3
8.
3
18. S
ee D
. D
imi
trov
, S
tele Bu
lgar
ia, p
ass
im.
3
19. Grabs
teine, p
. 1
91.
3
20. A
. Möcsy, Roman
isat
ion Moes
ia S
uper
ior
, p
. 7
8 s
qq., p
l. 2
4 a
nd
P
l. 3
7.
3
21. Fr. Matz, E
in r
ömisches Meis
terwerk d
er J
ahreszei
tensarkofag
,
Badminton —New York, Ber
lin, 1
958, p
. 8
1 sqq.
3
22. W
. A
ltmann, o
p.c
it., pp. 2
85-292.
3
23. A
. S
chober, Grabste
ine, p
. 2
09.
3
24. A
ltars cons
isting o f t
hree c omponent parts: p edesta
l, med
ian body
a
nd coping t o ah e
ight o f 3m exis
t at Aqu i
leia
. S ee G. Brusin,
D
i un t
ipo s epolcrale caratter
ist
ico d
i Verona , in BJ, 1
58, p. 3
7 sqq.
9
6
3
25. D
. S
erge
jevsk
i, i
n GZMBH, XLVI, 1
934, pp. 1
1-41.
3
26. H
. Da
icov
iciu, i
n Apu
lum, V
II, 1
968, pp. 3
42-351.
3
27. RoemMi
tt, 3
5, 1
920, p
. 2
7 s
qq.
3
28. Gr. Toci
lescu, o
p.cit., p
. 3
98, n
o. 8
6.
3
29. A
ISC, I
, 1
928-1932, p
. 1
15.
3
30. BMI, XLII, 1
973
, 3
, p
. 5
0.
3
31. S
. Aur
igemma, i
n P
allad
io, I
, 1
937
, pp. 4
1-52.
3
32. Archaeo
log
ia C
lass
ica, I
V, 1
952, 1
, pp. 6
0-71.
3
33. J
. J
. Hatt, L
a t
ombe g
allo-roma
ine, p
. 1
80.
3
34. P
. L
a Baume, i
n Bu
ll. Mus. Kö
ln, 1
0, 1
971, 4
, p
. 9
38 s
qq.
3
35. BJ
, 1
73, 1
973, p
. 1
92.
3
36. We cannot know from the i
lustration published by N. Vulij
,
Spomenik-Beograd, XCVIII, 1 941-1948, no. 485, i
f t
he truncated
pyramid of the monument f
ound a t Bioska was or was n
ot worked
i
ndependent ly.
3
37. M
. Gawl
ikovsk
i, Monuments fundra
ires de Pa
lmyre, Warszawa
, 1
970.
S
ee a
lso G
. Ch. P
icard, op.ci
t., pp. 1
45-146.
3
38. S
. Aur
igemma
, i
n P
allad
io, I
, 1
938, p
. 5
0.
3
39. Grabste
ine, pp. 2
09 s
q.
3
40. C
lipeata i
mago. S tud
ien z
u e
iner Römischen B
ildnisform, Bonn,
1
969, pp. 81-83.
3
41. BJ, 1
72, 1
972, p
. 91 s
qq.
3
42. Contribution h l'
öcla
ircissement du probteme du mddail
lon d ans l'
art
g
re co-roma in, i
n Hommages ä Wa ldemar Deonna, col
l. L atomus
XXVIII, 1 937, pp. 220-225, p
l. XXXVII. S ee a
lso D . Dimitrov and
M. Bratschkova , Die Muschel in der a
ntiken Kunst, in Izvestia
,
XII, 1938, pp. 59-62.
3
43. A
. S chober, Grabste
ine, p
. 181; E. D
ietz, Der provinz
iale Charak-
t
er der roemischen Sku
lptur i
n Nor
icum, in Le Rayonnement, p.
2
08.
3
44. Gr. F
lorescu, i
n ED, IV, 1930, pp. 143-145; D . Protase, in SCIV,
XI, 1
960, 2
, p. 3 f= StC1, II, 1961, pp. 133-134; H. Daicoviciu,
i
n Apulum, VII, 1
968, p. 344.
3
45. D. Dim
itrov, I medaglioni sepolcral
i i
solati nella vale de
l medio
S
truma e n e
lla Macedonia settentriona
le ( offprint); A . Rüsch, in
JDAI, 84, 1969
, pp. 5 9-196 presents 32 meda l
lions, 8 more than
Dimi
trov.
3
46. D
. D
imi
trov, i
n Annua
ire S
ofia
, XLI, 1
944-45
, p
. 5
0, f
ig. 3
5.
3
47. M
. Ve
likov
ic, i
n Zborn
ik-Beograd, II, 1
960-1961,
. pp. 9
9-100.
3
48. G
, S
iena Chiesa, S
tele A
ltino, p
. 3
6 s
qq., nos. 2
1-28
, f
ig. 1
8-23.
3
49. CSIR, Osterreich, I, 1
, n
os. 1
06-110, p
l. 1
-4.
3
50. This i
s also t
he opinion of H. Gabe lmann, in BJ, 172
, 1972, p. 93,
note 8
8. The med ial
lion penetrated also from northern I
taly i
nto
Macedonia. C f. A. Rilsch, op.cit.
9
7
3
51. SCIV, X
I, 1
960, 2
, pp. 3
24-331.
3
52. I
bid., p
. 3
27.
3
53. Owing to t
he fact that t
he medal
lions w i
th pediment in Noricum a
re
l
ater, t
hey can n o l
onger be considered as t
he start of t
he ser
ies
a
s D . P
rotase bel
ieved in SCIV, X I, 1960, 2
, p. 327.
3
54. G
. A
. Mansue
lli
, i
n MonPiot, 5
3, 1
963, p
. 3
8, f
ig. 5a
nd 6
.
3
55. D
. D
imi
trov, I medag
lion
i..., f
ig. 1
5.
3
56. Gr. F
lorescu, i
n ED, I
V, 1
930
, p
. 1
43.
3
57. ActaMN, V
, 1
968, 1
30.
3
58. RömRüm, pp. 6
9-70 = C
ivi
lth, pp. 8
6-87.
3
59. 0
. F
loca a
nd W
. Wo
lsk
i, i
n BMI, XLII, 1
973
, p
. 4
5 a
nd 4
7.
3
60. L
. Teposu-Mar
inescu
, i
n SCIVA, 2
5, 1
974, 3
, pp. 4
21-423
3
61. M. Par
lasca, Zur syr
ischen Kunst d er f
rühen Kaiserzeit, i
n AA,
8
2, 1967, 4
, pp. 547-568; E . Künz
l, Das Grabrelief des Nardos
Cha
lbos aus Syrien
, in Jahrb. RGZM, 1 9
, 1972, pp. 181-182.
3
62. H
. Gabe
lmann, i
n BJ
, 1
73, 1
973 p
. 1
90.
3
63. J
. J. Hatt, La t
ombe gallo-romaine, p
. 180. As regards the pi
lasters
i
n the present-day t
erri
tory o f Luxembourg, see Ch. M. Ternes,
Recherche concernant l
e Luxembourg h l'epoque romaine
, in Apulum,
X
II, 1
974
, p
. 2
36; H
. L
efebvre, i
n B
I AL, 5
1, 1
975, 1
-2.
3
64. Monuments f
und
raires d
e P
almyre, Warszawa, 1
970.
3
65. S
. Bazzar in, in Boll. Mus. Civ. Padova, XLV, 1 956, pp. 3-43. The
s
telae with acroter
ia- l
ions also ex
ist a
t Altino (G. Siena Chiesa,
S
tele Altino, pl. IV, fig. 8 and 9 a
nd pl. V, f
ig. 10 and 11.
3
66. G
. A. Mansuel
li, i
n AAM, 10, 1
960
, P
. 1
20; i
dem, i
n MonP
iot, 5
3,
1
963, pp. 5
3-54, f
igs. 1
9-20
.
3
67. The connection between t he s te
lae and t he aed
iculae housing the
s
tatues of the deceased i s made, we b elieve, by a s
tela a
t Altino
,
i
n the shape of an aed icula ( 1 x 0.70 x 0.30 m) with two Corinthian
c
apita
ls s upporting a L esbian kyme b eneath which the f
igures of
t
he deceased in full-length a re shown. S ee G . Sena Chiesa,
S
tele Alt
ino, no. 1 8, pl. V III, fig. 16.
3
68. G
. Brus
in, i
n BJ, 1
58, 1
958
, pp. 4
0-44.
3
69. J
. K lemenc, V . Kolgek and P. Petru, Anti ne grobnice v §
enpetru,
L
jubl jana, 1972. S ee a
lso M. Gorenc, Ant ica. Mala i
stor
ija umet-
nost
i J ugos
lav ia, Beograd, 1967. S ee a
lso J. Klemenc, Das erste
Baldachin aud d em römischen civi
lfr
iedhof i m S
enpeter im Saantale,
i
n Hommages ä Wa ldemar Deonna , Coll. L
atomus, XXVIII, Bruxe lles-
Berchem, 1 957, pp. 292-299.
3
70. V. Modr
ijan and E. Weber, i
n S
chi
ld v
on S
teier, 1
2, 1
964, 1
965
,
pp. 1
8-19, no. 1
60.
3
71. G
. Erde
lyi, i
n AE, 8
8, 1
961
, 1
, pp. 1
84-191. S
ee a
lso I
ntercisa
,
I
, 2
01 sqq.
3
72. I
dem, A r
oma
i k
öfragas, 8
6 s
qq.
3
73. V
. Wol
lmann, Cercetäri pr
ivind c ar
iere
le d
e p
iaträ d
in Dacia r
oman ,
i
n S
arget
ia, X
, 1 973, pp. 105-130.
9
8
3
74. S
ee the catalogue of p
resent work ( S) and (AE) and C . Pop and
Z
. Milea, in ActaMN, I, 1965, p
. 2 00; C . Pop, in ActaMN, V,
1
968, p. 482, n o. 2
, f
ig. 4
; p . 480, fig. 1 A-B.
3
75. The more p
recise d eterminat ion of s
ome workshops o f provincial
s
culpture i
s st
ill in an incipient phase. S ee S
. Deyts, Atelier de
s
culpture dans la region d e Dijon, i
n RAECE, XXII, 1 971, 3-4, pp.
3
53-391; H. G . Horn, Südga ll
ische Steinmetzen am Rhein, in AK,
3
, 1973, 1
, pp. 4 7-49; T . Nagy, Kafaragas e s szebräszat Aqu in-
cumban, i
n Budapest, Reg isegei, XXII, 1971, p. 1
03 sq.
3
76. Op.ci
t., p
. 3
8 s
q.
3
77. Grabsteine, p
. 1
85.
3
78. Die Orig
inaltität d
er r
oemischen Kunst am Rhein, i
n L
e r
ayonnement,
pp. 145-151.
3
79. C
IL, II, 7
895; C
IL, I
I, 1
365; 1
601 a
nd C
IL, I
I, 1
413.
3
80. See V
. Christescu, ViaIa e
conomic .
ä a Dac
iei r
omane, P
ite5ti
, 1
929
,
p
. 81; V. Chr istescu, i
n RIR, I, 1 932, 2, p
. 2
85; A. Bodor, i
n
OmD, pp. 46-48.
3
81. R
. Bianchi-Bandinel
li, I
i problema d
ella s
cultura r
omana d
el I
I-IV
s
eco
lo, in Acme, V, 1952, p. 630.
3
82. R. No
ll, op.
cit. ,p
. 19
, cons
iders t
hat the loca
l a layed a
rtists p
b
igger part t
han the n
ewcomers i
nthe creation of provinc
ial a
rt.
3
83. Al. Popa and I
. Al. Aldea, CoIonia Aure l
ia Apulens is Chrystopo l
is,
i
n Apu lum, X, 1972, pp. 209-220. As r egards t he location of two
c
ities a
t Apulum, s ee a d
ifferent opinion in E
. Dor 4u-Bo irä
,
Castra leg
ionis V Macedonicae und Municipium Troesmense, i n Dacia,
XVI, 1972, pp. 141-142, noe 13. A l. Popa, Evolutia istoricä a
c
e lor d
ouä ora§e de la Apulum, in Apu lum, XIV, 1 976, pp. 6 5-70.
3
84. F
or t he history of Ulpia Traiana see C. Daicoviciu, S .V. S armize-
g
etusa , in RE, I A , Supp l., c. 610-655. F or the workshops a t
U
lpia Tra iana see D . Alicu, C . Pop and V . Cäfänae, A teliere d e
p
ietiarie la Ulpia Traiana Sarm izegetusa
, in ActaMN, X III, 1976,
p
. 1 25-140; L . Teposu-Mar inescu, Ulpia Traiana metropo lä c u
ltural-
a
rtistic äa Daciei r
omane , i n Sargetia, XI, 1976, p p. 249-253.
I
. I. Russu, i n ActaMN I , 1964, p. 183.
3
85. R
. B
ianch
i-Band
inel
l, Rome —
la f
in d
e l
'
art a
ntique, P
aris, 1
970,
p
. 1
92.
3
86. Of the e xtensive b ibliography r eferr ing t o Micia s ee C . Da icov iciu,
Micia, I , Cercetär i a supra c astru lui, in ACMIT, I I, 1932, p . 3s qq.
0. F loca, Descoper iri arheolog ice in i nutu l Hunedoarei, i n S argetia,
I
, 1 937 , p . 64; i dem, P agus M iciens is, in S arget ia, V, 1 968, pp.
49-56; 0 . F
loca a nd V . Vas iliev, Amf i
teatru l m il
itar d e la M icia, i n
Sarget ia, V I, 1 968, p . 121 s qq.; 0 . F loca, S t. F erentzi a nd L .
Mä
.rgh i
tan, M icia, Grupu l de cuptoare r omane p entru a rs c eramica,
Deva, 1 970; L . Märghi tan, M icia. A f ost un p agus in t ot t impu l
s
täpiniri i r omane, in SCIV, 2 1, 1 970, 4 , pp. 5 79-594; L . Mar inescu,
L. Märgh itan a nd C . Petolescu, Therme le romane d e la M icia.
Raport a supra s ipätur i
lor din a nü 1 971-1974, i n Muzeu l d e i s
tor ie
a
l R . S . Roman ia. Cercetär i arheo logice, I , 1 975, pp. 2 17-230.
3
87. The p
ossibi
lity c
annot be exc
luded that t
he t
i
les a
nd the bricks
w
ith the s
tamp of l
egio X
III Gemina and f
ound i
n alarge quanti
ty
9
9
i
n the baths at Micia, were carried on the Mures f rom Apulum a nd
were not worked by a v exi
llatio transferred to the camp on the
Mures (which wou ld hardly expla in t
he large variety in f
orms of
s
tamps. S ee C. P etolescu and L . Märghitan, Tig le s
i c
ärämizi
s
tampilate din t
herme le de la Micia, i
n Muzeu l National
, I, 1
974,
p
. 252.
3
88. I
DR, 11.1
, p . 145 w
ith t
he c
omp lete b
ibl
iography r
eferr
ing t
o t
he
c
amp a
nd t he c
ivil
ian s
ett
lement.
3
89. c
f. I
DR, II, 1
, pp. 2
03-205.
3
90. As regards t he f
oundation o
f the province of Dacia P
orol
issensis
s
ee: Russu, Dacia s
i Pannonia I
nferior in l
umina diplomei m
ili
tare
d
in a nu
l 1 23
, Bucure5ti, 1973.
3
91. OmD, p
. 4
4 s
qq.
3
92. M. Bärbu lescu, Pi
lastru c
u divinität
i din Napoca 5
i unele a
specte
a
le arhitecturii s
epulcra
le in Dac
ia, i n A
IIA Cluj-Napoca, XIX, 1
976,
pp. 267-274.
3
93. For t
he history o
f the c
ity s
ee: C . Daicoviciu, s.v. Potaissa, i
n
RE, XXII, 1 and D. Tudor, Ora5e, t
irguri 5i sate i
n Dacia romanä,
pp. 2
09-221.
3
94. The striking stylistic s
imi lar
ity between a g roup of monuments
showing t he scene o f a banquet at Potaissa and the monument o f
T. Flavius Martialis at Augsburg d etermines u s t
o t
ake into consid-
era
tion t he possibili
ty tha t an a
rtisan c ame from Raet
ia to Po
ta issa
i
n Dac ia.
3
95. D
. Protase and A . Zriny
i, Castru
l roman de la Br
incovenesti din
v
alea Muresului. S äpäturi
le d
in ani
i 1970-1973, i
n Mar
isia, V,
1
975, pp. 57-69.
3
96. P
. P etrovid, P a
leografi
ja rimskih n atpisa u Gorno
j Mezi
ji, Beograd,
1
975 f or the dating o
f t he i
nscriptions on the bas
is of the f
ormulae
which w ere used, the form of characters etc.
3
97. N. Gostar, E in numerus Germanicianorum e xploratorum i m oberen
Dakien, i n Germania, 50, 1972, 1-2, pp. 241-245. S ee a
lso D.
Protase, T ruppes auxil
iares o r
iginaires d
es p rovinces g ermaniques
dans P armee de Dacie, in Dacia, XVIII, 1973, pp. 3 23-328. The
unit 2
ar t
icipated in the Dacian wars a nd was stationed in the camp
a
t Ora5tioara, Hunedoara c ounty, all t
he time.
3
98. K. Kraf t, Zur Rekrut ierung d er A len und Kohorten am Rhe in und
Donau, Berna, 1 951, no. 7 02; n o. 1 284, no. 5 75 a nd n o. 1344.
Between 7 0-80, Ala I Tungrorum F rontoniana was s tationed in
Dalmatia f rom whence i t transferred t o Pannon ia Infer ior and was
brought t o Dacia in about 1 18-119 , where i t was g arr isoned p er-
manently i n t
he c amp at Il
isua. Cohors I U lpia Br i ttonum was d is-
p
laced f rom P annonia a nd part icipated i n the Dacian wars. I t
s
eems t hat i t was stationed a t P orolissum. A la Siliana was s tationed
i
n German ia Infer
ior until 1 97; i t is attested in P annon ia i
n 84 and
Trajan s tationed it permanent ly in t he camp a t Giläu. Cohors I
F
lav ia Commagenorum was t ransferred f rom Moes ia Superior t o
Dacia in t he t
ime o f Trajan. I t was s tationed p ermanent ly i
n the
camp at M icia.
3
99. U
lpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa was given the t
i
tle of metropol
is by
S
everus A lexander. S ee C. Daicoviciu, S
everus A lexander s
i
p
rovincia Dacia, i
n ActaMN, I I, 1966, pp. 153-171.
1
00
4
00. About benef
iciari consu
lares f
rom Dac
ia see I
. I. Russu, in Act
iva
tea
muzeelor, C
luj, 1956, pp. 1
21-123
; M . Macrea, V
iata in Dac
ia
r
omana, p . 190
.
1
01
CATALOGUE
STELAE(S)
I
A UNF
IGURED STELAE W
ITH ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS
1
. Apo
ldu
l Mare, S
ibiu c
ounty, Brukentha
l Museum, S
ibiu.
I
nv. A 3
429 = 7
202. Pl. I
.
S
tela. Weathered limestone. Fragmentary. S
ize: 125 x 7
6 x 3 0 cm.
Only t he o rnamental fie
ld--aed icula s haped —is p reserved. Two
Corinth ian columns s uppor t an a rchitrave with d ent
icu l
i. The front
i
s d ecorated w ith a rosette a nd a s tylized acanthus l eaf. Above
t
here i s ac oping: l
i
ons b ack to b ack w i
th a p ine-cone. From
the field of the inscription, e nclosed by a mou lded f rame, only the
l
etters D M a re preserved.
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A .
D.
Gr. F
lorescu, ED, I
V, 1
930, pp. 8
4-85
, n
o. 1
0, f
ig. 1
0.
2
. Gher
la, C
luj c
ounty. Gher
la Museum. W
ithout i
nventory number.
S
tela. Gr
it-stone ? F
ragmentary. S
ize: 0
.75 x 0
.78 x 0
.20 cm.
The upper p
art i
s d
ecorated w
ith a c
orn
ice
.
The inscription r
eads: D
(is) M(anibus) M(arcus) An .. /
dec(urio) alae I Pa[nn(oniorum) Secuni/d
inus dec(ur
io) a
(lae
e
iundem?)
Date: a
fter t
he s
econd h
alf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D. C
IL, II, 1
2542.
3
. Kov
in (
R. F
. Yugos
lav
ia). L
ost.
Unfigured ste
la decorated with arch
itectural e
lements (
arch w
ith
sp
iral columns, semi-circu
lar pediment w i
th a he
lmet i
n the f
i
eld,
p
ilasters wi
th li
ons o n the upper part).
The inscription r eads: L

(ucio) Valerio Sex(ti) f(ilio) Vol(tin
ia
t
ribu) S erano / Luco ( centurioni) l
eg(ionis) 1 11 F(laviae) f(el
icis)
/L (ucius) Va ler
ius P rivatus et /L (ucius) Va lerius Martialis /
l
iberti e
t h eredes / a s e f(aciendum) c (uraverunt).
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
I
DR, II/1, 1w
ith t
he who
le b
ibl
iography.
4
. Ro5ia Montan , A
lba c
ounty (
ALBURNUS MAIOR). Ro0
.a Montang
l
apidarium.
S
tela. L
imestone. Damaged. S
ize: 180 x 38 x 10 cm.
The upper part o
f t he s
tela is decorated wi
th a p ediment s
upported
by two c
olumns. Above the p ediment, two rosettes, be
low the t
ext
o
f the i
nscript
ion t wo capricorni and a kantharos.
The t
ext of t
he inscript
ion reads: D(is) M(anibus) / Ga i Val(er
i) /
V
iator
i /a n(norum) XVI / And . T i
ti / e t Va
l.Tereri./f
il(io)
b
(ene)m(erenti) p(osuerunt).
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
C
IL, II, 1
272. V
. Wo
llmann, S
arget
ia, X
IV, 1
979
, pp. 1
97-198,
n
o. 5
, pl. I
.
1
03
I B1 UNFIGURED AND UNDECORATED STELAE
5
. Alba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. W
ithout i
nventory
number.
S
tela. Damaged. Gr
it-stone. S
ize: 1
30 x 8 5 x 2 5 cm.
The text o f the i
nscription, e nc
losed by a d ouble mou lded f
rame,
r
eads: D
(is) M (anibus) / I u
lia s ere-/ na vixit / an(nos) LXXXI /
G(a
ius) Be l
lic
ius Qu intinian-/ us a mi
te / p(iae) fec
it.
Da
te: t
he 3
rd c
entury A .
D.
A
l. P
opa, V
. P
ave
l, Apu
lum, X
III, 1
975, pp. 1
16-118, n
o. 4
, f
ig. 4
.
6
. Alba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. W
ithou
t i
nven
tory
number.
S
tela
. Gr
it-stone. F
ragmen
tary
. S
ize
: 5
1 x 4
7 x 1
4 cm.
The inscription, enc

losed by a d ouble mou
lded frame, r
eads:
D(is) M(anibus) / Ae l(ius) P rop
i /[n]cus l
ibr(ar
ius) /
[co(n)]s(ularis) v
ixit / [an]n(is) XXX
Da
te: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
I
. Berc
iu, AL. P
opa, Apu
lum, V
, 1
964, pp. 1
95-196, f
ig. 3
0.
7
. J
upa, Carae-Sever
in c
ounty (
TIBISCUM). Caransebee Museum.
S
tela? L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 9
3 x 6
5 x 1
5 cm.
The inscription, enclosed by a double mou

lded f rame, reads:
D(is) M(anibus) / Aur(e l
iu)s? Barse / m
ia vix(it) / a
n(n)os
XV / Ael(ia) Artimi / dora e
t / Aur(el
ius) Barbarcas fil
i(o?)
pus(uerunt) / e t f
ratri Me / n
io
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
C
. Daicov
iciu, ACMIT, I, 1929, p. 315, n
o. 1, f
ig. 1
0 (=Daciä,
p
. 1
49); I
. I. Russu, AMN, V I, 1
969, p. 1
77, IDR, II/1, 161.
8
. J
upa, Carae-Severin (
TIBISCUM). T
imieoara Museum. W
ithout
i
nventory number.
S
tela? Marb
le. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 2
7 x 1
6 x 6 cm.
On the left, above the t

ext of the inscription, a h
ead of Medusa
can be distinguished. From the inscription is p
reserved:
D(is) [
M(an ibus)] / P(ubl
ius) [Ae 1(ius) ...]
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
M
. Moga, I
. I
. Russu, L
apidMBan, 4
6, I
DR, II/1, 1
58.
9
. J
upa, Carae-Sever
in c
ounty (
TIBISCUM). T
imieoara Museum.
S
tela? Aug
ite. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 8
6 x 5
8 x 3
0 cm.
The i
nscr
iption, e
nclosed by a f
rame, r
eads: .. S
. M
. D
. /
C
l(aud
ius) M? v
et(eranus) e
x N
(umero) P
alm(yrenorum) T
ib(iscen-
s
ium) vix(i
t) / an(nos) XXXV, mil(i
tav
it) ? / a .•• e
• •r
avix(it) / an(nos) XXV, Au ... / et Ai
m D B V B (?)
f
(i
lio)? b(ene) m(erenti) p
(os-).
Date: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
. D.
M
. Moga, I
. I
. Russu, L
apidMBan, n
o. 3
4: I
DR, I
I/1, 1
64.
1
04
1
0. J
upa, Carae-Sever
in c
ounty (
TIBISCUM). T
imieoara Museum. I
nv. 7
504.
S
tela. Gr
it-stone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 8
6 x 6
6 x 2
7 cm.
The inscription, d
ivided i
nto two vert
ica
l r
egisters, reads:
D(is) M(anibus) / D
islar
iia 9/ I
s li
bra(rius) / n(umer
i)
[
? Maur(orum) T ib? /
/vix(it) annlos XXV / [ ]
ENNI BE /v
ix(it)
a
nnl(osl XX p ( osu
it?) / b
ene m(erenti)
a
nd:
D
(is) M
(an
ibus) / TXEMA [ / VLA S
E[ /V[
/ / IDE /EILIUS be[ n
em - 1
/eren
t[i
..
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D
M
. Moga, I
. I
. Russu, L
apidMBan, n
o. 3
5; I
DR, I
I/1
, 1
72.
1
1. Mehad
ia, Carae-Sever
in c
ounty. C
luj-Napoca Museum. I
nv. I
N 7
336.
S
tela? L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 9
0 x 6
5 x 1
8 cm.
The inscript
ion, enc
losed by a double moulded f
rame, reads:
D(is) /M(anibus) / Aur(e
lius) Sur
[ us? m
il(es) ?
] /c oh(ort
is)
II Del(matar
ium) vi[xit]/ an(nos) XXXX, Aur(elius)/Procul
inus /
s
ig(nifer) e
t (h)eres et Qu
i/n tina c
o(n)iux e
t / Suri
llo e
t Quin-
/
tinus et Sura p
ii / pa
tri /b (ene) m(erent
i) p(osuerunt).
Date: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
. D.
I
. I. Russu, Banat
ica, I
, 1
973. PP. 1
08-110, f
ig. 4
; AnnEp,
1
973; IDR, II/1, 87.
1
2. Mo
igrad, S
äla
j c
ounty (
POROLISSUM). Z
aläu Museum. I
nv. 1
038.
S
tela. Gran
ite. Damaged. S
ize: 8
0 x 3
8 x 3
0 cm.
The i
nscr
ipt
ion r
eads: D
(is) M(an
ibus) / I
ustina / v
ix(it) an(nis)
XV / XXX b
(ene) m(erent
i) p (osui
t)?
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
I
. I. Russu, Vestig
ia, p. 486, p l. VII, f
ig. 1
, 2. I
. I. Russu,
Dacia
, XVII, 1973, pp. 329-334; N. Gudea, V. Lucäcel
, Insmon-
Za
läu, p. 17, no. 18.
1
3. Mo
igrad, S
äla
j c
ounty (
POROLISSUM). Z
aläu Museum. I
nv. 2
61.
S
tela. Trachyte. Damaged. S
ize: 2
25 x 5
5 x 5
4 cm.
The inscr
iption r eads: D
(is) M
(anibus) / Victor
iai /A fr(a)e
v
ix(i
t /a n(nis) XX p at / pa
tro/nus f
iber (?) / l
ibert(a)e
b
(ene) m (erenti)
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
C
IL, II, 6249 = 7
640; D. Tudor, Ist Sclav, p
. 2
65; N
. Gudea,
V
. Lucäce
l, InsmonZaläu, pp. 15-16, n
o. 1 5.
1
4. Moldova No a, Carae-Sever
in c
ounty. Bucharest. I
nsti
tute o
f
Archaeology.
S
tela? Marble. •We
ll-preserved. S
ize: 5
0 x 3
6 x 4 cm.
The text o
f t he i
nscription r
eads: D(is) M(anibus) / P
(ublius)
Ae
l(ius) Aelian(us)/vix(it) a
nn(is) II / d(iebus) XXX, Piper(as)
1
05
/Timostrati d
isp(ensator
is) / v
ik(arius) e
t Ae
l(ia) Epicte(s
is) /
p
arentes fi
lio / b
ene merenti /fecerunt
Da
te: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
D
. Tudor, ist Sc
lav, pp. 2
75-276, n
o. 1 5
,1, f
ig. 2
6; i
dem,
L
atomus, XVII, 1958, pp. 3
55-359; AnnEp, 1959, 107 and 307;
I
DR, II/1, 26.
1
5. S
inn
ico
lau Mare, Arad c
ounty. T
imieoara Museum. I
nv. 6
360
S
tela? L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 9
0 x 7
7 x 2
0 cm.
The inscript
ion, enclosed by a double moulded frame, reads:
D(is) M(anibus) / M(arco)? Aur(el
io) T imo / n
i vet(erano)?
l
eg(ionis) / XIII[G(eminae)], Aur(elius) / F
irminus / tub(icen)
h
(eres) p (osui
t).
Date: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
. D.
M. Moga, I. I
. Russu, LapidMBan, n
o. 32; C. C
. P
eto
lescu,
SCIVA, 26, 1975
, 2, p. 426; I
DR, II/1
, 2 74.
1
6. S
trei-Säce
l, Hunedoara c
ounty. Deva Museum. I
nv. 6
1.
S
tela
. Gr
it-stone. Damaged. S
ize: 1
05 x 6
9 x 2
3 cm.
The i nscription, e nc
losed by a d ouble moulded f rame, r eads:
D(is) M(anibus)/ C. A. Dedalo / vix(i
t) a n(n is) LX / Va leri(a) Cara
v
ix(it) a n(n is) XXXV / C. O.... /A. Tetula v ix(i
t) a n(nis) L. A. Augus
/v ix(it) a n(n)is XXX / C. A. Carus / G . A. Va lerianus/veteranus
/p are(n)t ibus / s oror
ibus / feceru(nt) / FA Cr ispina Vett[illa] /
Maxima Butes e oru[m].
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
C
IL, II, 7
893 ; I
. I
. Russu, AMN, I
V, 1
967
, p
. 9
2.
1
7. Turda, C
luj c
ounty (
POTAISSA). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 3
54.
S
tela. L
imestone. We
ll-preserved. S
ize: 1
00 x 8
6 x 2
2 cm
The inscription, enclosed by a f rame decorated with i vy l

eaves
reads: D
(is) M (anibus) /C Va l(erio) S
ept i /mio vet(erano)
l
eg(ionis)/V Mac(edon iae) p(iae) c(onstantis) / vhdt ann(os)
LVIII / Aelia Iu
lia con
iux et heres p io / V
irginio bene / de se
merito p(osuit).
Da
te: t
he e
nd o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
C
IL, II, 7
694.
1
8. Ve .
t
e l, Hunedoara c
ounty (
MICIA). Deva Museum. I
nv. 6
6
ventory number.
S
tela. Andes
ite. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 1
60 x 2
6 x 2
0 cm.
The inscript
ion, enclosed by a f rame d ecorated with astraga
la r eads:
[D(is) M(anibus)]/ v
ix(it) a] n(nos) V II/
t
zia / C
(aius) Iul(ius) / ?
[ Mart
i]alis (centurio) /[coh(ortis)
Co] m m(agenorum) / [coni]ug
i et / ...ber? / v
ix(it) /
Mar?/...v]ix(i
t)....
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
C
IL, II, 7
873 + 1
3773: I
. I
. Russu, SCIV, 1
8, 1
967, 1
, pp. 1
71-
1
72, f
ig. 5
.
1
06
I B2 UNF
IGURED STELAE W
ITH COPING
1
9. Moigrad, S äla
j c ounty (POROLISSUM), Bucharest, Nat
iona
l Museum
o
f H istory. Inv. 54120. P
l. I.
S
tela. L
imestone. Restored. S
ize: 1
97 x 7
5 x 1
7 cm.
There is a c
oping, lions b ack to b ack associated with a pine-cone,
on the upper part of the stela. Below,the field o
f the inscription
i
s enclosed by a frame w ith a d ouble moulding. The base o f the
monument is undecorated.
The inscription r
eads: D(is) M(anibus) / Eufemus v
ik(arius)
Peregrini vix(i
t) an(nis) XXXV E rastus c
on / servo posu
it.
Da
te: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
C. Da
icov
iciu, Dac
ia, VII-VIII, 1
937-40, p. 325
, n
o. 5
, f
ig. 2
:
RR, p. 2
63, G 17 (=Civ
ilth
, p . 2
48, G 108).
2
0. Mo
igrad, S
äla
j c
ounty (
POROLISSUM). Z
algu Museum. I
nv. 1
030.
S
tela. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 2
8 x 2
7 x 2
8.
Only t
he upper p art, decorated w i
th a c
oping (
pediment? pine-
c
one and acroter
is) a nd the letters .. DE .. are preserved.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
N
. Gudea, V
. Lucgce
l, I
nsmonZa
läu, p
. 2
0, n
o. 2
6.
I B3 UNF
IGURED STELAE
2
1. Mehad
ia, Cara rSeverin c
ounty. T
imi rara Museum.
S
tela. Ca
lcareous c
ong
lomerate. Damaged. S
ize: 1
45 x 7
2 x 2
0 cm.
The fie
ld o f the r
elief consists of acorona, with a rosette i
nside.
The inscription, enclosed by a d ouble moulded f
rame, r eads:
D(is) M(anibus) /U lp(ius) V i
tal
io / vix(i
t) an(nos) XVI[I?] /
Fab(ius) Hatius /a n(norum) L .. X Va lentina / t
i
t(u)1(um?) fecet...?
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
V
. Wollmann, Banatica, I, 1973
, pp. 110-112. f
ig. 5
; M
. Moga,
I
. I
. Russu, LapidMBan, n o. 39; AnnE, 1973, 4
64; IDR, II/1
,
n
o. 92.
2
2. P
etn
ic, Caras-Sever
in c
ounty. I
n t
he c
emetery o
f t
he v
illage.
S
tela. Gr
it-stone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 1
00 x 8
7 x 1
0 cm.
The f
ield of t
he rel
ief, e nc
losed by a r ectangu
lar niche, is decorated
w
ith a corona and a rosette in the c
entre. The inscr
iption, en -
c
losed by a moulded frame, r eads: D(is) M(anibus) / Antestius
Va
le/n
tinus m(i
les) c
(ohor
tis) II D(e
lma
tarum)?...
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
V
. Wo
llmann, AMN, VIII, 1
971, pp. 5
48-549
, no. 7
, f
ig. 9a
-b/
I
DR, II/1, n
o. 1
03.
1
07
I B4 UNFIGURED STELAE W
ITH ENCLOSED TR
IANGULAR PEDIMENTS
2
3. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 7
754
.
S
tela. L
imestone. F
ragmentary.
S
te la with e nclosed pediment on the upper part. The f
ield of t he
pediment i s decorated w ith a c
orona and the corners with d o
lph ins.
The i nscription, enclosed by a frame, reads: D(is) M(anibus)/
Mucasenu/s Ce(n)sor ini /aeques ex s
in/gul(aribus) co(n)s
(ularis) vi-/xit annis XX/ Rescuturme / S o
ie co(n)iux) / pientis-
s
ima / p osuit / b(ene)m(erenti).
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A .
D.
CIL, II, 1
195; I
. I
. Russu, AMN, IV, 1
967, p
. 9
1; V
. Wo
llmann,
Apulum, XV, 1977
, p
. 677 and p
l. XI.
2
4. C
luj-Napoca (
NAPOCA). C
nv. I 4
487.
S
tela. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 1
24 x 9
5.5 x 1
9.2 cm.
The upper r egister is d ecorated wi

th a t riangular pediment. In
t
he field of the ped iment t here i
s ak antharos flanked by two
peacocks and o utside t he pediment t here are hippocampi. The
i
nscription, enclosed by a f rame, reads: D
(is) M(anibus) / Ae l
ia
Muciane / vix(it) a nn(is) XXVII Ae l(ius) / o
rus vix(it) an(nis
/ Firmus / Ae l
Date: t
he f
irst h
alf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury.
Gr. F
lorescu, ED, I
V, 1
930, p
. 1
46, f
ig. 7
7.
2
5. C
luj-Napoca (
NAPOCA). C
luj Napoca Museum. I
nv. I
N 2
0203
S
tela. L
imestone. We
ll-preserved. S
ize: 2
10 x 6
1 x 2
4 cm.
The upper p art i

s decorated w ith a p
ed iment, flanked by a croteria.
An a canthus l
eaf decorates the pediment. The i nscription, enclosed
by a f rame, r
eads: D(is) M(anibus) / Aur(elius) Firmus / v ix(it)
ann(is) XXX / Aur(e l
ius) I u
lianus / fratri /b (ene) m (erenti)
p(osuit).
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.--the beg
inn
ing o
f t
he 3
rd c
entury
A.D.
C
. Da
icov
iciu, Dac
ia, V
II-VIII, 1
937-1940, p
. 3
14, n
o. 3
.
2
6. J
upa, Caras-Sever
in c
ounty (
TIBISCUM). T
imieoara Museum.
I
nv. 7
497
S
tela. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 4
6 x 2
7 x 3
0 cm.
Only t he upper right part of the s

tela i
s p
reserved, s howing an
enclosed triangu
lar p ed
iment a nd b
elow, a r
ectangular niche. The
f
ield of the pediment is decorated with a
n acanthus leaf and out-
s
ide t he pediment is a rosette.
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
Unpubl
ished.
1
08
2
7. Mo
igrad. S
äla
j c
ounty (
POROLISSUM). Z
aläu Museum. I
nv. 2
24.
S
tela. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 6
0 x 4
5 x 1
7 cm.
The upper p art i

s decorated with an e
nclosed pediment. I
n t he
f
ield there is avegetal ornament and i
n the corner a rosette. Be-
l
ow a n iche, f
lanked by a pilaster a
nd a baldach
in in the upper
part.
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
N
. Gudea, V
. Lucäcel, I
nsmonZa
läu, p
. 1
7, n
o. 1
60.
2
8. Mo
igrad, S
äla
j c
ounty (
POROLISSUM). Z
aläu Museum. I
nv. 2
43.
S
tela. L
ize: 3
8 x 2
2 x 2
1 cm.
S
tela w
ith e
nclosed pediment. The upper lef
t corner i
s decorated
w
ith a ro te. The t
ext of the inscr
iption, bordered by a f
rame,
r
eads: xa[ Lp
g] H
51 A[og Y
o
co[ L
og]
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
M. Macrea, ActMuz, I, 1 956, pp. 116-117, no. 15

, fig. 1; I
. I
.
Russu, Muz.Bruckenthal S tCom, 12, 1965, pp. 72-73, no. 34:
N. Gudea and V. Lucäcel, I nsmonZaläu, pp. 18-19, no. 21
,
c
onsiders wrongly that the piece i
s an altar.
2
9. Roe
ia Montana, A
lba c
ounty (
ALBURNUS MAIOR). RoO
.a Montana
Lap
idar
ium.
S
tela
. L
imestone. F
ragmen
tary
. S
ize
: 1
56 x 7
6 x 1
7 c
m.
The upper p art is t he f

orm o f at riangular p ediment. I
n the fi
eld
of the r
elief there is ar osette. The inscription reads: D
(is)
M(anibus) / Domit iae / Chlone / q /uae) v ix(it) an(nos) XXXX
f
(il
iae?) m ..?/ b (ene) m(erent i) pos(uit).
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
CIL, II, 1267; I

. I
. Russu, Mater
iale, V
I, 1
959
, pp. 8
85-886,
no. 2
3, fig. 22.
3
0. S
armizegetusa, Hunedoara county (ULPIA TRAIANA). S
armizege-
t
usa Museum. W
ithout inventory number.
S
tela. Marble? Damaged. S
ize: 1
67 x 5
5 x 1
3 cm.
The upper r
egister i
s triangu
lar pediment s
haped, flanked by
a
croter
ia. The inscr
iption, enc
losed by a double mou
lded frame,
eads: lue65[E
r /
Xpvcok [
6p
.a]g/rET L
wr
ixeo W ay L
ox
C. Daicoviciu, ACMIT, IV, 1932-1938, p. 411, no. 55; I
. I. Russu,
Muz. Brukentha l S
tcom. 12, 1965, p. 57, no. 13
, fig. 13; I DR, 11/2,
no. 400
3
1. Sarmizegetusa, Hunedoara county (ULPIA TRAIANA). Sarmizege-
t
usa Museum.
S
tela. Marble. Damaged. S
ize: 1
48 x 6
6.5 x 1
8 ..
5 cm.
The upper part o

f the s
tela is i
n the f
orm of apediment. The
ped
iment is f
lanked by two acroter
ia and d
ecorated wi
th a s
tyl
ized
l
eaf. The monument is unf
inished.
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
D. A
licu, C
. P
op, V
. atä
.na , AMN, X
III, 1
976
, p
. 1
26, n
o. 1
,
f
ig. 1.
1
09
3
2. S
armizegetusa. Hunedoara c
ounty (
ULPIA TRAIANA). Deva
Museum. I nv. 1
02.
S
tela. Gr
it-stone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 6
0 x 5
8 x 2
0 cm.
The upper part is decorated wi

th an e nclosed p
ediment. I
n the
f
ield o
f the pediment there is a r
osette. The t
ext o
f the i
nscrip-
t
ion cannot be distingu
ished.
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
Unpubl
ished.
3
3. Sarmizegetusa
, Hunedoara county (ULPIA TRAIANA). Bucharest
Nationa
l Museum of H
istory. I
nv. 38938. P
l. I.
S
tela. Marble. Restored. S
ize: 1
68 x 5
3 x 1
6 cm.
The upper p art forms t he f

ield f or a r el
ief a nd i s decorated w i
th
ap edimen t whose b ase i
s cut by a c orona d ecorated w ith a spiral
rosette and f lanked by c onfronted g riff
ins. The t ext of the
i
nscr ipt
ion i s enclosed by a frame w ith a d ouble mou lding . B elow
there are t wo wad ing birds. The i nscr iption r eads:
D(is) M (anibus) / L (ucio) Cass io / Marc ion i/aug(usta li) co
l(oniae)
v
ix(i t) an(nis) LXX e t / Cass iae Cass ianae/v ix(it) an(nis) XVIIII/
Cassia Ruf ina / c oniugi et fi
liae / p i
isimis.
CIL, I I, 12588, AEM, XVI, 1 892, p . 252; Gr. Florescu, ED, IV,
1930, p. 85, n o. 1
1, fig. 11; L. Teposu-Mar inescu, S arget
ia,
XI-XII, 1974-1975, pp. 2 50-251, fig. 2; D. Al
icu, C . Pop, V.
Wollmann, FMS, pp. 1 77-178, n o. 5 23, pl. CLXIII; I DR, 11/2, 398.
3
4. S
armizegetusa, Hunedoara c
ounty (
ULPIA TRAIANA). S
arm
izege-
t
usa Museum. I
nv. 1064.
S
tela. Marb
le. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 6
1.5 x 6
3 x 1
5 cm.
The upper p art o

f t he stela i
s d ecorated with a n enclosed p ediment
f
lanked by t wo acroteria. The field of t
he p ediment h as i
n the
centre a c
orona w ith a rosette. Below the acroteria t here are
grapes. Of the field of the inscription on
ly t he letters D(is)
M(anibus) have s urvived.
Date: 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
0
. F
loca, Gh
id S
armizegetusa, p
. 6
9, n
o. 1
064; I
DR, 1
1/2, 4
65.
3
5. S
armizege-
t
usa Museum. W
ithout inventory number.
S
tela. Marble. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 1
33 x 6
0 x 1
6 cm.
The upper part o f the stela i

s d ecorated w i
th a n enclosed pediment,
f
lanked by t wo acroteria. The text of t he inscript
ion, e nclosed
by a double moulded f rame, r eads: D(is) M (anibus) / L (ucius)
Va
l(erius) Epi/gonus/v ixit an(nos) XXXX / h (ic) s(i
tus) e(st).
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
I
. P
iso. Apu
lum, XVI, 1
978
, pp. 1
92-194, n
o. 5
, f
ig. 3
, I
DR,
11/2, 4
54.
1
10
3
6. S
latina T
imieu
lui
, T
imis c
ounty. T
imieoara Museum. I
nv. 6
343.
S
tela
. L
imestone? Damaged. S
ize: 1
00 x 7
0 x 1
5 cm.
The upper p art is decorated w ith a p ediment, f lanked by t wo

acroteria, above t he fi
eld o f the inscription. The i nscription
enclosed by a mou lded frame, r eads: D(is) M(an ibus)/P(ubl io)
Aelio / Ariorto / 111 v ir(o) an(nua li?) M (un icipi) / D (robetae)
i
nterfect(o) / a l a
tronibus / v ix(it) a n(nos) L U lp(ia)/Digna
con(iugi) / pientissimo / e t P(ublius) Ae l(ius) f (i
lius) et P (ubli) /
Ael(i) Val(ens) e(t) Au/olarus n (epotes) b (ene) [ m(erenti)]
p(osuerun t).
Date: t
he 2
nd h
alf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
C
IL, II, 1559 = 8
009. Toci
lescu, Monumente, p
. 2
93; I
DR, I
I/
1
, 118 w
ith the whole b
ibliography.
3
7. Unknown p
rovenance. C
luj-Napoca Museum. P
l. I
I.Inv. I
V 2
58.
S
tela. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 5
9 x 4
0 x 1
8 cm.
Only t he upper p art of t

he stela i
s p reserved. I
t is pediment-
shaped a nd flanked by t wo acroter
ia. The f
ie
ld o f the re
lief r
e-
presents a meda ll
ion w i
th a rosette in the centre. The pediment
i
s d ecorated with a h ead of Medusa a nd in the right corner above
t
he p ed iment with an acanthus leaf.
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
Gr. F
lorescu, ED, I
V, 1
930, pp. 1
02-103, n
o. 4
4, f
ig. 3
8.
3
8. S
armizegetusa
. Hunedoara c
ounty (
ULPIA TRAIANA). S
armizege-
t
usa Museum. I
nv. 1231.
S
tela. Gr
it-stone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 7
2 x 6
2 x 1
8 cm.
The f
ield o
f t he relief f
orms a horseshoe-shaped niche with a
c
orona and a r osette in the c
entre. The niche j
oins the frame o
f
t
he inscr
iption.
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
0
. F
loca, Gh
id S
armizegetusa
, p
. 7
0, n
o. 1
231.
3
9. S
armizegetusa
, Hunedoara county (
ULPIA TRAIANA). S
armizege-
t
usa Museum. I
nv. 14. P
l. II
S
tela. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 9
0 x 3
3 x 1
1 cm.
The upper p art is decorated w i

th a s mal
l p ediment w ith a stylized
p
lant pattern a nd two a croteria i n the s hape o f s
emi-pa lmettes.
The f
ield o f the inscription i s cut by a meda llion consisting of t wo
c
oncentric wreaths p laced i n a h orseshoe-shaped n iche wh ich o pens
f
rom the f rame o f the inscr iption. In the upper c orners, s mall
do
lphins. Of the fi
eld o f the i nscription, o n
ly t he upper r ight
c
orner w i
th t he le
tters D (is) M(an ibus) h as s urvived.
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
0
. Floca, Ghid Sarmizegetusa, p. 68; L. T
eposu -Marinescu,
S
argetia, X
I-XII, 1974-1975, p. 250, fig. 1; D
. Alicu, C. P op,
V
. Cätänap, AMN, X III, 1976, p
. 1 32, fig. 11
; D. Alicu, C. P op
,
V
. Wollmann, FMS, p . 179, no. 527, pl. CV; I DR, 11/2, 467.
1
11
I B5 UNF
IGURED STELAE W
ITH ENCLOSED SEMI-CIRCULAR PED
IMENTS
4
0. Jupa, Caras-Sever
in c
ounty (
TIBISCUM). T
imisoara Museum.
P
l. I I.
S
tela. Gr
it-stone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 1
07 x 8
0 x 1
7 cm.
S
tela schematically worked. The upper p art is decorated with an
e
nclosed semi-circular pediment. I
n t he f
ield of the pediment there
i
s ac orona? with taenia and a r osette in centre. The inscr
iption,
e
nclosed by a f rame, reads: D(is) M (anibus) / T erra te/net
c
orpus n o/men lapis a
tque / animam a er qu/am mel ius fuer
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
C
IL, II, 8 003; M
. Moga, I
. I
. Russu, L
apidMBan, n
o. 4
7; I
DR,
I
I/1, 173.
4
1. S
ounty (
ULPIA TRAIANA). Deva Museum.
I
nv. 2522.
S
tela. Gr
ize: 1
65 x 6
0 x 3
0 cm.
The upper part is decorated wi

th a semi-circu
lar p ediment, enclosed
by a r
ectangular register. The fi
eld of the i
nscription is enclosed
by a f
rame. The inscript
ion reads: D(is) M(an
ibus) / S aturnina(e)
/I
acchus c
oniug(i) / e
t T
imotheus / b
ene merent
i /f
ecer(un
t).
Date: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
. D.
Be
la J
anö
, AE, XXXII, 1
912, p
. 4
04 ; I
DR, 11/2, 4
41.
4
2. S
ounty (
ULPIA TRAIANA). S
armizege-
t
usa Museum. P
l. II
S
tela
. Marble. The l
ower l
eft c
orner i
s d
amaged.
The upper p art of the s tela i

s decorated w ith a s emi-circular p edi-
ment, enclosed by a r ectangu lar frame. The p ediment is decorated
with a ha
lf of ac orona a nd a rosette. There a re two a canthus
l
eaves in the upper c orners. The text o f the i nscription, e nc
losed
by a double mou lded f rame, r eads: D(is) M(an ibus) / [ Aur]r(elio)
Volus
i [ano] / n imia c al[amitate] / m [ar?]i o [ppresso ? ] /v ix(it)
an(nos) XVI [ pro Ppieta te sua /ecia, Ca l[l]ic[les] / Timocra /
[
tes] / libert
i et Aur(e lia) Iren[e] / ma[t]er f i
lio p(osuerunt).
Date: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
. D.
C
IL, II, 7
988; I
DR, II, 2
, 3
90.
4
3. Sarmizegetusa, Hunedoara c
ounty (
ULPIA TRAIANA). C
luj-Napoca
Museum. Inv. I
N 12.
S
tela. Marble. Wel
l-preserved. S
ize: 1
31.8 x 6
4.6 x 1
5 cm.
The upper p art of the stela is decorated wi

th a semi-c ircular p ed
i-
ment, e nclosed by a r ectangu lar f
rame. The pediment, d ecora ted
wi
th a r osette, is flanked by t wo a
ltars and, above, t wo s mal
l
c
ircles. The inscription reads: D(is) M(anibus) / Liciniae Va len
tiae
v
ixit a n(nis) LX / e t Aureliae Maximi / nae vixi
t an(nis) XX /
Aurel(ius) Max imus / e t Aurel(ius) Pusin/nus / coniugibus d ig/
n
issim is.
Da
te: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
. D.
C
IL, II, 1
534
; I
DR, 11/2, 4
24.
1
12
I A F
IGURED AEDICULA-SHAPED STELAE
4
4. A
lba Iu
lia (
APULUM). S
ibiu Brukentha
l Museum. I
nv. A 7
581.
P
l. I
V.
S
tela. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 1
70 x 9
0 x 3
1 cm.
S
tela aedicu
la-shaped, d
ecorated w
ith 6 busts (
3 a
dults a
nd 3
c
hildren).
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
Gr. F
lorescu, ED, IV, 1930, 27, pp. 9
0-91; RR, P
. 2
66, G 1
79,
p
l. 93 (=Civ
ilth—,
—p. 2
50, G 116).
4
5. Orästioara de Sus, Hunedoara c
ounty. C
luj-Napoca Museum.
I
nv: 2 0.204, P
l. I V.
S
tela. L
ize: 1
76 x 9
6 x 2
0 cm.
Stela w
ith r ectangu lar niche. Above t he niche there is an e nc
losed
pediment d ecorated w ith a rosette, flanked by t wo p eacocks. The
busts of the d eceased ( a woman, a man a nd a chi
ld) a re in the
rectangular niche. The inscription, b ordered by t wo columns,
r
eads: D
(is) M (an ibus) / Iulio Secundo / e xp
l(oratori) stip(end iis)
XXXII/ d omo Agr ip(pina) vix[i]t a n(nis) LV / h(eredes) f (aciendum)
c
(uraverunt).
Date: t
he f
irst h
alf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
N
. Gostar, Materiale, VI, 1
959 ; N
. Gostar, German
ia, 5
0, 1
972,
1
-2, pp. 242-243; RR, p. 136, D 61.
4
6. P
etn
ic, Cara rSever
in c
ounty. Bi
le Hercu
lane Museum.
S
tela. Gr
ize: 1
08 x 6
7 x 4
1 cm.
Aed icula-shaped stela

, with a
n enc
losed pediment, a r
osette in t
he
f
ield. Ins
ide a rectangu
lar n
iche are f
ive busts
: the parents
a
nd t hree c hi
ldren.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
V. Wol
lman, AMN, V
III, 1
971, pp. 5
49-550, n
o. 8
, f
ig. 1
0: I
DR,
II11, 104. —
4
7. Turda, Cluj c
ounty (POTAISSA). Inst
itute o
f Archaeo
logy, Buch-
a
rest, Inv. L 2058 a
nd Turda Museum I nv. 2
778.
S
tela. L
imestone. Two f
ragments. S
ize: 8
0 x 5
3 x 2
3 cm.
Aedicula-shaped stela with a n enc

losed p ediment. The field o f
the pediment is decorated w ith an a canthus leaf and outs
ide t he
pediment a li
on can b e distinguished. Ins
ide the rectangu lar
n
iche a re a bust of a man a nd a bust o f a woman. The inscription
dedicated to M. Ulpius Vitalis i
s m issing.
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
I
. Tegläs, AE, XXXV, 1 915
, p. 46, f
ig. 2
; Gr. Florescu, ED, IV,
1
930, pp. 91-92; E. Bujor, Apulum, VI, 1
967, pp. 190-193,
n
o. 7, fig. 2
: M. Jude, C. Pop, MonTurda, p. 10, no. 8, pl. V
/3.
1
13
I B
1 F
IGURED STELAE W
ITH ARCHES AND PEDIMENTS ON THE UPPER
PART
4
8. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 3
85.
S
tela. F
ragmentary. L
imestone. S
ize: 7
8 x 4
0 x 2
0 cm.
Only the r ight c orner of t

he r e
lief fie
ld h as s urvived. The u pper
part is d ecorated with an enclosed p ed iment, w i
th a Medusa h ead
i
n t he field. Be
low a c o
lumn s upports a n arch w ith the bust o f a
man. I
n t he space between t he p ed
iment a nd the arch, a d o
lphin.
From t he i nscr
iption only the letter M i s preserved.
Date: t
he 2
nd h alf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.--beg
inn
ing o
f t
he
3
rd c entury A. D.
Unpubl
ished.
4
9. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 3
25. P
l. V
.
S
tela. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 9
5 x 5
9 x 1
8 cm.
The upper p art of the s

tela is decorated w ith a n enclosed pediment
with a s tyl
ized p almette in the field. The n iche, inside an arch ,
c
onta ins t hree busts ( a man a nd a woman, a nd in f
ront o f t
hem
ac hi
ld). The co
lumn i s spiral with a Cor inth ian capital and the
space b etween t he base o f the ped iment a nd t he arch is decorated
w
i th v egetal ornament. The inscription, e nclosed by a c olumn
which f lanks t he re
lief niche, reads : [ D(is)] M(anibus)/... is
D
iofan Ltis
Date.
• t
he 2nd h
alf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury —beg
inning o
f t
he 3
rd
c
entury A.D.
C
IL, I
I, 7
813; B
. Cserni
, ATK, 1
901
, p
. 4
28, n
o. 2
86.
5
0. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM) A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 3
95. P
l. V
.
S
tela. F
ragmentary. Gr
it-stone. S
ize: 3
4 x 3
2 x 1
2 cm.
Only a fragment of t
he re
lief fi
eld has survived. A Cor
inth
ian
c
ap ital supports a
n a
rch, inside the bust o
f a man c
an be d
is-
t
ingu ished.
Date: t
he s
econd ha
lf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
L
. B
ianch
i, Apu
lum, X
I, 1
973
, p
. 7
22, f
ig. 1
5
1. Clan, Hunedoara c
ounty (
AQUAE). Deva Museum. I
nv. 6
7.
P
l. V.
S
tela. F
ragmentary. L
imestone. S
ize: 2
.40 x 8
0 x 2
2 cm.
The upper p art of the stela is decorated w i

th a t r
iangular pediment
f
lanked by t wo acroteria. In the field of t
he p ediment i
s a styl-
i
zed acanthus leaf. Below t he acroteria the winds are represented.
The f
ield of the relief and t he inscription are f
lanked by t wo
c
olumns wh ich support a n arch, s uggesting a n archway. I
nside,
t
here is a bust of the deceased man. The inscription reads:
D(is) M(anibus) / C(aius) Iani(us) Ianuar(ius) / v ix(i
t) a n(n)is
LX / Iani(us) Marcian(us) / et Iani(a) Ian(u)aria / ipsi b(ene)
m(erenti) e
t C(aia) Marc(ia) / coniux pecun ia / s ua posuere
c
(urav i
t).
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
1
14
G
. T eld s, K
lio, X
, 1 910, pp. 499-500, no. 1
; Gr. F
lorescu, ED,
I
V, 1930, p. 95, no. 31, f
ig. 25
; I
. I. Russu, SCIVA, 30, 1979,
2
, p
. 2 16.
5
2. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 1
25. P
l. V
I.
S
tela
. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 1
10 x 6
8 x 2
0 cm.
The upper part o f the s tela is decorated w ith an enclosed ped iment,
the base o f which is interrupted by a c urved niche. The f
ield
o
f t he p
ed iment is decorated w ith t he h ead of Medusa, t he upper
corners w ith lion heads, a nd the p ed iment a nd the niche with
s
ty lized leaves round t he e dges. Inside t he n
iche a re six busts,
d
iv ided into t wo registers ( the a du
lts a bove a nd c hi
ldren b elow).
Below t he niche, the l etters D M .
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
Gr. F
lorescu, ED, I
V, 1
930, pp. 9
6-97
, n
o. 3
4, f
ig. 2
8.
5
3. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 4
61. P
l. V
I.
S
tela
. Gr
it-stone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 6
9 x 4
0 x 2
0 cm.
Only a lef
t upper p art o f the s
te la is preserved. An enclosed
pediment whose b ase i s cut by a c urved n iche c an be distingu ished.
The upper l eft corner i s decorated w ith a f acing lion's head a nd
t
he c orner a nd the a rch b etween t he base o f the p ediment w i
th
v
ine-leaf. Inside a n iche is a woman 's head. The p ediment a nd
t
he n iche are d ecorated r ound t he e dges w i
th s tyl
ized l eaves.
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
Unpubl
ished.
5
4. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 4
63. P
l. V
III.
S
tela. Gr
it-stone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 6
4 x 5
2 x 2
0 cm.
Only the left upper part of the ste

la i s preserved, decorated with
an enclosed pediment cut by a c urved n iche. I
n the niche a head
c
an b e distinguished. The upper c orner is decorated with a v
ine-
s
talk, g rapes and d o
lphins.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
enturies A
. D.
Unpubl
ished.
5
5. Ve e
l. Hunedoara c
ounty (
nv. 3
583.
P
l. V I.
S
tela. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 1
35 x 1
00 x 2
5 cm.
S
tela w i
th a rches a nd e nc
losed p ed iment whose base i s pierced by
t
he a rch. The f ie
ld o f the p ediment i s d ecorated w ith a woman 's
head. Outside t he p ed iment t here a re lions a nd w inds in the form
o
f p rotomae. The c olumns a re d ecorated w ith vine-stalks a nd grapes;
t
he c apita
ls w ith g riffins b ack t o back. The side of the p ediment
and the a rch a re d ecorated w i
th i vy l eaves,
The text o f the inscr iption r eads: D(is) M (an
ibus) / U l[p(ius)
V
]et/t
ius v
et(eranus) / e
x d
ecur(ione)/ a
lae C
la[u/d
iae
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
CIL, II, 7871; G

. T e lä
s, HT, I , 1
902, p
. 1
35; C
. C
. P
eto
lescu,
SCIVA, 27, 1 976, 3, pp. 393-394.
1
15
I B
2 F
IGURED ARCHITECTURAL STELAE; P
EDIMENT ON THE UPPER
PART, ARCH, MEDALL
ION
5
6. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 1
29.
S
tela. Gr
it-stone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 6
6 x 6
0 x 2
3 cm.
Only the upper p art of the stela i

s preserved. I
t is d ecorated
w
i th a triangu lar p ediment, flanked by acroteria, semi-pa lmette
shaped. The field of the p ediment i
s decorated with a Medusa
h
ead. Below t here is an a rch, with a medal
lion inside, s how ing
t
he bust o f the d eceased woman. The medallion c
ons ists of a s ma
ll
n
iche s urrounded by a wreath.
Da
te: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
Gr. F
lorescu, ED, I
V, 1
930, p
. 1
02, n
o. 4
3, f
ig. 3
7.
5
7. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 4
09. P
l. V
I.
S
tela. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 4
5 x 4
0 x 1
5 cm.
Only the right corner of the s

tela has s
urvived. The upper p art
i
s decorated w ith a ped
iment. Be
low an arch, a medal
lion can be
d
istinguished. The space between the base o
f the pediment and
t
he arch is d ecorated with a t
orch.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
Unpubl
ished.
5
8. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 5
18. P
l. V
.
S
tela. Gr
it-stone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 4
8 x 2
1 x 2
2.5 cm.
Only t he lef
t upper c orner is preserved. A tr
iangu lar pediment
with a meda llion below can be distinguished. The space between
the side of t he pediment and the upper c orner is decorated with
av ine-stalk w ith grapes and a c orona, The space b etween the
base of the p ediment and t
he meda l
lion i
s decorated w ith a d
olphin.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
Unpubl
ished.
5
9. Cr
isteeti
, Muree c
ounty. T
irgu Muree Museum. I
nv. 4
901. P
l. V
.
S
tela. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 1
10 x 7
5 x 2
2 cm.
S
te la with a rch e nclosing a triangu lar pediment on t he upper p art.
The field o f the p ediment i s decorated with a rosette; outs
ide t he
a
rch f ema le genii? The sides of the pediment a nd the upper p art
o
f t he arch a re d ecorated w ith o vuli
. I
nside the arch w ith c olumns,
decorated w ith v egeta l o
rnament, t here is a medal
lion, c onsisting
o
f a s hell-shaped n iche s urrounded by a wreath. The meda ll
ion
shows a woman, a man a nd a c hi
ld. Be
low t he medä ll
ion, t he l e
tters
D a nd M c an b e distinguished.
Date: t
he s
econd h
alf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
I
. Paulov
ics, Dacia, p. 89
, f
ig. 2
9; RR, pp. 2
63-264
, G 1
72 (
=
C
ivi
ltä, p. 249
, G 1 09).
1
16
6
0. T
irnava, S
ibiu county. S
ibiu
, Brukentha
l Museum. I
nv. A 1
534
=3069
. P
l. IV.
S
tela. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 5
6 x 2
1 x 2
0 cm.
The u pper part o

f t he ste la is decorated w i
th a n enclosed p ediment.
Below there is a
n a rch c ontain ing a meda l
lion (shell-shaped n iche,
surrounded by a wrea th) a nd t he text of the inscription. The
medall
ion shows a c oup le embracing a nd a c hi
ld in front o f them.
The man h o
lds a v olumen. The inscript
ion r eads: D(is) M(an ibus)
/P rima Macr i /fi(lia) a n(norum) L S ecu /
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
C
IL, II, 7
725 = 9
62; G
r. F
lorescu
, ED, I
V, 1
930
, p
. 97-98, n
o. 3
6,
f
ig. 3
0.
I
I B3 F
IGURED STELAE W
ITH ARCHES
6
1. Gher
la, C
luj c
ounty. C
nv. D 8
49. P
l. V
.
S
tela. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 1
17 x 4
6 x 2
1 cm.
Only t he r
ight p art of the monument i s p reserved. The funeral
banquet ( two persons, a n adult and a c hild, recl
ining o n kl
ind , a
mensa t r
ipes a nd at t he edge a li
ttle slave) i s r
epresented i nside
an a rch with a spira
l c olumn. The i nscription reads
:
[D(is)]M(an ibus) / U [lpiae? Tre] / bonia[nae /S
ecun[d
mi f(il
ia) ma[ter et ../Cand i[d.../con i[ug i]/Avitus /v(i)x(it) an[
Da
te: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
J
. Ornstein, JÖAI, VI, 1 903, pp. 117-118
, fig. 3
9, n
o. 3: A.
Buday, Dolgoza
tok, V II 2 , 1
916, pp. 81-82, f
ig. 7
; Gr. F
lorescu
,
ED, IV, 1930
, p . 8
7, n o. 1 6.
6
2. 5
e
ica Mica
, Sibiu c
ounty. S
ibiu
, Brukentha
l Museum. I
nv. A 3
432
= 7
205. P
l. I
V.
S
tela
. Gr
it-stone. We
ll-preserved. S
ize: 2
48 x 1
06 x 2
3 cm.
S
tela w ith a tt
ic o n t he u pper p art and b elow an a rchway c ontaining
t
he stand ing f igures o f a family ( a man h old
ing a v olumen, a woman
a
nd a c hi
ld) a nd t he t ext of the inscription. The attic is d ecorated
w
ith w inged g eni
i h olding a g ar land, a bunch o f g rapes a nd a h are
r
espect ively. Above t he garland t here is ap eacock. '
rhe
c
orners o utside t he a rch are decora ted with dolphins s wal
low ing
afish. The t ext o f the inscr
ipt ion reads: C otu Success i f(ilia)
/cives N or ica vix(it) / a n(nos LV CL(aud ius) L atinus / posu it
c
oniügi b en/memeren t
i/h(ic) s (
ita)e(st).
Da
te: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
C
IL, I
I, 9
66; Gr. F
lorescu
, ED, 1
930, p
p. 8
9-90, n
o. 2
0, f
ig. 2
2.
1
17
I B4 F
IGURED ARCHITECTURAL STELAE; ATTIC ON THE UPPER PART,
ARCH, MEDALLION
6
3. A
lba J
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum, I
nv. 1
85. P
l. V
II.
S
tela. Gr
it-stone. Restored. S
ize: 1
90 x 9
5 x 2
4 cm.
Stela w i
th a ttic and a rch. The a ttic, o n the upper p art, is
decorated w ith t wo w inged g enii h o
ld ing a g arland a nd bunches o f
grapes. Above t he g arland t here i s ap eacock. The c entre o f
the stela i s d ecorated w ith a n a rch c ontaining a meda l lion, s ur-
rounded by a c orona a nd t he t ext o f the inscription. The c orners
outside t he a rchway c onta in d o
lph ins. The columns f lanking t he
t
ext o f t he i nscription, a re d ecorated w ith vine-stalks a nd g rapes.
Inside t he meda l
lion a re t wo busts: ay oung man a nd a n old o ne.
The i nscr iption r eads: D
(is) M (an ibus) / C (aius) Va l(er ius) C (aii)
f
(ilius) d om(o) / C l(aud i) V irun i S ilva-/ nus vet(eranus) l eg(ionis)
XIII G (eminae)/v ix(it) a n(nos) LXX T (itus) Fl(avius) Va l(erius)/
Valens m i
l(es) l eg(ionis) / XIII G (eminae) p atri p(iissimo) / p (osu i
t)
Date: t
he s
econd h
alf o
f t
he s
econd c
entury A
. D.
C. Da
icoviciu, A ISC, I, 1928-1932, pp. 1
23-126, fig. 13; S
. F
err
i,
ARD, pp. 3 10-311, fig. 4
08-409; V
. Christescu, Dacia,
1
927-1932 pp. 6 24-625, f
ig. 6.
6
4. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 1
84. P
l. V
II.
S
tela
, L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 2
17 x 1
12 x 3
0 cm.
Stela w ith attic a nd a rch . The a ttic s hows two winged gen i
i
holding a g arland, a nd a p oppy f ru it and a bunch o f grapes
respective ly. Above t he g arland t here is an e agle f
lanked by
rosettes , and b elow a Medusa 's h ead a lso f
lanked by r osettes.
The f rame o f the a ttic a nd t he upper p art of the arch are
decorated w ith s tyl
ized l eaves. Ins
ide t he archway t here is a
meda ll
ion c ons isting o f a s hell-shaped n iche surrounded by a
wreath. The meda llion s hows f our busts: a man, a woman a nd
two c hildren. Below t he meda ll
ion t here is a Medusa's head flanked
by h ired mourners. The c olumns o f the archway a re decorated
with v ine-stalk a nd g rapes.
The inscript
ion, bordered by t
he co
lumns, r eads: D(is) M(anibus)
/U lp(iae) Maxs
imi
l(a)e p/osu
it Ar
torius V
i/ctor coniug
i b ene/
merenti
Date: t
he s
econd h
alf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
Gr. F
lorescu, ED, IV, 1930, p. 1 03, no. 4
5, fig. 3
9; S
. Ferri,
ARD, pp. 312-313, f
igs. 410-411; RR, p. 264, G 175, p
l. 94.
6
5. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 3
89.
S
tela. Gr
it-stone. F
ragment. S
ize: 6
2 x 4
2 x 8 cm.
Lef
t upper p art of a stela with a ttic and meda llion. The fragment
shows a g enius, ho lding a g ar
land a nd a v ine-stalk w ith a bunch
o
f g rapes. Below t he garland t here is a r osette and a d o
lph in. A
A p art o
f a meda ll
ion, i ns
ide a n a rch (?), can b e d istinguished.
Outside the a rch, in the left corner, a d olphin.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entury A
. D.
Unpubl
ished.
1
18
6
6. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 3
91.
S
tela. L
imes
tone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 6
2 x 3
2 x 1
2 cm.
Only the upper l

eft c
orner of t
he ste
la i s p
reserved. An a
ttic
decora
ted with an eag
le, a meda
llion ins
ide a n a
rch, outside the
a
rch a torch can be dis
tingu
ished.
Da
te: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
Unpub
lished.
6
7. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 4
65. P
l. V
III.
S
tela. Gr
it-s
tone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 9
0 x 3
6 x 2
1 xm.
Only the u pper l eft par

t o f the s tela is preserved. The a
ttic is
decorated w i
th a w inged g enius h o
lding a g ar
land a nd a bunch
o
f g rapes. Above t he attic t here is ar osette a nd a bird (?) and
below is an e ag le. A f
ragment o f the main r el
ief fi
eld, show ing
t
he u pper p ar t o f a medallion b elow a n arch a nd outside in the
c
orner a l ion a ttacking a no ther a nimal, is also preserved.
Da
te: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
Gr. F
lorescu, ED, I
V,1930, p
. 1
04, n
o. 4
7, f
ig. 4
0.
6
8. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 2
93 a
nd 4
67.
S
tela
. Gri
t-stone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 9
2 x 5
6 x 3
5 cm a
nd
9
8 x 54 x 3.5 cm.
Only t he upper r ight p art o f t

he r e
lief is preserved, s howing a n
a
ttic a nd b elow a n arch i nside wh ich i s a medal
l ion. The att
ic is
decorated w ith a w inged g en ius holding a g ar
land a nd a wreath.
Above t he g ar
land t here i s ab ird a nd b e
low i s ar osette. The
a
rch i s d ecora ted w ith s tylized ivy l eaves and t he c orner b etween
t
he a ttic a nd t he a rch w ith a bunch o f g
rapes. The meda l
lion
c
ons ist
ing o f an iche s urrounded by a wrea th, c ontains t hree busts:
a man, a woman a nd a c hild. The f ield o
f the i nscription i s en-
c
losed by c o
lumns d ecora ted w i
th v ine-stalks a nd g rapes a nd below
t
he t ex t there i s ak rater.
The inscription r eads

: D(is) M (anibus) / an/us dom(o)
F[avential v et(eranus / l
eg(ionis) XIII Gem(inae) [ v
ix(i
t) an]n)os)
LXVI / P riscilla C Veratia/ Statuta (
?) f
(i
lio) b(ene)
m
.(erenti) p os(uit)
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
E
. Z efleanu, Apulum, I I, 1949, p. 171
, fig. 1; I
. I
. Russu,
Materiale, VI, 1
959, pp. 891-892, no. 32, f
ig. 2 7
; C
losca L
. BäluIa
f
rom t he Alba Iu
lia Museum e stab
lished that t
he r el
ief and t
he i
ns-
cr
iption b e
long to the s
ame monument.
6
9. Gher
la, C
luj c
ounty. Gher
la Museum.
S
tela. L
imes
tone. F
ragmentary.
Only t he upper l ef
t corner of as te
la wi
th attic, arch and meda l
lion
i
s p reserved. The attic i
s decorated with a winged genius h o
lding
a garland a nd with the head of Medusa. A b ird is represented
a
bove t he gar
land. The space between the attic and t
he arch c on-
t
ains a w ind p ro
toma .
1
19
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
I
. I
. Russu, SCIVA, 3
0, 1
972, 2
, P
. 2
19, f
ig. 7
.
7
0. Ro ia Montan , A
lba c
ounty (
ALBURNUS MAIOR). Ros
ia Montang
.
Lapidar
ium.
S
tela. Gr
it-stone. We
ll-preserved. S
ize: 2
44 x 9
7 x 2
0 cm.
S
te la with c oping (lions back t o back) o n the upper part, att
ic
and a rch. The a
ttic shows a k antharos, fl
anked by t wo pigeons,
The a rch conta ins a medallion w ith three busts and the text of
t
he i nscription. Outside the a rch, o n t
he upper corners, the
protomae o f t he w
inds a re d ep
icted.
The inscr
iption reads: D
(is) M(anibus) /Alexand/ e
r G
al (
f
ilius)
v
ix(i
t) / a n(n)os XXXX/ p(osu
it) Caius f
i
lius.
Date
: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
V. Moga, R. Manta
, SCIVA, 29, 1978, 3
, pp. 437-440. I
. I
. Russu
,
SCIVA, 30, 1
979, 2, p
p. 215-216, f
ig. 1
2, fig
. 3.
7
1. C
luj-Napoca (
NAPOCA). C
nv. I
N 7
697.
P
l. VIII.
S
tela. L
imes
tone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 8
5 x 9
0 x 1
6 cm.
S
tela with att
ic, a rch a nd medallion. The attic is decorated w ith
acorona in t he centre, flanked by t wo lions a nd two g en
i i
, h old-
i
ng a li
ttle wreath. The medallion s howing the busts o f af amily
(
parents a nd a child) i s i
nside t he arch. The c orners outs ide
t
he arch a re decorated w ith dolph ins. The fie
ld o f the inscription
i
s miss
ing .
Date
: t
he s
econd h
alf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
C
. P
op, AMN, V
, 1
968
, pp. 4
84-485
, f
ig. 9
.
•
7
2. Cr
isteeti
, Mures c
ounty. T
nv. 4
897.
S
tela
. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 5
1 x 1
03 x 2
1 cm.
S
tela w i
th attic and arch (?). The a tt
ic s hows three g
en i
i h o
lding
a gar
land o n their s
hou lders. Be
low t he garland, two Medusa
h
eads. The corner between t he attic a nd the arch i
s decorated
w
ith t he protoma of a wind. The a rch s urrounds a medallion.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
I
. Pau
lovics, Dac
ia, p. 91
, f
ig. 3
8; I
. I
. Russu, S
CIVA, 3
0,
1
979
, 2 , p
. 219, fig. 5
.
7
3. Cr
isteet
i, Mure c
ounty. L
ost p
iece.
S
tela
. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 2
9 x 3
8 x 2
4 cm.
The f
ragment is from the base o
f an att
ic s
howing a Medusa's
head a
nd the feet of a man and a r
est of a meda
llion o
uts
ide wi
th
t
he protoma o
f aw ind.
Da
te: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
I
. P
aulov
ics, Dac
ia, p
. 9
1, f
ig. 4
0; I
. I
. Russu
, SCIVA, 3
0, 1
979
,
2
, p
. 219, f
ig. 4
.
1
20
I B5 F
IGURED ARCH ITECTURAL STELAE W
ITH DECORATION ON THE
UPPER PART, ARCH AND MEDALL
ION
7
4. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 4
75. P
l. V
II.
S
tela. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 4
2 x 9
2 x 2
6 cm.
S
tela with a rch ( ?) and meda l
lion. The upper part i
s d ecorated
w
ith g eni
i h old
ing a g arland a nd a bunch of grapes and a f ruit
r
espectively. Above t he gar
land a b ird, be
low t he gar
land t wo
r
osettes. Only t he upper p art of t
he a rch ins
ide, wi
th a wreath,
c
an b e distinguished.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
Unpubl
ished.
7
5. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv.457.
S
tela. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 7
4 x 5
1 x 1
7 cm.
S
tela wi
th arch and meda
llion. I
nside t
he meda
llion t
he bust o
f
a man has s
urvived.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A .
D.
Unpubl
ished.
7
6. S
ounty (
ULPIA TRAIANA).
The p
iece i
s r
e-used i
n t
he "
cyc
lopean" wa
ll o
f Ostrov c
hurch.
S
tela. Gr
it-stone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 9
0 x 6
3 x 1
8 cm.
The upper register marked by a p la

in plinth i
s decorated w
ith a
f
estoon
. Below t here is a bust of a women in a medall
ion c
onsist-
i
ng of a she
ll-shaped niche s urrounded by a wreath.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
J
. F. N eigebaur, Dacien, p
. 7 4, no. 19
: A
. Bärcäcilä
., AO, 1 923
,
I, 7, p. 1 94, no. 7
; V
. Wol
lmann, Apu lum, XIIII, 1975, p. 206,
no. 3
, f ig. 4; D. A
licu, C
. P op, V. Wollmann, FMS, p . 182,
no. 538, pl. CVI.
7
7. VeIe
l, Hunedoara c
ounty (
nv. 2
3.118
.
P
l. V III.
S
tela. Gr
it-stone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 2
24 x 1
05 x 2
0 cm.
S
te la with arch a nd meda ll
ion. The upper p art of the stela is
decorated w ith genii hold ing a g ar
land, a bunch o f grapes a nd a
t
hyrsos. Above t he g arland i s a Medusa 's head. The a rch h as
columns d ecorated w i
th v ine-sta lks and g rapes, and w i
th Cor inthian
capita
ls. A meda l
lion c ons isting o f a s
hell-shaped niche s urrounded
by a c orona, s hows t wo f ema le busts. The medall
ion a nd t he text
o
f t he inscription are p laced b e
low t he arch.
The inscr
iption r eads: D
(is) M(anibus) / Mattavia Laeda / vix(i
t)
an(n
is) XXV e t F3
1
.a-/ste f
(il
ia) L
(ucius) Ma
ttav i/us Blastus c
on
(
iugi) / et f
il(iae) b(ene)m(erentibus) p
(osuit).
Date: t
he e
nd o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury-the 3
rd c
entury A
.D.
L
. Dav
id, L
. Margh
itan, AMN, V
, 1
968, pp. 1
31-132, p
l. I
, f
ig. 2
.
1
21
7
8. Cr
isteet
i, r
irgu Muree c
ounty. L
ost p
iece
.
S
tela
. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 4
9 x 7
4 x 2
9 cm.
Only the upper part o

f the s
tela i
s preserved. Below a
n archi
trave
i
s a medallion and i
n the c
orners outs
ide the medal
lion t
wo female
busts (Gorgons?). Two heads can be d
ist
inguished ins
ide t
he medall
ion
.
Da
te: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entury A
. D.
I
. P
aulov
ics, Dac
ia, p
. 9
1, f
ig. 3
9.
7
9. Geoag
iu, Hunedoara county (
GERMISARA . Geoag
iu v
illage, bu
ilt
i
nto the wa
ll o
f the c
hurch.
S
tela. Gr
ize: 8
0 x 7
0 cm.
S
te la s howing a f uneral banquet i nside a n arched n iche. The upper
part is d ecorated w ith w inged g enii
, h olding a g arland. The funera
l
banquet s hows s evera l persons ( a man r ecl
ining o n t he kline ,
h
o lding a w reath; a woman si
tting o n the k athedra, a nother man
o
n t he r ight, a s lave o n the l
eft, a mensa t ripes in f ront of t he
c
ouch). The p i
lasters o f the niche a re decorated w i
th t he f igure
o
f A ttis.
Da
te: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
V
. Wo
llmann, S
arget
ia, V
, 1
968
, p
. 1
13, f
ig. 6
.
FRAGMENTS OF F
IGURED ARCHITECTURAL STELAE
8
0. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 1
11/I. P
l. V
III.
S
tela
. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 4
3 x 3
5 x 2
0 cm.
S
tela w
ith arched niche. I
nside t
he n
iche a woman a
nd i
n f
ront
o
f her a b
oy a re d
ep icted
.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
Unpubl
ished.
8
1. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 3
28.
S
tela
. Gr
it-stone. F
ragment. S
ize: 8
0 x 2
4 x 1
0 cm.
Only the r
ight part of the stela is p reserved. I
t is a s
tela with
a
rch a nd a medal
lion. The arch h as spira
l columns w ith Corinthian
c
ap i
tals. I
nside the arch there i s am edal
lion consist
ing o f an iche
surrounded by a corona a nd c ontaining a bust.
The inscript
ion r eads: [D(is)] M
(an
ibus) / A
IN ? •••
[P]osu(i
t) / ....hae(res) ?
Date
: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
Unpub
lished.
8
2. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 1
22.
S
tela. Gr
it-stone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 1
18 x 5
3 x 1
6 cm.
Only the left part

,o f the s
tela with a rch and medall
ion is preserved.
The arch h as spiral co
lumns w ith Cor inth
ian c ap
ita
ls. I
nside the
a
rch t here is am edall
ion w i
th a f emale bust and the text of the
i
nscription. Be
low, a v egetal decoration (krater with v
ine-stalk)
c
an b e distinguished.
1
22
The i
nscr
iption reads: D
(is) [M(anibus)] / L(ucius) A
tius A ./
C(a
ius) F
l(avius) K? /v
(ix
i t) an(nos) XXXI.
Da
te: t
he s
econd h
alf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury-the 3
rd c
entury A
.D.
J
. Jung, J OAI, II, 1900, Beibl., c. 190
, fig. 3
1; A. Csern
i,
ATK, p. 4
92, n o. 5
23; Gr. Florescu, ED, IV, 1
930, P. 98
, n o.
37
, fig. 3
1.
8
3. Cr
istest
i, Muree c
ounty. Tegu Muree Museum. I
nv. 4
902. P
l. V
.
S
tela. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 1
29 x 6
1 x 1
6 cm.
Only t he r
ight part o
f t he ste
la i s p
reserved. The f
ie
ld of the
r
elief a nd t
he fie
ld of the inscription are f
lanked by a s
pira
l column
Rema ins of arectangular niche w ith busts o
f a woman and a ch
ild
i
n f ront of her can b
e distingu ished.
The inscr
iption reads: D(is) [M(an
ibus)] / F
initus C[ ..f(i
lius)?]
/vix(it) an(nos) [ ] / f
(rat)er ? p(osu
it) / e
t Supi[nus? •••
f(
i
lius) an(norum)
Date
: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
I
. P
aulov
ics, Dacia, p
. 9
5, f
ig. 5
4-57.
8
4. Cristeet
i, Muree county. n
orgu Mures, i
nserted i
n t
he wa
ll o
f t
he
r
eformed c hurch.
S
tela
. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 8
6 x 5
8 x 2
1 cm.
Only the lower part of the re

lief fie
ld, s
howing a n
iche w
ith t
wo
busts and the fi
eld of the inscript
ion enc
losed by c
olumns w
ith
v
ine-stalks, are preserved .
The inscription reads: D

(is) [M(anibus)] / Marcus Fabius .. /
vet(eranus) c oh(ort
is) v [ix(i
t) an]/nos LXIII m(il
itavi
t) an(nos)
/fil P(ublius) Ael(ius) Quintu[s p a
tri p
(ient)?]
Da
te: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
I
. I
. Russu
, AMN, I
, 1
967
, p
p. 1
90-191
, f
ig. 7
.
8
5. G
ilau, C
luj c
ounty. C
nv. I
N 1
324.
S
tela. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 1
57 x 9
5 x 2
2 cm.
The upper part o

f the s
tela i
s missing
. The pi
lasters bordering
t
he inscr
iption f
ie
ld, and a medall
ion d ecorated with the bust of
t
he deceased, can b
e distingu
ished.
The inscription r eads: D

(is) M(an ibus) / [
T(itus)] Ael(ius)
Vet(eranus) T (i
ti) Ae li /P auli v
et(erani) ex dec(urione) / fi
l(ius)
v
ix(it) an(nis)XL II / Val(erius) Festius [
pu]pil(us)/b(ene)
m(erenti) pos(uit) h (ic) s(i
tus) e(st).
Date: t
he 2
nd h
alf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
O
IL, I
I, 8
46 = 7
650.
8
6. Mo
igrad, S
äla
j c
ounty (
POROLISSUM). L
ost p
iece.
S
tela wi
th a meda
llion i
nside a
n a
rched n
iche, d
ecora
ted w
ith t
he
busts o
f a man a
nd a woman.
The i
nscription reads
: D(is) M(anibus) / [Ius]tin
iae/[E]utych
iae
/
[an]n(orum) XXXXV / [ L]iv ius Rufus / d
ec(ur io) con
iugi /p osu
it /
[
b(ene)] m (erent
i) p(osu
it)
1
23
Date
: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
. D.
C
. Da
icov
iciu, Dacia
, V
II-VIII, 1
937-1940, pp. 3
24, n
o. 2
.
8
7. P
ätrinen
i. A
lba c
oun
ty. C
nv. I 4
487
.
S
tela
. F
ragmentary. L
imestone. S
ize: 1
20 x 8
5 x 2
4 cm.
S
tela with arched niche? On ly the lower part is p
reserved. The
i
nscription f
ield i
s flanked by p
ilasters, decorated wi
th vine-stalks
a
nd g rapes.
The inscription r eads: D

(is) M (anibus)/ [ ]vix(i
t) an(nis)
../ S eptimiae S.... / vix(it) ann(is) III; C
(aius) Septimius
Constans / f ratr
i e t uxori eius / et nepot
i b(ene)m(erenti) f
(acie-
ndum) c (urav i
t)
Date
: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
. D.
A. Buday, Dolgoza
tok, V II, 1966, 2
, p. 73, f
ig. 2
; Gr. F
lorescu,
ED, IV, 1
930, pp. 92-93
, n o. 26, f
ig. 2
0.
8
8. P
etn
ic, Cara -Sever
in c
ounty. Bi
le Hercu
lane Museum.
S
tela. Gr
it-stone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 8
5 x 7
8 cm.
The f
ragment s
hows a
n a
rched n
iche w
ith a woman
's bust.
Da
te: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
V
. Wo
llmann, AMN, V
III, 1
971, p
. 5
49, n
o. 9
, f
ig. 1
1 a
-b.
8
9. Rghäu, A
lba c
ounty. Rähäu v
il
lage, i
n t
he c
emetery.
S
tela
. L
imestone. F
ragmentary.
Only t he l
ower p art o
f the ste
la is preserved showing a medal
lion
c
ons ist
ing o f a shel
l-shaped niche surrounded by a w reath, t
he
f
ield of the inscr
iption bordered by c o
lumns w i
th vine-stalks and
grapes. Be
low t here is acrater wi
th i vy- a
nd vine-stalks.
The inscription r eads: D(is) M(an ibus) / T(ito) Fl(avio) Rufo

vet(erano) leg(ion is) ? X
I C (laudiae) p (
iae) f(
idelis) dom(o)
Amas(ia) vix(it) / a n(nis) LX I ul(ia) Maxima c ont(ubernalis) / e
t
F
l(av i
i) Venusta e t Maximus / e t Ruf inus f
il
l p (ro) p(ientate)
p
(osuerant) / h (ic) s(itus) e(st).
Da
te: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
C
IL, II, 971; C. Da
icov
iciu, Dac
ia, V
II-VIII, pp. 9
37-1940
, p
.
3
17, n
o. 1, fig. 13
.
9
0. S
armizegetusa
, Hunedoara c
ounty (
I
nv. 2523.
S
tela. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 2
05 x 8
0 x 2
0 cm.
The upper p art of t

he stela i
s miss
ing. P
art o
f a meda
llion w
ith
a bust and the text of t
he inscr
iption, f
lanked by sp
iral co
lumns,
a
re p reserved.
The i
nscription r
eads: D
(is) M (anibus) / M(arci) D
(om
iti) P
ri/
m
i vix(i
t) a n(n
is) .
LX / c
olleg(ium) fabr(um).
Date: t
he e
nd o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury-the b
eginning o
f t
he 3
rd c
entury
A. D.
B
. J
eno, AE, XXXII, 1
912
, p
. 4
03; I
DR, 1
1/2, 4
06.
1
24
9
1. S
armizegetusa
, Hunedoara c
ounty (
ULPIA TRAIANA). S
armizege-
t
usa Museum. I
nv. 10.
S
tela
. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 8
2 x 3
1 x 1
7 cm.
Only the ornamenta

l f i
eld a bove the inscription i
s preserved. On
t
he u pper part o
f t he stela there i
s ap ediment decorated wi
th a
r
osette. The sides of t he pediment and t he usua
l meda ll
ion are
decorated wi
th styl
ized l eaves. There is at ri
ton in the upper lef
t
c
orner.
Da
te: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entury A
.D.
C. Da
icoviciu, ACMIT, I V, 1
932-1938, p. 408, n
o. 1
5: 0
. F
loca,
Ghid Sarm
izegetusa
, p . 6 9
, no. 10; D
. Alicu, C. P
op, V
. Wol
lmann,
FMS, no. 532, p
. 1 80, pl. CV, CLVI.
9
2. S
alie
tea
, A
lba c
ounty. C
luj-Napoca Museum. W
ithou
t i
nven
tory number
.
S
tela. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 8
2 x 6
7 x 7
.5 c
m.
A s
piral c
olumn wi
th Corinthian cap
ita
l and a f
ragment o f t
he
m
edall
ion with t
wo busts of the d
eceased a
re preserved.
The inscript
ion r eads: D
(is) M (anibus) / Q(uintus) Val(erius)
Mac(rinus) / vet(eranus) leg(ionis) V M(acedonicae) m(issus)
h(onesta) / miss(ione) [
...Col(on
iae)][D]ac(icae) S ar(miz-
egetusae)
Da
te: a
fter 1
68
C
IL, II, 6264; Gr. F
lorescu, ED, IV, 1930, p. 97, no
. 3
5, f
ig. 2
9;
I
. P
iso, S
tC 1, XVI, 19
74, pp. 242-243, n
o. 5 , f
ig. 6.
9
3. Va
lea S
ihgeorg
iulu
i, Hunedoara c
nv. 6
4.
S
tela. Marb
le. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 1
09 x 6
3 x 2
4 cm.
Only the fi
eld o f the inscr
ipt
ion, f l
anked by s p
ira
l c o
lumns is
preserved. The text of t
he inscr
ipt ion r
eads
: D
(is) M(anibus) /
I
u(lius) Max i/mus v ix(i
t) / an(nos) XXV / He(renn ia?) Va
lentina
/c (oniug
i) c (arrissimo)
Date
: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D.
C
IL, I
I, 7
894
.
9
4. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). Deva Müseum. I
nv. 7
5. P
l. V
II.
S
tela. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 6
5 x 5
8 x 2
2 cm.
The f
ragment depicts a ma
le bust i
nside a meda
llion. Of t
he a
rch
acolumn d
ecorated w i
th vine-sta
lk and grapes is preserved
The i
nscript
ion r
eads: D
(is) M
(an
ibus) / [
Ulciud
i(a) e
/
g
en(a)e.
Date
: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
C
IL, 1
1,7808
.
9
5. Vete
l, Hunedoara c
ounty (
nv. 1
5873
.
P
l. V I.
S
tela
. Andes
ite. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 6
7 x 5
5 x 2
2 cm.
S
tela wi
th arched niche, flanked by a s
pira
l column. The n
iche,
d
ecorated wi
th four busts, is open a
t the l
ower p art. The i
ns-
c
ript
ion reads: D(is) M(anibus) / Qu
intus imagi(nifer)
Date
: t
he f
irs
t h
alf o
f t
he 3
rd c
entury A
. D.
Unpub
lished.
1
25
II Al F
IGURED, NON-ARCH
ITECTURAL STELAE W
ITH RECTANGULAR
NICHES
9
6. A
lba Iu
lia (
APULUM). A
lba J
ulia Museum. W
ithou
t i
nven
tory n
o.
P
l. I
X.
S
tela. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize
: 7
9 x 7
5 x 1
6 cm.
The fragment s hows the busts o

f the d eceased div
ided into two
r
egisters. A bust i
n the upper register a nd t
wo h eads i
n the
o
ther register are preserved .
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
V
. Moga
, Apu
lum, X
II, 1
975
, pp. 5
94 a
nd 5
97, f
ig. 7
.
9
7. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 3
99.
S
tela. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 6
5 x 3
0 x 1
2 cm.
Only a fragment o
f the stela i
s preserved; t
he d
eceased p
erson
r
eclining on a k
ling, ho
ld ing a c
up i n t
he lef
t hand.
Da
te: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
L
. B
ianch
i, Apu
lum, X
II, pp. 1
74-175, f
ig. 7
.
9
8. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 4
98.
S
tela. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize. 6
0 x 3
0 x 1
0 cm.
Only t
he rel
ief field, d ivided into two reg
isters, h as survived.
The upper register is d ecorated with the funerary b anquet: o
n
t
he right a woman s itting o n a kathedra, in centre a man r ec
lin-
i
ng on ac ouch w ith a s mall mensa tripes in f
ront o f i
t
.
Date: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D.
Gr. F
lorescu, ED, I
V, 1
930, pp. 8
5-86, n
o. 1
3, f
ig. 1
3.
9
9. Bo
loga, C
luj c
ounty. C
luj-Napoca Museum.
S
tela. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 7
5 x 3
7 x 5 cm.
The r
elief f
ie
ld i s d
ivided into two registers, s
howing a male bust
and a s
tanding woman ( camilla) respect
ively. Below, i
n the l
eft
c
orner, the letter D i
s preserved.
Date: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D.
C
. Torma, AEM, I I, 1879, p
. 9
7; I
. I
. Russu, AMN, V
, 1
968
,
p
. 4
61, no. 7
, fig. 7.
1
00. CAle
ei, C
luj c
ounty. De
j Museum. I
nv. 1
1/92. P
l. I
X.
S
tela
. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 6
2 x 6
2 x 2
0 cm.
S
tela w
ith rectangu
lar n
iche c
onta
ining f
ive busts: t
hree a
dults
a
nd two chi
ldren.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies
•A. D.
Unpubl
ished.
1
26
1
01. Caee
i, Cluj county. Bucharest Na
tiona
l Museum o
f H
istory.
I
nv. 75.669. P
l. X.
S
tela
. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 1
10 x 9
0 x 1
5 cm.
The u pper r egister of t he s te

la s hows g enii holding a g arland a nd,
i
n t he centre, t wo peacocks. The main field of t he relief rep-
r
esents t he f uneral b anquet : t
he d eceased man r ecl
in ing o n a
k
lind h olding a wrea th i n h is right h and a nd a c up i n his left:
t
he w oman s itting o n the k athedra a nd h o
ld ing the wreath a nd a
cup, a mensa t r
ipes i n f ront o f the klind a nd a slave b es
ide t he
c
ouch. Above t he scene t hree g en
ii s upport ah ang ing. The
t
ext o f the inscription, d ecora ted by a s piral co
lumn, r eads:
D(is) M (anibus) / I ul(io) Cre[scent i] / vet(erano) e x[b(ene) -
f
(iciario) co(n)s(u laris?)] / ann(orum) LX
Date: t
he f
irs
t h
alf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
E
. Panai
tescu, ACMIT, I , 1929, pp. 327-339, fig. 8: V
. Christ-
e
scu, RIR, I , f asc. 2
-3, 1932, pp. 267-287; I
storia Romän
iei, I,
p
. 395
, f ig
. 9 3; RR, pp. 135-136, D 59, pl. 90 (=Civi
ltb , p
.
1
52, D 66, pl. XV); L
. Bianchi, Apulum, X II, 1974, pp. 163 sqq.
1
02. Cgsei
, C
luj c
ounty. Vad v
il
lage, i
nsert i
n t
he wa
ll o
f t
he c
hurch.
S
tela
. L
imes
tone. Damaged.
The stela is d
ivided into two f
ields: the fi
eld of the rel
ief, show-
i
ng a f uneral banquet, and the fie
ld of the inscript
ion. The
i
nscription reads: D
(is) M(anibus) S(acrum) / B
lasa eq(ues)
s
t(ipend iorum) / [ Aulr Tsinta/v
ix( i
t) / [ ann(os)) XXXXI Aur.
Ae
lia [...
Date
: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D.
C
IL, I
I, 7
635
; I
. I
. Russu. AMN, I
V, 1
967
, p
. 9
0.
1
03. Cäeei? C
luj c
ounty. De
j Museum.
S
tela. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 8
6 x 8
1 x 2
1 cm.
S
tela d ivided into two fields: t
he fi
eld of the re
lief and the field
o
f t he inscript
ion, e nclosed by a d ouble moulded frame.
The inscr ipt
ion reads: D(is) M (an
ibus) / Aur(e lius) Titus vix(it)
/a n(nos) LX Aur(e lia) Geme l/l
ina vix(it) an(nos) XX Aur(el ius)
/ Cotes e q(ues) al(ae) Elec(torum) / m (ari
tae) p(ientiss
imae) e t
sacro.
Da
te: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
. D.
I
. I
. Russu, A
ctMuz, I
, 1
956, pp. 1
28-130, n
o. 5
.
1
04. Casei
. C
luj c
ounty. De
j Museum. I
nv. 1
1/90. P
l. X
.
S
tela. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 8
5 x 5
2 x 1
9 cm.
The funerary b anquet i

s represented i
n at ypical
ly p rovincia
l s
tyle.
On the right are a man and two women rec
lining o n ac ouch, on
t
he lef
t a man w i
th his hands up. Be
low, t hree vessels can be
d
istinguished.
The i
nscr
ipt
ion r
eads
: D
(is) [
M(an
ibus)] Cur
tiae...
Da
te: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
I
. I
. Russu, A
ctMuz, I
, 1
956
, p
. 1
31, n
o. 1
8.
1
27
1
05. C
luj-Napoca (
NAPOCA). C
nv. I
N 2
3.197
.
P
l. XI.
S
tela. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 5
4 x 4
1 x 1
7 cm.
Only the upper part of t

he ste
la i s p
reserved. The s
culpture
i
s contained in arectangular panel. There a
re t
wo busts s
ide by
s
ide, o ne a c
avalryman.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
V
. Vas
iliev. ActaMN, I
V, 1
967, pp. 4
77-480.
1
06. F
eld
ioara-Räzbo
ieni
. A
lba c
ounty. C
nv.
D 8
90.
S
tela. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 7
0 x 5
3 x 1
7 cm.
S
tela with r
ectangular niche, d
ecorated w
ith s
ix busts. F
rom t
he
i
nscript
ion only t
he letters S E [
da] TVS have s
urv ived.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
J
. F
. Ne igebaur, Dacien, p. 244, no. 41 a
nd 17; C
IL, IV, 934;
J
. Paulov
ics, Dacia, p. 106, f
ig. 60-62; I
. I
. Russu, Mater
iale,
V
I, p. 883, no. 20, f
ig. 19.
1
07. G
iläu, C
luj c
ounty. G
iläu v
illage, bu
ilt i
nto t
he wa
ll o
f t
he c
hurch.
S
tela. L
ize: 1
12 x 6
4 x 1
4 cm.
The s te
la s hows a funeral banquet: a man rec
lining on akling,
holding a c up in his l
eft hand, a woman si
tting o n akathedra. I
n
t
he f ront is a mensa tripes bear
ing a patera, a plate w
ith a fi
sh
on it, a nd a panis quadratus. Behind i
s a servant, hold
ing a
spoon.
Date: t
he e
nd o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury-the b
eginning o
f t
he 3
rd c
entury
A. D.
A
. Bodor, OmD, pp. 4
1-52, f
ig. 1
1
08. G
iläu, C
luj c
ounty, C
nv. I6
911. P
l. X
I.
S
tela. L
ize: 1
62 x 8
7 x 2
3 cm.
S
tela d
ecorated with the funerary banquet. I
n the centre are
t
hree people s
i
tting at at able and ho
lding s ymbolic ob
jects in
t
heir h
ands. They are flanked by two o
ther f igures, si
tting on
h
igh-backed chairs. In the l
ower right corner is the bust of a
s
lave hold
ing an amphora.

(is) M (anibus) / Aur(e l
ius) Car
inus
c
or(nicu larius) / a
la(e) Sil(ianae) vix(i
t) a nn
is / .. Aure l
ia
Ser(via) [
colniux pien t
issi nmaco] n iug
i p osu
it /b(ene)
m(erenti).
Date: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
. D.
Gr. F
lorescu, ED, I
V, 1
930, p
. 8
6, no. 1
4, f
ig. 1
2, C
IL I
I, 7
651.
1
09. G
iläu, C
luj c
ounty, C
nv. I6
809. P
l. X
.
S
tela. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 1
25 x 8
7 x 2
3 cm.
S
tela with the r
elief f
ie
ld div
ided into two r
egisters. The upper
r
egister shows the funera
l banquet: two women, sitting on a
1
28
ka
thedra and flanking t wo male busts, at the back a mensa t
ripes
.
The o
ther register d ep
icts a horseman w ith a man in f
ront of h
im
ho
lding a spear. The inscr
iption is not preserved.
Da
te: t
he e
nd o
f t
he 2
nd-the b
eginn
ing o
f t
he t
hird c
entury A
.D.
M
. L ang, Az Orsägos Magyar Regeszet
i t
aisu
lat dvkönive, I, 1923-
1
926, p. 73
, fig. 1, Gr. F
lorescu, ED, I
V, 1930, p. 88, no
. 18,
f
ig. 15
.
1
10. I
l4ua
. B
istr
iIa-Näsdud c
ounty. De
j Museum. I
nv. 1
1. P
l. X
I.
S
tela with t
wo r elief reg
isters. On
ly t he m
idd le r
eg ister and the
f
ie
ld of the inscription are preserved. The stela is bordered on
t
he lef
t-hand s ide by a p i
laster decorated with ivy leaves. The
o
rnamental f
ield d ep
icts a man h o
lding a thyrsos ( ?) in h is l
eft
h
and, a nd a woman.
The inscript
ion reads: [D(is) M(anibu)ls / Mucaporis / [eq(ues)
a
l(ae)] Front(onianae) / [
vix(it) ann... II]/ Ael(ius) Mu
... /
[
a
jlae eiusd(em)
C
IL, I
I, 7
99; I
. I
. Russu, AMN, I
V, 1
967
, p
. 9
6.
1
11. J
upa, Cara5-Sever
in c
ounty (
TIBISCUM). T
im 4oara Museum. I
nv. 6
362.
S
tela. Andes
ite. Damaged o
n t
he upper p
art. S
ize: 1
38 x 4
3 x
3
0 cm.
S
tela with rectangular niche, s howing t wo male bus ts. The text
o
f the inscription, enc
losed by a f rame, r eads: D(is) M(anibus)
/Antonio / Marco / et Val(erio) Iu
lian/o m i
l(itibus) e x PaRmyra
v
ix(erunt) a /n(nis) XXX p o(suit) Ae/l(ius) P riscus / b(ene)
m(erentibus) .
Date: b
efore A
.D. 1
59.
M
. Moga, Tibiscus, I
, 1970
, pp. 4
6-47; M
. Moga
, I
. I
. Russu,
L
apidMBan, n o. 31
; IDR, II/1
, 1
60.
1
12. 5
utoru
, S
äla
j c
ounty (
OPTATIANA). C
l. X
I.
S
tela
. L
ize: 2
54 x 7
8 x 1
0 cm.
I
n the f
ield o
f t
he rel
ief, inside a r
ectangular n
iche, there i
s a
c
ab of
lanked by two horses. The i
nscript
ion is bordered by a
FaT
ne.
The i nscription reads: D(is) M(anibus) / Aure

l(ius) Masinni(us?)
/dupli(car ius) a
l(a)e m i
liariae / v
ix(it) a
nnis / XXXVI I u
lia S e-
/vera c oniux / et Fl(avius) S aturni/nus heres / ob merita posue-
/r unt f (aciendum) c (uraverunt).
Da
te: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
. D.
C
IL, I
I, 7
644
; Gr. F
lorescu, ED, I
V, 1
930, p
. 8
5, n
o. 1
2.
1
13. T
irnäveni-Botorca
. Mure
, c
ounty, nrnäven
i Museum. W
ithout
i
nventory number.
S
tela
. Gr
it-stone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 5
5.5 x 4
0 x 6
7 cm.
The fi
eld of the rel
ief is d
ivided into two registers. In the upper
r
egister a horse and p art o
f ah orseman h old
ing a s pear in his
r
ight h and are preserved. Be
low t he horse there is a sla
in e nemy.
1
29
I
n the other r
egister t
he r
ight h
alf o
f a ma
le bust c
an b
e d
is-
t
inguished.
Date: t
he 2
nd h
alf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
I
. P
iso, V
. P
epe
lea, AMN, I
X, 1
972, p
. 4
74, f
ig. 3
, p
. 4
76.
1
14. Turda. C
luj c
ounty (
POTAISSA). L
ost p
iece.
S
tela. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 1
60 x 5
8 x 1
7 cm.
Only the r
ight-hand side of the monument is preserved. A man
r
eclines on ac ouch, a smal
l mensa tripes i
n front of i
t; a
t the
s
ide, in the l
ower right corner, a t
iny slave can be distinguished.
The i
nscription reads: D(is) M(anibus) / Meatino (
?) B
irs
i mil
iti
cao]h(ortis) I Ba(tavorum) (v)ix(it) a
n(nos) XXX Aur? / Sa
taras
e
t (?) Atasa / soror p(onendum) c (uraverunt) fra
tri
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
CIL, II, 1 3766 + 1

3768; R
. Müntserberg, J
. Oehler, JÖAI, V
,
1902, Beibl., c. 1
07, fig. 22; I
. I. Russu, SCIV, 18, 1967
, 1,
pp. 178-180, fig. 12.
1
15. Turda. C
luj c
ounty (
POTAISSA). ,
TIrgu Mure Museum. I
nv.
7
904. P
l. X.
S
tela. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 1
30 x 7
0 x 2
3.4 cm.
The field o f the r elief shows a f uneral b anquet; a man s itt

ing o n
t
he k athedra ( on t he right), t hree o ther f igures r eclining o n a
k
lind a nd h o
lding c ups, a nd a slave o n the l eft. In front o f t he
c
ouch t here i s a mensa t ripes. The inscription, e nclosed by a
f
rame, r eads: D(is) M (an ibus) / Ae l(ia) Thadmes P almura I v ix(it)
an(nos) V III Sur il
lio / v ix(it) a n(nos) XXV Ruf ina v ix(i
t) an(nos)
XX Ae l(ius) Bo lhas Ban/nae i vet(eranus) e x n (umero) P almur(enorum)
/e
t Ae l(is) Domest ica co/n iux a eius p osueran t/fil
iae p ien t
iss im(a)e
et du/lc(iss i)m(a)e e t li
berto e t men/ester iis b (ene)m(erent ibus).
Da
te: t
he s
econd ha
lf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
C
IL, II, 9
07 = 7
693
; I
. I
. Russu, AMN, V
I, 1
969
, p
. 1
73.
1
16. Turda. C
luj c
ounty (
POTAISSA). Turda Museum. I
nv. 2
119
.
S
tela. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 6
9 x 6
7 x 1
7 cm.
The s tela r
epresents a f unerary banquet. On the right, a woman
i
s sitting on ah igh-backed c ha
ir and in the middle the busts of
two d eceased persons, reclining o
n ac ouch, can b e distingu
ished.
I
n front i s a mensa tripes with a wine-
jar, a p anis quadratus and
a f
ish o n aplate.
Date: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
. D.
Z
. M
ilea, V
. F
enesan, RevMuz, 3
, 1966, pp. 267-268, f
ig. 1
;
M
. Jude, C
. P
op, MonTurda, p. 8
, no. 3, pl. II/1.
1
30
I
I A2 F
IGURED NON-ARCHITECTURAL STELAE, WIT H A COPING ON
THE UPPER PART, RECT ANGULAR N
ICHE
1
17. C 4ei
, C
luj c
ounty. De
j Museum. I
nv. 1
1/89
.
S
tela. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 9
0 x 5
5 x 2
0 cm.
A bust o
f a woman inside a r
ectangu
lar n
iche, f
lanked by a p
ilaster,
c
an b e d
istingu
ished.
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
Unpub
lished.
1
18. Gher
la. C
luj c
ounty. C
nv. D 8
88.
S
tela. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 8
0 x 7
3 x 2
4 cm.
The upper part o

f the s
tela is decorated with a coping: d
olphins
back t
o back? Be low, a rectangular niche conta
ins t hree busts.
Date: t
he e
nd o
f t
he 2
nd-beg
inning o
f t
he 3
rd c
entury A
. D.
A
. Buday, Do
lgozatok, V
II, 1
916, p
. 8
4, f
ig. 9
.
1
19. Gher
la. C
luj c
ounty. C
nv. D 8
91.
S
tela. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 7
6.5 x 9
3.3 x 2
3 cm.
Only the relief f

ield i
s preserved. The upper p
art is d
ecorated
wi
th a c oping: l
i
ons back to back with a h
ead of Medusa. Below,
ar ectangular niche conta
ins three busts.
Date: t
he e
nd o
f t
he 2
nd-beg
inning o
f t
he 3
rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
A
. Buday, Do
lgozatok, V
II, 1
916, p
. 8
4, f
ig. 1
0.
1
20. Turda. C
luj c
ounty (
nv. 2
591.
P
l. IX.
S
tela. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 1
10 x 1
00 x 2
3 cm.
On the upper p art of the s

tela there i
s ac oping: l
ions back to
back with a pine-cone . Be low there i
s a rectangular niche deco-
rated with t
hree bus ts of the d
eceased persons. The f
rame of t he
n
iche is ornamented w ith styl
ized leaves a
nd r osettes.
Date: t
he e
nd o
f t
he 2
nd-beg
inning o
f t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D.
RR, p. 2
65, G 1
78, p
l. 92 (
=Civ
iltä, p. 250, G 1
15); M
. J
ude,
C. P
op, MonTurda, p
. 10, n
o. 7, pl. V/2.
1
21. Z
latna
, A
lba c
ounty (
AMPELUM). C
nv. 9
573.
S
tela. L
ize: 2
.30 x 8
0 x 7
0 cm.
The upper p art of the stela is decorated w i

th a c oping: l
i
ons b ack
t
o back w ith a cysta myst ica
. The r el
ief field consists of a medal-
l
ion enc
losed by a r ectangu lar frame. I
nside the meda l
lion is de-
p
icted a man h olding a c orona in his right a nd a thyrsos in his
l
eft. The corners o f t
he r el
ief field are decorated w ith vine-stalks
grapes and rosettes.
The inscription, e
nclosed by a double mou
lded frame, reads:
D(is) M(anibus) Sossia Sabina / v
ixit a
nn(os) XXVI/ ef(f)ecit i
n
1
31
mat/rimon(io) ann(os) XI /
m(enses) X s
ine ulla q/uere
lla Fusc
i/nus
ver(na) ab ins/t(rument
is) tab(u
lar
ii) c
o(n)iugi/b(ene)m(erenti)
f
(ecit).
Da
te: t
he f
irs
t h
alf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
C
IL, II, 1
315
; Gr. F
lorescu, ED, I
V, 1
930
, pp. 8
8-89
, n
o. 1
9,
f
ig. 1
6.
I
I A3 F
IGURED NON-ARCH ITECTURAL STELAE, W
ITH ENCLOSED
PEDIMENT, RECTANGULAR N
ICHE
1
22. Cgee
i. C
luj c
ounty. D
ej Museum.
S
tela
. L
imestone. F
ragmentary.
Stela with t
riangu lar e nclosed p ediment and rectangular niche.
The f i
eld of the p ed
iment i s decorated wi
th a p almette. Ins
ide
the rectangular niche a re two busts: a woman ( on the l
eft) and
a man ( on the right). The inscription r
eads: D(is) M(anibus) /
Ael(ia) Sura vix(it) vix(it) an(nos) L Aur ....
Date
: t
he s
econd h
alf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
I
. I
. Russu, ActMuz, I
, 1
956, p
. 1
31, n
o. 1
5; i
dem, A
IV
IN, V
I,
1
969
, p. 178.
1
23. Cr
isteet
i. Mures c
ounty. T
irgu Mure Museum.
S
tela
. L
imes
tone. F
ragmentary. S
ize
: 8
7 x 6
2 x 2
3.5 cm.
The rel
ief f
ie
ld of the stela, showing t he funeral banquet, is p re-
s
erved. The upper part o f t
he stela is d
ecorated w i
th a n e
nclosed
ped
iment, a Medusa h ead i n t
he fie
ld. The funeral b anquet (a
man (?) and a baby reclining on ak line, in front a mensa tripes
and a woman si
tting on ak athedra) is enc
losed by a r ectangular
n
iche.
Date
: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
I
. P
aulov
ics, Dac
ia, p
. 9
2, f
ig. 4
2.
1
24. Turda. C
luj c
ounty (
nv. 1
061.
P
l. IX.
S
tela
. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 7
9 x 9
4 x 2
8 cm.
Only the rel

ief field o
f the ste
la is preserved. The upper r egister
conta
ins a n enclosed ped
iment, d ecorated wi
th stylized leaves.
Below, in ar ectangular niche are f
ive busts of t
he d eceased
persons: a woman, two y oung men, a n o
ld man and i n front of
h
im a c hi
ld.
Date
: t
he e
nd o
f t
he 2
nd-the b
eginn
ing o
f t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D.
M
. J
ude, C
. P
op, MonTurda
, p
. 9
, n
o. 6
, p
l. V/1
.
1
25. Turda
. C
luj c
ounty (
nv. 1
064/1.
S
tela. L
ize: 2
05 x 7
7 x 1
7 cm.
The upper p
art of t
he s
tela i
s d
ecorated with an enc
losed ped
iment.
Be
low, in arectangu
lar n
iche, i
s depicted the f
unerary banquet:
1
32
a man a
nd a woman recl
ining on acouch, wi
th a sma
ll mensa
t
ripes i
n f
ront o
f it and a woman s
i
tting on ahigh-backed cha
ir.
The inscription reads: D(is) M(anibus) Va ler

ia Dulae (f
ilia?) /
v
ix(i
t) a n(n is) XXXI titu/lum p os(ui
t) Vo lus(ius)/Ti
tianus c o[n]
i
ugi pie/[ntissimae....et?] b (ene)m(erent
i).
Date: t
he s
econd h
alf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
I
. Tegläs, AE, XXXV, 1 915
, p . 4
5, f
ig. 6
; I. I
. Russu, AISC,
I
V, 1941-1943, p. 212, n
o. 24
; M
. Jude, C. Pop, MonTurda, pp.
7
-8, no. 2, pl. I.
1
26. Caee
i. C
luj c
ounty. D
ej Museum.
S
tela
. L
imestone. F
ragmentary.
The relief fie

ld i
s damaged. The inscript
ion, e nc
losed by a f rame,
r
eads: D(is) [
M(anibus)] Aureliu[s...1/ vet(eranus) e x.../vix
it
an(nos).../ Aure l
ia V(era?) / coniugi bene[merent i]pos[s(ui
t)]
Date
: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
. D.
I
. I
. Russu, A
ctMuz, I
, 1
956
, p
. 1
31, n
o. 1
7.
1
27. J
upa. Carae S
ever
in c
ounty (
TIBISCUM). T
imieoara Museum. I
nv. 7
501
S
tela. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 6
8 x 8
0 x 2
5 cm.
The f i
eld o f the relief shows the l ower p arts of t wo busts , enclosed
by a r ectangular n iche. The inscr iption, divided i nto two v ertica
l
regis
ters r eads : D(is) M(anibus) Ae l(ius) Sebl - - e r e
x N (umero)
Ma/ur(orum) T ib(
iscens ium) vix(i t) a nni(s) ? VL/ e t Ael
iae s a[--
---]tus v /ix(it) a(nn is) XXX et A e[1? Va l]ens fi
l[ius] e orurn]--
--1 AT(?) h (eres) p (onendum) [ c(urav it)]
Da
te: t
he s
econd h
alf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
M
. Moga
, I
. I
. Russu, L
apidMBan
, 2
7, I
DR, I
I.1
, 1
56.
1
28. J
upa. Carae S
ever
in c
ounty (
TIBISCUM). T
imieoara Museum.
S
tela. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 4
9 x 7
5 x 2
6 cm.
The stela is b ordered by s pira

l c o
lumns. The upper register s
hows
two busts e nclosed by a n iche (only the l
ower p art i
s preserved).
The inscription r eads
: D(is) M (anibus) / Brisanus Au/lusani
m
il(es) C o/[h(or t
is) I Vind. ? v i hdt ann -
---]
Date
: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
M
. Moga
, I
. I
. Russu
, L
apidMBan, 3
3; I
DR, I
I.1
, 1
63.
1
29. J
upa. Caras S
ever
in c
ounty (
TIBISCUM). Budapest. MNM, I
nv.
1
2.1895.2.
S
tela
. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 5
8 x 6
6 x 1
2 cm.
The stela shows the bases of two busts enclosed by a n

iche. The
i
nscription reads
: D(is) M(anibus) / Ael(ius) Borafas Za/bdibol
i
mi
l(es) e[x]/N(umero) P a
l(myrenorum) v ix(it) a
[nn(os)---] [---
Valler
ia c[
Da
te: t
he s
econd h
alf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
C
IL, I
I, 1
4216; I
DR, I
I.1
, 1
52 w
ith t
he who
le b
ibl
iography
1
33
1
30. Z
latna
. A
lba c
ounty (
AMPELUM). Ro ia Montan , L
apidar
ium.
S
tela. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 6
4 x 6
2 x 1
7 cm.
The f i
eld of t
he relief preserves the lower p arts o
f three busts,
enclosed by a niche. The inscript
ion, enclosed by a d oub le mould-
ed frame, reads: D(is) M(anibus)/ Aur(e l
ius) A sclep/iades vixit/
ann(is) LX Aur(e l
ia)/ P [rob?]ina con/iugi b(ene) m (erent
i)
p
(osu it 9)
Date: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D.
V
. Wo
llmann, Apu
lum, V
, 1
964, pp. 5
91-592
.
I
I B
1 F
IGURED NON-ARCH
ITECTURAL STELAE W
ITH CURVED N
ICHES
1
31. J
upa. Cara
. S
ever
in c
ounty (
TIBISCUM). T
imi eara Museum. I
nv. 7
503
I
nv. 7489.
S
tela
. F
ragmentary. Gr
it-stone. S
ize: 6
3 x 4
0 x 2
7 cm.
Only t
he l
ower right par
t of the stela i
s preserved, with a n
a
canthus l
eaf i
n the corner. I
nside a curved niche i
s r epresented
t
he bust o
f a man and in front of him t
he bust o f achild.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
Unpub
lished.
1
32. J
upa. Caras S
ever
in c
ounty (
TIBISCUM). T
im *ara Museum.
S
tela
. L
ize: 1
16 x 4
4 x 9 cm.
The field of t
he rel
ief s hows a ma
le bust, inside a c urved n
iche
(
?). The t
ext of the inscr
iption i
s in Lat
in a nd Palmyrean:
[D(is)] M(anibus) / N[e]ses I
erhei
.[e(x)] n (umero) P a
l(myrenorum)
v
ixit/[a]n(nos) XXV Ma/[1]chus e t Ier/[heu]s f(ra
tr i) b(ene)
m(erenti) p(osuerunt).
The P
almyrean t
ext: b d m l k w /I n s w ..wh / z n
t
CCCCLXX/ byrth tbt
Da
te: 1
7 December 1
59-16 J
anuary 1
60
I
. I . Russu
, AMN, V
I, 1969
, p. 175; S. San
ie, Dacia
, X IV, 1970,
pp. 405-409
; M
. Moga, I
. I. Russu. L
ap idMBan, 3
7; I
DR, I I/1,
167
.
1
33. Rosia MontanK. Alba county (
ALBURNUS MAIOR). A
lba I
ulia
Museum. Inv. 2
88. Pl. XII.
S
tela
. Andes
ite. We
ll-preserved. S
ize: 1
78 x 8
6 z2
4 cm.
S
tela wi
th enclosed a
rched n
iche showing the busts o
f two women.
The upper corners o
f t
he s
tela a
re decorated with a v
ine-s
talk
w
ith grapes.
The t ext of the inscr
iption, enclosed by a frame, reads:
D(is) M (anibus) / Aureli(a) Sambu/ v ixit a
nn is/ XXX P(ubl
ius)
Aelius/ Licinianus/coniugi in/nocentiss
imae p 0/sui
t b(ene)m(erent
i).
Da
te: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
Gr. F
lorescu, ED, I
V, 1
930, p
. 9
3, n
o. 2
8, f
ig. 1
7; E
. Z
efleanu,
Apulum, II, 1949
, p
. 98
.
1
34
1
34. Turda
. C
luj c
ounty (
nv. 2
578
.
S
tela
. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 1
05 x 9
0 x 3
2 cm.
Only the relief f

ie
ld is preserved, flanked by pi
lasters support
ing
ad ouble arch. I
nside, there are t
wo busts. The upper corners
a
re d ecorated with styl
ized vegetal ornaments.
Date
: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
M
. J
ude, C
. P
op, MonTurda
, p
. 1
1, n
o. 1
1, p
l. V
I/3
.
1
35. Ve .
l
el. Hunedoara c
ounty (
MICIA). D
eva Museum. I
nv. 1
09.
S
tela
. Andes
ite. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 6
2 x 3
6 x 1
7 cm.
Only the right corner of the re

lief f
ie
ld i s preserved. Ins
ide a
curved niche there is the bust of a man. The upper corner i
s
decora
ted w ith an acanthus leaf.
Da
te: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A .
D.
Unpub
lished.
1
36. Ve e
l. Hunedoara c
ounty (
MICIA). Deva Museum. W
ithout
i
nventory number.
S
tela. F
ragmentary. Andes
ite. S
ize: 6
8 x 3
4 x 1
7 cm.
Only a part o
f the rel
ief fi
eld is p reserved. I
nside a curved niche
t
he head o f a man can be dist
ingu ished. The upper l
eft corner
i
s decorated with an acanthus leaf
.
Da
te: t
he e
nd o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
Unpub
lished.
I
I B2 F
IGURED NON-ARCHITECTURAL STELAE WITH CURVED
N
ICHES AND PEDIMENTS ON THE UPPER PART
1
37. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 1
30.
S
tela
. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 7
8 x 7
2 x 2
5 cm.
Only the re
lief fie
ld i s preserved. The upper p art i
s decorated
wi
th an e nc
losed p ediment, flanked by a croter
ia. Below the pedi-
ment, in ac urved n iche, t wo busts (a woman a nd a man). The
f
ield o
f the p ediment a nd t he corners between the pediment and
t
he niche are d ecorated w ith rosettes.
Date: t
he second h
alf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury-beg
inn
ing o
f t
he 3
rd
c
entury A.D.
Unpub
lished.
1
38. L
ipova. Carae S
ever
in c
ounty. T
imieoara Museum. I
nv. 7
479
.
P
l. XII.
S
tela. L
imes
tone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 6
5 x 4
2 x 1
8 c
m.
S
tela w
ith e nc
losed p ediment above an arched niche. The f
ie
ld of
t
he pedimen t i
s decorated with an acanthus l
eaf a nd t
he right
c
orner, outside the pediment, with a wind protoma. I
nside the
n
iche the bust of a man a nd, in f
ront of h
im, t he bus
t o f ac h
ild
c
an be distinguished.
1
35
Date: t
he e
nd o
f t
he 2
nd-the b
eginn
ing o
f t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D.
C
. Da
icov
iciu, A
ISC, I
, 1
928-1932, P
. 1
24, f
ig. 1
4.
1
39. Rosia Montang. A
lba county (
ALBURNUS MAIOR). Bucharest
Nationa
l Museum o
f History. I
nv. 3
6906. P
l. X
II.
S
tela. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 9
0 x 7
8 x 1
6 cm.
Only the relief field is preserved. The upper p art is decorated

w
ith an enc losed p ed
iment. Be
low t he pediment, in a curved n iche,
s
ix busts o f d eceased p eople. The f
ield of t
he p ediment is d ecora-
t
ed with a n a scia, the upper c orners o f t
he stela and the s paces
b
etween t he p ediment and t he niche with a rosette surrounded by
avine-stalk w ith g rapes.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
RR, p. 138, D 6
7 pp. 1
57, 1
73, p
l. XVI); Z
. M
ilea,
Apulum, IX, 1
971, pp. 4
35-437.
1
40. S
armizegetusa. Hunedoara county (ULPIA TRAIANA). S
taats-
b
ibl
iothek Wien. Wi
thout inventory number.
S
tela. Marble. F
ragmentary.
The upper p art of t he s te

la i s decorated w ith a t riangular p ediment
whose base i s cut by a n arched n iche contain ing t he bust of t he
deceased. The f ie
ld o f t he p ediment i s decorated w ith a rosette,
the upper c orners w ith d olphins. At the outs ides of the niche
there are stylized l eaves. The t ext o f t
he i nscription, enclosed
by a frame w ith a d ouble mou lding , reads: D
(is) M(an ibus) /
Corneliae / F austinae / undev igin
.ti a nnos / natae / C (a
ius) S pedius
Clemens / I v ir col(on iae) c oniug is / memor iae e rga se /d ign iss-
i
mae / f eci
t.
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
C
IL, II, 1498; J
. F. Neigebaur, Dacien, p. 2
3, no. 20 and p .
4
9, no. 6
; HTRTE, XV, pp. 1 41-142; E
. Groag, InschrHofBibl.,
1
4, no. 3
; D. A
licu, C
. P op, V. Wo l
lmann, FMS, p. 177
, n o.
5
21, p
l. CLXIII; I
DR, 11/2, 4
03
1
41. S
ounty (
ULPIA TRAIANA). L
ost p
iece?
The upper p art of the stela is decorated w ith a tr

iangu lar pediment
whose base is cut by a s hel
l-shaped meda llion. I
nside the meda l-
l
ion are three busts ( parents a nd a child). The fie
ld o f t
he p edi-
ment is decorated with v egetal ornament a nd t he corner between
the p
ed iment a nd t
he a rch o f t
he niche w ith a tri
ton ( ?), a tr
ident
and a bird.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
D
. A
licu, C
. P
op, V
. Wo
llmann, FMS, p
. 1
80, n
o. 5
30.
1
42. S
ounty (
ULPIA TRAIANA). L
ost p
iece?
S
tela. Marble? F
ragmentary?
The upper p art i

s decorated w i
th a n enclosed pediment whose base
i
s cut by a c urved niche (?) inside which a re f
ive busts (parents
and three c h
ildren). The inscription reads: D
(is) M(anibus) /
C[a]eci[l ]
ia C(ai) f
(ilia) Val/ [
enti]na vixit an(nos)/uxemaius...
1
36
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
C
IL, II, 1528
; J
, no. 2
; D
. A
lieu,
C
. Pop, V. Wollmann, FMS, no. 522, p. 177, p
l. CLIX (w
ith t
he
who
le b
ibl
iography); I
DR, II/2, 3
97
1
43. Turda. C
luj c
ounty (
POTAISSA). L
ost p
iece.
S
tela. Marble? S
ize: 2
17 x 1
10 cm.
Only t he rel
ief field of the ste
la was p reserved. The upper part
c
ons ists of a n a
ttic decorated w ith a Medusa's bust? flanked by
geni
i h olding a g arland‘ The centre of the rel
ief i
s o ccup
ied by
an arched n iche, w ith winds p rotomae outside, on the upper part.
I
nside t he niche a re three stand ing f
igures ( a man flanked by a
woman a nd a girl?)
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
V. Wo
llmann, Pota
issa, I
, 1978, pp. 4
7-48, f
ig. 8
; I
. I
. Russu,
SCIVA, 30, 1
979, 2, p. 2
19, fig. 4
.
1
44. Ve e
l. Hunedoara c
ounty (
nv. 2
200.
S
tela. Cong
lomerate. Damaged. S
ize: 2
69 x 8
7 x 2
0 cm.
S
te la with e nclosed p ediment a nd a rched niche. The fi
eld o f the
pediment i s d ecorated w i
th a Medusa h ead. Outside the p ediment
t
here a re r osettes. The bust o f t he deceased woman i s inside
t
he n iche. The text o f the inscription, enclosed by a f rame, r eads:
D(is) M(an ibus) / Ae l
ia As in[i ?]/ a nn(orum) L I M(areus) An -/
t
on(ius) V iator/ c on
iug i b en(e)/mer(en ti) pos(uit) (Prof . I. I
.
Russu 's read ing).
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
Unpubl
ished.
FRAGMENTARY F
IGURED NON-ARCHITECTURAL STELAE
WITH CURVED N
ICHES
1
45. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 3
81
S
tela
. Gr
it-stone. F
ragment. S
ize: 3
8 x 4
0 x 1
7 cm.
The f
ragment i
s t he upper l
eft c
orner o
f a s
tela wi
th att
ic ( ?) and
a
rched n
iche. I
ns ide t
he n
iche a woman
's head can b
e d istinguished.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
Unpubl
ished.
1
46. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 2
82.
S
tela. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 6
3 x 4
9 x 2
2 cm.
S
tela w
ith arched n
iche, s
howing the busts o
f a f
ami
ly: a woman,
o
n the lef
t, a man on t
he r
ight a
nd a c h
ild i
n f
ront of i
ts parents.
The i
nscr
iption r
eads: D
(is) M(an
ibus)/Caeserni...
Da
te: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
enturies A
. D.
B. Cserni
, ATK, 1
901, p. 4
96, no. 5
33; R
. Münsterberg, J
.
Oeh
ler, JÖAI, V
, 1902, c
. 1
16
1
37
1
47. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 4
68.
S
tela. Gr
it-stone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 6
5 x 5
5 x 1
7 cm.
The f
ragment shows a r ectangular n
iche with a bust o
f ac
hild.
From t
he i
nscription is preserved: D(is) M(anibus) / vet
(
eranus) l
e[g(ionis)] .... /
...C... /
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
Unpubl
ished.
1
48. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 1
12.
S
tela. Gr
it-stone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 4
2 x 2
7 x 8 cm.
The fragment shows t

he bust of a man i
nside a
n a
rched n
iche.
Only the l
etter M i
s p
reserved.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
Unpub
lished.
1
49. P
ätringen
i. A
lba c
ounty. C
nv. I 5
822.
S
tela. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 1
25 x 7
5 x 2
0 cm.
Only t he l
ower p art o
f t he rel
ief i
s preserved. The text o
f the
i
nscription, e nclosed by a f rame with a d oub le moulding, reads:
D(is) M (anibus) / Syr i
llioni / aed
ituo , / qui vix(i
t) a (nnos)LXXVIII/
L
ibera lis Augg(ustorum) ( duorum) / l
ib(ertus) a c om(mentariis) /
e
t Ae l(ia) Victoria / patri b(ene) m(erent i).
Date: 1
70 A
. D.
A. Buday, Dolgozatok, VII 2 , 1

916, p. 7
5, f
ig. 3
; Gr. F
lorescu,
ED, IV, 1
930, p. 9 3, n
o. 2 7, fig. 21.
1
50. Turda. Clu
j county (
POTAISSA). Bucharest, I
nst
itute o
f Archae-
o
logy L 2
059.
S
tela. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 8
7 x 1
5 cm.
Reused monument. I
n a curved niche bordered by a spiral c
olumn
on the l
eft a
re two busts of a
dults and the bust o
f a child. The
man is ho
lding a vo
lumen. Be
low t he r
elief f
ie
ld, the l
etters D M .
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
I
. Teg
ld s, AE, XXIV, 1
907
, pp. 2
49-250; E
. Bu
jor, Apu
lum, V
I,
1
967
, p . 193, f
ig. 3
.
1
51 Veel
. Hunedoara c
ounty (
nv. 3
527.
P
l. XII.
S
tela. Andes
ite. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 8
6 x 6
2 x 1
4 cm
Stela with arched niche, s howing the busts o f two a du

lts a nd in
f
ront o f them the busts o f chi
ldren. The inscription, e nc
losed
by a frame, r eads: D(is) M(anibus) Ael(ius) Ianuari / us vix(it)
an(nis) XVIII / P (ubl
ius) Ae l(ius) Ae
lianus / f(ilio) p(ientissimo)
p(osuit).
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
C
IL, I I, 1
286
; R
. Münsterberg, J
. Oeh
ler, J
OÄI, V
, 1
702, Beib
l.
c
. 127.
1
38
I
I C
l F
IGURED NON-ARCH
ITECTURAL STELAE W
ITH MEDALL
IONS
1
52. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 1
28.
S
tela. L
imestone. F
ragment. S
ize: 2
9 x 1
3 x 8 cm
The f
ragment s
hows the rema
ins of acorona s
urround
ing a man
's
head i
n p
rofi
le and t
he head of a d
olph
in.
Da
te: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
Unpubl
ished
.
1
53. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 3
83.
S
tela. Gr
it-stone. F
ragment. S
ize: 4
2 x 1
9 x 6 cm.
On
ly t he upper l
eft c
orner i s p
reserved
, s
how
ing t
he p
rotoma o
f
a wind
, o u
tside a medal
lion.
Date
: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entury A
.D.
Unpubl
ished.
1
54. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 1
31/1.
S
tela
. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 3
6 x 3
6 x 9 cm.
The f
ragment s
hows t
he h
ead o
f a man i
nside a c
ircu
lar n
iche.
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
Unpub
lished.
1
55. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 1
32.
S
tela
. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 2
9 x 3
5 x 1
0.5 cm.
The f
ragments s
how the rema
ins of acorona w
ith t
aen
ia a
nd o
uts
ide
t
he wrea
th are a ma
le bus
t a nd a d
olph
in.
Da
te: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
Unpubl
ished.
1
56. C
hie
ei. C
luj c
ounty. C
nv. I 4
805
.
S
tela
. L
imestone
. F
ragmen
tary
. S
ize
: 4
8 x 5
6 x 1
7.7 c
m.
S
tela with an architrave o
n the upper p
art. The f
i
eld of t
he rel
ief
shows the bust of a man enc
losed by a medal
lion. Outs
ide the
medal
lion, two rosettes.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
Unpubl
ished.
1
57. C
luj-Napoca (
NAPOCA). C
luj-Napoca Museum, I
nv. I 8
22. P
l. X
III.
S
tela
. L
imes
tone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 7
7.5 x 7
1 x 2
2 cm.
Only the re
lief fie
ld i s p reserved. The medal
lion, enclosed i n a
r
ectangular s pace, c onsists of an iche surrounded by a c orona
w
ith taenia. I
nside t he meda ll
ion there are three busts: a man
and a woman a nd i n front o f them a chi
ld. The upper c orners a re
d
ecorated w ith stylized leaves a nd the lower corners with a canthus
l
eaves.
Da
te: t
he s
econd h
alf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
1
39
2
A
. S chober, Do
lgozatok, I , 1 911
, p p. 282-283
, f ig. 9
; Gr.
F
lorescu, ED, IV, 1930
, n o. 39, fig. 3 3
, pp. 9 9-100; RR, p .
2
67, G 17 U(= Civ
ilfà
, p . 250, G 1 13).
1
58 C
luj-Napoca (
NAPOCA). C
nv. I 8
22. P
l.
X
III.
S
tela. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize
: 1
11 x 9
0 x 1
7 cm.
The fie
ld o f the relief is divided into t wo registers. The upper
part depicts a meda llion (she l
l-shaped n iche s urrounded by a
corona with a f ema
le bust i nside) flanked by t wo g eni
i h o
lding a
bunch o f grapes a nd a t hyrsos ( ?) The other r egister s hows two
horsemen, h olding t he horse 's re
ins a nd a s pear.
Date: t
he e
nd o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury —the b
eginning o
f t
he 3
rd c
entury
A.D.
R
. Münsterberg
, J. Oeh ler
, JÖAI, V, 1902
, Beib l., c. 9
4. Gr.
F
lorescu
, ED, IV, 1930, p. 1
00, no. 40
, fig. 34
; RR, p
. 264,
G 173
, pl. 9
5 (= C
iviltä
, pp. 249-250
, G 112).
1
59. Mo
igrad, Sä
laj c
ounty (
POROL
ISSUM). Z
aläu Museum. I
nv. 1
019
.
P
l. XIII.
S
tela. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 5
4 x 5
6 x 2
6 cm.
Only the l
eft c
orner of the r
elief fie
ld is preserved. The s
tela is
decorated w
ith a meda
llion. I
nside t he m
edall
ion there is a bust of
a woman. An acanthus leaf i
s r epresented in the l
eft upper corner.
Date: t
he e
nd o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
N
. Gudea
, V
. Lucäce
l, I
nsmonZa
läu, p
. 4
2, n
o. 1
38.
1
60. Mo
igrad, S
äla
j c
ounty (
POROL
ISSUM). Z
aläu Museum. I
nv. 1
726.
S
tela
. L
imes
tone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 5
2 x 5
2 x 1
5 cm.
Only t he upper left corner of the s

tela is preserved. The upper
r
eg ister is decorated with a sty
lized leaf
. Below there i s a medal-
l
ion, w ith inside the bust of a woman. The s pace between the b ase
o
f t he upper r egister and the corner outside t he m
eda l
lion is deco-
r
ated w i
th a n acanthus leaf
.
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
N
. Gudea
, V
. Lucäce
l, I
nsmonZa
läu
, p
. 4
2, n
o. 1
39.
1
61. P
oje
jena. Carae S
ever
in c
ounty
. T
im 4oara Museum.
S
tela. Gr
ize
: 2
15 x 6
0 x 2
0 cm.
The f
ield o
f the re
lief shows a wrea th wi
th a woman 's bust ins
ide
and a
bove a garland with a rosette. The i
nscription enclosed by a
f
rame is e
roded. Only the l
etters r. 1D M r. 2S , r. 3 ET, r . 4
MU, 4
. 6D , r
. 7 CONIUG-, r .8 B M c an b
e distinguished.
Da
te: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
C
IL, II, 6
275; C
IL, I
I, 8
006; M
. Moga
, I
. I
. Russu
, L
apidMBan,
4
2; I
DR, II/1, 1
9.
1
62. Rähäu. A
lba c
ounty. Rähäu v
il
lage i
nserted i
n t
he h
ouse n
o. 7
7.
S
tela. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 1
00 x 1
20 x 1
5 cm.
1
40
The field of t he r
elief shows a meda llion, flanked by A ttis holding
the pedum a nd by t wo rosettes. I
nside the meda ll
ion, c onsisting
o
f an iche s urrounded by a wreath, t
wo busts are d epicted.
Below t here is the inscription, e nclosed by a t abula ansata d ecora-
t
ed w ith d o
lphins. The inscription r eads: Dis Man(ibus) / I ul
iae
Maximae / v ix(it) ann(os) LXV.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
C
. Daicov
iciu, Dac
ia, VII-VIII, p
. 317, no. 20; V
. Wo
llmann,
R
. Grecu, Apulum, XIV, 1976, pp. 104-106, fig. 5
.
1
63. S
är 4eni. Mures c
ounty. C
nv. I6
194.
S
tela
. Andes
ite. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 4
2.5 x 4
2 x 2
3 cm.
The f
ragment s
hows t
he bust o
f a man s
urrounded by a meda
llion.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
Unpubl
ished.
1
64. Z
latna (
AMPELUM). Z
latna t
own, bui
lt i
nto t
he wa
ll o
f t
he s
choo
l.
S
tela. Gr
it-stone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 6
3 x 3
7 cm.
The f
ragment s
hows a bust o
f a woman under a s
hel
l-shaped n
iche.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
V
. Wollmann, R
. Grecu, Apu
lum, X
IV, 1
976, p
. 1
08, n
o. 6
, f
ig. 8
8a-b.
I
I C2 F
IGURED NON - ARCH
ITECTURAL STELAE WITH MEDALL
IONS,
PEDIMENTS AND ATTICS ON THE UPPER PART
1
65. S
armizegetusa
. Hunedoara c
ounty (
I
nv. 2198. P
l. X
III.
S
tela. Marble. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 1
19 x 8
9 x 1
9 cm.
S
tela w ith a s hel
l-shaped niche a nd a n enclosed p ed
iment o n the
upper r egister. The meda
llion, d ecorated w ith the busts of t
he
deceased, c uts t he l
ower border o f the p ediment. I
t i
s flanked
by facing h eads o f l
ions a
nd r osettes ( p
laced b elow).
The inscr
ipt
ion, e nclosed by a f
rame, reads
: D(is) M
(anibus) /
U
lp(io) Chelido/n
i v
ix(i
t) an(n
is) XLVI / L(ucius) Cass
ius ..
Date: f
irst h
alf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
C
IL, II, 12591; Gr. Florescu, ED, I V, 1930, no. 41, f
ig. 35;
L
. Teposu-Marinescu, S argetia, XI-XII, 1974-1975, p. 252, f
ig.
3
; D
. Al
icu, C . Pop, V . Wollmann, FMS, p . 178, n
o. 524, pl.
XCIV; IDR, 11/2, 446
1
66. Sarmizegetusa. Hunedoara c
nv. 1
2050.
P
l. X III.
S
tela. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 9
5 x 5
5 x 1
8 cm.
The upper r
egister of t
he ste
la depicts a f
emale bust e
nclosed by
a s
hel
l-shaped niche. This i
s i
n its turn enc
losed by a pediment
1
41
o
pen a
t t
he t
op. I
n t
he c
orners, a
bove t
he p
ediment, t
here a
re
t
wo s
tyl
ized l
eaves.
Da
te: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
D
. A l
icu, C
. P
op, V
. Wo
llmann, FMS, pp. 1
81-182, n
o. 5
37, p
l.
CV.
1
67. S
ounty (
ULPIA TRAIANA). S
armizege-
t
usa Museum. I
nv. 1063.
S
tela. Gr
it-stone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 5
0 x 9
0 x 2
0 cm.
The upper rectangular reg

ister o
f a ste
la d epicts two peacocks,
one o
f which is dr
ink ing f
rom a kantharos. Below t h
is register
t
here is an upper border of an a
rched n iche ( meda
llion ?
)
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
0
. F
loca, Ghid S
armizegetusa
, p. 69, f
ig. 5
6. D
. A
licu
, C
. P
op,
V
. Wo
llmann, FMS, p. 180, no. 5
31, p
l. CV.
1
68. S
armizegetusa
, Hunedoara c
ounty (
ULPIA TRAIANA). L
ost p
iece.
S
tela w
ith a bust e
nclosed by a meda
llion.
The inscript
ion r
eads: D(is) M
(an
ibus) / Cn(aeo?).../ I
anuar
io/
v
ix(it) an(nos) XXI /
...
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
C
IL, II, 1533
; J
. F. Neigebaur, Dacien, P. 4
9, no. 10; D
. Al
icu,
C
. Pop, V. Wollmann, FMS, P. 1
79, no. 526; IDR, 11/2, 4
14
IIC F
IGURED, NON-ARCHITECTURAL STELAE W
ITH MEDALL
IONS.
FRAGMENTS
1
69. A
lba J
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 4
71
S
tela. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 7
4 x 5
1 x 1
7 cm.
Only the lower part o

f the meda llion a nd a f
ragment o f the ins-
c
ription are preserved. The inscription reads: [
D(is)] M(an ibus)
/ e
q( ues) a
le / [I
llyr
ic ]i
:
)( r
um ) e x / N(umero) sin g
(u lar
iorum )
/a n(norum) XX ..
Date: t
he e
nd o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
I
. I
. Russu
, SCIV, 18, 1967, 1, pp. 1
74-176, f
ig. 8
; i
dem, SCIV,
2
8, 1977
, 1
, pp. 1
00-101, fig. 5.
1
70. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 4
59.
S
tela. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 7
2 x 7
0 x 1
5 cm.
Ste
la with medall
ion, e nclosed by a rectangular n
iche. Inside the
medal
lion there are the busts of the deceased: a woman o n the
l
eft and a man o n the right. The lower lef
t corner is decorated
w
ith a n a
canthus leaf. F rom the t
ext o f t
he inscr
iption, e nclosed
by a frame, only the l
e tter D i
s preserved.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
Gr. F
lorescu, ED, I
V, 1
930, P
. 9
9, n
o. 3
8, f
ig. 3
2.
1
42
1
71. ura Micä, Sibiu county. S
ibiu Brukentha
l Museum. I
nv. A
1
909 = 4 101
S
tela. L
imestone. Fragmentary. Size: 1
52 x 7
6 x 2
0 cm.
Only the lower p art of the rel

ief i
s preserved. It s
hows a meda l-
l
ion, containing t wo busts (a woman a nd a c hi
ld). The i nscr
iption
r
eads: D(is) M (anibus) /Iul(ia) Mag
iona / v ix(it) an(nos) XXI /
p
(ater) p (osuit) f(i
liae) b(ene)m(eren t
i) h(ic) e (st) s(ita).
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
I
. I
. Russu, A
ISC, V , 1
949, p
. 2
93; I
. I
. Russu, MusBrukStCom,
1
2, 1965, p
. 2
10, f
ig. 6
.
II D1 F
IGURED NON-ARCH
ITECTURAL STELAE, W
ITH HORSESHOE-
SHAPED N
ICHES
1
72. S
armizegetusa. Hunedoara county (
ULPIA TRAIANA). S
arm
izege-
t
usa Museum. I
nv. 12.999.
S
tela. Gr
it-stone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 2
80 x 8
5 x 2
0 cm.
S
tela wi
th h orseshoe-shaped n
iche a nd medal
lion, whose l ower part
i
s open, containing a f
emale bust. From the inscr
iption t he le
tters
DO r. 3; vix r. 4; COLLE, r. 5 ; FU r
. 6c an be distinguished.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
G. Sz
inte, HTR M VIII, 1
893-1897
, p. 37; D
. Al
icu, C. Pop, V
.
Wol
lmann, FMS, p
. 1
78, no. 525, p
l. CLX ; I
DR, 11/2, 4
07
1
73. Vete
l. Hunedoara c
ounty (
MICIA). C
nv.
MIC 6. P
l. XIV.
S
tela. L
imestone. Restored. Wel
l-preserved. S
ize: 1
40 x 6
2 x
1
85 cm.
S
tela wi
th horseshoe-shaped n iche showing the busts o
f afami
ly.
The l
ower corners are decorated with styl
ized l
eaves. I
n t
he niche,
whose l
ower side i
s open, five busts.
The i nscr
iption, b ordered by a f rame wh ich forms an extens ion of
the niche, reads: D
(is) M(an ibus)/ Aur(e lius) Maurus v et/eranus
c
(o)hor(tis) / Com(m)agenoru(m) v ix(it) an(nis) L Aur(el ius)
Prima/nus v ix(it) an(nis) XVIIII Aur(e lius) / Surus mil
is N (umeri)
M(aurorum)/ M (iciensium) vix(it) an(nis) XX Aur(e lia) Eus/tina
v
ix(it) a
n(nis) b s XVII Aure
l/ia Sur
illa / ma
ter p
(ro) p
(ieta
te)
f
(ecit) /
b(ene)m(erent
ibus)
Date: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
. D.
C
IL, II, 6267
; A
. S chober, Do lgozatok, I 2 , 1911, pp. 281-282,
f
ig. 8
; Gr. Florescu, ED, 1 930, pp. 9 3-94, n o. 2 9
, fig. 23; RR,
p
. 138
, D 6 5 (= Civi
lte
ä, pp. 1 53-154, D 7 1),
1
74. Vetel. Hunedoara c
ounty (
nv. 2
3.352.
P
1. 6 XV .
S
tela. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 1
20 x 7
5 x 2
0 cm.
S
tela wi
th medal
lion, i
nside a horseshoe-shaped niche, which o
pens
o
ut from t
he frame of t
he inscr
iption. W
ithin t
he medall
ion is the
1
43
bust o
f the deceased. The upper c
orners o
f t
he s
tela a
re d
ecorated
wi
th acanthus leaves.

(is) M
(an
ibus)/ Cor(ne
lio) Bu
isinn
io
v
ix(it) an(n is) X
...
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
0
. F
loca, AMN, V
, 1
968, pp. 1
14-115
, n
o. 3
. f
ig. 3
.
I
I D2 F
IGURED NON-ARCHITECTURAL STELAE WITH HORSESHOE-
SHAPED N
ICHES AND PEDIMENTS ON THE UPPER PART
1
75. Oräst
iora d
e J
os. Hunedoara c
ounty. D
eva Museum. I
nv. 1
01.
P
l. 'XIV.
S
tela. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 1
25 x 7
7 x 2
0 cm.
A pediment decorated w ith a h

ead o f Medusa, i s enclosed i
n the
upper rectangular register o
f the stela. Below there is ahorse-
shoe-shaped niche with a medallion which i s open at the l
ower
s
ide. I
nside the medallion i
s a male bus t.
Date: t
he e
nd o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
Gr. Florescu, ED, IV, 1

930, p
. 95
, n o. 3
2, fig. 26. D
. Alicu,
C. Pop, V . Wo
llmann, FMS, pp. 1
80-181, no. 533, pl. CVI.
1
ounty (
Museum. Inv. 9
9.
S
tela. Ca
lcareous g
rit-stone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 7
7 x 8
6 x
2
0 cm.
Only the f i
eld of the rel
ief has survived, c onsisting of a medal
lion
and with a p ediment above, e nc
losed by a r ectangu lar reg
ister.
The p ed
iment i s decorated with a rosette and a n acanthus leaf.
Outside t he pediment, d o
lphins. The meda l
l ion, inside a she
ll-
shaped n iche, contains the busts of the deceased, a man a nd a
woman.
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
Gr. F
lorescu, ED , IV, 1
930, pp. 1
01-102, no. 42, f
ig. 3
6; D
.
Al
icu, C. Pop, V. Wo
llmann, FMS, p
. 181, no. 535.
1
ounty (
Museum. Inv. 1
00.
S
tela. Gri
t-stone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 1
55 x 8
4 x 1
7 cm.
Only t he fi
eld o f t
he rel
ief h as survived. The upper register
c
ons ists of a triangular pediment, e nc
losed i n t
he rectangular
f
ield, d ecorated with a rosette. Be
low t here i
s a medall
ion, w ith
t
he busts o f two adults and a c h
ild, inside a horseshoe-shaped
n
iche.
Date
: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.

930, p. 94, n
o. 30, fig. 2
4; D
. A
licu,
C. Pop, V . Wo
llmann, FMS, p. 181, no. 5
34.
1
44
I
I D3 F
IGURED NON-ARCHITECTURAL STELAE WITH HORSESHOE-
SHAPED N
ICHES AND ATTICS ON THE UPPER PART
1
78. Vete
l. Hunedoara c
ounty (
nv. 2
465.
P
l.' XIV.
S
tela. Andes
ite. Damaged. S
ize: 2
90 x 9
0 x 2
6 cm.
S
te la wi
th h orseshoe-shaped n iche, meda ll
ion a nd a ttic on the
upper p art. The attic i
s decorated w i
th a Medusa h ead in the
c
entre, f lanked by t wo genii. The g enius o n the l eft h
olds a
b
ird a nd t he g enius on the right a f lower. The centre o f the
s
tela is occupied by a h orseshoe-shaped n iche, w i
th a meda l
lion
i
nside, c ontaining t hree busts: a woman, a man a nd a c h
ild. I
n
the corners, i nside the arch o f t
he n iche, are r epresented t he
protomae o f the w inds.
Date: t
he e
nd o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury-the b
eginning o
f t
he 3
rd c
entury
A.D.
0
. F
loca, Dacia
, V
II-VIII, 1
937-1940, pp. 3
42-343.
1
79. Vete
l. Hunedoara c
ounty (
nv. 2
3610X
P
l. XV.
S
tela. Traver
tine. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 1
58 x 9
0 x 2
0 cm.
S
tela with att
ic, a h orseshoe-shaped n iche a nd a meda l
lion. The
a
ttic i
s decorated w ith a Medusa bust, f l
anked by t wo g en i
i, hold-
i
ng a thyrsos a nd a bunch o f grapes. A medal
lion w i
th t wo
e
roded busts i s placed b e
low t he niche. The corners b etween t he
a
ttic and the arch o f the niche are decorated wi th the p rotoma of
a wind (on the left) and a n acanthus leaf (on the right).
Date: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
. D.
L
. Dav id, L
. Märghi
tan, AMN, V, 1968, p
. 134, p
l. 1/3;
Russu, SCIVA, 30, 1979
, 2
, p. 2
16, fig. 2
.
I
I D F
IGURED NON-ARCHITECTURAL STELAE W
ITH HORSES HOE-
SHAPED N
ICHES. FRAGMENTS
1
80. Sarmizegetusa, Hunedoara county (
ULPIA TRAIANA). S
arm
izege-
t
usa Museum. I
nv. 7. Pl. XV.
S
tela. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 7
3 x 6
0 x 2
0 cm.
Only the middle part of the stela i

s preserved. I
nside a h orseshoe-
shaped niche with medall
ion t here is a bust of a man. The
i
nscription r
eads. D (is) M(an ibus) / [?] Val(er
i) Philini / [vi]x(i
t)
an(nis) LXX c o
ll(egium) f a/[brum... . ]
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
C. Da
icoviciu, ACMIT, I V, 1932-1938, p. 408, n
o. 8
; 0. F
loca,
Ghid Sarmizegetusa, p. 7 0, no. 17; D
. Alicu, C. P
op, V. Wo
llmann,
FMS, p. 179, n o. 5
28, pl. C IV.
1
45
1
81. Vete
l. Huedoara c
ounty (
nv. 6
8.
P
l.' X
IV.
S
tela. Gr
it-stone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 1
23 x 7
3 x 1
9 cm.
S
tela with h orseshoe-shaped n iche open on the l
ower side. Inside
t
he niche are f our busts: t
wo women ( on the superior register)
a
nd t wo gir
ls ( on the infer
ior r eg
ister). The inscr
iption, flanked
by pilasters r
eads: D(is) M(an ibus) Antonia Quaeta / vix(i
t)
an(nos) XXXIII et An tonia Va lent
i/na fil(ia) vix(it) a
n(nos) XII
Antonius / Valent(inus) fil(ius) m(atri) et so(rori) / b(ene)
m(eren t
ibus) p(osuit ).
Date: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
. D.
C
IL, I
I, 7
869
; Gr. F
lorescu, ED, I
V, 1
930
, p
. 9
6, n
o. 3
3, f
ig.
2
7.
FRAGMENTS OF STELAE
1
82. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 2
32/11. P
l. X
I
F
ragment o
f a s
tela. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 6
8 x 3
3 x
2
8 cm
The f
ragment s
hows t
he s
he-wo
lf a
nd t
wins.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
S
. F
erri, ARD, pp. 95-97
; RR, p
. 2 67, G 184
, pl. 86 (= C
ivi
ltä
P
. 2
52, pl. LXII); C
. P op, AMN, VIII, 1971
, P. 1
77, no. 1, f
ig. 2
.
1
83. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 1
42/1.
F
ragment o
f a s
tela. L
imestone. S
ize: 5
2 x 4
9 x 2
0 cm.
The f
ragment i
s b
ordered by a
n e
dge d
ecorated w
ith a v
ine-sta
lk
and g
rapes.
The i
nscription reads: / L(ucius?) Ca/[vent i]us
C
lem/[ns L]eg XIII G(eminae) S(everianae) v/[ix(it)]
a
n(nos]... L (ucius) Cavent
i/[us Apo ll
i]naris h(eres) p (osuit).
Date: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D.
D
. Radu, Apu
lum, I
V, 1
961, p
. 1
10, no. 2
1.
1
84. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 3
94.
F
ragment o
f a s
tela. Gr
it-stone. S
ize: 2
4 x 2
0 x 1
0 cm.
The f
ragment s
hows a bust o
f a woman.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
Unpub
lished.
1
85. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 3
92.
F
ragment o
f a s
tela. Gr
it-stone. S
ize: 3
0 x 3
1 x 2
1 cm.
The f
ragment s
hows a man
's h
ead.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
Unpubl
ished.
1
46
1
86. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. nv. 3
19.
F
ragment o
f a s
tela
. L
imestone. S
ize: 4
0 x 8
1 x 2
0 cm.
The fragment shows the rema ins o

f an inscr
iption and b
elow t
he
i
nscription c
ab oand a horse. The i
nscr
iption reads: ..
l
ib(rarius) e
t Fl(av
ius) Sil[vanus]/ pos(uerunt).
Date: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D.
D
. Radu, Apu
lum, I
V, 1
967, p
. 1
13, n
o. 2
7, f
ig. 2
7.
1
87. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba J
ulia Museum. I
nv. 1
24.
F
ragment o
f a s
tela. L
imestone. S
ize: 4
8 x 6
0 x 3
2 cm.
The f
ragment, b
ordered by p
ilasters, s
hows a h
orseman h
old
ing
a s
pear.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
Unpubl
ished.
1
88. A
lba J
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba J
ulia Museum. I
nv. 4
14.
F
ragment o
f a s
tela. L
imestone. S
ize: 7
5 x 4
2 x 2
0 cm.
The f
ragment shows a woman 's bust i
nside a meda
llion. On t
he
l
eft t
he l
etter D c
an be distinguished.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
Unpubl
ished.
1
89. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba J
ulia Museum. I
nv. 4
03.
F
ragment o
f a s
tela. Gr
it-stone. S
ize: 5
1 x 2
0 x 2
2 cm.
The f
ragment s
hows a p
art o
f a g
enius a
nd a r
osette.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
Unpubl
ished.
1
90. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 1
27.
F
ragment o
f a s
tela. L
imestone. S
ize: 3
3 x 2
0 x 1
2 cm.
The f
ragment s
hows t
he bust o
f a man.
Date: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
. D.
Unpubl
ished.
1
91. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba J
ulia Museum. I
nv. 5
02.
F
ragment o
f a s
tela. L
imestone. S
ize: 6
5 x 4
0 x 2
0 cm.
The f
ragment bordered by a c
olumn decorated w i
th a v
ine-sta
lk
and g
rapes, shows cab oa
nd a head o
f ah orse.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
Unpubl
ished.
1
92. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 3
80.
F
ragment o
f a s
tela. Gr
it-stone. S
ize: 4
8 x 1
9 x 2
2 cm.
The f
ragment s
hows a s
pira
l c
olumn.
1
47
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
Unpubl
ished.
1
93. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 4
85.
F
ragment o
f a s
tela. Gr
it-stone. S
ize: 4
6 x 2
4 x 2
3 cm.
Only the lef

t upper c
orner, d
ecorated w
ith a p
almette, h
as
survived.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
Unpubl
ished.
1
94. A
lba J
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 4
10.
F
ragment o
f a s
tela. Gr
it-stone. S
ize: 6
2 x 5
0 x 1
2 cm.
Only t
he lef
t upper corner of the stela i
s p reserved. The frag-
ment shows a p
art of atriangular p ediment, o uts
ide the p ed
iment
a c
to
lphin and a r
osette and, i
ns ide a niche, a ma le bust.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
Unpubl
ished.
1
95. A
lba J
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 1
26.
F
ragment o
f a s
tela. L
imestone. S
ize: 6
9 x 6
7 x 1
0 cm.
Only the lower p

art o
f the ste
la is preserved. The f
ragment,
bordered by a co
lumn, s hows a h
orseman. F rom the i
nscr
iption
t
he letters ..EX.../[her] ES PO(suit) can be d
istingu
ished.
Da
te: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
enturies A
. D.
1
96. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 4
06.
S
tela. Gr
it-stone. F
ragment. S
ize: 4
7 x 3
0 x 2
5 cm.
The f
ragment is t
he r
ight s
ide of an a
ttic, s
howing a g
enius
ho
lding a g
arland and a bunch of grapes.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
Unpub
lished.
1
97. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 4
00.
F
ragment o
f a s
tela. L
imestone. S
ize: 6
4 x 2
4 x 1
8 cm.
The f
ragment s
hows a p
art o
f a
n a
ttic a
nd, b
elow, a man
's bust.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
Unpub
lished.
1
98. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 5
45.
F
ragment o
f a s
tela. L
imestone. S
ize: 3
7 x 2
8 x 2
0 cm.
A part o
f a s
tela w
ith a
ttic i
s p
reserved. I
t s
hows a r
osette,
a bunch of g
rapes and a b
ird (
cock?).
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
Unpubl
ished.
1
48
1
99. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 3
87.
F
ragment o
f a s
tela. Gr
it-s
tone. S
ize: 4
0 x 2
8 x 1
1 cm.
Only t
he upper l
eft c
orner o
f t
he s
tela
, s
how
ing a d
olph
in, h
as
surv
ived.
Da
te: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
Unpub
lished.
2
00. Bile Hercu
lane. Carae-Sever in c
ounty. Bi
le Hercu
lane t
own
i
nsert i
n the wa
ll o
f ah ouse.
S
tela
. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 7
8 x 9
5 cm.
The field of the r el

ief shows a p art o
f t wo busts. The inscr
ipt ion,
enc
losed by a f rame, r eads: D
(is) I(nferis) M(anibus) S(acrum) /
Septi(mius) B itus e t S
eptim(ia) / Valentina vixerunt / annis LIIII
p
osuer/unt Sept
im(ius) Bas(sus) e t Aur(e lius) /Va
le(n)s patris
bene /merentis
Date: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D.
C
IL, I
I, 1
2598
; I
DR, I
I/1
, n
. 7
2.
2
01. BAncoveneet
i, Muree c
ounty, T
1rgu Muree Museum. I
nv. 6
571
S
tela. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize
: 5
9 x 8
3 x 2
3 c
m.
The text of the inscription, e nc

losed by a frame, reads :
[D(is) M(anibus) ? 1, Aure l(ius) Va
le(n)s sisq(uip
licarius) alae/
I
nlyri(corum) vix(it) a nnis(s) XLV / Z ets
i c on
iux c on/iugi bene-
me(renti) p(osui
t)
Date: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D.
D
. P rotase, A
. Z r
inyi, Mar
isia
, V, 1975, p. 6
1, pl. XXVIII, f
ig.
1
-2; I
. I. Russu, SCIVA, 28, 1
977, 1, pp. 9
5-101.
2
02. Brincoveneet
i, Mures c
ounty. T
nv. 6
590
.
S
tela. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize
: 1
4 x 6
6 x 2
5 c
m.
S
tela w
ith r
ectangu
lar n
iche? The f
i
eld o
f t
he i
nscr
ipt
ion i
s s
ur-
r
ounded by a f
rame.
The inscr
iption r eads: D
(is) M(an
ibus) Ael(ia) Kara / v
ix(i
t)
an(n
is) XL / U lp(ius) Dassius / [
vet(eranus)] ex dec(ur
ione) /
[
conilugi pien(tissimae) / b
(ene) / m(erent
i) f(ec
it)
Date
: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
D
. P
rotase, A
. Zrinyi
, Mar
isia, V, 1
975
, P. 61, pl. XXVIII, f
ig.
4
; I. I
. Russu, SCIVA, 2
8, 1977, 1
, pp. 1
01-102, fig
. 6.
2
03. Br
incovenest
i. Mures c
ounty. r
irgu Mures Museum.
F
ragment o
f a s
tela
. L
imestone.
The f
ragment s
hows t
he s
he-wo
lf a
nd t
wins.
Date
: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
C
. P
op, AMN, V
III, 1
971
, p
. 1
78, n
o. 4
.
1
49
2
04. C
luj-Napoca (
NAPOCA). C
nv. I 6
918.
F
ragment o
f a s
tela. L
imestone. S
ize: 3
1.7 x 3
4.3 x 1
2.5 cm.
The f
ragment s
hows a woman h
old
ing a h
ang
ing.
Date: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D.
Unpubl
ished.
2
05. Cr
iste ti. Mures c
ounty. L
ost p
iece.
F
ragment o
f a s
tela. Gr
it-stone. S
ize: 4
0 x 2
4 x 2
0 cm.
The fragment shows a s

piral c
olumn. F
rom t he t
ext of t
he ins-
c
ription t
he le
tters PO(sui
t?) / BEN[e)mer(enti) ?
] has surv
ived.
Da
te: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
C
IL, II, 7
715
; I
. P
aulov
ics
, Dacia
, p
. 9
5, f
ig. 5
3.
2
06. Cr
iste ti. Mures c
ounty. T
irgu Mure Museum. I
nv. 4
918
.
F
ragment o
f a s
tela. Gr
it-stone. S
ize: 4
5 x 3
2 x 1
9 cm.
The f
ragment s
hows a s
pira
l c
olumn a
nd t
he l
etter B(ene) M
(erent
i)
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
I
. P
aulov
ics, Dacia
, p
. 9
5, f
ig. 5
3.
2
(17
. Cr
iste t
i, Mures c
ounty. L
ost p
iece.
S
tela. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 5
8 x 8
8 x 1
5 cm.
The f
ragment s
hows, e
nclosed by a f
rame, t
he s
he-wo
lf a
nd t
wins.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
I
. P
au lov
ics, Dacia, p. 8
8, f
ig. 2
6; C
. P
op, AMN, V
III, 1
971,
p
. 177, no. 2
, fig. 3.
2
08. Geoag
iu. Hunedoara c
ounty (
GERMISARA). L
ost p
iece.
S
tela. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 4
0 x 6
0 cm.
S
tela wi
th s
emi-circular p
ediment? Above t
he f
ield o
f t
he i
nscr
ip-
t
ion t
here i
s av ine-sta
lk wi
th g rapes.
The i
nscription r
eads: D
(is) M
(an
ibus) Cass
ia Sur(a) v
ix(i
t )
Da
te: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
N
. Gostar, CCRH, 1
956, pp. 6
2-63, n
o. 2
, f
ig. 2
.
2
09. Gher
la. C
luj c
ounty. L
ost.
S
tela. Gr
it-stone. F
ragmentary.
The fie
ld of the r
elief
, s
how ing a h
orse and the f
ield of the i
ns-
c
ription a
re flanked by a c
olumn, decorated w
ith vine-sta
lk a nd
grapes.
The i
nscr
iption r
eads: D
(is) M
(an
ibus) R
... /e
q(ues) a
lae
P
annonioru/m vhdt a
[n(n is)] XXXVIII, Br
is /
enus, i
mag(in
ifer)
h
eres, po/nendum curav
it
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
D
. P
rotase, SCIV, 1
9, 1
968, 2
, pp. 3
41-343, f
ig. 2
-3.
1
50
2
10. Gher
la. C
luj c
ounty. L
ost.
S
tela. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 5
7 x 9
2 x 2
3 cm.
S
tela with rectangu
lar niche, bordered by s piral c
olumns, s how
ing
a bust of a man. The text o
f the inscr
iption r eads: D(is)
M
(an ibus) Scenobar/us, Das(i) f
(il
ius) v ix(it).
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
D
. P
rotase, SCIV, 1
9, 1
968, 2
, p
. 3
40, f
ig. 1
.
2
11. Gher
la. C
luj c
ounty. C
luj-Napoca Museum.
F
ragment o
f a s
tela. L
imestone. S
ize: 5
6 x 5
8 x 2
4 cm.
The fragment s
hows A
ttis a
nd par
t o
f a
n e
dge w
ith v
egeta
l
decorat
ion.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
I
. Ornstein, J
ÖAI, V
I, 1
903, Be
ibl
, c
. 1
20, f
ig. 4
2.
2
12. Gher
la. C
luj c
ounty. Gher
la t
own i
nsert i
n a wa
ll o
f a h
ouse.
F
ragment o
f a s
tela. L
imestone. S
ize: 8
0.8 x 9
0.2 cm.
The f
ragment s
hows t
he s
he-wo
lf.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
C
. P
op, I
nmem, C
luj, 1
974, pp. 3
11-314.
2
13. I
l
i§ua. B
istr
i p Näsäud c
ounty. De
j Museum. I
nv. 1
1/88.
F
ragment o
f a s
tela. L
imestone. S
ize: 1
20 x 6
5 x 2
5 cm.
The f
ragment s
hows t
he s
he-wo
lf a
nd t
wins.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
C
. P
op, AMN, V
III, 1
971
, p
. 1
78, no. 3
, f
ig. 4
.
2
14. I
nläcen
i. Hargh
ita c
ounty. L
ost p
iece.
S
tela. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 7
4 x 4
8 x 2
5 cm.
The s
tela represents a ma
le and fema
le bust. The i
nscription
r
eads: D
(is) M(anibus) / U
lp(ius) Rest f
litutus] v
ix(it) an(nis)
LV.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
C
. Da
icov
iciu, Dac
ia, V
II-VIII, 1
937-1940, p
. 3
18.
2
15. J
upa. Cara §S
ever
in c
ounty (
TIBISCUM). Caransebe§ Museum.
F
ragment o
f a s
tela. Gr
it-stone. S
ize: 8
6 x 7
3 x 3
0 cm.
F
ragment o f t
he infer
ior part o
f a stela. From the i
nscript
ion
e
nclosed by a double moulded frame, t wo l
ines a
re preserved:
/
socer/b (
ene)m(erenti) p
(osuit)
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
I
DR, II/I, 1
77.
1
51
2
16. J
upa. Caras S
ever
in c
ounty (
TIBISCUM). Caransebes Museum.
F
ragment o
f a s
tela. L
imestone. S
ize: 9
5 x 4
0 x 3
4 cm.
Fragment of the lower lef

t part of a s
tela. The i
nscr
iption, e n-
c
losed by a d ouble moulded frame, i
s much eroded. On
ly t he
l
etters: N---/--IXI/---/-MIV--/VIX---/CON---/TRIBU--/TIBUS
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
I
DR, I
I/1, 1
75.
2
17. J
upa. Caras S
ever
in c
ounty (
TIBISCUM). Lugo
j Museum.
S
tela
. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 8
0 x 4
9 x 1
7 cm.
The fie
ld of the r e
lief shows t he remains of four busts ( two a dults
and two children). The inscription, enclosed by a f rame, r eads:
D(is) M(anibus) / P (ublia) Ael(ia) Ingenua / vix(it) a n(nis) I
e
t /P (ublia) Ing(enu ia?) Florentin/a v(i)x(it) an(nis) I p (arentes)
p
(osuerunt). Be
low t he inscription there is an ascia.
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
C
. Daicov
iciu, A
ISC, I
, 1
928-1932, pp. 6
2-63
; I
DR, I
I.1
, n
o.
1
59.
2
18. Mo
igrad. S
äla
j c
ounty (
POROLISSUM). Z
aläu Museum. I
nv. 4
67.
F
ragment o
f a s
tela. L
imestone. S
ize: 3
5 x 3
0 x 3
2 cm.
The f
ragment shows a part o
f ap
ediment a
nd o
uts
ide t
he p
ediment
t
he protoma o
f a wind.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
N. Gudea, V. Lucäce
l, InsmonZa
läu, p
. 4
5, n
o. 1
54; I
. I
. Russu,
SCIVA, 30, 1979
, 2, p. 220.
2
19. Mo
igrad. S
alä
j c
ounty (
POROLISSUM). Z
aläu Museum. I
nv. 2
35.
F
ragment o
f a s
tela. L
imes
tone. S
ize: 5
5 x 3
4 x 1
4 cm.
The lower p art only of a ste

la, b ordered by an edge d ecorated with
av ine-stalk, is preserved. The inscript
ion reads: D
(is) M(an ibus)
/ [ J
a
. vix(it) /[ann(is) Ae
l(ia)] Nice/[ma
ter f]iliae /
benemer li
tae [ p(onendum) c (uravit)?]
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
M
. Macrea, ActMuz, I, 1 956, p . 1
12, f
ig. 8
; I
. I
. Russu, AMN,
V
, 1968, pp. 456-457, no. 4, fig. 4
; N. Gudea
, V. Lucäcel,
I
nsmonZaläu, pp. 17-18, no. 19.
2
20. Mo
igrad. S
äla
j c
ounty (
POROLISSUM). Z
aläu Museum. I
nv. 1
037.
F
ragment o
f a s
tela. L
imestone. S
ize: 8
5 x 5
5 x 2
6 cm.
F
ragment of a s
tela w
ith a
n attic o
n t
he upper p
art, s
how
ing a
w
inged gen
ius h o
lding a g
arland.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
N
. Gudea, V
. Lucacel, I
nsmonZa
lau, pp. 3
9-40
, n
o. 1
25.
2
21. Mo
igrad. S
äla
j c
ounty (
POROLISSUM) Z
aläu Museum. I
nv. 2
25.
F
ragment o
f a s
tela. L
imestone. S
ize: 4
6 x 4
0 x 2
0 cm.
1
52
F
ragment of a s
tela w
ith the f
ield div
ided into reg
isters, showing
t
wo busts (a woman on t
he lef
t a nd a man on the right, h
olding
a r
otu
lus).
Date: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
. D.
C
. Pop, Apu lum, VII.1, 1 968
, p. 418, no. 1
0, f
ig. 7
; i
dem, AMN,
I
X, 1972, p
. 5 10, no. 31; N. Gudea, V
. Lucäcel
, InsmonZaläu,
p
. 39
, n o. 123.
2
22. Mo
igrad, S
äla
j c
ounty (
POROLISSUM). Z
aläu Museum. I
nv. 2
51.
F
ragment o
f a s
tela. L
imestone. S
ize: 4
4 x 5
5 x 1
3 cm.
F
ragment o
f a s
tela with a
n a
ttic o
n t
he upper p
art s
how
ing a
g
enius h
old
ing a gar
land.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
N
. Gudea, V
. Lucäcel, I
nsmonZa
läu, pp. 3
8-39, n
o. 1
21.
2
23. Mo
igrad. Sna
j c
ounty (
POROLISSUM). Z
aläu Museum. I
nv. 2
24.
S
tela. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 6
0 x 4
5 x 1
7 cm.
Only the upper part of an unfinished stela i

s preserved. A t
ri-
angular ped
iment d ecorated wi
th a v egetal ornament and be
low a
shel
l-shaped niche enclosed by p i
lasters.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
N
. Gudea, V
. Lucace
l, I
nsmonZa
lgu, p
. 9
7, no. 1
60.
2
24. Mo
igrad. S
äla
j c
ounty (
POROLISSUM). Z
aläu Museum. I
nv. 2
29.
F
ragment o
f a s
tela. L
imestone. S
ize: 6
3 x 5
3 x 1
2 cm.
Fragment of a s
tela w
ith a
n attic on t
he upper part s
howing t
wo
genii h
old
ing a g ar
land. On the r
ight l
ower corner t
here i
s a
bul
l.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
enturies A
. D.
N
. Gudea
, V
. Lucäce
l, I
nsmonZa
läu, p
. 3
9, n
o. 1
22.
2
25. Mo
igrad. S
äla
j c
ounty (
POROLISSUM). Z
aläu Museum. I
nv. 4
68.
F
ragment o
f a s
tela. L
imestone. S
ize: 3
0 x 1
6 x 1
6 cm.
The f
ragment s
hows t
he r
ema
ins o
f ap
ediment a
nd a t
riton.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
N. Gudea
, V . Lucäce
l, InsmonZa
läu, p
. 4
7, n
o. 1
63; I
. I
. Russu,
SCIVA, 30, 1979
, 2, p. 221.
2
26. Turda. C
luj c
ounty (
POTAISSA). Turda Museum.
F
ragment. L
imestone. S
ize: 7
5 x 3
5 x 1
9 cm.
The f
ragment i
s bordered by c
olumns
, p
reserv
ing t
he word:
POSUERUNT.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
I
. I
. Russu, Z
. M
ilea, P
rob
lMuz, 1
964
, p
. 2
1, f
ig. 9
.
1
53
2
27. Turda. C
luj c
ounty. Turda Museum. I
nv. 7
4.
F
ragment o
f a s
tela. L
imestone. S
ize: 2
6 x 2
8 x 1
9 cm.
The f
ragment s
hows a bust o
f a woman.
Date: t
he s
econd h
alf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
M
. J ude, C
. P op, MonTurda, pp. 10-11, n
o. 9, pl. VI/1; 0.
F
loca, W. Wolski, BMI, XLII, 3
, 1
973, p. 17, no. 42, f
ig. 5
6.
2
28. Turda. C
luj c
ounty (
nv. 7
2.
F
ragment o
f a s
tela. L
imestone. S
ize: 1
9.5 x 1
8 x 9 cm.
The f
ragment r
epresents t
he bust o
f a man.
Date
: t
he s
econd h
alf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
M
. J
ude, C
. P
op, MonTurda, p
. 1
1 n
o. 1
0, p
l. V
I/2.
2
29. Z
latna. Alba c
ounty (AMPELUM). Z
latna town, bu
ilt i
nto t
he
wa
ll of h
ouse no. 1, E
cater
ina Varga street.
F
ragment o
f a s
tela. Gr
it-stone. S
ize: 5
1 x 4
6 cm
L
eft upper corner o
f a s
tela w
ith a
ttic s
how
ing a w
inged g
enius,
h
olding a g
arland and a poppy f
rui
t.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
V
. Wo
llmann, R
. Grecu, Apu
lum, X
IV, 1
977
, pp. 1
10-111, f
ig. 1
1.
1
54
COP
INGS (
C)
1
. Sarmizegetusa
, Hunedoara county (ULPIA TRAIANA). Bucharest,
Nationa
l Museum of H
istory. I
nv. 2893
. P
l. XVI.
Coping. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 4
1 x 4
6 x 3
8 cm.
Only a l
ion on the right hand side, holding a head of ab
ov id
beneath his f
ore-paws a nd a f
ragment o f a sph
inx w i
th a funerary
mask between the forelegs a
re p reserved.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
R
. Münsterberg, J. Oehler, HTRTE, X III, 1902, p. 122, f
ig. 1;
M
. Renard, Apu lum, V
II, 1, 1968, p. 292, fig. 25; D. Al
icu,
C
. Pop, V. Wollmann, FMS, p. 1 84
, no. 5 47
, P l. CIX.
2
. C 4e
i, C
luj c
ounty, De
j Museum. W
ithout i
nventory number.
Cop
ing. L
imestone. S
ize: 5
2 x 1
00 x 2
5 cm.
Damaged. L
ions b
ack t
o b
ack w
ith a p
ine-cone o
n ap
linth.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
Unpubl
ished.
3
. Deva, Hunedoara c
ounty. D
eva Museum. I
nv. 2
3137
.
Cop
ing. L
imes
tone. We
ll p
reserved. S
ize: 1
03 x 5
6 x 3
5 cm.
L
ions back t
o b
ack a
ssoc
iated w
ith E
ros. The d
eity i
s h
old
ing
atorch.
Date: t
he s
econd c
entury A
.D.
L
. Märghitan, Cercetär
i a
rheo
log
ice p
e v
atra o
rapu
lui Deva
, pp.
6
3-64
, fig. 39.
4
. Hunedoara c
ounty. Bucharest Nat
iona
l Museum o
f H
istory. I
nv.
2909
.
Cop
ing. We
ll p
reserved. Gr
it-stone. S
ize: 6
1 x 9
0 x 1
6 cm.
Confronted l
i
ons a
ssocia
ted w
ith a h
ead o
f Medusa o
n ap
linth.
Date
: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
Gr. F
lorescu, ED, I
V, 1930, p. 1
05, no
. 50. D. I
sac, V.
Wo
llmann, I. P
. Albu, S
argetia, X
, 1973, p
. 145, no. 8
, pl. I
I,
f
ig. 8
.
5
. J
upa, Carap-Sever
in c
ounty (
TIBISCUM). Lugo
j Museum. I
nv.
3
36.
Cop
ing. Marb
le. Damaged. S
ize: 1
23 x 4
3 x 2
8 cm.
L
ions b
ack t
o b
ack a
ssocia
ted w
ith a p
ine-cone o
n ap
linth.
Date
: t
he 3rd c entury A
.D.
D. Isac, I. Stratan, Banatica
, I
, 1
973
, p
. 1
26, n
o. 1
1, p
l. V
I.13
.
6
. P
oje
jena, Carap-Sever
in county. T
imipoara Museum. W
ithout
i
nventory number. P
l. XVII.
Coping. L
ize: 6
6 x 8
0 x 3
2 cm.
1
55
L
ions back to back associated w ith a curved n
iche. In
itia
lly in
t
he niche was a bust of the d eceased. The f
rame of t
he n iche
i
s decorated w
ith vegetal o rnament.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
Unpubl
ished.
7
. Sarmizegetusa, Hunedoara c
ounty (
ULPIA TRAIANA). Lugo
j
Museum I nv. 501
.
Coping. Marb
le. We
ll-preserved. S
ize: 1
13 x 3
9 x 3
9 cm.
Confronted l
i
ons a
ssocia
ted w
ith a p
ine-cone o
n a p
linth.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
D
. Isac, I
. Stratan, Banat
ica, I, 1973
, p . 126, pl. IV, 1
4;
D
. A
licu, C. Pop, V . Wo
llmann, FMS, 166, no. 482, pl. LXXXVIII.
8
. S
ounty (
ULPIA TRAIANA). S
armizege-
t
usa Museum. I
nv. 1242.
Coping. L
imes
tone. Damaged. S
ize: 9
0 x 4
2 x 1
8.5 cm.
L
ions b
ack to back w
ith h
eads o
f d
ead a
nima
ls under t
he f
ore-
p
aw of each b
east.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
V. Wol
lmann, Apulum, XIII, 1
975, pp. 2
13-217, fig. 1
5; D
.
Al
icu, C. Pop, V
. Wollmann, FMS, pp. 166-167, no. 4
83, p
l.
LXXXVII.
9
. S
ounty (
I
nv. 12046. Pl. XVIII.
Coping. L
imestone. We
ll p
reserved. S
ize: 9
0 x 5
6 x 1
3 cm.
L
ions b
ack t
o b
ack a
ssociated w
ith a p
ine-cone o
n a p
linth.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
D
. Isac ' V
. Wo llmann, I
. P
. A
lbu, S
arget
ia, X
, 1
973
, p
. 1
44,
n
o. 1, p1. I/1.
1
0. S
armizegetusa, Hunedoara county (
ULPIA TRAIANA). Densus
v
il
lage at the c
ollect
ive f
arm.
Coping. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 6
0 x 5
1 x 2
4 cm.
F
rom the coping, li
ons back t o b
ack, o nly the l
i
on o n t
he lef
t h and
s
ide i
s preserved. He i
s holding the head of ab ov
id in his fore-
p
aws. On the r
ight side can be distinguished t
he right h
and o f
a s
phinx holding a mask of the deceased.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
V
. Wol
lmann, Apu
lum, XIII, 1
975
, pp. 220-221, fig. 2
2; D. A
licu,
C
. Pop, V
. Wol
lmann, FMS, p. 167, n
o. 485, pl. LXXXIX.
1
1. S
ounty (
ULPIA TRAIANA). S
armizege-
t
usa Museum. I
nv. 224.
Coping. L
ize: 7
0 x 4
6 x 2
3 cm.
1
56
Confronted li
ons associated with a pine-cone on a p
linth. The
deta
ils of t
he fe
lines a nd the pine-cone can hardly be distingu
ished.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
D
. Isac, V. Wol
lmann, I. P. Albu, S
arget
ia, X, 1973, pp. 144-
1
45, pl. I
, 4; D
. Alicu, C. Pop, V
. Wollmann, FMS, p. 167,
n
o. 484, p
l. LXXXVIII.
1
2. Sarmizegetusa, Hunedoara county (ULPIA TRAIANA)? Deva
Museum. Without i
nventory number.
Coping. L
ize: 7
0 x 4
6 x 2
3 cm.
L
ions b
ack t
o back a
ssociated w
ith a p
ine-cone.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
D
. Isac, V
. Wol
lmann, I
. P . A
lbu, S
argetia, X
, 1
973, pp. 1
44-
1
45, no. 7
, p
l. I, f
ig. 7.
1
3. S
ounty (
ULPIA TRAIANA). S
armizege-
t
usa Museum. I
nv. 1234.
Coping. Marb
le. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 7
1 x 5
2 x 3
6 cm.
Only t
he l
i
on on t
he l
eft-hand s
ide i
s preserved. He i
s h
old
ing
t
he head o
f a d
ead man in h
is f
ore-paws.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
R. Münsterberg, J . Oehler, JÖAI, V, 1902, B

ibl., c. 131-134;
HTRTt, X III, 1902, p. 121 sq.; D. A
licu, C. P op, V
. Wo llmann,
FMS, p. 167, no. 4 87, p
l. LXXXIX.
1
4. Teregova, Cara -Sever
in c
ounty. Caransebe Museum. W
ithout
i
nventory number.
Coping. L
ize: 9
6 x 5
0 cm.
L
ions back t
o back o
n a p
linth. The p
ine-cone i
s m
iss
ing.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
V
. Wo
llmann, AMN, V
III, 1
977, pp. 5
51-552, n
o. 1
0, f
ig. 1
2 a
-b.
1
5. Turda, C
luj c
ounty (
nv. 2
799.
Coping. L
imestone. S
ize: 1
15 x 4
9 x 2
3 cm.
L
ions back t
o back a
ssoc
iated w
ith a p
ine-cone.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
M. Jude, AMN, IX, 1

972, p
. 498, no. 5
, f
ig. 5
; M
. J
ude, C
. P
op,
MonTurda, p. 1
6, no. 27
, pl. X
III/4.
1
6. Vete
l, Hunedoara c
ounty (
nv. 3
540
.
Coping. Gr
it-stone. Restored. S
ize: 9
6 x 5
6 x 1
9 cm.
L
ions b
ack t
o back a
ssoc
iated w
ith a p
ine-cone.
Da
te: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
D
. Isac, V. Wollmann, I
. P
. A
lbu, S
arget
ia, X
, 1
973
, p
. 1
44,
n
o. 2, pl. 1
.2.
1
57
1
7. Vete
l, Hunedoara c
ounty (
nv. 1
36.
P
l. XVII.
Coping. Andesite. Fragmentary (the l

i
on o
n t
he l
eft-hand s
ide
i
s b roken). S
ize: 7
0 x 52 x 15 cm.
L
ions b
ack t
o back a
ssociated w
ith a p
ine-cone.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
D
. I
sac, V
. Wo
llmann, P
. A
lbu, S
arget
ia, X
, 1
973
, p
. 1
47, p
l.
V
, 1
7.
1
8. Vete
l, Hunedoara c
ounty (
ithout i
nven-
t
ory number.
Coping. Andes
ite. Damaged. S
ize: 9
4 x 5
6 x 3
2 cm.
L
ions back to b
ack. The h
ead o
f the l
ion r
epresented o
n t
he l
eft
h
and side and the p
ine-cone a
re miss
ing.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
D
. Isac, V. Wo
llmann, I
. P
. A
lbu, S
arget
ia, X
, 1
973
, p
.144,
n
o. 3, pl
. I, 3
.
1
9. VeIe
l, Hunedoara c
ounty (
nv. 1
30,
P
l. XVIII.
Coping. Andes
ite. Damaged. S
ize: 8
5 x 5
0 x 2
2 cm.
L
ions b
ack t
o back h
old
ing t
he h
ead o
f a bov
id under t
he f
ore-
p
aws.
Date
: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
D
. P
. A
lbu, S
arget
ia, X
, 1
973
, p
. 1
45,
n
o. 6, pl. 1/6.
2
0. Ve e
l, Hunedoara c
ounty (
ithout i
nven-
t
ory number.
Coping. Andes
ite. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 5
0 x 4
0 x 1
8 cm.
L
ions b ack to b
ack o n a p
linth. The p
ine-cone a
nd t
he l
i
on o
f t
he
l
eft-hand side are m
issing.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
D
. P
. A
lbu, S
argetia, X
, 1
973
, p
. 1
45,
n
o. 7, pl. 11/7.
2
1. VeIe
l, Hunedoara c
ounty (
nv. 2
464
,
P
l. XV
II.
Coping. Andes
ite. Damaged. S
ize: 8
0 x 6
0 x 2
5 cm.
L
ions b
ack t
o b
ack a
ssociated w
ith t
he h
ead o
f Ammon.
Date: t
he e
nd o
f t
he 2
nd-beg
inning o
f t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D.
Gr. F
lorescu, ED, I V, 1 930, p . 105, no. 51, fig. 4 3; D. I
sac,
V. Wol
lmann, I . P
. A lbu, S arget
ia, X , 1973, pp. 1 45-146, n o. 9,
p
l. 11/9; T
. Andr e iu, L. M r ghi
tan, SCIVA, 2 7, 1 976, 1
, p. 4 8,
no. 7
, fig. 1/6; L. Märgh itan, Const. C . P etolescu, Hommages
Vermaseren, I, 1978, p . 7 30, no. 2 2, p
l. CXL I, I .
1
58
2
2. Ve
•5e
1, Hunedoara c
ounty (
nv. 3
521.
P
l. XVII.
Coping. Travertine. We
ll p
reserved. S
ize: 7
0 x 6
5 x 1
2 cm.
L
ions back t
o b
ack a
ssociated w
ith Eros h
old
ing a c
rown i
n h
is
l
eft h
and.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
Gr. F
lorescu, ED, I
V, 1
930, p
. 1
05, f
ig. 4
2.
2
3. Ve e
1, Hunedoara c
ounty (
MICIA). C
nv. M
IC 1
4.
P
l. XVIII.
Coping. Andes
ite. We
ll p
reserved. S
ize: 9
9 x 6
9 x 2
4 cm.
Confronted l
i
ons associated w
ith a bust o
f Ammon. The d
eity h
as
apine-cone on h
is head.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
A. Buday, Dolgozatok, V II, 1

, 1916, p. 5
0, f
ig. 1
1; Gr. F
lorescu,
ED, IV, 1
930, pp. 1 04-105 , n
o. 48, f
ig. 4
1; RR, p. 2
67, G. 185
,
p
l. 100.
2
4. VeIe
l, Hunedoara c
ounty (
nv. 2
3.116,
p
l. XVII.
Coping. Gri
t-stone. We
ll-preserved. S
ize: 1
05 x 6
0 x 1
6 cm.
Confronted li
ons a
ssociated w
ith Thanatos. The d
eity i
s h
old
ing
a t
orch in his r
ight hand.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
L
. Teposu, L
. Märghitan, AMN, VI, 1969, p. 161
, no. 1
, pl. I
,
f
ig. 4
; RR, pp. 2
67-268, G.186 (
= Civilth, p
. 253, G
. 128).
2
5. VeIe
l, Hunedoara c
ounty (
ithout i
nven-
t
ory number.
Cop
ing. Gr
it-stone. Damaged, S
ize: 9
0 x 9
0 x 1
3 cm.
Confronted l
i
ons a
ssociated w
ith a bust o
f Medusa o
n ap
linth.
Date: t
he s
econd ha
lf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
. T
L eposu
, L
. Mgrgh
itan, AMN, V
I, 1
969
, p
. 1
62, n
o. 2
, p
l. I
,
f
ig. 2
.
2
6. VeIe
l, Hunedoara c
ounty (
nv. 2
3453.
Coping. Andes
ite. Damaged. S
ize: 9
0 x 6
0 x 2
2 cm.
L
ions b
ack to back associated w
ith t
he head o
f Ammon. The dei
ty
h
as a p
ine-cone on his head. The l
ions a
re hold
ing h
eads of
r
ams under their f
ore-paws.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
L
. Märghitan, I
. Andr iIoiu, SCIVA, 27, 1
976, 1
, pp. 4 7-48, n
o. 3;
L
. Märghitan, Const. C . Peto
lescu, Hommages Vermaseren, p. 730,
n
o. 24, pl. CXLII, 1
.
2
7. VeIe
l, Hunedoara c
ounty (
ithout i
nven-
t
ory number.
1
59
Coping. L
ize: 9
0 x 5
6 x 2
0 cm.
Confronted l
i
ons a
ssociated w
ith a p
ine-cone.
Date: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
. D.
L
. Teposu, L
. Märghi
tan, AMN, V
I, 1
968, p
. 1
62, n
o. 3
, p
l. I
,
f
ig. 3
.
2
8. VeIe
l, Hunedoara c
ounty (
nv. 2
3461.
Cop
ing. Andes
ite. Damaged. S
ize: 9
0 x 6
0 x 2
5 cm.
L
ions back to back associated with the head of Ammon. The
d
eity has a p
ine-cone o n his head. The li
ons are h
old
ing h eads
o
f dead animals under the fore-laws. The monument has been
p
ainted wi
th wh ite and red.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
L
. Märghi
tan, I. AndriIo
iu, SCIVA, 27, 1
976, 1
, pp. 48-49
,
n
o 5
; L
. Märghitan, Const. C
. Peto
lescu. Hommages Vermaseren,
p
. 730, no. 2
3, p
l. CXLI, 2 .
2
9. Z
latna, A
lba county (
AMPELUM). Z
latna t
own, r
eused i
n a h
ouse
n
o. 2 Uniri
i s
treet.
Coping. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 6
7 x 4
0 x 1
6 cm.
L
ions b
ack t
o b
ack a
ssoc
iated w
ith a
n e
agle.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
V
. Wo
llmann, R
. Grecu, Apu
lum, X
IV, 1
976
, pp. 1
09-110, f
ig. 1
0.
3
0. Unknown p
rovenance. S
ibiu Brukentha
l Museum. I
nv. A 7
594
.
Coping. Gr
it-stone. We
ll-preserved. S
ize: 9
2 x 5
2 x 2
5 cm.
L
ions b
ack t
o b
ack a
ssociated w
ith t
he h
ead o
f Medusa.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
Unpubl
ished.
3
1. Unknown p
rovenance. S
ibiu. Brukentha
l Museum. I
nv. A 7
583
Coping. Gr
it-stone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 9
2 x 5
2 x 2
5 cm.
L
ions back t
o back associated w
ith a p
ine-cone. The l
i
on o
n t
he
r
ight h
and side i
s missing.
Da
te: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
Unpub
lished.
1
60
IA ALTARS (
A)
1
. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 1
75.
A
ltar. Gr
it-stone. We
ll p
reserved. S
ize: 1
30 x 7
4 x 5
4 cm.
On the front, enclosed by a f rame wi

th a d ouble mould
ing, the
i
nscription: D(is) M(an ibus) / Zenoni/ Tarasi /miles n(umeri)
Germ(anicianorum) v ix(i
t) a n(nos) / XXXII / Iul
ia / marito p
ien /
t
issimo.
Date: t
he f
irst h
alf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
A
. Cserni, AE, XXX, 1
930, p
. 1
78 s
qq.; N
. Gostar, G
erman
ia,
5
0, 1
972, 1-2, p
. 243 s
qq.
2
. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 2
70.
A
i
ltar. Gr
it-stone. We
ll-preserved. S
ize: 1
23 x 6
6 x 4
4 cm.
The upper part is decorated o n three sides. On t he front a

nd
on the l
eft e
nclosed p ediments, flanked by a croter
ia a nd orna-
mented with a l
eaf. On the right side, inside a pediment, a head
o
f Medusa.
The inscript
ion reads: D(is) M(an
ibus) / C(a
ius) Secundin[ius?] /
EutychIes1/ vix(i
t) a n(nos) X..../ V
ibia An/nia c
oniu[g
i]/
b(ene)m(erenti) p(osuit).
Da
te: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
B
. Cserni, AFEvk, XIV, 1908, p
. 5
1; Gr. F
lorescu
, ED, I
V,
1
930, p
. 1 00, n
o. 6
1, fig. 50.
3
. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 2
35.
A
ltar. Marble. Damaged o
n t
he l
ower p
art. S
ize: 1
20 x 5
9 x
4
3.5 cm.
The upper p art i

s decorated w i
th s emi-palmettes. The inscription
r
eads: D(is) M (anibus) / Val(eria) Ruf ina / vix(i
t) a n(nis) XX
e
t /L ong
iniano / f (i
lio) (e)ius an(norum) 1 11 / Longinus b (ene)-
f
(iciar
ius) c o(n)s(ularis) / suis fec(it).
Date: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
. D.
C
. Da
icov
iciu, Dacia, V
II-VIII, 1
937-1940, p
. 3
07, n
o. 8
, f
ig. 8
.
4
. Bi
le Hercu
lane, Cara -Sever
in c
ounty. W
ien Na
tiona
lbib
liothek.
A
ltar. Marble.
The i nscr
ipt ion r eads: D(is) M(anibus) / L (ucio) I u
l(io) L
(ucii)
f
il(io) Sergia ( tribu) / Basso d ec(urioni) mun(icipii) / Drobetae
quaes / t or
i i nterfecto a / la
tronib(us) v ix(i
t) a n(nis) XXXX,
Iul
i(i) Iul
ianus / e t Bassus p atri / püssimo / et Iul(ius) Va
lerianus
/f rater mortem / e ius exsecutus / f(aciendum) c (uraverunt).
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
C
IL, I
I, 1
579
; I
DR, I
I/1 , 7
1.
1
61
5
. C
luj-Napoca (
NAPOCA). C
luj—Napoca Museum. I
nv. I
N 2
4.132.
A
ltar. L
ize: 8
2 x 4
8 x 3
4 cm.
The i
nscr
ipt
ion i
s unf
inished. On
ly t
he l
etter D was i
ncised.
Date
: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
I
. H
ica-C1
Inpeanu, AMN, X
IV, 1
977
, P
. 2
33, n
o. 2
, f
ig. 6
/1.
6
. C
luj-Napoca (
NAPOCA). C
nv. I
N 3
9.
P
l. XIX.
A
ltar. L
imestone. Wel
l-preserved. S
ize: 1
25 x 5
7 x 5
7 cm
The upper p art i

s decora
ted with a p
ed iment, flanked by acroter
ia
and decorated with pa
lmette a
nd a rosette. I
n the fi
eld t
he l e
tters
D M.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
C
. P
op, AMN, V
, 1
968, p
. 4
82, f
ig. 4
.
7
. J
upa, Carap-Sever
in c
ounty (
TIBISCUM). T
imipoara Museum.
A
ltar. L
ize: 7
7 x 4
5 x 2
5 cm.
The i
nscr
iption r
eads: D
(is) M
(an
ibus) /P
(ubl
ius) Ae
l(ius)
Cl
aud
ia /nus mil(es ) N (
umer
i) P(almyrenorum ) T (
ibis c
ens
ium ) /
v
ix(i
t) a n(nos) S C .../ A I M P
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
M
. Moga, I
. I
. Russu, L
apidMBan, pp. 5
7-58
, no. 2
9, I
DR, I
I/1
,
1
53.
8
. J
upa, Caras S
ever
in c
ounty (
TIBISCUM). T
imisoara Museum.
A
ltar. Marble. Restored. S
ize: 1
22 x 5
6 x 4
6 cm.
The main side, o n the upper p art, is decorated wi

th an ascia.
The inscription reads: D(is) M (anibus) /Valer
iae Cres/cent
illae
v
ix(it) / ann(os) XXXV / C (a
ius) Caecil(ius) F e
lix / aug(ustalis)
c
ol(oniae) / c on
iugi b(ene)m(erent i) /posuit.
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
M
. Moga, T
ibiscus, I
, 1971, pp. 42-43. C
. C . P
eto
lescu. SCIV,
2
3, 1
972, p
. 495; M. Moga, I. I
. Russu, Lap
idMBan, pp. 77-78
,
7
0; I
DR, II/1, 1
71.
9
. Mehad
ia, Carap-Sever
in c
ounty (
PRAETORIUM?). T
im 4oara Museum.
P
l. XX.
A
ltar. L
imestone. We
ll-preserved. S
ize: 1
50 x 6
2 x 4
2 cm.
The upper part i

s d ecorated with a r
osette i
n t
he c
entre a
nd
a
croter
ia semi-palmette s haped.
The inscription reads: D(is) M

(an
ibus) / Ael(ius) Cornel
i / us
vet(eranus) v ix(i
t) /ann(os) LXXX / Ael
ia Pr
im it
i/va coniug,
i /
b
(ene)m(erent i) p(osuit).
Date: t
he s
econd h
alf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
I
. I
. Russu, Bantica, I
, 1973, pp. 1
05-108, f
ig. 3
; M. Moga,
I
. I
. Russu. LapidMBan, pp. 50-53
, no. 25; I
DR, II/1, 8
4.
1
62
1
0. Mehad
ia, Caraj-Sever
in c
ounty (
PRAETORIUM?). BAi
le Hercu
lane
Museum.
A
ltar. L
ize: 1
03 x 5
0 x 3
2 cm.
The upper p ar
t is decorated w ith v egetal stylized decoration. On
t
he f ront the inscr
iption r eads: D(is) M(an ibus) / Aur(e lius)
Pedi
tianus / n ondum p lenos / [ ann]os t res v ix(i
t) a n(nis) /
duobus me(n)s ibus V I /d iebus X IIII qui et a /i nocentia parent-
nulm s uorum s ua / [malnu c ecidit Aur(e l
ius)/[P]ed itus et Aurelia
I
[D ]ona ta f
il
io / inocenti
Date: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D.
C
. T orma, AEM, VI, 1882, p. 125
, n o. 7
9; F
. Cumont, AEM, X
IV,
1
891
, p . 112; C
IL, II, 8 013 = 1
2596; I
DR I
I/1
, p. 85.
1
ounty (
ULPIA TRAIANA). D
eva
Museum. Inv. 6
5.
A
ltar
. Marb
le. We
ll-preserved. S
ize: 1
20 x 6
9 x 4
8 cm.
On the front, enclosed by a d

oub le moulding f rame, the inscr
ip-
t
ion reads: D
(is) M (an
ibus) / Corneliae Vic/torinae f
iliae /
M(arcus) Cornelius / Primus / a
ug(usta l
is) c o
l(oniae).
Da
te: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
C
IL, I
I, 1
499; I
DR/III/2, 4
06.
1
ounty (
Museum. Inv. 6
4.
A
ltar. Marb
le. Damaged. S
ize
: 8
2 x 5
3 x 4
2 cm.
On the f
ront, the i
nscr
iption r
eads: D(is) M(anibus) / M(arco)
Aur(el
io) One/s
imo/ Carpion / Aug(ust
i) 1 (
ibertus) tabu
l(arius)/
f
i
lio /dul[c
issimo
Da
te: t
he s
econd h
alf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
C
IL, I
I, 1
467 ; I
DR/III/2, 3
87.
1
ounty (
ULPIA TRAIANA). D
eva
Museum. Inv. 6
3.
A
ltar. Marb
le. Damaged. S
ize: 1
54 x 7
7 x 5
8 cm.
The inscription, enclosed by a double moulded frame, reads:

D(is) M(anibus) / L (ucius) Ant(onius) Ru[fus]/ I viral(
is)
[col(on
iae)] S arm[iz(egetusae)] vix(
it )an[n(os) ../ L (uci
i)
Anton[ii Pris]/cus e q(ues) [Rom(anus)]/ et Rufu[s et Ru]finus
dec(uriones)/ c o
l(oniae)/fi
li e
t [heredes]
Da
te: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
C
IL, I
I, 1
490; I
DR, 1
1/2, 3
76.
1
ounty (
Museum. Inv. 7
0.
A
ltar. Marble.
. W
ell-preserved. S
ize: 4
36 x 7
3 x 6
5 cm.
The inscr
ipt
ion reads: D(is) M(anibus) / Aureliae Donatae / vix(i
t)
ann(os) LV / M(arcus) U
lpius / Martia
lis / vet(eranus) et dec(urio)
Col(on
iae) / S
arm(izegetusae) metr(opolis) / coniugi /r ar
issimae.
1
63
Da
te: t
ne 3
rd c
entury A
.D.
C
IL, I
I, ; I
DR, 1
1/2, 3
91.
1
5. S
armizegetusa
, Hunedoara c
ounty (
ULPIA TRAIANA). S
arm
izege-
t
usa Museum. P
l. XIX.
A
ltar. Marb
le. Damaged. S
ize: 2
80 x 8
5 x 7
7 cm.
The u pper part was d ecorated w i

th a p ine-cone. The i nscr
iption,
enclosed by a doub le mou lded f rame, r eads: D(is) M (anibus) /
Q(uinto) Aurelio Q(uint i) f(i
lio) / Pap(iria) (tribu) T ertio/
dec(urioni) e
t flamin(i) / c ol(oniae) S arm(izegetusae) / Q (uintus)
Aurelius / Saturnin(us) / a ug(usta l
is) c ol(oniae) / e t P roshod(us)
/e t Logismus / lib(erti) et h (eredes), /f
(aciendum) / c (uraverunt).
The t
ext o
f t
he i
nscr
ipt
ion i
s r
epeated o
n t
he l
atera
l s
ides.
Da
te: t
he m
idd
le o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
C
IL, II, 6269
; C. Daicov
iciu, 0
. F
loca
, S
arget
ia, I
, 1
937
, p
p.
1
7-19 ; I
DR, 1 1/2, 388.
1
ounty (
ULPIA TRAIANA). S
intamar
ia
Orlea vi
llage.
A
ltar. L
imes
tone. Damaged. S
ize: 1
20 x 1
00 x 6
2 cm.
The i nscr
iption r eads
: D(is) M(anibus) / P(ub l
ius) A el(ius)
Theim[es] / [ v]et(eranus) e x (centur
ione) c [oh(ortis) / I
V
inde l(icorum) [ et] / I v ir[(al
is)] col(on
iae) D [acicae] /
Sarm[iz(egetusae)] v ixit / a nn(os) LXXXV II / et P(ubl ius)
A[e]l(ius) Bericio / vix(it) a nn(os) XV / [e]t [ P(ublius)
A]el(ius) Zabdibo l /v ix(
it) a nn(os) XI et /... A [el
i]a P ham?/
a
i
Da
te: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
C
IL, II, 1
2587
; V. Wo
llmann, Apu
lum, X
III, 1
975
, p
p. 2
11-213
,
f
ig. 1
3; I
DR, 11/2, 3
69.
1
7. S
ounty (
ULPIA TRAIANA). D
ensus
v
il
lage.
The p
iece re-used in t
he bu
ild
ing o f a 13th century c
hurch n
earby,
i
n apillar which s
upports t
he centre' v
au lt.
A
ltar. Marb
le. Damaged. S
ize: 1
17 x 6
0 cm.
On the f
ront, the i
nscript
ion and on t
he l
atera
l s
ides a h
orse,
enc
losed in aframe with a mou
lding
.

(is) M (anibus) / M (arco) Turr(an io)
Fro[n]/ton i dec(ur
ioni) col(on iae) / vix(it) ann(is) LXI/ e t
Fanniae Max i/mae vix(it) an(n is) X... /
et Turr(an io) Ant-(?)/
onino vix(it) an... /
et Maximo d ec(urioni) /
col(oniae) vix(it )
an(nis) X AVG 9 /
[c]ol[on] / Max im ..... /
...
posu
Da
te: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
C
IL, I I, 1511
; I
. I. Russu
, Dacia s
i Pannon
ia Infer
ior
, Bucharest,
1
973, p. 53, n ote 50
; D
. Alicu, C
. Pop, V. Wo
llmann, FMS, p
.
1
75, no. 516; I
DR, 11/2, 445.
1
8. S
armizegetusa, Hunedoara county (
ULPIA TRAIANA). D
ensus
v
il
lage, the monument inserted i
n t
he wa
ll o
f t
he church.
1
64
The inscr
iption reads: D(is) M(anibus) / U[l]p(iae) Cand
idae /
v
ix(it) an(nos) XXVI/Ulp(ius) Eucharis / t
us c oniugi /
benemerenti/p(osui
t)
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
C
IL, II, 1
529
; I
. P
iso, Apu
lum, X
IV, n
o. 1
, f
ig. 1; I
DR, 11/2, 4
50.
1
9. S
ounty. Densus v
il
lage.
The p
iece re-used in t
he bu
ild
ing o f a 13th century c
hurch n
earby,
i
n a p
illar which s
upports t
he central v
au lt.
A
ltar. Marb
le. We
ll-preserved. S
ize: 1
24 x 8
6 x 7
4 cm.
On the f
ront, the i
nscription a
nd o n t
he l
atera
l s
ides a h
orse,
enc
losed in a f
rame with a moulding.
The inscr
iption reads: D(is) M(anibus) / C (a
io) Octav
io Nepoti
/vix(it) an(nis) LXX Iul
ia / Va
lent[n?]a h eres c
on / iugi p
ien
tis-
s
imo / faciendum p rocu / rav
it h(ic) s(itus) e
(st)
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
C
IL, II, 1539
; D. Al
icu, C
. Pop, V. Wol
lmann, FMS, pp. 1
75-
1
76, n
o. 517, pl. CLIX ; 1DR, 11/2, 4
35.
IB ALT ARS
2
0. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 7
11
A
ltar. L
ize: 8
5 x 2
6 x 2
8 cm
On t
he f
ront a s
tand
ing man.
Date: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D.
V
. Moga, Apu
lum, X
III, 1
975
, pp. 1
23-124, f
ig. 2
.
2
1. Transy
lvan
ia. C
nv. M
IC/8
. P
l. XX.
A
ltar. L
imestone. The upper p
art i
s d
amaged. S
ize: 1
00 x 5
2
x 4
7 cm.
The upper part shows a p ed

iment f
lanked by pu lvini a
nd b e
low, on
t
hree sides a cyma decorated with acanthus leaves and d entico
li.
The same decor on the base. On t
he front, in high relief
, a
s
oldier ho
lding a long l
ance i n his r
ight hand.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
A. Buday, Do lgozatok, VII 2 , 1

916, p . 87, f
ig. 12
; Gr. Florescu,
ED, IV, 1930, pp. 1 10-111, n o. 63, fig. 52; RR, p
. 2 69, G 1 91,
p
l. 91 (= Civi
lf4 pp. 2 53-254, G 1 30).
I A ALT ARS
(
Inscr
ipt
ion o
n t
he ma
in s
ide; t
he l
atera
l s
ides undecorated)
2
2. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 4
73.
A
ltar. L
ize: 1
10 x 9
1 x 4
5 cm
On the f
ront, enclosed by a f
rame decorated with astragali
, t he
i
nscr
iption reads: D
(is) M
(anibus) / P(ublio) Ae
l(io) T ertio /
1
65
d
om(o) C l (
aud i) V
irun(i) / vet(erano) ex (centurione) co[h(ort
is)
I
] Brit /a nnicae) / (mi
lliar
iae) c(iv
ium) R (omanorum) e q(uita
tae)
an[n/orum)] LX / A e
l(ia) A [e]st
iv[a] con(iux) et herede[s]
pos(uerunt)
Date: t
he f
irst h
alf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
C
. Da
icov
iciu, Dac
ia, V
II-VIII, 1
937-1940
, p
. 3
07, n
o. 9
.
2
3. C
luj-Napoca (
NAPOCA). C
nv. I
N 1
.
A
ltar. L
imes
tone. U
sed a
gain f
or a Chr
ist
ian s
arcophagus
.
S
ize: 1
50 x 90 x 6
4 cm.
The i nscription, e nc
losed by a d oub
le moulded frame, r eads:
D(is) M (anibus) / C l(aud ius) Valentinus / v
ix(i
t) a nn is XX /
Valeria Valent i /n a fi
lio piiss
im(o). Be
low the inscription i n a
monogram: opt(o) s(i
t) t(ibi) t
(erra) 1(ev
is). Later, t o the
l
etter 0 o f t he word F ILIO/ a cross w as a
dded a nd t he letters
A a nd Q w ere a dded o n the monogram.
Date: t
he 2nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D. a
nd t
he b
eginn
ing o
f t
he 4
th
c
entury A.D.
C
. Da icoviciu, ACMIT, I, 1
929, p. 311, i
dem, AISC, I , 1
933-35,
pp. 198-200, fig. 3
; RR, pp. 286-287, H 4
8 (= Civ
ilfä, p
. 268,
M 1).
2
4. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum.
A
ltar
. L
ize
: 1
10 x 6
3 x 4
8 cm.
The inscription, enc losed by a frame, r eads: D

(is) M(an
ibus)
/S ediae L(uc i) f
(il
iae) S eve/rae coniugi/L(uc ius) Montan(us)
Q(uinti) f(
illus)/ p(r imi) p
(ilar
is) leg(ionis) X III G(em
inae)/
Val(erius) Montan(us) Luc( i
i) / fi
l(ius) ma tr
i p ien/t
iss
ime et
Ty/chen is li
b(ertae) p os(uerunt)
Da
te: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
D
. P ro
tase, Apulum, I
X, 1
971, pp. 3
53-356
; i
dem, Apu
lum, X
,
1
972, pp. 703-704
.
2
5. Mo
igrad, S
ala
j c
ounty (
POROLISSUM). Z
alau Museum. I
nv. 2
12.
P
l. XIX.
A
ltar? L
imestone. We
ll-preserved. S
ize: 1
60 x 9
6 x 3
0 cm.
The inscr
iption, enc
losed by a f rame decorated w ith sty
lised v ege-
t
al ornament, reads: D(is) M (an
ibus) / I u
lia Iustina / vix(it)
ann(os) XLII/Cass
ius / Mart ia
lis / be(nef
iciarius) co(n)s(u laris) /
c
on iug
i /c ariss
imae / Iustina / con
iux / s i
t tibi / terra levis.
Date
: t
he e
nd o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury-the b
eginning o
f t
he 3
rd c
entury
A.D.
M
. Macrea, ActMuz, I, 1
956
, pp. 1
14-116
; N
. Gudea
, V
. L
ucäce
l,
I
nsmonZaläu, no
. 16.
2
6. S
ounty ( ULPIA TRAIANA), Os
trov v
il-
l
age i
n the cemetery o
f the church.
A
ltar
. L
ize
: 1
53 x 8
4 x 6
6 cm.
The inscription, enc losed by a double moulded f
rame, reads:
D(is) M(anibus) / C (aius) Venet
ius / Privatus / a
ug(ustal
is)
c
ol(oniae) / Sa[r]miz(egetusae) / me[tr]opo/l
is a/nn
is L
U
lp ia / Patricia / coniux
Da
te: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D.
C
IL, I
I, 1
515; I
DR, 1
1.2. 4
59
2
7. S
armizegetusa, Hunedoara county ( ULPIA TRAIANA). S
tre
i v
illage,
i
nserted i
n the wal
l of the church.
A
ltar. L
ize: 1
50 x 7
8 x 6
2 cm.
On t he f
ront, the i
nscription reads: D(is) M(anibus) / Umbr
ia /
Afr[i]cana v
ix(it) / a
nnis LXV / Umbr ius Vil
lanus / matr
i pient
is
(
s imae) p(onendum) c(urav it)
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
N. Gostar, SCIV, X III, 1

962, 1, pp. 125-129
; V. Wo
llmann,
Apulum, X III, 1
975, p . 2
16, no. 15, f
ig. 17 a-b. I
DR, 11/2, 4
52 a
2
8. Sutoru, Sä
laj c
ounty (
OPTATIANA) C
nv.
IN 17. P
l. XIX.
A
ltar. L
imestone. The l
ower p
art i
s d
amaged. S
ize: 1
17 x 8
2
x 5
3 cm.
The inscription, e nc
losed by a f rame w i
th d ouble moulding a nd
a
stragali, reads: D
(is) M(anibus) Ae lia P r
isosta vi/x[it] ann(os)
XXXIII Au / r [el]ia Bassina / fi
lia vix(it) / a nn(os) VII / Aure l
(
ius) Denz i vix(it) / ann(os) LXXX Aure l(ius) Bassus s ign(ifer)
N(umeri) / M (aurorum) 0 (ptatiensium) c oniug i et /fil
i(i)s
b(ene)m(erentibus) p (osuit).
Date: t
he end o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.-the b
eginning o
f t
he 3
rd
c
entury A.D.
G. Findly, AA, 1905, p. 102; Em. Panai

tescu, ACMIT, II, 1930-
1931, pp. 85-90, p
l. I, f
ig. 2 : RR, p
. 1 24, D2 (
-
= C
ivi
ltä, p
. 1 42,
D1).
2
9. V W
1, Hunedoara c
ounty (
MICIA). Deva Museum.
A
ltar. Andes
ite. Damaged. S
ize: 1
20 x 7
5 x 6
0 cm.
On t he front t he i
nscr iption, e nclosed by a f rame w ith a d oub le
mould ing, reads: D(is) M (anibus)/P(ub lius) Ae l(ius) I anuar/ius
v
ix(i t) an(nos) LX / e t P (ublia) Ae l(ia) Dionis
ia / v ix(i
t) a n(nos)
XXXXV P (ublius) Ael(ius) / Germanus v ix(it) an(nos) XXV
P(ubl ius) Ael(ius) Dio/n isius v ix(it) a n(nos) XV III P (ublius)
Ael(ius)/Cass ianus p ar(ent ibus) / b (ene)m(erentibus) p (osu it).
Date: t
he s
econd h
alf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
C
IL, II, 1
2567
.
3
0. Z
latna, A
lba c
ounty (
AMPELUM), C
luj—Napoca Museum. I
nv. I4
486.
A
ltar. Gr
ize: 1
26 x 8
2 x 5
7 cm.
On the front, enclosed by a f rame w i

th a d ouble mou lding, t
he
i
nscription reads: D
(is) M(anibus) P (ublius) Ael(ius) Gaius /
v
ix(it) a n(nos) L / Ael(ia) Ingen/ua c on
iug(i)/et Ae l(ius) Ga
ia/
nus fi
l(ius) / b(ene)m(erent i) f(ecerunt).
Date: t
he s
econd h
alf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
A
. Buday, Dolgozatok, VII 2 , 1
916, p
. 7
2; Gr. F
lorescu, ED, I
V,
1
930, p
. 106, no. 52, f
ig. 4 4.
1
67
II B ALTARS
(Inscription on the main side, decoration' on the lateral sides).
31. Alba Julia (APULUM). Alba Julia Muse.um. Inv. 174. Pl. XX.
Altar. Limestone. Damaged. Size: 110 x 60 x 50 cm.
On the front, the inscription enclosed by a double moulded frame;
on the left lateral side a male figure (camillus) and on the right
lateral side Attis.
The inscription reads: D(is) M(anibus) M(arcus) Mociuri/cius
Valentin/us lib(rarius) legati leg(ionis)/XIII G(eminae) vixit
ann(i)/s XXVI posuit/Val(erius) Co(n)sta(n)s / vet(eranus)
leg(ionis) XII G(eminae)/ et Floria Inge/nua mater f(i)lio/b(ene)
m(erenti).
Date: the 2 nd century A.·D.
CIL, III, 1194; A. Cserni, AEEvk, no. 237; Neigebaur, Dacien,
no. 15 2.
3 2. Geoagiu, Hunedoara county (GERMISARA) Deva Museum. Inv. 7 2.

Altar. Limestone. Damaged. Size: 70 x 80 x 76 cm.
On the front, the inscription enclosed by a frame, on the lateral
side Hercules fighting the N emean Lion.
The inscription reads: ... in v pos(uit) co/niux et fili(us) / patri
s(uo) b(ene)m(erenti) / h(ic) s(itus) e(st) et / Severian[a] /
vix(it) an(nos) LX / coniux eius.
Date: the end of the 2 nd century A. D.
CIL, III, 140 2; Neigebaur, Dacien, p. 106, no. ·8; N. Gostar,
CCRH (=Sargetia, III, 1956), p. 85, note 1; M. Barbulescu, AMN,
XIV, 1977, p. 187, no. 77, fig. V/1- 2.
33. Patrfujeni, Alba county, Cluj-Napoca Museum. Inv. I 58 2 3.
Altar. Limestone. Well-preserved. Size: 1 29 x 103 x 77 cm.
The text of the inscription enclosed by a frame with a double
moulding is placed in the centre of the stela. The lateral face
shows Attis with pedum.
The inscription reads: D(is) M(anibus) / A[l]exandria[n(us)]/
civ[i]s Bithynus / v[i]x(it) ann(os) LXV / Tatius Lucius vix(it)
ann(os) XXX I Antoninus Iulius I lucilianus fratres / patri et
fratri et / Lucia mater / b(ene)m(erentibus) p(osuerunt).
Date: the 2 nd century A. D.
A. Buday, Dolgozatok, v11 2, 1966, p. 77, fig. 4; Gr. Florescu,
ED, IV, 1930, p. 107, no. 53, fig. 45 a-b.
34. Romita, Salaj county. Cluj-Napoca Museum. Inv. D 907.

Altar. Limestone. Well-preserved. Size: 88 x 50 x 40 cm.
On the front the inscription enclosed by a frame with a double
moulded frame, and on the lateral faces an ascia? The inscription
reads: D(is)_ M(anibus) / C(aius) Campani(us) Vita/lis (centurio)
coh(ortis) I Bat(avorum) / miliariae stip(endiorum) VIIII vix(it)
an(nos) XXVIII / Florius Viri/lis vet(eranus) ex dec(urione) I
nepoti p(ientissimo) p(onendum) c(uravit).
168
Date: t
he e
nd o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
C
IL, II, 8
39; Gr. F
lorescu, ED, I
V, 1
930, P
. 1
08, no. 5
5,
f
ig. 4
7.
3
5. S
ounty (
ULPIA TRAIANA). Deva Museum.Inv. 1
11
A
ltar. Marble. Re-used. S
ize
: 1
13 x 8
4 x 4
6 cm.
On o
ne s
ide A
ttis h
old
ing a p
edum i
n h
is r
ight h
and.
Date
: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entury A
. D.
J
. F. Neigebaur, Dacien, p
. 4 2, no. 158; Gr. Florescu, ED, IV,
1
930, p
. 1 08, no. 5
4, fig. 4
6; D. Al
icia, C
. P op, V . Wol
lmann,
FMS, p
. 1 76, no. 5
18.
3
6. Turda. Clu
j c
ounty (
POTAISSA). C
nv.
I
N 8241.
A
ltar. Gr
it-stone. We
ll-preserved. S
ize: 1
35 x 9
5 x 6
8 cm.
On t he front t he inscript
ion e nclosed by a d ouble mou lded f rame
and o n t he lateral sides a n amphora a nd a s tand ing woman r espec-
t
ively. The inscription reads: D
(is) M(anibus) / Va leria Maximi l-
/
la vix(i t) a n(nos) XXIX m (enses) V I Valerius Maximus v et(eranus)/
ex[centur ione] p ater et Valeria / Marce llina mater / f i
l(iae)
p
ientiss imae e t /P (ublius) Ae l(ius) T ertius e x d ec(ur
ione) / c on
iug i
optimae / e t pie[n]tissimae / e t Terent ius et Va leria / [et] Max imi-
anus fil(ii) matr i carissimae / f ec(erunt).
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
G
. Tgg
läs K
lio, X
I, 1
911
, p
. 5
01.
I C ALTARS
(
Inscr
iption and decoration on the main s
ide;
t
he la
tera
l s ides undecorated)
3
7. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 9
1. P
l. XX.
A
ltar. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 7
6 x 4
7 x 3
9 cm.
The field of the relief c onsists of a shel

l-shaped niche, decorated
w
ith f our busts: a woman a nd a man and in f
ront of them t wo
chi
ldren. Below t he i nscription reads: D
(is) M(anibus)/Viria
P-u
.
blia V /iri Publ
i f il
ia v i / x(i
t) an(nos) XXI/ Vi....
Date: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
. D.
C
IL, II, 1
249
; Gr. F
lorescu, ED, I
V, 1
930, pp. 1
10-111, no. 6
2,
f
ig. 5
1.
I D CORNER-P
ILASTERS
3
8. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum, I
nv. 8
8.
A
ltar w
ith t
hree sides decorated. L
imestone. Damaged. The
r
ight s
ide i
s destroyed. Size: 8
7 x 48 x 40 cm.
The ma in s
ide shows a s
tanding man (a so
ldier?) and the l
atera
l
l
eft side cami
llus w
ith a napkin o
n his l
eft shoulder a
nd h o
lding
a vessel i
n his r
ight hand.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
Gr. Florescu, ED, I V, 1
930, p. 109, no. 57, fig. 48 (
left);
0. Floca, W. Wolsk
i, BMI, XLII, 1 973
, 3, p. 2 2, no. 6
7 , fig. 8
4
cons
iders wrongly t hat t
he piece i
s an aedicula-wall.
3
9. Gher
la, C
luj c
ounty. C
nv. D 8
90.
A
ltar. L
imestone. We
ll-preserved. S
ize: 8
7 x 5
1 x 4
9 cm.
Two s
ides j
o
ined a
re d
ecorated o
ne w
ith a d
olphin a
nd t
he o
ther
w
ith a t
uba?
Date
: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
J
. Ornstein, JOA
I, V
I, 1
903, c
. 1
14, f
ig. 3
2-33.
4
0. Turda, C
luj c
ounty (
nv. 2
772
A
ltar. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 5
0 x 4
4 x 2
0 cm.
Two j
oined sides are decorated; o
ne s
ide represents Hercu
les, t
he
o
ther side a v
ine-stalk and a bunch o
f grapes.
Date: t
he e
nd o
f t
he 2
nd-the b
eginning o
f t
he 3
rd c
entury A
. D.
I
. I. Russu, A ISC, I I, 1941, pp. 3 21-322, no. 2 , fig. 2 a -b;
M. Jude, C. P op, MonTurda, p . 28, p l. XXIX, 1 -2; 0
. Floca,
W. Wolski, BMI, XLII, 1973, 3, p. 1 8, n o. 48, fig. 6 2, 63; M.
Barbulescu, AMN, X IV, 1977, p. 1 88, n o. 80, fig. V II/2.
I E ALT ARS (
decora
tion o
n t
hree s
ides)
4
1. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM), A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 1
21.
A
ltar. L
ize: 9
0 x 5
0 x 5
0 cm.
The main s
ide shows two busts inside a s he
ll-shaped niche. Above
t
he niche t
here is a r
osette and a v egeta
l d ecorat
ion. The l
ateral
s
ides show Att
is, ho
lding a p edum.
Date
: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
Gr. F
lorescu, ED, IV, 1
930, pp. 108-109
, n o. 5
6, f
ig. 4
8; V
. Moga,
Apulum, XIII, 1
975
, pp. 127-130, f
ig. 7 a-c.
4
2. Ve e
l, Hunedoara c
ounty (
nv. 2
3404.
A
ltar. Andes
ite. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 7
4 x 5
8 x 2
4 cm.
A
ltar w i
th three s
ides d ecora
ted. On t
he f
ront t
wo bus
ts a
nd o
n
t
he lateral f
aces, Attis.
Date: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
. D.
Unpubl
ished.
II ALTARS (
aed
icu
la-shaped)
4
3. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 1
23.
Aed
icu
la s
haped a
ltar. L
imestone. Re-used. Damaged. S
ize:
7
8 x 3
3.5 x 4
5 cm.
Only a s
ide of the monument i
s preserved. I
nside a curved n
iche
f
lanked by acroteria A
ttis w
ith p
edum i s represented.
1
70
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
V
. Moga, Apu
lum, X
III, pp. 1
25-127
, f
ig. 5
.
4
4. I
l4ua. B
istr
ita N
asaud c
ounty. B
istr4a Museum. P
l. XXI.
Aed
icu
la-shaped a
ltar. Gr
it-stone. Damaged
. S
ize: 1
26 x 7
0
x 3
7 cm.
The ma in side s hows t he f unerary b anquet: t

he d eceased man r e-
c
lining o n ac ouch w i
th a t hree l
egged t able in front of i
t and
the woman i s s i
tting o n ah igh-backed c hair, between a nother bust
o
f a woman a nd b elow t he t ab
le there is aw ine-jar a nd a panar
ium.
On t he la
tera l sides is r epresented A tt
is h o
lding a p edurn and a
cantharos w ith v ine-stalk a nd grapes.
Da
te: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
D. Protase, Apulum, IV, 1962, pp. 2

7-29
, f
ig. 1a
-c; L
. B
ianch
i,
Apulum, X II, 1
974, p
. 1 68
, fig. 4.
4
5. L
opadea Veche, A
lba c
ounty, A
iud Museum. I
nv. 3
182.
A
ltar; p
ilas
ter-shaped? L
ize: 8
5 x 5
6
x 3
3 cm.
The monument h as f our faces decorated. On the front, two s

tand-
i
ng figures (a woman o n the lef
t a nd a man on t he right) o
n the
opposite s
ide Att
is. The la
teral sides show a stand ing woman
(
cam i
lla) on t
he l ef
t a nd a standing man ( cami
llus) o n the r
ight.
Da
te: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D.
Gr. F
lorescu
, ED, I
V, 1
930, pp. 1
17-118, n
o. 7
0, f
ig. 5
9 e
-c.
4
6. Mo
igrad, S
äla
j c
ounty (
POROL
ISSUM). Z
aläu Museum. I
nv. 1
051.
P
l. XXI.
A
ltar, a
edicu
la-shaped. L
ize: 9
0 x 6
7
x 4
3 cm.
On the upper p art of the monument t here is an incipient truncated

pyramid. The main face is d
ecora ted w ith a rectangu lar niche, with
ap ediment a bove flanked by a croteria. The fie
ld o f the p ed
iment
i
s decorated w ith a n acanthus leaf. Ins
ide t he niche t here are
f
ive bus ts ( a woman a nd two men a nd in front of them t wo chi
ldren).
The lef
t l a
teral side s hows a standing man ( camillus) a nd the right
l
atera
l s ide a woman.
Date: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D.
C
. Daicov
iciu
, Dacia, VII-VIII, 1937-1940
, p. 324
, n o. 3
, f
ig. 22
a
-b; N. Gudea
, V . Lucäcel
, I nsmonZaläu, pp. 42-43
, no. 1
40.
4
7. P
ätrin
jen
i, A
lba c
ounty. C
l. XXI.Inv. I 4
485.
A
ltar, a
edicula-shaped. L
imestone. We
ll-preserved. S
ize: 1
50 x
5
5 x 43 cm.
The u pper par

t is d ecorated with a pine-cone. The three f aces of
the monument r epresent c o
lumna l niches, w ith sem i-c
ircu lar pedi-
ments above, flanked by a croteria. The p ediment o f the ma in face
i
s decorated with Medusa 's head a nd b elow, i ns
ide t he n iche, there
are the busts of the deceased ( a woman o n the left, a man o n the
r
ight a nd in f
ront o f them a child). The left lateral face s hows
1
71
two dolph
ins, enclosed by the p
ediment and Attis ins
ide the niche.
The right l
atera
l f ace s
hows a r
osette a
nd a pigeon i ns
ide the
pediment and a standing f
emale f
igure i
nside the niche.
Da
te: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
J
. Hampe l, AE, XXX, 1 910, p. 330, figs. 24-26; A. Buday,
Dolgozatok, V II 1 , 1
916, p. 6
0 s qq. fig. 1 2 a
-c; Gr. F
lorescu,
ED, I V, 1930, pp. 1 11-112, n o. 67, fig. 53 a-c: 0
. Floca, W.
Wolski
, BMI, X III, 3 , 1973, fig. 119 a -b.
4
8. S
ounty (
ULPIA TRAIANA). D
eva Museum.
I
nv. 104. Pl. XXII.
A
ltar, aedicula-shaped. G
r i
t-stone. Damaged; the right side is
d
estroyed. Size: 1
10 x 5 5 x 35 cm. The upper part h as an
The upper p art h as a n early truncated pyram id s
urrounded by a
pediment with a croteria. On the front t here is api
laster-niche
showing two busts ( a woman o n the lef
t a nd a man o n the right
and below a nother bust) i nside a c urved n iche. The lef
t latera
l
s
ide represents A tt
is.
Da
te: t
he 2
nd c
entury A .
D.

930, p. 113, no. 66, f
ig. 5
4; D. A
licu,
C. Pop, V . Wo
llmann, FMS, p. 181, no. 536, p
l. CVI w
rongly
c
onsider t ha
t the p
iece i
s a s
tela.
4
9. Z
latna
, Alba county (AMPELUM). Z
latna t
own; t
he monument i
s
r
e-used i
n the wall o
f t
he co
llege.
A
ltar
, aed
icu
la-shaped. L
ize
: 8
4 x 4
5 x
4
2 cm.
The faces s
how c o
lumned n iches, above which are semi-c
ircular
ped
iments. I
nside t
he f ront a
re represented t
he d eceased (a
woman, a man a nd a c
hild). The l
atera
l lef
t s
ide s hows Att
is w i
th
ap edum.
Date
: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
V
. Wo
llman, Apu
lum, X
IV, 1
976, pp. 1
07-108
.
I
V A P
ILASTER-SHAPED ALTARS W
ITH THREE S
IDES DECORATED
5
0. A
iud, A
lba c
ounty. A
iud Museum. I
nv. 3
184
. P
l. XXII.
A
ltar i
n the shape o
f ap
ilaster. L
ize:
1
17 x 53 x 3
8 cm.
The t runca ted pyramidal top is undecorated. On

ly t he f
ront a nd
t
he l eft latera
l face are preserved, c ons
isting o f niches with s emi-
c
ircular p ediments. The ma in f
ace s hows t wo busts ( a w
oman o n
t
he l eft a nd a man on the right). Above, t he pediment d epicts
av ase, f lanked by two p eacocks. The lef
t s econdary face r epre-
s
ents A tt
is a nd the pediment a male figure b etween t wo rosettes.
Date: t
he second ha
lf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.-the b
eginn
ing o
f
t
he 3 rd c
entury A D.
G
r. F
lorescu, ED, I
V, 1
930
, n
o. 6
6 b
is, p
. 1
13, f
ig. 5
6 a
-b.
1
72
5
1. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 8
5.
A
ltar pi
laster-shaped. L
ize: 9
5 x 5
2 x
3
0 cm.
The t op, i n the shape of a t runcated pyram id, is undecorated.

The t hree f aces of the altar represent a rched n iches, f
lanked by
spira
l c olumns. I
n t he front niche t here are six busts (above
two a dults, a woman a nd a man, b elow four c hi
ldren); i
n the
l
ateral n iches k antharos w ith vine-stalk and g rapes a nd a dolphin
r
espect ive ly.
Date: t
he second h a
lf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.-the b
eginn
ing o
f
t
he 3 rd c
entury A. D.
Unpubl
ished.
5
2. Sarmizegetusa, Hunedoara county (ULPIA TRAIANA). Nat
iona
l
Museum o f History. Bucharest. I
nv. 69518. P
l. XXIII.
A
ltar, p
ilaster-shaped. Gr
it-stone. We
ll-preserved. S
ize: 1
20 x
6
0 x 40 cm.
The t hree sides a re decorated with a rched niches ( Corinthian

columns wh ich s upport a rches o
n t heir capi
ta ls), but the t runcated
pyramid a bove t he arches is undecorated. In the front niche there
are the figures o f the deceased p arents and t wo children a nd in
the l
ateral n iches is represented A ttis.
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.-the b
eginning o
f t
he 3
rd c
entury A
. D.
Gr. F
lorescu, ED, IV, 1
930, p. 1
14, no
. 6 7, f
ig. 5
5 a
-b; 0. F
loca,
V. Wolsk
i, BMI, XLII, 1
973, 3, p
. 48, fig
. 123; D
. Alicu, C. Pop,
V. Wo
llmann, FMS, p . 1
73, n
o. 509, p
l. XCVII.
5
3. S
armizegetusa
, Hunedoara c
ounty (
I
nv. 3
593. P
l. XXII.
A
ltar, p
ilaster-shaped. Gr
ize: 1
15 x 5
0
x 4
0 cm.
The truncated pyram id is d ecorated w ith a vine-stalk and g rapes.

The t hree f aces of the monument r epresent c o
lumned n iches a bove
with sem i-circular pediments. The p ediment o f the main face is
decorated w ith two hippocamp i and b e
low, i nside the niche, t here
a
re t he f igures of the d eceased man, woman a nd t wo ch
ildren.
The p ed iment o f t
he left lateral face is decorated w ith a Medusa
head a nd the niche w i
th a h orseman. The ped iment of the right
l
ateral f ace is decorated w ith a d olphin a nd the niche with a s tand-
i
ng ma le figure (camillus).
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.-the b
eginn
ing o
f t
he 3
rd c
entury A
. D.
J
. F. Neigebaur, Dacien, P. 41, no. 149
, D. Alicu, V
. Wo
llmann,
FMS, pp. 173-174, n
o. 5 10, p
l. XCVIII, CLVII.
5
4. Ve e
l, Hunedoara c
ounty (
nv. 3
529
.
A
ltar, p
ilaster-shaped. Andes
ite. Damaged. S
ize: 1
05 x 5
5 x 4
5 cm.
The truncated pyramid has a pine-cone in the upper part. The

t
hree f aces of t
he monument show r ectangular n
iches f
lanked by
p
ilasters. I
n the f
ront niche t
here a re t
wo busts (a woman o n the
l
eft and a man o n t
he right) and above, e nc
losed by a frame, on
1
73
t
he truncated pyramid a do
lph in o
n at rident. I
n one of the
l
atera
l niches, a woman ho
ld ing a grape and a bove a s
cale-shaped
ornament.
Date: t
he e
nd o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.-the 3
rd c
entury A
. D.
R
. Münsterberg, J
. Oehler, JdAI, V , 1 902, Beibl. c 1
26; Gr.
F
lorescu. ED, IV, 1930, p. 115, no. 68, fig. 57 a -b; 0. Floca,
W
. Wo lsk
i, BMI, XLII, 1973, 3, f
igs. 1 27-128.
I
V B P
ILASTER-SHAPED ALT ARS W
ITH FOU R S
IDES DECORATED
5
5. Vete
l, Hunedoara c
ounty (
nv. 1
5931
.
P
l. XXIII.
A
ltar, p
ilaster-shaped. Gr
it-stone. Two s
ides a
re d
amaged.
S
ize: 1
20 x 6 8 x 48 cm.
The f aces o f t
he monument a re d ecorated w ith arched n iches.
Columns s upport a rches which s pring f rom a baci on the upper
parts o f the Corinthian c api
ta ls. A roof in t he shape of a t runc-
a
ted pyramid i s raised a bove t he a bacus b etween t he acroter ia.
Inside a n iche Eros, h o
ld ing a c rown a nd a torch in his l ef
t h and,
i
s r epresented. Above, o n t he truncated pyramid, s edilia. I
nside
another n iche a kantharos w ith v ine-stalk, g rapes and i vy l eaves.
Above, o n the truncated pyram id, a d o
lph in.
Date
: t
he s
econd h
alf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
0. F
loca, Dacia, VII-VIII, 1937-1940, pp. 337-341, f
ig. 1
; RR,
pp. 255-256, G 1
39 (-
= C ivi
ltà, p. 255, G 135).
5
6. S
armizege-
t
usa Museum. I
nv. 12. P
l. XXIII.
A
ltar i
n the shape o
f a p
ilaster. Gr
ize:
1
15 x 62 x 4
2 cm.
The truncated pyramid i

s undecorated. The f our faces of the
a
ltar represent arched n
iches w ith acroter
ia . I
n the front niche
there are the busts of t
he d eceased (a woman o n the left and a
man o n the r
ight); i
n the lateral n
iches A ttis and in the back
n
iche a k antharos with a vine-stalk and g rapes, flanked by t wo
peacocks.
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.-the 3
rd c
entury A
. D.
B. Jan6, AE, 1 912, p. 4 9; C. Da icov iciu, AISC, I , 1

, 1 928-1932,
pp. 112-113; S
. F erri, ARD, pp. 3 41-342, fig. 450; C
.
Daicov
iciu, H . Daicoviciu, Ulpia Tra iana, p . 86, fig. 33
, 3 5; 0.
F
loca, Gh id Sarmizegetusa, p . 6 9
, f ig. a nd p. 62; D. Alicu, C.
Pop, V. Wollmann, FMS, p . 173, n o. 5 08, p
l. XCVII.
A
ltar F
ragments
5
7. Ve e
l, Hunedoara c
ounty (
MICIA). D
eva Museum. I
nv. 1
05.
P
l. XXII.
A
ltar, p
ilaster-shaped. Andes
ite. Damaged. S
ize: 7
.25 x 6
5 x
4
5 cm.
Monument i
n the shape of a f
our-sided p
ilaster w
ith a t
runcated
pyram
id. The top is d
ecorated with v
ine-stalk a
nd grapes and the
1
74
f
aces with arched niches. Only t
he main and the r
ight lateral
f
aces are preserved. The front shows the f
igures o
f t he deceased
man a
nd woman a nd two c h
ildren a nd t
he secondary face a standing
man (
cam i
llus).
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.-the b
eginn
ing o
f t
he 3
rd c
entury A
. D.
Gr. F
lorescu, ED, I
V, 1930, pp. 115-116, no. 69
, f
ig. 5
8; 0
.
F
loca, W. Wolsk
i, BMI, XLII, 1
973
, f igs. 1
24-125.
5
8. J
upa, Cara rSever
in c
ounty. T
im 4oara Museum. I
nv. 6
556
.
A
ltar. Andes
ite. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 1
10 x 5
2 x 3
0 cm.
The text o
f t he i nscript
ion, e nclosed by a f rame, reads: D(is)
M(anibus) / Ae l(ius) Guras / I
iddei / [ op]tio ex N(umero) Palmyr-
(
enorum)/[v i]xit a nn(os) XXXXII m il(itavit) danln(os) XXI,
Ae
l(ius) Habibis / [ pon]tif(ex) et h(eres) b (ene)m(erenti) p(osuit).
Da
te: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
C
IL, I I, 7999; C. T
orma , AEM, VI, 1882, pp. 120-122
, n o. 7
2;
Th. Nöldecke, AEM, XIII, 1
890, p
. 1 80; M. Moga, I. I. Russu,
LapidMBan, no. 30; IDR, II/1
, 154.
5
9. J
upa, Cara rSever
in c
ounty (
TIBISCUM). T
imi9oara Museum.
A
ltar. L
ize
: 1
16 x 5
5 x 3
2 cm.
The inscr
iption enc
losed by a frame, r eads: D(is) M
(anibus)
F
la(vius) Qu i/n
tus PR I (?) / e
x MAR ( ?) / v
ix(it) a
n(nos) XXX /
I
ulia Max-(?) ima con(iug
i) / p(ient-?) f(ac
iend-)c(urav
it) /
Da
te: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
I
DR, I
I/1
, 1
65.
6
0. Mo
igrad, S
äla
j c
ounty (
POROL
ISSUM). Z
aläu Museum, I
nv. 8
09.
A
ltar. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 4
0 x 2
5 x 1
1 cm.
F
rom the i
nscription i
s p
reserved: c
on- diug
i p
ie}nt
i ?
/
[ss
imi possui]t?
Da
te: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
N
. Gudea, V
. Lucäce
l, I
nsmonZa
läu, p
. 2
1, n
o. 3
2.
6
1. Rom2na5
i, S
äla
j c
ounty. Z
aläu Museum. I
nv. 1
848.
A
ltar? L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 1
07 x 6
6 x 3
7 cm.
The monument has on three sides a f

rame with a mould
ing. F
rom
t
he i nscr
ipt
ion o
nly some letters a
re preserved: S
CR
MINI /
SIMO / QUAR
/
ELIO /M
•
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
N
. Gudea, V
. Lucäce
l, I
nsmonZa
läu, p
. 2
6, n
o. 5
1.
1
75
IA P
EDESTALS (
P)
1
. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 1
94/11.
P
edesta
l. L
ize
: 9
7 x 4
7 x 2
4 cm.
The ma
in side shows two f
acing li
ons wi
th their f
ore-legs d
irected
f
orwards and their b
odies c
ontinued on the s
hort sides. The back
i
s undecora
ted.
Da
te: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.-the 3
rd c
entury A
.D.
Unpub
lished.
2
. C
luj-Napoca (
NAPOCA). C
nv. 8
014.
P
edesta
l. L
ize: 6
0 x 5
0 x 4
2 cm.
The ma
in side s hows t
wo fac
ing li
ons w
ith their f
ore-legs d
irected
f
orwards, flanking an Ammon's h
ead. The li
ons' bod
ies continue
on t
he short sides.
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.-the 3
rd c
entury A
. D.
A
l. P
opa
, Apu
lum, V
I, 1
967
, pp. 1
51-153
, f
ig. 4
.
3
. Transy
lvania. Bucharest Na
tiona
l Museum o
f H
istory. I
nv. 1
4749
.
P
l. XXIV.
P
edesta
l. L
imestone. W
ell-preserved. S
ize: 6
0 x 5
8 x 5
2 cm.
The ma
in side s hows t
wo f
acing li
ons wi
th their f
ore-
legs directed
f
orwards, flanking a h
ead of Medusa. The l
i
ons' bodies c
ontinue
on t
he short sides.
Da
te: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.-the 3
rd c
entury A
.D.
Unpub
lished.
IB
4
. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 1
08. P
l. XXIV.
P
edestal. L
imestone. The b
ack i
s d
amaged. S
ize: 7
0 x 5
5 x
6
3 cm.
Pedestal d ecorated on t he four sides. The front shows two f

acing
l
ions w i
th t heir fore-legs directed forwards, f lanking a bust of a
man. The back r epresents t wo li
ons too. The li
ons' bodies on the
main face meet i n the middle o f the short sides those o
n t he back.
Da
te: t
he s
econd h
alf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
AE, XXX, 1 910, pp. 1

78-179, 1930; Gr. F
lorescu, ED, IV, 1
930
,
p
. 121, no. 7 4
, fig. 6
3. S. Ferri, ARD, p. 263, f
ig. 3
31; RR,
pp. 2
56-257, G 1 43.
5
. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 1
20. P
l. XXIV.
P
edesta
l. L
ize: 6
5 x 5
8 x 5
8 cm.
Pedestal w i
th f our sides d
ecorated. On the front, a woman f
lanked
by two l i
ons a nd on the o
pposi
te side a dolph
in b etween two l
i
ons.
The s hort s ides r
epresent the li
ons' b
odies.
1
76
Date: t
he m
idd
le o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.

930, pp. 121-122, n
o. 7
3, fig. 62
cons
iders wrong ly t
hat t
he piece s
hows a man; S
. Ferri
, ARD,
f
ig. 328 a nd 3
30.
6
. A
lba lia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 4
87.
P
edes
tal. Gr
ize: 8
0 x 8
6 x 6
0 cm.
The pedesta
l is d ecorated on the f
our sides. On t
he front Scy
lla
f
lanked by t wo li
ons a nd on the oppos
ite side t
he head of Medusa
f
lanked by lions
' b odies.
Date: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
. D.
Unpubl
ished.
7
. A
lba J
ulia (
APULUM). L
ost?
P
edes
tal. L
imes
tone. Damaged. S
ize: 9
5 x 3
4 x 3
9 cm.
The monument, unf

inished, s
hows Sky
lla f
lanked by t
wo s
phinxes.
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
M
. Gramatopo
l, Apu
lum, V
I, 1
967, pp. 1
63-167.
I A
8
. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 1
03.
P
edesta
l. L
ize: 4
4 x 6
8 x 3
6 cm.
Rectangular block with t

hree sides decorated. On the f
ront a head
o
f a ma le d
eity flanked by two li
ons on t he short s
ides, enclosed
by frames, a hippocamp a nd a hunting scene (a bovid chased by a
wi
ld a n
imal) respective
ly.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
Unpubl
ished.
9
. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. W
ithout i
nventory no.
P
edesta
l. L
ize: 5
0 x 6
5 x 2
5 cm.
On t
he f
ront l
i
ons back t
o back, b
etween t
hem a f
unerary mask.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
A
l. P
opa, V
. P
avel, Apu
lum, X
III, 1
975, p
. 1
14, f
ig. 1
.
1
0. C
luj-Napoca (
NAPOCA). C
nv. I
N 3
.
P
edesta
l. L
imestone. We
ll-preserved. S
ize: 9
0 x 8
8 x 2
5 cm.
Rectangular b
lock w ith three s
ides decorated. The ma
in side
shows a kantharos flanked by t wo p
eacocks. The s
hort l
eft face
r
epresents a hunting s cene (a hare chased by dogs) and the short
r
ight face two hippocampi.
Date: t
he e
nd o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
Unpubl
ished.
1
77
1
1. P
etr f
lni. Hunedoara c
ounty. C
nv. 4
482
.
P
edesta
l. L
imestone. We
ll-preserved. S
ize: 8
5 x 7
2 x 4
1.5 cm.
Rectangular b
lock with three s
ides decorated. On the front two
ostr
iches; on the l
atera
l sides l
ions back to back, f lank
ing a
head of Medusa and li
ons back to back with an a canthus leaf
.
Date: the end o

f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.-the b
eginn
ing o
f t
he 3
rd
c
entury A
. D.
A
. Buday, Do lgozatok, VIII, 1
916, P. 43 sqq. f
ig. 9 a
-c; Gr.
F
lorescu, ED, IV, 1930, p. 119
, n o. 7
1, fig. 6
0 a-c.
1
2. Romita. S
äla
j c
ounty. Z
aläu Museum. I
nv. 1
021
.
P
edesta
l. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 7
0 x 7
5 x 5
8 cm.
P
edesta
l with three s
ides d
ecorated. 0
1-1 t
he f
ront, t
hree busts
a
nd on the short s
ides h
ippocampi.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
N
. Gudea, V
. Lucacel, I
nsmonZa
läu, p
. 3
9, n
o. 1
24.
1
3. Ros
ia Montana
. A
lba c
ounty (
ALBURNUS MAIOR). Turda Museum.
I
nv. 2595.
P
edesta
l. L
imestone. We
ll-preserved. S
ize: 5
5 x 6
0 x 3
0 cm.
Rectangu lar b
lock with three s
ides decora
ted. The main s
ide shows
two li
ons b ack to b
ack flanking a Medusa. On t
he lef
t short s
ide
an ostrich and on the r
ight short s
ide a d o
lphin.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
Z
. M
ilea, Apu
lum, IX, 1
971, pp. 438-439
, n o. 3
, fig. 3
-5; M
. J
ude,
C
. Pop, MonTurda, p
. 1
8, no. 30, pl. XVI, 1-3.
1
4. S
ounty (ULPIA TRAIANA). S
armizege-
t
usa Museum. I
nv. 1242. P
l. XXVI.
P
edesta
l. L
ize: 4
3 x 8
2 x 6
1 cm.
On t
he main side, two l
ions back t o back f
lanking a Medusa. On
t
he two short s
ides, enclosed in a moulded frame a h
ippocampus
(
to r
ight) a nd a d
olphin (to l
eft).
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
0. Floca, Gh
id Sarmizegetusa, p. 6
8; D
. A
licu, C
. P
op, V
. Wo
ll-
mann, FMS, p . 1
75, no. 514, p
l. CI.
1
5. S
ounty (
I
nv. 3589. P
l. XXV.
P
edesta
l. Marble. We
ll-preserved. S
ize: 7
5 x 4
5 x 3
0 cm.
Rectangular block w ith three s

ides d ecorated. On the f ront, t
wo
l
ions back t o back flanking a ram's h ead which p erson
if ies Ammon.
The lef
t s hort side represents, enclosed by a f rame, a h ippocampus
and the right s hort side a s
ea-griff
in, e nclosed by a f rame
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
J
. F. Neigebaur, Dacien, p . 41, no. 1
47; RR, p. 257, G 1 44
(
= Civ
ilfä
, p . 254, G 133); D
. Alicu, C. Pop, V . Wol
lmann, p .
1
74, no. 511, p
l. XCIX, CLVIII wrong d escription o
f t he l
ateral f
aces.
1
78
1
ounty (
Museum. Inv. 3
590.
P
edesta
l. Marble. We
ll-preserved. S
ize: 6
2 x 4
0 x 5
9 cm.
The larger side shows Medusa between l

ions b
ack to back a nd t
he
short s
ides t wo hunting s
cenes, enc
losed by a f
rame: a s
tag and
a deer chased by d ogs.
Date: t
he s
econd h
alf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
J
. F. Neigebaur, Dacien, p
. 4
1, no. 1
48; D. A
licu, C
. P
op, V
.
Wo
llmann, FMS, p. 174, and 5
12, p
l. CLVIII.
1
ounty (
Museum. Inv. 1
3.
P
edesta
l. Marble. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 8
1 x 8
1 x 4
3.5 cm.
On t
he front, a h
ead of Medusa between two l
ions. On the o
pposite
s
ide two l
ions f
lanking a r
am's h
ead. The short s
ides show vegeta
l
o
rnament.
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
C
. D a
icoviciu, Dacia, I , 1924, p. 256, fig. 19 a
-b; C. Daicoviciu,
H
. Da icov
ic:iy, Ulp
ia Tra iana, p. 88
, f ig. 14
; 0. Floca, Ghid
S
armizegetusa, p . 6 9; D. Alicu, C. P op, V. Wollmann, FMS, pp.
1
74-175, n o. 513, pl. C.
1
8. S
armizegetusa. Hunedoara county (
ULPIA TRAIANA). S
armizege-
t
una Museum. I
nv. 240 (10.017
).
P
edesta
l. Marble. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 4
5.5 x 9
8 x 4
1 cm.
I
n the surv
iving r
egister a p
atera a
nd a s
wan, bordered by a
s
pira
l co
lumn.
Date: t
he f
irst h
alf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
0. Floca, Ghid S
armizegetusa, p. 71; D
. Alicu, C. Pop, V.
Wol
lmann, FMS, p . 162, no. 465
, pl. LXXXII consider t
hat the p
iece
i
s ac ippus.
1
9. Veel. Hunedoara c
ounty (
I
nv. 2 3092.
P
edesta
l. T
ravertine. Damaged. S
ize
: 7
7 x 6
6 x 4
1 cm.
Rectangu
lar b
lock with t
hree s
ides decorated. The main side
shows Ammon? f
lanked by two l
ions back to back. The short s
ides
r
epresent a d
olphin and a h
ippocampus respectively.
Date: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
. D.
. T
L eposu
, L . Märgh
itan, AMN, V
I, 1
969
, pp. 1
62-163, n
o. 1
, p
l.
I, f
ig. 1
-3.
2
0. Ve e
l. Hunedoara c
ounty (
MICIA). D
eva Museum. I
nv. 3
544.
P
edes
tal. L
ize: 7
8 x 9
1 x 4
5 cm.
P
edesta
l w ith three sides d
ecorated. On the front, two l
ions back
t
o back fl
anking a n Ammon h ead: on the short sides Sky
lla and
a d
olphin respective
ly.
Date: t
he second h a
lf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.-the f
irst h
alf o
f
t
he 3 rd c
entury A. D.
1
79
Al. Popa, Apulum, V I, 1
967, pp. 1
53-154
, no. 5, fig. 5
; L.
Marghitan, Const. C. Peto
lescu, Hommages Vermaseren, I, p. 7
29,
no. 20, pl. CXL, 1.
I B
2
1. A
iud, Alba c
iona
l Museum o
f H
istory. I
nv.
1
4938. P
l. XXVI.
P
edesta
l. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 5
2 x 1
15 x 6
0 cm.
Rectangu lar block wi

th f our sides decorated. On the main side,
i
nitia
lly w ere represented t wo lions back to back fl
anking a Medusa
and o n the opposite side l
ions b ack to back. The lef
t short side
shows t he she-wolf with the t wins and Faustulus. The o
ther s hort
s
ide i s damaged.
Date: t
he s
econd h
alf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
Gr. F
lorescu, ED, I V, 1930, pp. 1
22-123
, n
o. 7
7, f
ig. 6
5; C
. P
op,
AMN, 1971, pp. 179-180, fig. 6.
2
2. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 1
05. P
l. XXV.
P
edesta
l. L
ize: 3
5 x 6
4 x 4
3 cm.
Only the main side a

nd t he l
eft s
ide are p
reserved. On the f
ront
two l
ions flanking a head of a ma
le d
eity and on the l
eft s
ide a
kantharos.
Date: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
. D.
Gr. F
lorescu, ED, I
V, 1
930, p
. 1
22, n
o. 7
5, f
ig. 6
4.
2
3. C
luj-Napoca (
NAPOCA). C
nv. I
M 3
.
P
edesta
l. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 9
0 x 8
8 x 2
5 cm.
Rectangular block with three s

ides decorated: t
wo hippocampi, a
kantharos with vine-sta
lk a nd grapes flanked by two peacocks;
a hunting scene--a hare chased by d ogs.
Date: t
he s
econd h
alf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
I
. H
ica-C1mpeanu, AMN, X
IV, 1
977
, pp. 2
26-228, f
ig. 4
.
2
ounty (
Museum. Inv. 1
06. P
l. XXV.
P
edesta
l. Marb
le. Damaged. S
ize: 9
0 x 7
5 x 4
4 cm.
Rectangu lar b
lock w i
th f our sides decorated. On t
he front, Ammon
with a human mask b etween t wo li
ons back t o b ack and on the
opposite side Medusa flanked by l ions. The la
teral sides are deco-
rated with a fish and a d olphin i
n a r ectangular frame, ending in
volutes in the upper p art.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
A
l. Popa, Apu
lum, V I, 1
967, p. 1
54, no. 6
, f
ig. 6
; D
. A
licu,
C
. Pop, V. Wollmann, FMS, p
. 175, no. 5
15, p
l. C
II.
2
5. S
intandrei. Hunedoara c
nv. 2
3454.
P
edesta
l. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 8
0 x 6
5 x 4
0 cm.
1
80
Rectangular block with four sides d ecorated. The main side shows
t
he Ammon h ead flanked by t wo lions a nd the o ppos
ite side Medusa
between two lions. The l
eft short side r epresents a dolphin and a
f
ish and t he right short s
ide a d o
lphin o n a tr
ident flanked by
three f
ishes.
Date: t
he second half o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.-the f
irst h
alf o
f
t
he 3 rd c
entury A. D.
L
. Märghi
tan, I
. Andr4o
iu, SCIVA, 2
7, 1
976, 1
, p
. 1
6, f
ig. 1
/3.
2
6. S
intimbru. A
lba c
ounty. A
iud Museum. I
nv. 3
502.
P
edesta
l. L
ize: 7
0 x 3
5 x 5
4 cm.
The p edesta
l h as f
our sides decorated. On the main side a
nd o n
t
he o pposite side t
here is a Medusa flanked by two li
ons. The
shor
t f aces show a hippocamp a nd a bovid? r
espectively.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
Gr. F
lorescu, ED, I
V, 1
930
, p
. 1
22, n
o. 7
6, f
ig. 6
5 a
-c.
2
7. VeIel. Hunedoara c
ounty (
Inv. 2 3439.
P
edesta
l. Andes
ite. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 6
0 x 5
0 x 3
0 cm.
Rectangular block with four faces decorated. The main f

ace shows
Ammon 's head flanked by lions and the back face Medusa between
two li
ons. On the short faces a d
olphin.
Date: t
he e
nd o
f t
he 2
nd-the b
eginning o
f t
he 3
rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
C
. C. Petolescu, Apulum, XI, 1
973, pp. 733-741; L
. Wärghitan,
I
. Andr4oiu, SCIVA, 2 7, 1
976, 1
, pp. 16-47, no. 2; L. Märghitan,
C
. C. Petolescu, Hommages Vermaseren, I, pp. 7 29-730, no. 21,
p
l. XCL, 2.
2
8. Z
latna. A
lba county (AMPELUM). Buchares
t Nat
iona
l Museum o
f
H
istory. Inv. 6
9906. P
l. XXV
P
edesta
l. L
imestone. We
ll-preserved. S
ize: 1
00 x 6
0 x 4
6 cm.
Rectangular block with four s

ides d ecorated. The larger sides
d
epict a demon f lanked by two lions a nd Sol b
etween t wo lions
r
espectively. On the short s
ides, d o
lph ins. The d olphin o n the
r
ight face has o n the body a cross incised in the IVth c entury
A
.D.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A .
D.
A
. Buday, Do lgozatok, VIII
, 1 966, p. ±4 s
- q., f
ig. 10 a
-c; Gr.
F
lorescu, ED, IV, 1930, p. 119, n o. 7
2, fig. 6
1 a-c; RR, P
. 2
87,
H 49 (
-= C
ivi
ltä, P. 2
68, H 2).
I C
2
9. Sarmizegetusa. Hunedoara county (
Museum. Inv. 1
5941-15942.
P
edes
tal. Marb
le. Damaged. S
ize: 1
40 x 4
0 x 6
5 cm.
The monument i
s o uts
ide rectangu lar and ins
ide circular. On the
f
ront there i
s a bust of a deity, enclosed by a medal
lion. Two
1
81
t
ritones, flanked by a d olphin (on the left) and a h ippocampus
(
on t he right) hold up t he medall
ion. The latera
l f aces show a
p
igeon a nd a n eagle respect
ively, enclosed by a r hombus a nd a
r
ectangu lar frame. Above, styl
ized v egetal decoration.
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
Unpubl
ished.
FRAGMENTS
3
0. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 2
0, P
l. XXVI.
P
edesta
l. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 3
0 x 5
0 x 2
6 cm.
A l
i
on's h
ead a
nd a
n Ammon
's h
ead a
re p
reserved.
Date: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
. D.
S. F
err i
, ARD, p . 2
59 , f
ig. 3
23; Al. Popa, Apulum, V
I, 1 967
,
pp. 145-147
; i
dem, Latomus, XXIV, 1965, 3, pp. 5
51 sqq.; RR,
p. 2
57 , G 145, p
l. 8
9.
3
1. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba J
ulia Museum. I
nv. 1
06.
P
edesta
l. Gr
it-stone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 3
0 x 4
0 x 7
7 cm.
On t
he f
ront a t
riton c
an b
e d
istingu
ished.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.-the 3
rd c
entury A
.D.
Unpub
lished.
3
2. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 1
07. P
l. XXVI.
P
edesta
l. Gr
it-stone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 6
2 x 2
7 x 2
1 cm.
Only t
he main side is p
reserved, r
epresent
ing a t
riton w
ith a
n
o
ar in his l
eft hand.
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.-the 3
rd c
entury A
. D.
Unpubl
ished.
3
3. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 9
9.
P
edesta
l. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 3
9 x 5
8 x 3
2 cm.
The monument i
s unf
inished. On
ly a Medusa c
an b
e d
istingu
ished.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
Unpubl
ished.
3
4. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). Museum o
f A
lba I
ulia. I
nv. 5
19.
P
edesta
l. Gr
it-stone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 3
4 x 6
5 x 2
0 cm.
Only the main side i

s preserved. The monument c
ons
ists o
f a ma
le
bust, flanked by two l
i
ons b ack to back.
Da
te: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
Unpubl
ished.
1
82
COPINGS--TRUNCATED PYRAMID (
CP)
1
. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 9
0. P
l. XXVIII.
Coping--truncated pyramid. L
ize 5
4 x 4
9
x 36 cm.
The main niche shows t he bust of t

he deceased, the opposite s
ide
s
tylized l
eaves, a laure
l wreath w ith a rosette i
n the centre. The
l
ateral s
ides represent a kantharos w i
th vine-sta
lk a nd a head of
ab earded man, above v egetal d
ecoration.
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
Gr. F
lorescu, ED, IV, 1
930, p. 135, f
ig. 7
5 a
-b; H
. Da
icov
iciu,
Apulum, VII, 1
, 1968, p
. 334, no. 1, p
l. I 1
-4.
2
. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 8
4. P
l. XXVII.
Coping —truncated pyramid. L

ize: 6
2 x
55 x 3
5 cm.
The re
lief field, enclosed by a f
rame, i s preserved on three sides.
On the front a k antharos with v
ine-sta
lk, s tylized l
eaves and
poppy fruit. One latera
l s
ide shows a d olphin.
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
H
. Da
icov
iciu, Apu
lum, V
III, 1
968, p
. 3
33, n
o. 2
, p
l. I
, 1
-2.
3
. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 8
6. P
l. XXVIII.

ize: 7
3 x
49 x 3
6 cm.
The monument is decorated on four sides. The main side shows

a S
ilenus hold
ing a kantharos o n h
is h ead and t he opposite s
ide
shows a sca
le-shaped decoration. On t he l
ateral sides there a
re
av egeta
l ornament and a dolphin respective
ly.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entury A
. D.
Gr. F
lorescu, ED, IV, 1
930, p. 136, f
ig. 7
6; H
. Da
icov
iciu,
Apulum, VII, 1
, 1968, p
. 334, no. 3, p
l. 3
-6.
4
. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 9
2.
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize:
1
00 x 4 0 x 38 cm,
The ma
in s
ide s
hows a S
ilenus h
ead, b
elow v
ine-sta
lk a
nd g
rape.
On t
he left l
atera
l s
ide a d
olphin o
n a t
rident. The o
ther s
ides
a
re destroyed.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
A. Cserni
, Monografi
ja, pp. 326-327, f
ig. 34; H
. Da
icov
iciu,
Apulum, VIII, 1
968, pp. 334-335, no. 4
, pl. 1/5.
5
. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 8
7.

imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize:
36 x 3
8 x 3 8 cm.
1
83
The upper p art i
s Corinthian capi
tal-shaped. The f
aces show,
enc
losed by a f rame, Att
is leaning on a pedum, a woman, a nd a
man (cam
illus) h olding a napkin in the l
eft hand and a j
ar in the
r
ight.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
H
. Da
icov
iciu, Apu
lum, V
III, 1
968, p
. 3
35, no. 5
, p
l. 1
-3.
6
. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 9
3. P
l. XXIX.
Coping —truncated pyram

id. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize:
59 x 3
7 x 3 0 cm.
The upper p art i

s capita
l-shaped. On the f
ront, e
nclosed by a
double moulded frame, a woman; o
n lateral s
ides A
ttis ho
lding a
pedum a nd Marsyas with raised a
rms.
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
H
. Daicov
iciu, Apu
lum, V
III, 1
968, pp. 3
35-336, n
o. 6
, p
l. I
I
4
-3.
7
. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 4
74.

imes
tone. Damaged. S
ize: 5
5 x
28 x 2
4 cm.
The upper part i

s i
n the shape o
f acapi
tal. On t
he main s
ide a
dolphin and o
n the r
ight l
atera
l s
ide A
ttis. The o
ther s
ides a
re
destroyed.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
H
. Da
icov
iciu, Apu
lum, V
III
, 1
968, p
. 3
36, n
o. 7
, p
l. I
V, 1
-2.
8
. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 8
9.
Coping-truncated pyramid. L
ize: 8
5 x
30 x 25 cm.
The upper p
art is i
n t he s
hape of a Cor inth
ian capi
tal. Three
s
ides of t
he monument a re scu
lpted: on the f
ront a stand
ing
woman and on t
he lateral s
ides dolphins.
Da
te: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
H
. Da
icov
iciu, Apu
lum, V
III, P
. 3
36, n
o. 8
.
9
. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 4
05.
Coping-truncated pyramid. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize:
Three s
ides o
f the monument are destroyed. On
ly a v
ine-sta
lk,
enc
losed by a f
rame, can b
e distinguished.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
H
. Da
icov
iciu, Apu
lum, V
II 1, 1
968
, p
. 3
36, n
o. 9
.
1
0. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 4
08.
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize:
56 x 13 cm.
Only one s
ide i
s p
reserved, d
ecorated w
ith a v
ine-s
talk a
nd g
rapes
enc
losed by a d
ouble mou
lded frame.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
H
. Da
icov
iciu, Apu
lum, V
II 1, 1
968, p
. 3
36, n
o. 1
0.
1
1. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 1
00. P
l. XXIX.

imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 2
6.5
x 49 x 29.5 cm.
The monument i
s decorated o
n three s
ides w
ith a Medusa
's h
ead,
enc
losed by a f
rame, which shows s
tyl
ized l
eaves.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
C
. P
op, Apu
lum, I
X, 1
971, pp. 3
71-373.
1
2. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. P
l. XXVII.

imestone. The upper p
art i
s
damaged. S
ize: 145 x 65 x 5
9 cm.
The upper p art i

s in the s hape of a Corinthian capita, with denti-
c
o l
i b elow. The f
ield of the re
lief, sculpted o n three s
ides, is
enclosed by a double mou lded frame. On the front is represented
Attis, above two peacocks o n a f
estoon, w ith a surround o f grapes.
The l a
teral s
ides show a canthus leaves a nd vine-stalk with grapes.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
C
. L
. Bä
luIä
, Apu
lum, X
II, 1
974, pp. 1
21-126
, f
ig. 2a
-d.
1
3. Geoagiu, Hunedoara c
ounty (
GERMISARA). C
luj-Napoca Museum.
Inv. IN 21617.
Coping--truncated pyramid. Damaged o

n t
he upper p
art. S
ize:
112 x 70 x 52 cm.
Three sides of the monument a re sculpted. On the f

ront a
kantharos wi
th v ine-sta
lk a nd g
rapes; on t
he l
ateral s
ides Attis,
l
eaning o n a pedum, a r osette a
bove a nd a dog near t
he feet, a nd
a dolph
in, respectively.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
H. Daicoviciu, Apu lum, VII 1 , 1

968, pp. 3
38-339, no. 1 4, pl. V,
3
-5; D. Alicu, C . Pop, V. Wo llmann, FMS, p . 166, no. 481, pl.
CLIV consider t hat the p
iece c omes from Ulpia Traiana a nd that
t
he piece i s l
ost.
1
4. Mesentea. A
lba c
ounty. C
nv. I
N 2
0.198.
P
l. XXIX.
Cop
ing t
runca
ted-pyram
id. L
ize
: 8
4 x 6
0 x 3
8 cm
.
The ornamental field is enclosed by a double mouded f rame. On

t
he main side is represented E ros on a dolphin, hold
ing a p edum.
On the opposite side styl
ized a canthus leaves. The lateral sides
show man w i
th a l amp in h is r
ight hand a nd a li
ttle cask n ear his
f
eet and a woman w ith a n apkin in her l
eft h and and a w ine-jar
i
n the right; n
ear t he feet a pai
l.
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
1
85
H. Da
icovic
iu, Omag
iu lui P
. Constant
inescu-Ia5
i, Bucure9t
i, 1 965,
pp. 1
01-108, f
ig. 1a-d
; i
dem, Apulum, 1
968, p
p. 337-338,
no. 1
1.
1
5. P
atr
injeni, Alba c
ounty
. P
atrin
jen
i v
il
lage i
nser
t i
n t
he wa
ll o
f
t
he church.
Cop
ing-trunca
ted pyram
id? L
ize: 1
00 x
5
0 c m.
The upper p art i

s Corin
th ian capita
l s haped. On the front a grape
and a rosette, flanked by t wo peacocks, b e
low the head of the
deceased e nc
losed by a s hel
l-shaped n iche, can be dist
inguished.
Da
te: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
V
. Wollmann, R
. G
recu, Apu
lum, X
IV, 1
976
, p
. 1
13, n
o. 1
1,
f
ig. 1
3.
1
ounty (
ULP
IA TRA
IANA). D
eva
Museum. Inv. 1
07.
Cop
ing--trunca
ted pyram
id. Marb
le. We
ll-preserved. S
ize
:
1
22.5 x 45 x 40 cm.
The main side shows a c

antharos f
lanked by two g
riff
ins? f
rom
which r
ises a vine-sta
lk with g
rapes and l
eaves. On the l
a
teral
s
ides, Att
is.
Da
te: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
D
. Al
icu, C
. P
op, V
. Wo
llmann, FMS, p
. 1
72, n
o. 5
06, p
l. XCV.
1
7. S
arm
izegetusa. Hunedoara c
ounty (
ULP
IA TRA
IANA). L
ost p
iece?
Cop
ing-trunca
ted pyram
id.
In the f
ront Marsyas with r
aised arms; on the latera
l sides a
winged g en
ius (Thanatos) a
nd Attis. The relief fi
eld i
s enclosed
by a n o
rnamental f
rame.
Da
te: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
H
. Daicov
iciu, Apu
lum, VIII
-, 1
968, p. 340, no
. 19; D. A
licu,
C
. Pop, V. Wol
lmann, FMS, p. 165, no
. 4 79
, pl. CLII.
1
8. S
arm
izegetusa
. Hunedoara c
ounty (
ULP
IA TRA
IANA). L
ose p
iece?
Cop
ing--trunca
ted pyram
id.
1
86
On the main s ide, busts of a man a
nd a woman; above, a bu
ll's
head. On t he latera
l sides a woman h
olding a jug in her r
ight
hand (camil
la), a r
osette a
bove and a man, ho
ld ing a smal
l
bucket (camillus).
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
H
. Daicov
iciu, Apu
lum, VII 1 , 1
958
, pp. 3 40-341, no. 2
1; D
. A
licu,
C
. Pop, V. Wol
lmann, FMS, pp. 1 65-166, no. 480, p
l. CLIII.
1
9. S
int
imbru. A
lba c
ounty. A
iud Museum. P
l. XXIX.

ize: 1
05 x
36 cm.
The monument i s d
ecorated on four sides, enclosed by a f
rame.
On the f
ront Marsyas w i
th raised arms, o n the oppos
ite s
ide a
vegeta
l decorat
ion a nd on t
he latera
l sides Attis.
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
H
. Da
icov
iciu, Apu
lum, V
II 1 , 1
968
, P
. 3
38, no. 1
2, p
l. I
V, 3
-6.
2
0. Transy
lvania. Bucharest. Nat
iona
l Museum o
f H
istory. I
nv. 1
4776.
Coping —trunca
ted pyramid. L
ize: 9
7 x
49 x 4
2.5 cm.
The s
ides of the monument a
re d
ecorated w
ith a d
olph
in a
nd s
tyl-
i
zed l
eaves, respective
ly.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
H
. Da
icov
iciu, Apu
lum, V
II 1 , 1
968, p
. 3
38, n
o. 1
3, p
l. V/1-2.
2
1. Turda. C
luj c
ounty (
nv. 2
780.

ize: 1
35 x
51 x 3
6 cm.
The upper p art i

s Corinthian c
api
tal-shaped. On t
he main side
t
here is a d o
lphin on a tr
ident, on the l
eft latera
l side, a v
ine-
s
talk and g rapes and on the r
ight l
ateral side a kantharos with
v
ine-stalk.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
M
. J ude, C. Pop, MonTurda, p
. 16, n o. 23
, p l. XIII.1-3; Z
.
M
ilea, SCIV, XXIV, 1973, 3
, pp. 539-540. V
. Wo l
lmann, P ota
issa,
I
, 1978, p. 4
6, n o. 1
3.
2
2. Vete
l. Hunedoara c
ounty (
nv. 2
127.
Cop
ing —truncated pyramid. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 6
0
x 5
2 cm.
Only the figure of A

ttis w
ith a dog near the feet c
an b
e d
istingu
ished.
The re
l ief i
s enc
losed by a double moulded frame.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
H
. Da
icov
iciu, Apu
lum, V
II I , 1
968, p
. 3
39, n
o. 1
5, p
l. V
, 6
.
1
87
MEDALLIONS (
M)
IA CORONA, SHELL-SHAPED N
ICHE
1
. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 4
02.
I
ndependent meda
llion. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 5
3 x
4
9.5 x 1
5 cm.
I
nside a medall
ion consist
ing of a shel
l-shaped niche and a corona
a
re represented four busts; above the parents and below the
c
hildren. Only the bust of ab oy (on t
he left) i
s preserved, the
o
thers are fragmentary.
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
C
. Pop, V. Moga, I
. A
l. A
ldea, AMN, I
X, 1
972, pp. 5
04-505
,
n
o. 6
, fig. 6
.
2
. Apo
ldu l de Sus, S
ibiu c
ounty. S
ibiu Brukentha
l Museum. I
nv.
A. 1392-2120. P
l. XXXI.
I
ndependent meda
llion. L
ize: d
iameter
8
9 cm.
The medal
l ion consists o
f a shel
l-shaped n iche bordered by a
c
orona with r osettes and t
aenia. I
nside the medal
lion six busts a
re
r
epresented. Above, a woman ( on the l
eft) and a man (on t he
r
ight), below f our chi
ldren (two girls f
lanked by t wo boys).
Date: t
he f
irst h
alf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
A
. S chober, Dolgozatok, I 2 , 1
911, p
. 2 78, n o. 5 , f
ig. 5; Gr.
F
lorescu, ED, I V, 1930
, p . 124, no. 80, fig
. 6 8; S
. Ferri, ARD,
p
. 321, fig. 4
30; RR, p . 138, D 66 (= Civilth, p . 134, D 66);
C
. P op, V. Moga, I. A l. Aldea, AMN, I X, 1 972, p . 507
, no. 16.
3
. Cr
iste9ti
, Mures c
ounty. T
irgu Mure Museum. I
nv. 1
0.
I
ndependent meda
llion. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 4
6 x 3
0
x 1
6 cm.
A fragment o
f a shel
l-shaped niche surrounded by a c
orona i
s
p
reserved. I
nside the n
iche a bust of a woman a
nd in f
ront of h
er
a bust o
f ab oy can be dist
inguished.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
C
. P
op, V
. Moga
, I
. A
l. A
ldea, AMN, I
X, 1
972, p
. 5
09, n
o. 2
3.
4
. Gher
la, C
luj c
ounty. Gher
la Museum. I
nv. 5
41.
I
ndependent meda
llion. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 3
7 x
4
0 x 21 xm.
Only a fragment o f t
he right upper p art has s urv
ived. I
nside a
medall
ion, consisting of a she
ll-shaped n iche surrounded by a
corona, a head of a man can b e distinguished.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
C
. P
op, I. Al. Aldea, I
. Chifor, V
. Lucace
l, Apulum, V
II, 1968,
p
. 4
15, no. 7; C. Pop, V
. Moga, I . A
l. A
ldea, AMN, IX, 1
972,
p
. 5
09, no. 24.
1
88
5
. Sarmizegetusa, Hunedoara c
ounty (
Museum. Inv. 1
16. P
l. XXX.
I
ndependent meda
llion. Gr
ize: d
iameter
8
5 cm.
The m eda
llion, consisting of as hel
l-shaped n iche s urrounded by
ac orona with rosettes a nd taen
ia , contained s ix busts. Above,
a woman ( on the left) and t wo men ( in the centre a nd on the r
ight);
below, a girl f
lanked by t wo boys. The acroterion on the upper
part and the mortice f or f
ixing t he medallion a re b
roken off.
Date
: t
he 2
nd c
entury .
A. D.
Gr. Florescu, ED, IV, 1930, p

. 126, no. 85, f
ig. 72; S
. F err
i,
ARD, p . 329, f
ig. 4
28 ; RR, p. 260, G 161, (
=Civi
lth, p. 2 47,
G 102); C
. Pop, V. Moga , I
. Al. Aldea
, AMN, I X, p . 511, no. 3
5.
6
. I
l
i va, B
istr
i O-Näsäud c
ounty. Näsäud Museum.
I
ndependent m
eda
llion. Gr
it-stone. Damaged. D
iameter: 5
8 cm.
I
nside a medal
lion cons
isting of a she
ll-shaped niche surrounded
by a corona
, a re r
epresented a woman ( on the l
eft), a man (
on the
the r
ight) and in f
ront of him a c
hild.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
I
. Martian, Tara Nä
.säudului lna inte de insti
tuirea reg
imului de
g
räniceri, Näsäud, 1934, p
. 4 ; D. Protase, ActMuz, I , 1956,
p
. 133; C. Pop, V. Moga, A l. I . A
ldea , AMN, I X, 1972
, p. 5 10,
n
o. 28.
7
. P
ätr
ingeni
, A lba c
iona
l Museum o
f H
istory,
I
nv. 5
4.511.
I
ndependent meda
llion. Gr
ize
: D
iameter 7
5 cm.
On t he upper p art there i s atrapezo idal acro

ter
ion. The m edal
lion
c
ons ists of a shell-shaped n iche s urrounded by a corona with rosette
(
above) a nd taenia ( be
low). I
ns ide the niche t
hree busts are re-
presented: awoman ( on the left), a man ( on t
he right) a
nd a
chi
ld ( in front of the p arents).
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entury A
. D.
A. Schober, Do lgozatok, I 2, 1
911, pp. 275-276; Gr. Florescu,
ED, I V, 1
930, p . 123, no. 78
, fig. 66
; C. Pop, V. Moga , I. Al.
Aldea, AMN, I X, 1972, p. 510, no. 32 c
ons ider wrongly that the
medal
lion represents t wo men.
8
. Vee1, Hunedoara ( MICIA). P
loie t
i Museum. W
ithout i
nventory
number. P
1. XXXII.
I
ndependent meda
llion assoc
iated with f
unerary l
i
ons. L
imestone.
F
ragmentary. S
ize: d
iameter 85 cm.
The medal
lion consist
ing of a she
ll-shaped niche surrounded by a
corona, con
tains a bust of a woman ( on t
he lef
t)a bust of a man
(
on the r
ight) and a bust of two chi
ldren. The l
ower part of the
monument is decorated w
ith li
ons b ack to back.
Date: t
he s
econd h
alf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
D
. Protase, S
CIV, XI, 1960, 2
, p..325, no. 3; idem, StCom
(
=Apulum, IV) 1
961
, p . 139; i
dem, StC1, 1961
, pp. 136-138;
1
89
M
. Horhat, Apulum, IV, 1961, p. 2 79
; V
. Wol
lmann, S argetia,
V
, 1968, p. 1
18, note 2
, n o. 3; idem, AMN, V I, 1969, p. 5 35,
n
ote 5; C
. Pop, V. Moga, I . Al. Aldea , AMN, I X, 1972, p. 5 12,
n
o. 38. L
. Marinescu, Muzeul Napona l, II, 1
976, p . 129, fig. 3.
IB CORONA, SHELL-SHAPED N
ICHE, ONLY MARKED
9
. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba c
ounty. A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 3
84.
I
ndependent meda
llion. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 2
7.5 x
3
3 x 7 cm.
I
nside a she
ll-shaped niche surrounded by a corona the head o
f a
woman (on the l
eft) a
nd t he head of a man (
on the right) can be
d
ist
inguished.
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
C
. P
op, V
. Moga, I
. A
l. A
ldea, AMN, I
X, 1
972, p
. 5
05, n
o. 7
.
1
0. Apo
ldu l d
e Sus, Sibiu c
ounty. S
ibiu Brukentha
l Museum. I
nv.
A 1533 = 3063. P
l. XXXI.
I
ndependent meda
llion. L
ize: d
iameter
7
5 cm.
The upper p art h as an a
croterion. The medal
lion consisting o f a
she
l l-shaped niche surrounded by a c orona
, contains five busts.
Above t he parents (between their heads a baby), b elow t he children,
a girl f
lanked by t wo boys. The mortice for f
ixing the meda l
lion
on t he l
ower p art i
s broken off.
Da
te: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
A. Schober, Dolgozatok, I 2 , 1911, p. 279, fig. 6; Gr. F

lorescu,
ED, IV, 1930, pp. 124-125, n o. 8 1, f
ig. 69; C. Pop, V. Moga,
A
ldea, AMN, I X, 1972, pp. 5 07-508, no. 17.
1
1. G
iläu, C
luj c
ounty. C
nv. I
N 1
322. P
l. XXX.
I
ndependent meda
llion. L
imestone. We
ll p
reserved. S
ize:
d
iameter 6
8 cm.
The upper p art i

s d
ecorated w ith a p
ine-cone. I
nside t
he meda
l-
l
ion, consisting of a s
hel
l-shaped n iche bordered by a corona t
wo
busts are represented: a woman (on the l
eft) and a man (on t
he
r
ight).
Da
te: t
he s
econd h
alf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
C. Pop, I. Al. Aldea, I. Chifor, V. Lucäcel

, Apulum, VII, 1
968,
pp. 415-416, no. 8, fig. 5
; C. Pop, V. Moga, I
. Al. A
ldea, AMN,
IX, 1972, p. 509, no. 126.
1
2. G
iläu, C
luj c
ounty. C
nv. I6
908.
I
ndependent meda
llion. L
ize: d
iameter
7
0 cm.
The meda
llion cons
ists of a s
hel
l-shaped niche surrounded by a
c
orona, inside t
he medal
lion two busts c
an b e d
istingu
ished.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
1
90
A
. S
chober, Do
lgozatok, I
, 1
911, pp. 2
83-284, n
o. 5
, f
ig. 2
;
Gr. Florescu, ED, I
V, 1930, p. 127, n
o. 88, fig. 7
4.
C. Pop, V . Moga, I
. A
l. A ldea AMN, IX, 1972, p. 509, n
o. 2
7.
1
3. Ve e
l, Hunedoara c
ounty (
Mic
ia). Arad Museum. W
ithout i
nven-
t
ory number.
I
ndependent meda
llion. L
imestone. F
ragmentary.
F
ragment o f a
n independent medal
lion, consisting of a she
ll-shaped
n
iche, surrounded by a corona. I
nside the medal
lion a head o f
a woman (on the l
eft) a
nd a head o f a man can be distinguished.
Date: t
he e
nd o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
S
. Ferr
i, ARD, p. 3
27, f
ig. 4
24; C
. P
op, V
. Moga
, I
. A
l. A
ldea
,
AMN, IX, 1
972, p
. 5
12, no. 4
2.
1
4. Ve el, Hunedoara county (MICIA). Bucharest Nat
iona
l Museum o
f
History. I
nv. 38952, Pl. XXX.
I
ndependent meda
llion. L
imestone. We
ll p
reserved. S
ize:
D
iameter 8
6 cm.
The upper p art of t he monument i s decora ted w i

th a f ragment o f
a pine-cone. I
n a meda llion consisting o f a s he
ll-shaped n iche
surrounded by a c orona w ith taenia four busts a re r epresented.
Above, a woman w ith a frui t (on the left) a nd a man w ith a
volumen ( on t he right); below a b oy h olding a b ird (on the lef
t)
and a nother b oy h o
ld ing a sti
lus a nd a c ubic object ( on the right).
The lower p art o f the piece h ad a mort ice f or f
ix ing.
Date: t
he m
idd
le o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
Gr. Florescu, ED, I V, 1930, p. 127, no. 86, fig. 73. S. Ferri,
ARD, p . 3
29, fig. 429; D
. Tudor, Das A ltertum, 1 1, 1965, 2 , p.
113, fig. on p. 112, RR, pp. 2 60-261, G 162 (=Civiltä, p. 247 ,
G 1
03); C. Pop, V. Moga , I
. A l. Aldea, AMN, I X, 1 972, P. 5
11;
V. Wollmann, AMN, D . Alicu, C. P op, V. Wollmann, FMS, p . 1 72,
no. 505 , p
l. XCIV
1
5. Ve -
l
el, Hunedoara c
ounty (
nv. 2
3086.
P
l. XXX.
Independent meda
llion. Gr
it-stone. We
ll p
reserved. S
ize: d
ia-
meter 75 cm.
The meda l
lion consists of a shel
l-shaped n iche surrounded by a
corona w ith a rosette on the upper p art and taenia on t he l
ower
part. Inside the medall
ion a woman ( on the l
eft) and a man ( on
t
he r ight), l ean
ing o n a balustrade. On the upper p art of the
monument t here is an acroterion and o n t
he lower p art a mortice
f
or f ixing t he medal
lion.
Date: t
he e
nd o
f t
he 2
nd-beg
inning o
f t
he 3
rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
0
. Floca, AMN, V
, 1 968, pp. 115-116; C
. P
op, V
. Moga, I
. A
l.
A
ldea, AMN, IX, 1972, p. 512, no. 40.
1
6. Z
latna, A
lba county (
AMPELUM). C
nv.
M
IC/13. P
l. XXXI.
I
ndependent meda
llion. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: d
iameter
6
0 cm.
1
91
I
nside a shell-shaped n iche s
urrounded by a c
orona a
re represented
f
ive busts: above, a woman ( on t
he l
eft) a
nd a man (on t
he right)
a
nd b e
low t hree b oys.
Date: t
he 2
nd h
alf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
A. Schober, Do lgozatok, I 2 , 1
911, pp. 2 76-277, no. 3, fig. 3
;
Gr. Florescu, ED, I V, 1930, pp. 1 23-124, n o. 79
, fig. 67; S
.
Ferr
i, ARD, pp. 3 27-327, fig. 4 25-427; RR, p . 260
. G 1 59, p
l. ? 4
th
1
02 ( =Civi
l & P. 2
47, G 1 00, pl. LXV); C. Pop, V. Moga , I
. Al.
A
ldea , AMN, I X, 1972, p. 5 12, n o. 43.
IC CORONA, C
IRCULAR N
ICHE
1
7. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM), Budapes
t, Nat
iona
l Hungar
ian Museum.
I
ndependent meda
llion. Gr
it-stone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: d
iameter
5
2 cm.
I
nside a n
iche surrounded by a c orona wi
th t aenia are represented
a woman (
on the lef
t) a nd a man (on the right) leaning on ab a
lus-
t
rade. The upper p art h
as a mortice f
or fixing t he medal
lion.
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
A. Schober, Dolgozatok, I 1 , 1
911, p. 2
84, no. 7
, fig. 4; i
dem,
Grabste
ine, p. 211, fig. 211
; C. P
op, V. Moga, I. Al. Aldea,
AMN, I X, 1
972, p. 5 07, n
o. 6 .
1
8. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 1
15.
I
ndependent meda
llion. Gr
ize: d
iameter
8
0 cm.
The medall
ion c onsists o
f a c
ircular n
iche surrounded by a c
orona.
I
nside the medallion there i
s a bust o
f a man and in f
ront o
f him
a bust o
f a gir
l.
Date: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
. D.
Gr. F
lorescu, ED, IV, 1930, p
. 1 26, no. 84, fig. 7
1; C
. P
op,
V. Moga, I
. Al. Aldea, AMN, I X, 1972, p
. 5 07, no. 8.
1
9. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 1
14. P
l. XXXII.
I
ndependent medal
lion, a
ssociated w
ith f
unerary l
i
ons. Gr
it-stone.
Damaged. S
ize: 1
20 x 6
0 cm.
The upper p art i

s decorated with a p
ine-cone. I
nside t
he meda l-
l
ion, consisting of acircular niche surrounded by a corona, t hree
busts are represented; the p
arents a nd i
n front of t
hem a b oy.
On the lower p art o
f the monument t here are l
ions back to back.
Date: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
. D.
D. Protase, StCom (=Apu lum, I II), 1 961, pp. 1 38-139, no. 7

,
f
ig. 7; i
dem, SCIV, X I, 1960, 2 , pp. 3 24-325, n o. 1, f
ig. 1
;
i
dem, S tC1, II, 1961
, p . 134, n o. 1, fig. 1; RR, p . 261, G 1
63
(
=Civiltä, p. 248
, G 1 05, pl. LX; C
. P op, V . Moga , I. Al A
ldea,
AMN, I X, 1972, p. 506, no. 2.
1
92
2
0. Copsa M
ica, S
ibiu c
ounty. L
ost.
I
ndependent meda
llion. Gr
it-stone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 7
8 x
8
5 x 18 cm.
I
nside a n
iche s
urrounded by a corona a woman (
on t
he r
ight)
a
nd a man (on the l
eft) a
re r
epresented.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
C
. P
op, V
. Moga, I
. A
l. A
ldea, AMN, I
X, 1
972, p
. 5
05, n
o. 8
.
2
1. Gh
irbom, A
lba c
ounty. S
ebes Museum. I
nv. 2
195. P
l. XXXIII.
I
ndependent meda
llion. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: d
iameter
7
2 cm.
I
nside a medall
ion, consisting of aniche s urrounded by a corona
w
ith taenia, a
re represented s even busts: above a woman (on
t
he left) and a man (on t he r
ight) between a c hi
ld; be
low four
c
hildren.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
V
. Wol
lmann, AMN, VII, 1970, pp. 1
79-180, no. 19, f
ig. 1
6;
C
. Pop, V
. Moga, I
. A l. Aldea
, AMN, I X, 1972, p. 5
09, no. 2
5.
2
2. M
ihai Viteazu, C
luj c
nv. 1
852. P
l.
XXXIII.
-I
ndependentmeda
llion
. Gr
it-stone. Wel
l-preserved. S
ize
:
d
iameter 6
9 cm.
An a croter
ion in the upper part of the monument. The medallion
c
ons isting of a r
ounded niche b ordered by a c orona with rosette
above a nd taen
ia, below c ontained two busts: a woman (on t he
l
eft) a nd a man (on the r
ight).
Date: t
he m
idd
le o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
I
. Tigära , P roblMuz, 1 960, p. 208; I
. I. Russu, Z. Milea, P robl-
Muz, 1 964, p. 3 1, no. 1 9
, fig. 19; RR, p. 260, G 160 (=-C
ivilfa,
p
. 2 47, G 1 01); C. Pop, V . Moga , I
. Al. A
ldea, AMN, I X, 1 972,
p
. 5 10, n o. 29; M
. J ude, C . Pop, MonTurda, p . 1
5, n o. 21,
p
l. X II/1.
2
3. Ve e
l, Hunedoara c
ounty (
nv. 2
452.
P
l. XXXIII.
I
ndependent meda
llion. Gr
it-stone. We
ll-preserved. S
ize:
d
iameter 8
0 cm.
The medallion consists o

f ac ircular niche surrounded by a c
orona
wi
th taenia. I
nside the medallion are represented a woman (
on the
l
eft) and a man ( on the right). I
n front of the p
arents t
here i
s
ab oy.
Date: t
he f
irst h
alf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
0
. F
loca, Dacia, VII-VIII, 1
937-1940, pp. 341-342, f
ig. 2; C
. P
op,
V
. Moga, I
. A l. A
ldea, AMN, I X, 1 972, p
. 512, no. 39.
2
4. Ve el, Hunedoara county (MICIA). Bucharest Nationa
l Museum o
f
History. I
nv. 69516. Pl. XXXIII.
I
ndependent meda
llion. Andes
ite. F
ragmentary. S
ize: d
ia. 9
1 cm.
1
93
The medall
ion consists of ac ircular n
iche s urrounded by a c orona
w
ith taenia and rosettes. I
nside, the busts o f f
our deceased are
r
epresented. On t he lef
t-hand s ide, there are the women a nd on
t
he right-hand side t he men, leaning o n a ba
lustrade.
Date: t
he m
idd
le o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
L
. David, L
. Marghi
tan, AMN, V, 1
968, p. 133
, pl. I, fig
. 4
;
C
. Pop, V. Moga
, I. Al. A
ldea
, AMN, IX, p. 512, n
o. 41.
I A SMOOTH PROF
ILE, SHELL-SHAPED N
ICHE
2
5. A
iud, Alba c
iona
l Museum o
f H
istory. I
nv.
6
6446. P
l. XXXII.
Independent meda
llion associated w
ith funerary l
i
ons. L
imestone.
Wel
l-preserved. Size: 100 x 119 x 2
2 cm.
The monument h as o n the upper p art a t rapezo id a croterion. Inside

a meda
llion, c onsisting of a shell-shaped n iche w ith circular prof ile,
t
hree busts a re r epresented; a woman ( on t he left) , a man ( on
t
he right) and a b oy (in front o f the p arents). On the lower p art
o
f the monument a re represented l ions b ack t o b ack a ssociated
w
ith a Medusa h ead o n the plinth. The l i
on o n t he left-hand s ide
i
s hold
ing t he h ead o f a ram in h is fore-paws a nd t he li
on o n the
r
ight-hand s ide is h o
lding the h ead o f ah orse.
Date: t
he f
irst h
alf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
D. P rotase, SCIV, X I, 1960, 2 , pp. 3 25-326, n o. 2, fig. 2 ; i

dem,
StCom ( =Apulum, I II), 1 961, p . 139; i
dem S tC1, II, 1 961, pp.
134-135, n o. 2
, f ig. 2; M. Horhat, S tCom ( =Apu lum, III), 1 961,
pp. 2 76-280, fig. 1; RR, p . 2 61, G 1 64 (=Civiltä, p. 2 48, G 1 04);
C. P op, V . Moga , I. Al. A ldea, AMN, I X, 1 972, p . 506, n o. 1.
2
6. Geoag
iu, Hunedoara county (GERMISARA). Geoag
iu v
illage. Re-
u
sed i n t
he t
ower of the r
eformed c
hurch.
Independent meda
llion? Gr
it-stone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 4
4 x 3
4
cm.
The medallion c onsists of a she

ll-shaped n iche surrounded by a
smooth profile. I
nside the meda l
l ion a bust of a woman (on the
l
eft), a
nd a bust o f a man (on t he right) can be distingu
ished.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
N
. Gostar, CCRH ( =Sargetia
, II), 1956, p. 86, no. 1
7, f ig. 12;
V
. Wol
lmann, S argetia, V
, 1 968
, p. 118, no. 11, f
ig. 11; C. Pop,
V
. Moga, I. A
l. A ldea, AMN, I X, 1
972, p. 508, no. 1
8.
2
7. Moigrad, S
äll
a
j c
ounty (
POROLISSUM). Z
aläu Museum. I
nv. 2
15.
P
l. XXXII.
I
ndependent meda
llion. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. .
S
ize: 3
5 x 5
5
x 2
3 cm.
A fragment of the meda l

lion, consisting of acircular n iche, sur-
r
ounded by a c orona, inside eight busts can b e distinguished. I
n
t
he upper reg ister are represented a woman a nd a man, i n t
he
c
entre three girls and a b oy, in the lower register a g ir
l (on the
l
eft) and a boy? ( on the right).
1
94
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
C. P op, I. Al. Aldea, I. Chifor, V. Lucäcel, Apulum, VII, 1 968,

pp. 4 17-418, no. 9, fig. 6
; C. Pop, I. A
l. Aldea, AMN, I X, 1 972,
p. 5 10, no. 30; N. Gudea, V . Lucacel, InsmonZalau, p
. 4 2, n o.
137.
I B SMOOTH PROF
ILE, SHELL-SHAPED N
ICHE ONLY MARKED
2
8. Ro§ia Montana, A
lba county (
ALBURNUS MAIOR), Turda Museum.
Inv. 2594, P
l. XXXIII.
I
ndependent meda
llion. Gr
it-stone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: d
iameter
6
8 cm.
The upper part i

s d ecorated wi
th a n a
croterion. I
nside a shel
l-
shaped r
ounded n iche are represented four busts. Above, a
woman (on the l
eft) a nd a man (on the right) l
eaning o n ab a
lus-
t
rade; below a boy ( on the l
eft) and a gir
l (on the right).
Date: t
he 2
nd ha
lf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
C. Pop, I . Al. Aldea, I. Ch ifor, V. Lucäcel, Apu lum, V II, 1

968,
p
. 4 20; V. Wol
lmann, AMN, V II, 1970, p
. 1 80; C
. P op, V. Moga,
I
. Al. A ldea, AMN, I X, 1972, p . 511, no. 33; Z
. M i
lea, Apulum,
IX, 1971, pp. 4 37-438, no. 2 , fig. 2; M. Jude, C . P op, MonTurda,
pp. 15-16, n o. 22, pl. XII/2.
I C SMOOTH PROF
ILE, C
IRCULAR N
ICHE
2
9. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 6
2/11 = 1
1605
.
I
ndependent meda
llion. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 6
0 x
3
3 x 14 cm.
A f
ragment r
epresents a c
ircu
lar n
iche w
ith a bust o
f a man i
nside.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
C
. P op, I
. Al. A ldea, I
. Chifor, V. Lucäce
l, Apu
lum, V II, 1
968
,
p
. 413, no. 1, fig. 1; C. Pop, V. Moga, I. A
l. Aldea
, AMN, I X,
1
972, p. 506, no. 3.
3
0. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 1
13.
I
ndependent meda
llion. L
ize: d
iameter
7
7 cm.
The medallion consists o

f a rounded n
iche e nclosed by a c
ircular
f
rame. Inside the medal
lion, l
eaning on a balustrade, i
s represented
a bust o
f a man.
Date: t
he e
nd o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury-beg
inning o
f t
he 3
rd c
entury
A. D.
Gr. F
lorescu, ED, IV, p. 1
930, p. 1
25, no. 8
3, f
ig. 70; C
. P
op,
V. Moga, I
. Al. Aldea, AMN, IX, 1
972, p
. 507, n
o. 7.
3
1. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum, I
nv. 3
90.
I
ndependent meda
llion. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 3
7 x
1
5 cm.
1
95
Only t
he right part i
s preserved. I
nside a rounded niche enc
losed
by a c
ircu
lar frame a bust of a woman can b
e d istingu
ished.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
C. P
op, I. Al. Aldea, I. Chifor, V. Lucace
l, Apulum, VII, 1968,
p
. 413-414, no. 2
, fig. 2; C. Pop, V
. Moga. I
. Al. A
ldea,
AMN, IX, 1972, p. 506, no. 4.
3
2. Cr
ist ei
, Mures c
ounty. T
irgu Mure§ Museum. I
nv. 7a
-b.
I
ndependent meda
llion. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 4
2.5 x
4
6 x 15 cm.
I
nside a c
ircular n
iche a woman a
nd a man, h
old
ing b
abies i
n t
heir
a
rms, are represented.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
C
. P
op, I. Al. Aldea
, I. Chifor, V
. Lucäce
l, Apulum, V
II, 1
968,
p
. 4
15, no. 4; C. Pop, V
. Moga, I . A
l. A
ldea, AMN, IX, 1
972,
p
. 5
08, no. 22.
3
3. Cr
iste§ti
, Mure§ c
ounty. T
irgu Mure§ Museum. I
nv. 2
6.
I
ndependent meda
llion. Gr
it-stone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 3
3 x
3
2 x 17 cm.
Ins
ide a r
ounded n
iche a bust o
f a woman a
nd i
n f
ront o
f h
er a
bust o
f a gir
l c
an be d
istingu
ished.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
I
. Paulov
ics, Dacia, pp. 92-93, f
ig. 4
5; C
. P
op, V
. Moga
, I
.Al.
A
ldea, AMN, IX, 1 972, p
. 5 08, n
o. 21
.
3
4. I
l4ua, B
istr
iIa-Näsäud c
ounty. B
istr
i p Museum. I
nv. 5
113.
I
ndependent meda
llion. Tuff
. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 6
0 x 3
8 cm.
The meda
llion cons
ists of aniche surrounded by a corona
. I
nside
t
he medal
lion three busts a
re represented: a woman (on the l
eft)
a man (
on the r
ight) and a c
hild (
in front o
f the parents). The
l
ower part h
as a mort
ice f
or fix
ing the medal
lion.
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
C. Pop, V
. Moga, I
. Al. Aldea, AMN, I
X, 1
972, p
. 5
16; S
t.
Dan
ila, AMN, X
, 1973, pp. 605-609
.
3
5. T
irnava, S
ibiu county. S
ibiu Brukentha
l Museum. I
nv. A 1
532 =
3
062. P
l. XXXIII.
I
ndependent meda
llion. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: d
iameter
4
8 cm.
The upper part i

s decorated with a l
ion i
n al y
ing posit
ion. Ins
ide
a rounded n
iche are represented a woman (on the l
eft) ho
lding a
vessel a
nd a man (on the right) ho
lding a vo
lumen. •
Date: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
. D.
A. Schober, Do lgozatok, I 2 , p
. 285, no. 7, f
ig. 7
; Gr. F
lorescu,
ED, IV, 1930, p . 128, no. 87; C
. P op, V
. Moga, I. Al. A
ldea,
AMN, I X, 1972, p. 5 11, no. 37.
1
96
FRAGMENTS
3
6. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 4
79.
I
ndependent meda
llion. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 6
2 x
8
6 x 16 cm.
A fragment represents t
he lower p
art of ac
ircular niche s
urrounded
by a corona. Ins
ide the n
iche a bust o
f a woman can be distin-
guished.
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
C. Pop, I. Al. Aldea, I. Chifor, V. LucAce

l, Apu
lum, VII, 1
968
,
pp. 414-415, no. 3, fig. 3
; C. Pop, V. Moga, I
. A
l. A
ldea, AMN,
IX, 1972, p. 507. no. 5.
3
7. Alba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. W
ithout i
nventory
number.
I
ndependent meda
llion. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 3
1 x
2
1.5 x 1
3 cm.
The fragment r
epresents a bust o
f a man a
nd i
n f
ront o
f h
im a
head of achi
ld.
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
C. Pop, V
. Moga, I
. A
l. A
ldea, AMN, I
X, 1
972, p
. 5
03, n
o. 1
,
f
ig. 1.
3
8. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. B 6
09.
I
ndependent meda
llion. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 2
0 x
2
2 x 18.5 cm.
The f
ragment r
epresents t
he bust o
f t
wo boys i
n f
ront o
f a
n a
dult.
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
C
. P op, V
. Moga, I
. A
l. A
ldea, AMN, I
X, 1
972, p
. 5
04, n
o. 5
,
f
ig. 5.
3
9. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 3
93.
I
ndependent meda
llion. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 3
0 x
3
6 x 16.5 cm.
Only a bust o
f a man a
nd t
he r
est o
f a
nother bust c
an b
e d
ist
in-
guished.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entury A
.D.
C. Pop, V
. Moga
, I
. A
l. A
ldea, AMN, I
X, 1
972, p
. 5
04, n
o. 4
,
f
ig. 4.
4
0. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 3
92.
•
Independent meda
llion. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 3
1 x
32 x 21.5 cm.
On
ly t
he bust o
f a man c
an b
e d
istingu
ished.
Date: t
he 2
nd- .3
rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
1
97
4
1. Alba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. W
ithout i
nventory
number.
I
ndependent meda
llion. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 2
9 x
2
6 x 26 cm.
The f
ragment r
epresents a bust o
f ab
oy.
Da
te: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
C
. P op, V
. Moga
, I
. A
l. A
ldea
, AMN, I
X, 1
972, p
. 5
03, n
o. 2
,
f
ig. 2.
4
2. Geoag
iu, Hunedoara county (GERMISARA). Georga
iu vi
llage. The
p
iece has b
een re-used in t
he town i
n t
he reformed c
hurch.
I
nside a c
ircu
lar n
iche a bust o
f a man c
an b
e d
ist
ingu
ished
.
Da
te: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
N
. Gostar, CCRH ( =Sarget
ia, II), 1956, p. 86, no. 1
8, fig
. 1 3
.
V
. Wol
lmann, S argetia
, V, 1968
, p . 118, no. 12, f
ig. 1
2; C. Pop,
V
. Moga, I. A
l. A ldea, AMN, IX, 1972, p. 508, no. 1
9.
4
3. Gher
la, C
luj c
ounty. C
nv. I
N 1
593
.
I
ndependent meda
llion. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 3
7 x 3
6
x 2
1 cm.
A bust o
f a woman a
nd i
n f
ront a bust o
f ab
oy c
an b
e d
ist
ingu
ished.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
Unpub
lished.
AEDICULAE. TYPE I (
AE)
1
. Ve e
1 , Hunedoara c
ounty (
MICIA). D
eva Museum. I
nv. 3
528.
P
l. XXXIV
Aedicula
. Andesi
te. Fragmentary. Height: 230 cm. S
ize of t
he
wal
ls: 117 x 60 x 17 cm (hind wal
l) 117 x 65 x 17 cm (
latera
l
wal
ls). S
ize of t
he pedesta
l: 1
05 x 83 x 27 cm.
The a
edicu
la consists o
f an iche c
losed by t
hree p
arts, w
ith v
aulted
r
oof and a r
ectangular pedesta
l.
The v aulted r oof i s decorated o n t he s em icircu lar g able w i

th a
g arland ( rosettes a nd leaves b ound w i
th t aenia) a nd t wo h emisphe-
r
ica l acroter ia a t the b ack corners a nd t wo l ions o n t heir p aws o n
the f ront. On t he midd le o
f t he r oof t here i s ap ine-cone. The
wa lls a re d ecorated w i
th t he comp lete f igure o f the d eceased . The
r
ight l atera l wa ll
, w ith a n undecora ted e dge, s hows o n t he internal
f
ace t he w ife a nd husband a nd a b oy b efore t hem. The man h olds
av o
lumen i n his left h and and t he b oy h o
lds s ti
li a nd c rumena .
Be low t he s cene t here i s a gar
land w ith a b ird. The l eft la
tera l
wa ll also s hows t he husband a nd w ife a nd a g irl, h olding a f lower,
before t hem. Above t he scene, a g arland . The a ntae a re deco-
rated w i th a s nake. On the hind wa l
l a re r epresented t he p arents
a
t t he b ack a nd t he c hi
ldren b efore t hem ( the g irl o n t he father's
part a nd t he b oy o n the mother 's).
Date
: t
he 2
nd o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury-the b
eginn
ing o
f t
he 3
rd c
entury
A.D.
1
98
Fr. Cumont, AEM, XVII, 1894, pp. 24-26, fig. 3-4; G. T�glas,
HTRTE, I, 1902, fig. 191-192; Gr. Florescu, ED, IV, 1930, pp.
80-81, fig. 3; RR, p. 253, G 128 (=Civilta, p745, G 91); 0.
Floca, W. Wolski, BMI, XLII, 3, 1973, pp. 4-8, fig. 1-5.
2. Vetel, Hunedoara county (MICIA). Deva Museum. Inv. 23.117.

Pl. XXXIV.
Aedicula. Grit-stone. Damaged. The size of the roof: 115 x 100
x 45 cm. The size of the walls: 135 x 57 x 17 cm. The hind
wall is lost.
The aedicula consists of a niche with a horizontal roof having two
slopes on the upper ·part and a profiled base. Inside the ceiling a
rectangular gap shows two Medusa's busts, disposed like the
figures on playing cards.
The lateral walls alone are decorated with antae with ivy and vine
stalk. The baek wall was undecorated.
Date: the 3rd century A .D.
L. David, L. M�rghitan, AMN, V, 1968, p. 126, no. 1, pl. 1/1-2;
RR, p. 255. G 138 (=Civ� pp. 246-247, G 99); 0. Floca, W.
Wolski, BMI, XLII, 1973, 3, p. 8, no. 2, fig. 6-7, 7 a-c.
ROOFS
A. Vaulted roofs
3. Criste§ti, Mure� county. Tirgu Mure9 Museum. Inv. 4896.
Roof. Limestone. Fragmentary. Size: 69 x 42 cm.
Vaulted roof, two slopes on the upper part, flanked by two lions.
Around the arch ornamental garland.
Date: the 2nd-3rd centuries A .D.
I. Paulovics, Dacia, p. 89, fig. 31; 0. Floca, W. Wolski, BMI,
XLII, 1973, 3;-p:-20, �o. 59, fig. 74.
4. Vetel, Hunedoara county (MICIA). Deva Museum. Inv. 25489.

Roof. Limestone. Damaged. Size: 135 x 107 x 45 cm.
Vaulted roof, the uppei- part has· two slopes. Two hemispherical
. acroteria are at the hind corners and two lions on their paws in
front. Around the arch, vegetal decoration.
Date: the end of the 2nd century-beginning of the 3rd century
A.D.
0. Floca, W. Wolski, BMI, XLII, 1973, 3, p. 14, no. 32, fig. 43.
5. 9nau, Cluj county. Cluj Napoca Museum. Inv. 24.224.
Roof. Limestone. Well-preserved. Size: 110 x ·90 x 42 cm.
Vaulted roof, flanked by t}VO lions on their paws. The arch of
the vault has p�ofiles on the main and lateral sides.
Date: the. end of the 2nd century-the beginning of the 3rd
century A.D.
0. Floca, W. Wolski, BMI, XLII, 1973, 3, p. 24, no. 76, fig. 96.
199
6
. Ve e
l, Hunedoara c
ounty (
VETEL). Deva Museum. I
nv. 2
5486
Roof
. Andes
ite. Damaged. S
ize: 1
25 x 9
3 x 5
0 cm.
Vaulted r
oof with two hemispherical acro
ter
ia at the h
ind corners
and two l
ions on their paws i
n f ront. On the c
eil
ing is c
arved a
r
ectangular niche decorated wi
th Medusa 's bust.
Date: t
he e nd o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury-the b
eginn
ing o
f t
he 3
rd
c
entury A. D.
0
. F
loca, W
. Wo
lsk
i, BMI, XL
II, 1
973
, 3
, p
. 8
, n
o. 3
, f
ig. 8
, 9
a
, b
, c.
7
. Ve e
l, Hunedoara county (MICIA). Deva Museum. I
nv. 3
526.
P
l. XXXIV.
Roof
. Andes
ite. Damaged. S
ize: 1
70 x 8
5 x 4
5 cm.
Vaulted roof with two hemispher

ical acroteria a
t the h
ind c orners
and two lions on their p
aws in front. The main s
ide is d
ecorated
wi
th s y
lized leaves.
Date: t
he e nd o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury-the b
eginn
ing o
f t
he 3
rd
c
entury A. D.
0
. F
loca
, W
. Wo
lsk
i, BMI, XL
II, 1
973
, 3
, p
. 8
, n
o. 4
, f
ig. 1
0.
8
. VeIe
l, Hunedoara c
ounty (
ithout i
nven-
t
ory number.
Roof
. Gr
it-stone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 4
4 x 1
40 x 2
2 cm.
Vaulted r
oof wi
th two hemispher
ical acroter
ia a
t t
he h
ind c
orners
and two l
ions on t
heir p
aws in front.
Date
: t
he e nd o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.-the b
eginning o
f t
he 3
rd
c
entury A. D.
0
. F
loca, W
. Wo
lsk
i, BMI, XL
II, 1
973
, 3
, p
. 8
, n
o. 5
, f
ig. 1
1.
9
. Vete
l, Hunedoara c
ounty (
MICIA). D
eva Museum. W
ithout i
nven-
t
ory number.
Roof
. Andes
ite. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 2
6 x 6
4 x 7
5 cm.
Vau
lted r
oof
.
Date: t
he end o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury-the b
eginn
ing o
f t
he 3
rd
c
entury A.D.
0
. F
loca, W
. Wo
lsk
i, BMI, XLII, 1
973
, 3
, p
. 1
0, n
o. 9
.
B
. Hor
izonta
l r
oofs
1
0. S
arm
izegetusa
, Hunedoara c
ounty (
ULP
IA TRAIANA).
Roof? Marb
le. Unf
inished. S
ize
: 8
3.7 x 6
2.5 x 1
7.5 cm.
Horizonta
l r oof
, decorated w
ith t
he h
ead o
f Medusa. Be
low t
he
head, a g ar
land.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
D. Alicu, C
. P
op, V
. Wo
llmann, FMS, pp. 1
23-124
, n
o. 2
81, p
l.
XLVII.
2
00
1
1. Turda, Clu
j c
ounty (
POTAISSA). Turda t
own, i
nsert i
n t
he wa
lls
o
f the house Avram I
ancu
, 3.
Roof? L
imestone. Damaged. R
e-used. S
ize: 9
3 x 6
4 x 3
4 cm.
The main face shows Medusa 's head ins

ide a triang
le, flanked by
two r
osettes and a croter
ia decorated with a do
lphin. The l
atera
l
f
ace shows t wo acroteria w
ith rosettes between a wine-
jar.
Da
te: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
K
. Horedt, M ittBBM, 11, 1946, pp. 11-14. C
. Daicoviciu, Melanges
o
fferts h J
. Marouzeau, P ar
is, 1 948
, p. 1 21. M. Macrea, Dacia,
X
I-XII, 1945-1947, p. 299
; I
. I. Russu, S tudii Teo
logice, 10,
1
958, p. 340; i
dem, SCIVA, 2 7
, 1976, 3, pp. 4 05-412.
1
2. Vete
l, Hunedoara c
ounty (
MICIA). D
eva Museum. I
nv. 1
10.
P
l. XXXIV.
Roof
. Gr
it-stone. We
ll-preserved. S
ize: 1
10 x 9
7 x 3
8 cm.
Hor
izontal roof. The upper p
art has two slopes w i
th l i
ons o n
t
heir paws o n the front and h
emispherica
l a croter
ia o n t he back.
On the main side, a triangu
lar ped
iment s hows a t riton h o
lding
an oar i
n his left hand.
Da
te: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D.
0
. Floca, W
. Wolsk
i, BM, XLII, 1
973
, 3
, p
. 8
, n
o. 1
6, f
ig. 1
2,
1
3, 12 c, 1
3 c
.
1
3. VeIe
l, Hunedoara c
ounty (
nv. 1
14.
P
l. XXXIV.
Roof
. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 1
52 x 5
8 x 3
8 cm.
Hor
izontal r
oof, the upper part has t wo s
lopes. On the main s
ide,
t
he pediment, flanked by two acroteria, shows Medusa 's h
ead.
I
nside the c
eil
ing t wo r
ectangular g aps show rosettes
Da
te: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
. D.
0
. Floca
, W. Wo
lski, BMI, XLII, 1
973
, 3
, pp. 8
-10
, n
o. 8
,figs.
1
5, 15 a
, 1
6, 16 a
.
1
4. Ve e
l, Hunedoara c
ounty (
nv. 1
1325
. P
l. XXXIV.
Roof
. G
rit-stone. Damaged. S
ize: 1
04 x 6
4 x 3
0 cm.
Hor
izonta
l r
oof w
ith t
riangu
lar g
able, s
how
ing t
he S
kyl
la.
Da
te: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D.
L
. T eposu, L. Märgh
itan, AMN, V
I, 1969, p
. 159
, pl. I/1; 0.
F
loca, W. Wolsk
i, BMI, XLII, 3
, 1
973
, p . 8
, no. 7, f
igs. 14, 14a
.
2
01
LATERAL WALLS
Al. L
atera
l wa
lls
, b
oth s
ides d
ecorated
1
5. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 1
04. P
l. XXXV.
L
atera
l wa
ll. L
imestone. We
ll-preserved. S
ize: 1
09 x 6
0 x 1
0 cm.
L
eft l
ateral wal
l; b
oth sides decorated. The i
nterna
l f ace shows
t
he funeral banquet ( a man recl
ining on ak l
ind and in front of h
im
t
he mensa tripes). The other s
ide shows a woman holding a fan
a
nd a flower.
Date: t
he 2 nd o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury-the b
eginn
ing o
f t
he 3
rd
c
entury A. D.
0. Floca
, W . Wo
lsk i, BMI, XLII, 1973, 3
, p . 22, no. 65, f
ig. 8
0,
8
1; V. Moga, Apu lum, XI, 1973, pp. 185-190; L. Bianchi
,
Apulum, XIII, 1975, pp. 173-174, fig. 4
-5.
1
6. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 1
09.
L
atera
l wa
ll. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 4
6 x 3
3 x 1
0 cm.
L
eft l
ateral wa
ll wi
th b oth s
ides d ecorated. The outs
ide s hows
t
hree busts; t
he ins
ide, bordered by a c olumn w i
th v ine-sta
lk
a
nd grapes, represents a fantast
ic a nimal (?).
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
L
. T eposu-Mar
inescu, SCIVA, 2
5, 1
974
, 3
, p
. 4
24, n
o. 1
, f
ig. 1
/
1
-2.
1
7. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum.
L
atera
l wa
ll. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 7
4 x 4
9 x 1
0 cm.
R
ight l
atera
l wa
ll, b
oth s
ides d
ecorated w
ith s
tand
ing ma
le f
igures.
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
0. F
loca, W. Wolsk
i, BMI, XLII, 1
973, 3, p. 2
2, no. 66, f
igs. 82,
8
3; A
l. Popa, V. Pave
l, Apulum, XIII, 1
975, pp. 1
13-114, no. 2,
f
ig. 2
.
1
8. Cr
iste5t
i, Mure c
ounty. T
irgu Mure5 Museum. I
nv. 4
939.
L
atera
l wa
ll. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 3
5 x 2
8 x 1
4 cm.
Left l
ateral wall, both sides d ecorated, bordered by a co
lumn wi
th
Corinthian capital. The internal side shows a horseman at a
gal
lop a nd the o utside Attis leaning upon the pedum.
Date: t
he s
econd h
alf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
0
. F
loca, W
. Wo
lsk
i, BMI, XLII, 1
973, 3
, p
. 2
0, n
o. 5
7, f
ig. 7
2.
1
9. G
irbäu, C
luj c
ounty. C
nv. I 1
772. P
l.
XXXV.
L
atera
l wa
ll. Gr
ize: 1
30 x 5
0 x 1
0 cm.
Left latera
l wa l
l decorated o
n both sides wi
th a broad unworked
surface o n the right. On t
he ins
ide is r
epresented a s
tanding
woman, h o
lding a w ine-jar i
n her right h
and a nd a b
eaker in the
l
eft hand. On the o uts
ide is r
epresented a f
uneral gen
ius lean
ing
upon t he torch.
2
02
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
A. Buday, Dolgozatok, V II 1 , 1
916, p. 67, f
ig. 13 a
, b ; Gr.
F
lorescu, ED, IV, 1930 , pp. 8 1-82, no. 4
, fig. 4
; A
. Bodor ,
On D, p. 47, f
ig. 7; 0
. F loca, W . Wolsk
i, BMI, XLII, 1973, 3,
p
. 26, no. 81, fig. 99
, 1 00.
2
0. S
armizegetusa
, Hunedoara c
ounty (
ULPIA TRA
IANA). D
eva Museum.
I
nv. 3591.
L
atera
l wa
ll. L
imestone. W
ell-preserved. S
ize: 1
48 x 7
8 x 1
9 cm.
R
ight la
teral wa
ll with b oth sides sculpted. On one extremity a
c
olumn w i
th Corinthian c apita
l. On the i
nside is represented a
h
orseman a nd o
n t he outs ide a young man w ith a napkin o n t
he
s
houlders and a gutturnium i n t
he right hand.
Da
te: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
. D.
J
. F. Neigebaur
, Dac
ien, p. 40, no. 127
; 0
. F loca, W
. Wo
lsk
i,
BMI, XLII, 1
973
, 3
, p . 1
0, no. 10, f
ig. 17
, 1 8
.
2
1. Turda
, C
luj c
ounty (
nv. 2
801.
L
atera
l wa
ll. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 8
3 x 4
7 x 1
3 cm.
R
ight latera
l w al
l, b oth s
ides decorated, bordered by a c
olumn o
n
t
he right. The faces show one standing woman o n e
ach side,
i
nside an arched n iche.
Date: t
he e
nd o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury-the b
eginn
ing o
f t
he 3
rd c
entury
A. D.
I
. I. Russu, A
ISC, I I, 1971, pp. 319-321 , f
ig. 1a-b; M
. Jude,
C. Pop, MonTurda, p. 13
, n o. 15, p
l. I X/1-2; 0
. Floca, W.
Wolsk
i, BMI, XLII, 1
973, 3, p. 16, no. 3 7, f
ig. 4
9, 50.
2
2. Turda, C
luj c
ounty (
nv. 8
16.
P
l. XXXV.
L
atera
l wa
ll. L
imes
tone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 6
5 x 5
0 x 1
3 cm.
R
ight l a
teral wall
, both sides decorated. The i
nterna
l side shows
ac oup
le, h old
ing a flower? (the woman) a nd a napkin (the man).
On the o uts
ide is r
epresented a moira s pinn ing t
he fate of t
he
naked c hi
ld before her.
Date: t
he e
nd o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury-the b
eginn
ing o
f t
he 3
rd c
entury
A. D.
I
. I. Russu, Z. M i
lea, Probl Muz, 1
964
, pp. 2 9-30, n o
. 1 8
, fig.
1
8 a-b; M
. J ude, C. Pop, MonTurda, pp. 12-13, n o
. 1 4
, p l.
V
III/1-2; 0
. Floca, W. Wolski
, BMI, XLII, 1973, p. 1 7, n o. 41
,
f
ig. 54, 55
.
2
3. Ve p
l, Hunedoara c
ounty (
MICIA). D
eva Museum. I
nv. 1
24.
L
atera
l wa
ll. Andes
ite. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 7
8 x 5
2 x 1
3 cm.
Latera
l wall
, b o
th s
ides decorated. The interna
l s ide, bordered
by a column, shows a v
ine-stalk and g rapes. The o ther side
shows a stand
ing w oman wi
th a c rumena i n her right hand.
Date: t
he s
econd h
alf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
0
. Floca
, W
. Wo
lsk
i, BMI, XLII, 1
973
, 3
, p
. 1
2, n
o. 2
4, f
ig. 3
5,
3
6.
2
03
2
4. Unknown o
rig
in. C
nv. M
IC 2
98.
L
atera
l wa
ll. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 5
8 x 5
9 x 1
3 cm.
R
ight latera
l wal
l, both s ides decorated. The interna
l s
ide s
hows
ahorseman a nd the outside two genii cucu
llat
i.
Date: t
he s econd h
alf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury-the f
irst h
alf o
f t
he 3
rd
c
entury A. D.
0
. F loca
, W
. Wo
lsk
i, BMI, XLIII, 3
, 1
973
, P
. 3
0, n
o. 9
3, f
ig. 1
13,
1
14.
2
5. Unknown o
rig
in. B
laj Museum. W
ithout i
nventory number.
L
atera
l wa
ll. L
ize: 1
17 x 5
3 x 9 cm.
R
ight l
atera
l wa
ll d
ecorated o n b
oth sides. The i
nside s
hows a
s
tand
ing woman and the outs
ide a horseman.
Date: t
he s
econd ha
lf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury-the f
irst h
alf o
f t
he
3rd century A. D.
D. Isac, S
tud
ia, f asc. 1
, 1 970, pp. 13-14, fig. 2; 0
. F
loca, W
.
Wolski
, BMI, XLII, 3 , 1
973, p . 2
2, no. 6 8, fig. 85.
A2. Lateral wa
lls, both sides decorated;
t
he r e
lief div
ided into reg
isters
2
6. Cr
iste t
i, Mure c
ounty. T
irgu Mure Museum. I
nv. 4
897.
L
atera
l wa
ll. Gr
it-stone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 4
0 x 7
0 x 1
8 cm.
L
eft l
ateral wall, both sides decorated, bordered by a c o
lumn. The
c
olumn is decorated w ith vine-sta
lk. The inside shows a couple
(
a woman o n the left, holding a pitcher and a b eaker —and a man
o
n the right). The outside shows a lion attacking another an
ima l.
Date: t
he e
nd o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury.
J
. P au
lov ics, Dacia, p. 90, f
ig. 32; O
. F loca, W
. Wo
lsk
i, BMI,
XLII, 1973, 3, p. 2 0, n
o. 52, fig. 67
, 6 8.
2
7. Gher
la, C
luj c
ounty. C
nv. D 9
08. P
l.
XXXIX.
L
atera
l wa
ll. Gr
it-stone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 5
6 x 5
5 x 1
2 cm.
Right la
teral side, both sides decorated. The internal side shows
a squire (
cab ), h o
lding t wo horses face t
o f ace and b e
low a p anis
quadratus a pitcher a nd a vessel. The outside p art shows Attis,
l
eaning upon t he p edum.
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
J
. Ornstein, J
tjAI, VI, 1903, Be ibl., pp. 114-115, no. 3, fig
. 3 5;
A. Buday, Dolgozatok, VII 2 , 1
916, pp. 83-84, fig. 8
, 8 a; Gr.
F
lorescu, ED, IV, 1930, p. 8 3, no. 8, fig. 8; 0
. Floca, W. Wo lski,
BMI, XLII, 1
973, 3, p. 70, f ig. 88, 89
.
2
8. Unknown o
rig
in. -
S
ibiu, Brukentha
l Museum. I
nv. A 3
447 = 7
282.
P
l. XXXVI.
L
atera
l wa
ll. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 1
15 x 6
5 x 1
2 cm.
2
04
R
ight lateral wa
ll, both sides decorated. The internal s
ide is
d
ivided into two registers showing a h orseman ( on the super
ior
r
ange) a nd a covered waggon w i
th t wo p ersonages ( on the i
nferior
r
ange). The e
xternal side represents t wo gladiators, ready for
t
he fight.
Date: the s
econd ha
lf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury-the f
irst h
alf o
f t
he
3rd century A. D.
J
. Neigebaur, Dacien, p. 288, no. 17; S. F
err
i, ARD, p . 3 22,
f
ig. 418 and 4
19; RR, p. 254, G 133, p
l. 98 and 99
; 0
. F loca,
W. Wo
lski, BMI, XLII, 1973, 3, p. 30, n
o. 90, fig
. 109
, 1 10.
B1 L
atera
l wa
lls, t
he i
nterna
l s
ide d
ecorated
2
9. Brincovene t
i, Mures c
ounty. T
irgu Mure Museum. I
nv. 6
570.
L
atera
l wa
ll. L
imestone. S
ize: 6
5 x 8
2 x 2
2.5 cm.
L
eft l
atera
l wa
ll with a
n e dge o
n t he right, s
howing a man in p
ro-
f
i
le. The man ho
lds a patera? in his hands (a s
acerdos?).
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
D. Protase, A
. Z
riny
i, Mar
isia
, V
, 1
975, p
. 6
2 a
nd p
l. XXIX,
f
ig. 1.
3
0. Br
incovene t
i, Mures c
ounty. T
irgu Mure Museum. I
nv. 6
580.
L
atera
l wa
ll. L
imestone. S
ize: 8
5 x 7
0 x 2
4 cm.
Lef
t latera
l wa
ll, s
how
ing a Roman o
fficer w
ith a sword i
n h
is l
eft
hand.
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
D. Protase, A
. Z
riny
i, Mar
isia
, V
, 1
975, p
. 6
2 a
nd p
l. XXIX,
f
ig. 4.
3
1. C
luj-Napoca (
NAPOCA). C
nv. M
IC 1
2.
P
l. XXXVII.
L
atera
l wa
ll. L
imestone. Wel
l-preserved. S
ize: 1
28 x 5
7 x 1
2 cm.
R
ight lateral wal
l with a n undecorated e dge on the left. I
nside a
r
ectangular niche i
s r epresented a c ouple. On t he left a man h o
lds
a w
ine-jar in his r
ight hand a nd a napkin on t he lef
t s houlder;
o
n t he r
ight a woman h o
lds a c up in her right hand a nd a patera
i
n her left hand. Between t hem there i s a panarium. The anta
i
s decorated with a s tyl
ized b ranch.
Date: t
he s
econd h
alf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
J
. Neigebaur, Dacien, P . 227, no. 2 2; R
. Münsterberg, J . Oeh ler,
JöAI, V, 1 902, Beibl. no. 96-97; Gr. Florescu, ED, I V, 1930.
p. 82, no. 5, fig. 5; S
. Ferri, ARD, pp. 3 24-325, f
ig. 421; RR,
pp. 254-255, G 1 35
, p l. 96 (=CiviT
tr,- p. 246, G 9 6, p
l. LIX); 0.
F
loca, W . Wolski, BMI, XLII, 1 973, 3 , pp. 20-22, no. 60, fig. 75,
75 a
.
3
2. C
luj-Napoca (
NAPOCA). C
nv. I
N 1
3. P
l.
XXXVII.
L
atera
l wa
ll. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 7
1 x 5
3 x 1
2 cm.
2
05
L
eft l
atera
l wa l
l showing a c
ouple. On the l
eft, a man holds i
n
h
is r
ight h and a bunch o
f grapes and o n the right, a woman ho
lds
a
n apple i
n h er r
ight hand and a pigeon in the left.
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
Em. Pana
itescu, ACMIT, II, 1 930-31, pp. 1
03-107, p
l. I
I. A.
Bodor, OmD, pp. 44-45, f
ig. 4; 0. F
loca, W. Wo
lski
, BMI, XLII,
1973
, 3, p. 22, n
o. 61, f
ig. 76.
3
3. C
luj-Napoca (
NAPOCA). C
nv. I 4
506
.
L
atera
l wa
ll. Gr
it-s
tone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 7
8 x 5
0 x 1
7 cm.
L
eft l
ateral wa
ll with an undecora
ted e dge o n t
he r
ight. On
ly a
l
ower part of a woman
's b ody i
s p reserved.
Date: t
he e
nd o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury-the b
eginning o
f t
he 3
rd c
entury
A•D
A
. Bodor, OmD, p. 4
7, f
ig. 6
. 0
. F
loca
, W
. Wo
lsk
i, BMI, XL
II,
3
, 1
973, p. 2
2, no. 6
3, f
ig. 7
8.
3
4. C
luj-Napoca (
NAPOCA). C
nv. I4
502
.
L
atera
l wa
ll. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 4
2 x 4
0 x 1
0 cm.
L
eft l
ateral wal
l. A bust o
f a w
oman a
nd t
he b
ack o
f ak
athedra
(
?) are preserved.
Date: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D.
A
. Bodor
, OmD, p. 4
4, f
ig. 3
; 0
. F
loca
, W
. Wo
lsk
i, BMI, XLII,
1
973
, 3, p. 2
2, n
o. 6
4, f
ig. 7
9.
3
5. Cr
istept
i, Mure§ c
ounty. L
ost p
iece.
L
atera
l wa
ll. L
imes
tone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 3
0 x 3
4 x 1
2 cm.
R
ight lateral wa
ll, bordered by a
n undecora
ted e
dge o
n t
he l
eft.
The wa
ll s hows a man.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
I
. P au
lovics, Dacia, p. 91, f
ig. 4
1. 0
. F
loca
, W
. Wo
lsk
i, BMI,
XLII, 1973
, 3, p. 2 0, n
o. 56.
3
6. Cr
iste§t
i, Mure§ c
ounty. T
trgu Murep. I
nv. 6
.
L
eft l
atera
l wa
ll. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 4
2 x 6
8 x 1
4 cm.
L
eft la
teral wa
ll wi
th an undecorated e
dge o
n t
he r
ight, s
how
ing
A
ttis
, l ean
ing upon t
he pedum.
Da
te: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
Unpubl
ished
.
3
7. G
eoagiu, Hunedoara c
ounty (GERMISARA). Geoag
i-gv
illage i
nserted
i
n t
he wall o
f the r
eformed c
hurch.
L
atera
l wa
ll. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 7
6 x 7
4 x 2
2 cm.
L
eft l
atera
l wall b ordered by an undecorated edge on t he r
ight.
The wa
ll shows a s tanding woman. The anta i
s decorated with vine-
s
talk and grapes.
2
06
Date: the e
nd o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.-the b
eginn
ing o
f t
he 3
rd
c
entury.
N
. Gostar, CCRH, 1 956, pp. 8
0-81
, f ig. 8
; V. Wol
lmann, Sarget
ia,
V
, 1968, p. 114, f
ig. 7 a-b; 0. Floca, W. Wo
lski
, BMI, XLII, 1973,
3
, p
. 2 4 no. 73
, fig. 92-93.
3
8. I
l
i va
, B
istr4a-Näsä
.ud c
ounty. B
istr
ita Museum.
L
atera
l wa
ll. L
ize: 1
18 x 5
5 x 1
2 cm.
Lef
t la
teral wal
l s
howing c
ami
lla w
ith a w
ine-
jar in her r
ight hand
and a napkin i
n t
he lef
t h
and. The a
nta i
s decorated w
ith s
tylized
l
eaves.
Da
te: t
he s
econd h
alf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
D. Protase, Apu
lum, IV, 1
961
, pp. 1
35-137, f
ig. 5; 0
. F
loca
, W
.
Wolsk
i, BMI, XLII, 1
973, 3
, p. 2
6, n
o. 82, f
ig. 101.
3
9. Mo
igrad, S
äla
j c
ounty (
POROL
ISSUM). Z
aläu Museum. I
nv. 2
57.
L
atera
l wa
ll. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 2
5 x 3
3 x 9 cm.
L
eft l
atera
l wall show
ing man's h
ead. On t
he l
eft a
n undecorated
e
dge can b e d
ist
inguished.
Da
te: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D.
N
. Gudea, V
. Lucäce
l, I
nsmonZa
läu
, p
. 4
5, n
o. 1
53.
4
0. R
ediu, C
luj c
nv. 2
7. P
l. XXXIX.
L
atera
l wa
ll. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 5
5 x 4
4 x 9 cm.
The l
eft l
ateral wall shows a woman s itting, holding a box of
o
intment i
n t he lef
t h and. B
eh ind h er stands a woman who i s
r
eady to comb t he other o ne's h air. S
he directs her right hand
t
owards the b ox and w ith the l ef
t h ands h olds the cur
ls of the
woman whom s he c ombs. In t he fie
ld o f t
he r e
lief t
here is ac omb
wi
th two ranks o f teeth.
Date: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D.
I
. T éghi
s, . 2q, XXVI, 1 906, pp. 3 61-362. I
. I . Russu, Z . Mi
lea,
Prob
l.Muz, 1 964, pp. 128-129 , n o. 17, fig. 1 7; RR, 2 54
, G 1 32,
(
=Civ i
lth
, p . 2 45, G 93); M. Macrea. V i 4a roman-K-1
n Dacia,
Bucharest, 1 969, p. 417, p l. XXIX; M. J ude, C. P op, MonTurda ,
p
. 1 3, no. 1 6, pl. X
/1 ; 0
. Floca, W . Wo lski
, BMI, 1 973, 3
, p . 18,
no. 50, fig. 65.
4
1. S
armizegetusa, Hunedoara county (ULPIA TRAIANA). Ostrov
v
il
lage inserted i
n the "
cyclopean" wal
l of t
he l
oca
l church.
L
atera
l wa
ll. G
rit-stone. F
ragmentary.
The wa
ll s
hows a ma
le f
igure, f
lanked by t
wo t
wisted c
olumns.
Da
te: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
D
. A
licu
, C
. P
op, V
. Wo
llmann, FMS, p
. 1
64, n
o. 4
73, p
l. LXXXVI.
4
2. S
armizegetusa, Hunedoara county (ULPIA TRAIANA). Os
trov
v
il
lage inserted i
n the "
cyclopean" wal
l o
f the l
oca
l church.
L
atera
l wa
ll. G
rit-stone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 9
3 x 9
3 x 1
8 cm.
2
07
L
eft l
ateral wal
l, s how
ing a ma
le f
igure i
n d
raped t
oga w
ith h
is
h
ands o n his ches
t.
Da
te: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
J
. F. Neigebaur , Dacien, p. 75, no
. 3 6; A
l. Bärcäc
ilä, AO, 7,
May-June, 1923
, p . 94, no. 3; D. Al
icu, C. P
op, V . Wo
llmann,
FMS, p. 164, no. 472.
4
3. S
ounty (ULPIA TRAIANA). S
arm
izege-
t
usa Museum. I
nv. 1491. P
l. XXXVII.
L
eft la
teral wa
ll o
f an a
edicu
la. Gr
it-stone. W
ell-preserved.
S
ize: 1
35 x 85 x 7x 1
6.5 cm.
The left la
teral wall shows o n the lef
t-hand side a woman s eated
on ak athedra. She is holding a b aby i
n h er arms. Bes
ide h er,
another standing woman. She is holding a round o b
ject, p erhaps
an apple, in her left hand. The right arm is raised and i s ho
ld-
i
ng t he l
eft shoulder o f t
he woman w ith the baby. Th
is f igure
s
eems t o b e J
uno Luc ina.
Date: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D.
H. Daicovic
iu, D . Alicu, E. Neme , I m Piso, C
. Pop, A. Rusu,
Sargetia, XI-XII, 1974-75
, pp. 2 30-231; C
. Pop, A. Rusu, Muzeu
l
National
, I I, 1976, pp. 153-157
, f ig
. 1. D. A
licu
, C. Pop,
V
. Wo
llmann, FMS, n
o. 4
71, pp. 1
63-164, p
l. LXXXV.
4
4. S
armizegetusa
, Hunedoara c
ounty (
ULPIA TRAIANA). D
eva Museum.
I
nv. 2179.
L
atera
l wa
ll. Marb
le. F
ragmentary. H
eight 1
55 cm.
The wa
ll s
hows a s
tand
ing woman, "
La g
rande E
rco
lanese" t
ype.
Date: t
he s
econd h
alf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
L
. Teposu-Mar
inescu, Sarget
ia, I
X, 1972, p. 63, pl. II, 3; D.
A
licu, C
. Pop, V. Wol
lmann, FMS, p
. 1 64, no. 475
, p l. LXXXV.
4
5. S
ärä
ten
i, C
luj c
ounty. C
nv. I 6
193.
L
atera
l wa
ll. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize:
, 2
0 x 4
0 x 1
0 cm.
R
ight l
atera
l wall wi
th a c
olumn on t
he lef
t edge. The wal
l s
hows
t
wo personages ho
lding a g
lass a
nd a n
apk in, r
espect
ively.
Da
te: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D.
0
. F
loca
, W
. Wo
lsk
i, BMI, XLII, 1
973
, 3
, p
. 2
8, n
o. 8
7, f
ig. 1
03.
4
6. S
incra
i, A
lba c
ounty. S
incra
i v
il
lage. I
nser
ted i
n t
he wa
ll o
f t
he
c
hurch.
L
atera
l a
nd h ind wa
ll. L
imestone. F
ragmentary (the l
atera
l wa
ll)
d
amaged (the hind wa
ll). Size: 7
5 x 8
5 cm; 1
28 x 75 cm.
R
ight lateral wall
, d iv
ided i nto two registers, w
ith a n undecorated
e
dge o n the lef
t. The s uperior reg
is ter shows a horseman; the
i
nfer
ior r eg
ister s hows a k antharos flanked by birds and f uneral
s
ymbo ls
: bucran ium, li
on's h ead.
H
ind wa
ll divided into two r
egisters show ing a h
orseman (
the
s
uper
ior register) and a man, holding a f a
lx v
ineat
ica i
n the r
ight
h
and, f
lanked by v ine-sta
lk and g rapes.
2
08
Date: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D.
V
. Wol
lmann, R. Grecu, Apu
lum, X
IV, 1
976, pp. 1
14-117, f
ig.
1
4 a
-b and 15 a
-b.
4
7. T
ihäu, S
äla
j c
ounty. Z
aläu Museum. I
nv. 1
026.
L
atera
l wa
ll. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 8
0 x 5
0 x 1
0 cm.
L
eft l
atera
l wall ordered b
, b y acolumn on t
he r
ight. The wa
ll
s
hows a girl w
ith a v
essel i
n h
er r
ight h
and.
Date: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D.
D
. P rotase, Apulum, I V, 1961
, pp. 140-141, no. 8
, f ig
. 8 ; 0
.
F
loca
, W . Wo
lski, BMI, XLII, 1 973, 3
, p. 28, no. 87
, f ig
. 1 06;
N
. Gudea , V. Luc EeT
, I nsmonZaläu, p. 4
0, no. 130.
4
8. Turda
, C
luj c
ounty (
nv. 1
983.
L
atera
l wa
ll. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 1
60 x 6
0 x 1
1 cm.
R
ight la
teral wal
l w i
th an undecorated e
dge o n t
he l
eft a
nd a
c
olumn o n t
he right. The wa
ll shows a stand
ing man, making a
s
ymbolic gesture with t
he r
ight h and.
Date: t
he e nd o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.-the b
eginn
ing o
f t
he 3
rd
c
entury A. D.
M
. J ude, C
. P op, MonTurda, pp. 1
4-15, n
o. 20, pl. XI! 3
; 0.
F
loca
, W . Wolski
, BMI, XLII, 1
973, 3, p
. 18, no. 44, f
ig. 58.
4
9. Turda
, C
luj c
ounty (
POTA
ISSA). Turda Museum. I
nv. 1
984.
L
atera
l wa
ll. L
im s
tone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 5
4 x 4
0 x 1
2 cm.
L
eft l
atera
l wa
ll, b
ordered by a c
olumn. The wa
ll s
hows a s
tand-
i
ng man.
Date: t
he e
nd o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury-the 3
rd c
entury A
.D.
M
. Jude, C
. P op, MonTurda, p
. 14, no. 18
, p l. XI/1
; 0
. F
loca
,
W
. Wolsk
i, BMI, XLII, 1
973, 3
, p. 18
, n o. 47
, f ig. 6
1.
5
0. VeIe
l, Hunedoara c
ounty (
nv. 2
466.
L
atera
l wa
ll. Andes
ite. R
estored. S
ize
: 1
13 x 6
0 x 1
2 cm.
The wa
ll, decorated w
ith s
tyl
ized l
eaves, i
s b
ordered by a c
olumn
on t
he right.
Da
te: t
he s
econd h
alf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
0
. F
loca
, W
. Wo
lsk
i, BMI, XLII, 1
973
, 3
, p
. 1
0, n
o. 1
1, f
ig. 1
9.
5
1. VeIe
l, Hunedoara c
ounty (
nv. 2
2483.
P
l. XL.
L
atera
l wa
ll. Gr
it-s
tone. R
e-used. S
ize: 1
80 x 8
3 x 2
0 cm.
The l
eft l
atera
l wa
ll s
hows a h
orseman hunt
ing
. On t
he a
ntae
v
ine-sta
lk.
Date: t
he s
econd h
alf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
0
. F
loca
, AMN, V , 1968, pp. 1
16-117, n
o. 5
, f
ig. 5
; 0. Floca,
W
. Wo
lski, BMI, XL
II, 1973
, 3, p. 10, n
o. 1
3, f
ig. 2
1, 22.
2
09
5
2. Ve e
l, Hunedoara c
ounty (
nv. 1
5944.
L
atera
l wa
ll. Andes
ite. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 6
4 x 6
0 x 1
7 cm.
L
eft l
atera
l wall
, bordered by a c
olumn on the l
eft a
nd a n un-
d
ecorated edge on t
he right, s
howing a s
tanding woman.
Date: t
he e nd o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.-the b
eginn
ing o
f t
he 3
rd
c
entury A. D.
0
. F
loca, W
. Wo
lsk
i, BMI, XLII, 1
973, 3
, p
. 1
0, no. 1
4, f
ig. 2
3.
5
3. V el, Hunedoara c
ounty (
ithout i
nven-
t
ory number.
L
atera
l wa
ll. Andes
ite. Damaged. S
ize: 8
0 x 5
5 x 1
3 cm.
The lef
t latera
l wall i
s bordered by a c olumn o n t
he l
eft and an
undecorated edge o n t
he right. The r
elief f
ie
ld represents a s
tand-
i
ng man w ith a vessel i
n his right hand.
Date: t
he e nd o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.-the b
eginning o
f t
he 3
rd
c
entury A. D.
L
. David, L. Märghitan, AMN, V
, 1 968, p
. 128, no. 4
, p
l. I , 5;
0
. Floca, W
. Wolski
, BMI, XLII, 1973, 3, p. 10, n
o. 1
2, fig. 20.
5
4. Veie
l, Hunedoara c
ounty (
nv. 1
15.
L
atera
l wa
ll. Gr
ize: 1
05 x 6
0 x 1
5 cm.
Left latera
l wall w
ith an undecora
ted e dge on the r
ight. The
wal
l r epresents a stand
ing woman near by a mensa t r
ipes. Above
t
he s cene a g ar
land. The a
nta i
s decorated wi
th vine-sta
lk a nd
grapes.
Da
te: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
. D.
Gr. F
lorescu, ED, IV, 1
930, p
. 8
3, no. 7
, f
ig. 7; 0
. F
loca
,
W. Wo
lski, BMI, XLII, 1
973, p
. 1
4, n
o. 30, f
ig. 41.
5
5. ve-
lei. Hunedoara c
ounty (
MICIA). Bucharest Nationa
l Museum o
f
History.
L
atera
l wa
ll. Gr
it-stone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 5
8 x 4
4 x 1
4.5 cm.
L
ateral wa
ll showing A
ttis. The a
ntae a
re d
ecorated w
ith v
ine-
s
talk and grapes.
Date: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D.
L
. Teposu-Mar
inescu, SCIVA, 2
5, 1
974, 3
, p
. 4
25, n
o. 7
, f
ig. 2
/
4
-5.
5
6. Ve e
l, Hunedoara c
ounty (
ithout i
nven-
t
ory number.
L
atera
l wa
ll ? Andes
ite. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 2
9 x 4
6 x 1
2 cm.
R
ight l
atera
l wall w
ith an undecorated e
dge o
n t
he l
eft? A woman
's
h
ead can be d
istinguished.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
0
. F
loca, W
. Wo
lsk
i, BMI, XLII, 1
973
, 3
, p
. 1
4, n
o. 2
6, f
ig. 3
8.
2
10
5
7. Unknown o
rig
in. C
luj-Napoca Museum.
L
atera
l wa
ll. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 3
5 x 2
5 x 1
8 cm.
R
ight lateral wall w
ith an undecorated edge o
n the l
eft. A man
h
olding a v esse
l in his r
ight hand and a napkin i
n his left c
an be
d
istinguished.
Date: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
. D.
0
. F
loca, W
. Wo
lsk
i, BMI, XLII, 1
973
, 3
, p
. 3
0, n
o. 9
2, f
ig. 1
12.
B2
L
atera
l wa
lls
, t
he i
nterna
l f
ace d
ivided i
nto r
egisters
5
8. Agh
ire§, C
luj county. Agh
ire§ v
illage, i
nserted i
n t
he p
orta
l o
f
t
he loca
l c
hurch.
L
atera
l wa
ll. L
ize: 1
30 x 4
8 x 1
2 cm.
Left l
atera l wa
ll w ith the undecorated edge o n t
he right. The
rel
ief fi
eld i s divided into two registers: a
bove a bust o f a woman
and below c amilla, h o
lding a wine-jar w i
th the r
ight hand a nd a
napkin w ith the l ef
t.
Date: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
. D.
0
. F
loca, W
. Wo
lsk
i, BMI, XLII, 1
973
, 3
, p
. 3
0, n
o. 9
4, f
ig. 1
15.
5
9. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 2
98. P
l. XXXIX.
L
atera
l wa
ll. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 5
7 x 3
8 x 1
4 cm.
Lef
t lateral wal
l with the surface d ivided into two reg
isters and an
undecora ted edge on t
he right. Only a register i
s preserved,
showing c ami
llus, ho
lding a w ine-
jar i n his right hand and a nap-
k
in in h is l
eft hand.
Date: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D.
0
. F loca, W. Wolski
, BMI, XLII, 1
973, 3
, p. 22, no. 6
7 w
ith wrong
i
l
lustration; L
. T eposu Mar
inescu, SCIVA, 2
5, 1973, p
. 424, n
o.
2
, fig. 113.
6
0. C
luj-Napoca (
NAPOCA). C
nv. I
N 3
3.
L
atera
l wa
ll. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 8
5 x 4
5 x 1
0 cm.
Right l
atera
l wall, an undecorated edge on the r
ight, div
ided into
two reg
isters. Above i
s represented a woman's bust a
nd below a
woman a nd a ch
ild.
Date: t
he end o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.-the b
eginning o
f t
he 3
rd
c
entury A.D.
C. Da
icov ic
iu, AISC, I, 2
, 1
933, p. 60; 0. F
loca, W
. Wo
lski,
BMI, XLII, 1973, 3
, p. 22
, no. 6
2, fig. 7
7.
6
1. C
luj-Napoca (
NAPOCA). C
luj Museum. I
nv. I
N 2
4130 b
.
L
eft l
atera
l wa
ll.
. L
imestone. Re-used. S
ize: 1
20 x 6
2 x 1
3 cm.
The wall i
s divided into two registers. On the s uper
ior register
a woman's body b eside a mensa tripes can b
e d istinguished. The
i
nferior r
egister s hows Attis l
eaning upon the p edum.
2
11
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
I
. H
ica-Cimpeanu, AMN, X
IV, 1
977
, pp. 2
30-231
, f
ig. 6
13 a
.
6
2. C
luj-Napoca (
NAPOCA). Turda Museum. I
nv. 2
582
, 2
581. P
l.
XXXVII.
L
atera
l and h
ind walls. L
imestone. Well-preserved. S
ize: 1
38 x
4
6 x 13 cm (
the l
ateral wa
ll); 1
38 x 6
0 x 1 3 cm.
R
ight l ateral wal
l, d iv
ided i nto two registers. The superior r
eg is-
t
er s hows a bust o f a woman w i
th an a pple in h
er lef
t h and and t he
i
nferior r eg
ister s hows cam i
llus, a wine-jar in t
he right hand a nd
an apkin on h is left shoulder.
Hind wall showing the funeral banquet with more persons: a man
between two women o n akline and a woman sitting on ak athedra.
The man h o
lds a c up, one woman a n apple and the other a pigeon.
There is a mensa tripes i
n front of the kl
ine. The busts are in
h
igh r e
lief and the lower part (down from the kline) i
s low relief.
Date: t
he s
econd ha
lf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
I
. M itrofan, L. Teposu, AMN, V II, 1970, pp. 5 31-536; RR, p.
255, G 1 36 and p. 253, G 1 30 (=Civiltä, p. 245, G 9 2); M. Jude,
Apulum, I X, 1971
, pp. 5 47-552; 0. Floca, W. Wo lski, BMI, XLII,
1
973 , 3, pp. 1 4-16, no. 34, fig. 45-46.
6
3. Cr
iste§ti, Mure§ c
ounty. T
irgu Mure§ Museum.
L
atera
l wa
ll. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 2
8 x 3
4 x 1
2 cm.
Right l
atera
l wall showing a horseman a
t a ga
llop. Probably the
wal
l was divided i
nto t wo r
egisters. The a
nta is decorated w
ith
v
ine-sta
lk a nd grapes.
Date: the s
econd ha
lf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury-the b
eginn
ing o
f t
he
3rd century A. D.
I
. P au
lovics, Dacia, p. 91, f
ig. 37; 0. F
loca, W
. Wo
lsk
i, BMI,
XLII, 3, 1973, p
. 2 0, n
o. 55, fig. 71.
6
4. Cr
istesti
, Mures c
ounty. T
irgu Mures Museum. I
nv. 4
900. P
l.
XXXVIII.
L
atera
l wa
ll. Gr
it-stone. We
ll-preserved. S
ize: 1
80 x 6
2 x 1
5 cm.
R
ight l atera
l wall, div
ided i nto t
hree reg isters. The s
uperior
r
egister s hows a Thracian h orseman, h o
ld ing a l yra. On the right
c
orner a woman 's head. The middle part i s decorated with lupa
c
apitol
ina. Above the scene there is a g ar
land w i
th bunches o f
g
rapes. The infer
ior register shows a man f lanked by t wo women,
h
olding c rowns.
Date: t
he e nd o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury-the b
eginn
ing o
f t
he 3
rd
c
entury A. D.
I
. Paulovics, Dacia, pp. 8 7-88, f
ig. 2
5; A. S
z. Bürger, F olArch,
X
III, 1961, note 3 9; C. Pop, ActaMN, VIII, 1971
, pp. 1 78-179,
n
o. 5, fig. 5; 0
. F loca, W. Wolski
, BMI, XLII, 1 973, 3
, pp. 1 8-
2
0, no. 5 1
, fig. 6
e
.
6
5. Cr
iste§ti
, Mure§ c
ounty. L
ost p
iece.
L
atera
l wa
ll. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 1
22 x 6
7 x 1
7 cm.
2
12
Right l
ateral wall b
ordered by a
n undecorated e dge on the l
eft.
The rel
ief fie
ld is divided into t
hree r
eg isters: above, a s
eated
man and stand ing personage; o
n the middle, a hunting horseman
with a hound n ear the horse's l
egs; b
elow a h ired mourner.
Date: the s
econd h
alf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury-the b
eginn
ing o
f t
he
3rd century A.D.
I
. P au
lovics, Dacia
, p . 89
, fig. 38; 0. F
loca, W
. Wo
lsk
i, BMI,
XLII, 1973, 3
, p. 2 0, n
o. 54
, f ig. 70.
6
6. Cr
iste9t
i, Mure9 c
ounty. T
irgu Mure9 Museum. I
nv. 2
3.
L
atera
l wa
ll. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 1
06 x 7
6 x 1
4 cm.
Right l
atera
l wa ll d
iv ided into three registers w
ith a n undecorated
edge on the lef
t. The s uperior register shows a horseman,
s
ticking a spear into t he enemy who h as fa
llen by the horse's l
egs.
On the middle is represented c amilla near by a mensa tripes and
on the i
nferior register a hired mourner.
Date: t
he s
econd ha
lf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury-the b
eginn
ing o
f t
he
3rd century A.D.
I
. P au
lovics, Dacia, p. 89
, fig. 27; 0. F
loca, W
. Wo
lski
, BMI,
XLII, 1973, 3
, p. 2 0, n
o. 53
, f ig. 69.
6
7. Gher
la, C
luj c
ounty. C
nv. D 8
45. P
l.
XXXIX.
L
atera
l wa
ll. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 1
05 x 7
1 x 1
8 cm.
R
ight latera
l wa ll, unf
inished? The surface i
s divided i
nto two
r
egisters. Above is represented a b
iga w ith a dr
iver and be
low
t
he top of ah ead.
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
J
. Ornstein, JÖAI, V I, 1903, Beibl., p . 1
14, fig. 34; Gr. F
lorescu
ED, IV, 1 930, p
. 84, n o. 9, fig. 9; 0. F
loca, W . Wolsk
i, BMI,
XLII, 1973, 3, p. 24, no. 7 1
, f ig. 90.
6
8. Gher
la, C
luj c
ounty. C
nv. D 9
13.
L
atera
l wa
ll. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 5
5 x 7
4 x 1
2 cm.
The l
eft l
atera
l wall shows a h
orseman. On t
he r ight, a
n undeco-
r
ated edge. The wa
ll was d
ivided i
nto t
wo registers.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
0
. F
loca
, W
. Wo
lski
, BMI, XLII, 1
973, 3
, p
. 2
4, n
o. 7
2, f
ig. 9
1.
6
9. Gher
la, C
luj c
ounty. C
nv. D 9
11.
L
atera
l wa
ll. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 5
5 x 3
5 x 2
0 cm.
R
ight latera
l wa l
l d ivided into two registers. In the s
uperior
r
egister a graz
ing a nimal can be distinguished. The i
nfer
ior
r
egister shows A ttis, leaning upon the p edum.
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
L
. T
eposu-Mar
inescu
, SCIVA, 2
5, 1
977, 3
, p
. 4
24, n
o. 4
, f
ig. 2
/1
2
13
7
0. Gher
la, C
luj c
ounty. C
nv. D 9
00. P
l.
XXXIX.
L
atera
l wa
ll. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 5
5 x 3
3 x 2
0 cm.
R
ight l
ateral wa
ll divided into two r
egisters. The s
uperior register
s
hows a waggon with a c hi
ld a nd a man, pulled by two horses
a
nd the infer
ior r
eg ister a l
ion.
Date: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
. D.
L
. pposu-Mar
inescu, SCIVA, 2
5, 1
974, 3
, p
. 4
24, n
o. 3
, f
ig. 1
/4.
7
1. Gher
la, C
luj c
ounty. C
nv/ D 9
20.
L
atera
l wa
ll. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 3
6 x 4
0 x 1
4 cm.
Lef
t latera
l wa
ll showing a h
orse. On t
he r
ight t
he wa
ll i
s
bordered by a p
ilaster?
Date: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D.
L
. T
eposu
-Mar
inescu
, SCIVA, 2
5, 1
974, p
. 4
24, n
o. 5
, f
ig. 2
/2.
7
2. G
ilau, C
luj c
ounty. C
nv. I
N 1
313.
L
atera
l wa
ll. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 7
5 x 6
0 x 1
5 cm.
L
eft lateral wal
l, bordered by a column o n the l
eft and an undeco-
r
ated s urface on t
he right. The r
elief fi
eld i
s divided i
nto two
r
egisters. Above the horseman and b elow two busts.
Date: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
. D.
0
. F
loca, W
. Wo
lski
, BMI, XLII, 1
973
, 3
, p
. 2
4 ,n
o. 7
5, f
ig. 2
5.
7
3. Sutoru, Sä
laj c
ounty (OPTATIANA). C
nv.
IN 15 and IN 1
6. P
l. XXXVII.
L
atera
l wa
lls. Limestone. Wel
l-preserved (
the right wa
ll) a
nd
d
amaged (the l
eft wall). S
ize: 1
22 x 56 x 12.5 cm.
The walls come from the same aedicula. The relief f

ield d
ivides
i
nto two registers, shows a horseman ( the superior range) and a
s
tanding woman. She ho
lds a n apple in her r
ight h and a pigeon
i
n her ,
left hand.
Date: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
. D.
Em. Panaitescu, ACMIT, I I, 1

932, pp. 91-103, pl. I
, fig. 7, 6
and 7; RR, p. 254. G 1
34; 0. Floca, W
. Wo lski
, BMI, XLII,
1973, pp. 26-28, no. 8
3, f
ig. 102.
7
4. 5e
ica Micä, S
ibiu county. Bucharest Nat
iona
l Museum o
f H
istory.
I
nv. 13448. Pl. XXXVIII.
L
atera
l wa
ll. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 9
2 x 6
0 x 1
2 cm.
Right lateral wall divided into three registers. The. superior

r
eg ister shows a h orseman sticking a spear i nto a vanqu ished enemy,
f
allen by t he horse 's l
egs. On the midd le i
s r epresented a p lough
s
cene a nd o n t
he i nferior r
egister the P annon ian funeral banquet:
a mensa t r
ipes f lanked by t wo servants ( a man o n t he lef
t and a
woman o n the r
ight).
Date: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D.
2
14
Möckesch, M itt. d . K. K. Centr. Cor n
., I , 1857, p . 279 , no. 5 ;
Fr. Kenner, Arch iv f ür Osterr. Gesch ichtsquel
le n , 1 860, p . 394,
no. 3 13; CIL, I I, 967 ; F
r. Mü ller, AVSL, XVI, I V, 1 881, p.
313; J. Hampe l, AE, XXV, 1 905, pp. 7 -8, f
ig. 7 1; CIL, II,
967. I
. Glodar iu, M. C fmpeanu, SCIV, XVII, 1 966, 1, pp. 2 7-28,
f
ig. 7 ; M. Macrea, V i 4a in Dac ia roman , Bucharest, 1 969, p .
295; RR, p. 2 55, pl. 8 6; C. Pop, Terra Nostra, I, 1 976
, p .
60, fig. 1 ; 0. Floca, W . Wo lski
, BMI, XLII, 1 973, 3 , p . 28, n o.
85, fig. 1 04.
7
5. 5
e
ica Mica, S
ibiu c
ounty. S
ibiu, Brukentha
l Museum, I
nv. A
3
449-7284. P
l. XXXVIII.
L
atera
l wa
ll. Gr
it-stone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 1
44 x 6
1 x 1
5 cm.
The r
ight lateral wal
l with an undecorated edge i
s div
ided i
nto
t
hree registers: above,
• a peacock, i
n t he m
iddle a h
orse a
nd
be
low Attis leaning upon the pedum.
Date: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D.
Gr. Florescu, ED, I V, 1 930, pp. 82-83, no. 6, f

ig. 6; E
.
Panaitescu, ACMIT, II, 1 932, p
. 9 5
, fig. 5; S
. F erri
, ARD,
p
. 3 19, fig. 417. 0. Floca, W . Wo
lsk i
, BMI, XLII, 1 973, 3, pp.
28-30, no. 89, fig. 108.
7
6. Turda, Clu
j county (POTAISSA). Bucharest Nat
iona
l Museum o
f
H
istory. Inv. 1
4796.
L
atera
l wa
ll. L
imes
tone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 8
6 x 7
0 x 1
0 cm.
R
ight l atera
l wa l
l w ith an undecorated e dge on t
he lef
t, d ivided
i
nto two r egisters. A lower part of a woman 's b
ody c an b e dis-
t
inguished i n the upper r eg
ister. The inferior reg
ister s hows
Att
is leaning o n the p edum. In the fie
ld t here i
s a d olphin (on
t
he right) a nd a P an-p ipe (on the lef
t).
Date: the s
econd ha
lf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury-the b
eginn
ing o
f t
he
3rd century A.D.
E
. Bu jor, Apulum, VI, 1
967, pp. 195-198, no. 12, fig
. 6; 0
.
F
loca, W . Wo
lski, BMI, XLII, 1
973, 3, p. 16, no. 38, fig
. 5
1;
M
. J. Vermasseren, Inmem, pp. 401-408.
7
7. Turda, C
luj c
ounty ( POTAISSA). Bucharest I
nstitute o
f Archae-
o
logy. I
nv. L 2060.
L
atera
l wa
ll. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 8
2 x 6
6 x 1
8 cm.
Right l
atera l wall w
ith a n undecorated edge on the left. The
upper p art is decorated with a bucranium, a garland a nd a r osette
Below there i s the funeral banquet (two persons rec
l ining o n a
k
lin4, one o f them h olding a crown, a woman sitt
ing o n t
he k ath-
edra and i n front a mensa tripes ).
Date: t
he s
econd h
alf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
E. Bujor, Apu
lum, VI, 1967, pp. 193-195, f
ig. 4
; 0
. F
loca, W
.
Wolsk
i, BMI, XLII, 1
973, 3, p. 16, no. 39, f
ig. 5
2.
7
8. Turda, C
luj c
ounty (
nv. 2
568
.
L
atera
l wa
ll. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 4
1 x 3
5 x 1
2 cm.
2
15
R
ight lateral wa
ll, bordered by a c
olumn wi
th Corinthian c
api
tal
o
n the left. The wall shows a h
orseman. Probab
ly the wa
ll was
d
ivided into two reg
isters.
Date. t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D.
M
. Jude, C. P op, MonTurda, p
. 14, no. 19
, p l. XI.2; 0
. F
loca,
W
. Wolski, BMI, XLII, 1
973, 3
, p. 18, no. 46, fig
. 6 0.
7
9. Turda, C
luj c
nv. 3
43.
L
atera
l wa
ll. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 8
7 x 4
7 x 1
8 cm.
L
eft l
atera
l wa ll w
ith a n undecorated edge o n t
he right. The wa
ll
s
hows a gen ius? holding a b
ird in his lef
t h and a
nd a g ar
land i n
h
is r
ight h and. Be
low the g ar
land a rosette.
Date: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D.
M
. Jude, C
. P op, MonTurda, P. 1
4, no. 17, p
l. X/2. 0
. F
loca
,
W
. Wolsk
i, BMI, XLII, 1
973, p. 18, no. 45
, fig. 5
9.
8
0. Ve e
l, Hunedoara c
ounty (
nv. 2
0074.
L
atera
l wall. Travertine. Re-used a
s h
and m
ill. S
ize: 5
0 x
4
5 x 1 0 cm.
R
ight lateral wal
l divided i
nto two registers. On
ly t he superior
r
egister is preserved, showing a bust of a woman. From the
i
nferior reg
ister the top o
f ah ead can b e distinguished.
Date: t
he s
econd h
alf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
L
. T
eposu
-Ma
rin
escu
, SCIVA, 2
5, 1
974, 3
, p
. 4
25, n
o. 6
, f
ig. 2
/3.
8
1. VeIe
l, Hunedoara c
ounty (
nv. 2
5482
.
L
atera
l wa
ll. Andes
ite. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 4
0 x 5
6 x 1
4 cm
R
ight lateral wa
ll, d
ivided i
nto t
wo registers, a
n undecorated edge
o
n the left. Only t
he super
ior reg
ister, showing a bust o
f a man,
i
s preserved .
Date: t
he e
nd o
f t
he 2
nd-beg
inning o
f t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D.
L
. David, L. Märghitan, AMN, V, 1968, p
. 1 27, n
o. 2, pl. I,
f
ig. 3
; 0
. Floca, W. Wolsk
i, BMI, XLII, 1973
, 3, P. 1
0, no. 15
,
f
ig. 2
4.
8
2. Ve -
t
el, Hunedoara c
ounty (
nv. 2
5481.
L
atera
l wa
ll. Andes
ite. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 4
2 x 5
8 x 1
4 cm.
Lateral wal
l div
ided into two registers. Only the s uperior r
egister
i
s p reserved, showing a bust of ay oung man o n the right and a
bust of a woman o n t
he lef
t. The a nta i
s decorated with a snake.
Date: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
. D.
L
. David, L
. Märghitan, AMN, V, 1
968
, P. 1
27, no. 3
; 0
. F
loca,
W
. Wolski
, BMI, XLII, 1973, 3
, p
. 1
0, no. 1
6, fig. 2
5.
8
3. VeIe
l. Hunedoara c
ounty (
L
atera
l wa
ll. Gr
it-stone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 2
9 x 6
0 x 1
3 cm.
Right l
ateral wa
ll, div
ided into t
wo reg
isters. The superior register
was decorated, probably w
ith the f
uneral banquet a
nd t he infer
ior
2
16
r
egister w
ith Hercu
les s
lay
ing t
he Hydra o
f L
erna.
Date: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
. D.
L
. David, L. Marghitan, AMN, V
, 1 968, pp. 1
28-129, no. 5
, pl. I/1
0
. Floca, W
. Wolski
, BMI, XLII, 1973, 3, p. 1
2, no. 19
, fig. 29.
8
4. Ve e
l, Hunedoara c
ounty (
nv. 1
19.
L
atera
l wa
ll. Andes
ite. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 5
5 x 4
0 x 1
5 cm.
Left lateral wall, div

ided into two reg isters. Only the infer
ior
r
eg ister is preserved, s howing t he funeral banquet: t
wo men r e-
c
lining o n ak l
ing , f
lanked by t wo women ( one i
s si
tting o n the
kathedra , the o ther is s
tanding. I
n f ront of t
he couch t here is a
mensa t ripes.
Date: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D.
0
. F
loca, W
. Wo
lsk
i, BMI, XLII, 1
973
, 3
, p
. 1
2, no. 2
0, f
ig. 3
0.
8
5. Ve e
l, Hunedoara c
ounty (
nv. 1
13
L
atera
l wa
ll. Gr
it-stone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 1
20 x 5
5 x 1
5 cm.
Left la
tera l wal
l with a n undecorated e dge on the right. The orna-
mental field is div
ided i nto t
wo registers: a
bove, t he funeral banquet
(a man r eclin
ing o n the k l
ine and in front of him the mensa t r
ipes)
and b elow, inside a rectangular niche, t wo busts. The anta i
s d e-
corated w ith vine-sta
lk a nd grapes.
Date: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
. D.
0
. Floca, W
. Wo
lsk
i, BMI, XLII, 1
973, 3
, p
. 1
2, n
o. 2
1, f
ig. 3
1,
3
2.
8
6. Ve e
l, Hunedoara c
ounty (
L
atera
l wa
ll. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 5
6 x 6
0 x 1
6 cm.
R
ight l
ateral wall d
ivided i
nto two r
egisters. The s uperior r
egister
s
hows a h orseman a nd t
he infer
ior register a man? On the anta
s
tyl
ized leaves.
Date: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
. D.
0
. F
loca, W
. Wo
lsk
i, BMI, XLII, 1
973
, 3
, p
. 1
2, n
o. 2
3, f
ig. 3
4.
8
7. Unknown o
rig
in. B
laj Museum. W
ithout i
nventory number.
L
atera
l wa
ll. Andes
ite. Damaged. S
ize: 1
13 x 6
0 x 1
6 cm.
L
eft l
ateral wall with undecorated edge o n the r
ight. The fi
eld of
t
he re
lief is divided i
nto two r eg
isters. The super
ior range shows
acouple. The man h o
lds a v o
lumen. On the i
nfer
ior range is r
e-
p
resented a h orse.
Date: t
he s
econd ha
lf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
D
. I
sac, Stud
ia, fasc. 1
, 1970, pp. 12-13, no. 1
, fig. 1; 0
. F
loca
,
W
. Wo
lski, BMI, XLII, 1
973, 3, p. 1
4, n o. 31, f
ig. 42.
L
atera
l wa
lls, on
ly t
he a
nta d
ecorated
8
8. Vete
l, Hunedoara c
ounty (
nv. 1
22.
'
2
17
L
atera
l wa
ll. Travert
ine. Damaged. S
ize: 6
3 x 3
4 x 2
1 cm.
On
ly t
he a
nta i
s d
ecorated w
ith v
ine-sta
lk a
nd g
rapes.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entury A
. D.
0
. F
loca
, W
. Wo
lsk
i, BMI, XLII, 1
973
, 3
, p
. 1
4, n
o. 2
7, f
ig. 3
9.
8
9. Ve .
l
el, Hunedoara c
ounty (
L
atera
l wa
ll. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 5
9 x 3
7 x 1
4 cm.
On
ly t
he a
nta o
f t
he wa
ll i
s d
ecorated w
ith i
vy l
eaves.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
0
. F
loca, W
. Wo
lsk
i, BMI, XLII, 1
973
, 3
, p
. 1
4, n
o. 2
8, f
ig. 4
0.
H
ind wa
lls
9
0. Geoag
iu, Hunedoara c
ounty (
GERMISARA). Geoag
iu v
il
lage, i
nser
t
i
n the wa
ll of t
he church.
H
ind wa
ll. Gr
ize: 1
06 x 7
2 cm.
The wal
l, b ordered by a broad edge, s hows t he parents at the back
and two c
hildren b efore t
hem. The gir
l on t he father's side ho
lds
abird in the right hand and the b oy on the mother 's side ho
lds
two s
yli i
n t he r
ight h and and a crumena i n the lef
t h and.
Date: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
. D.
N
. Gostar, CCRH, 1 956, pp. 81-84, no. 14, f
ig. 9; V. Wo
llmann,
S
argetia, V, 1968
, p. 116, no. 8; 0. Floca, W. Wolsk
i, BMI, XLII,
1
973, 2, p. 24, no. 7
4, fig. 9
4.
9
1. Turda, C
luj c
ounty (
nv. 2
797
.
H
ind wa
ll. L
ize: 1
35 x 7
4 x 1
5 cm.
Hind wa l
l s howing t he funera l banquet: t
hree o
ld men a nd a y oung
man a re reclining o n the klind a nd a woman is s
itt
ing o n t he k ath-
edra. The men h o
ld up a c up a nd the woman a r hyton. I
n front
on the klind t here is a mensa t ripes. Below the table a cista
mystica flanked by t wo wine- jars. The busts are carved i n high-
re
lief and t he s ymbolic objects in low-rel
ief.
Da
te: t
he s
econd h
alf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
F. J. Neigebaur, Dac ien, p . 209 , no. 61; R. Münsterberg, J .

Oehler, JÖAI, V , 1902, Be ilb., c . 103-105, fig. 21; J
. M itrofan,
. T
L eposu, AMN, VII, 1 970, pp. 5 33-534, fig. 3; M. J ude, C .
Pop, MonTurda , p . 7, n o. 1, p l. I
; 0. Floca, W. Wo lski, BMI,
XLII, 1973, 3
, p . 14, n o. 3 3
, f ig. 44; V
. Wo llmann, P otaissa, 1,
1978, p. 42, note. 4, p. 4 9, n o. 18, fig. 9.
9
2. Turda, C
luj c
ounty (
POTAISSA)? C
l. XL.
H
ind wa
ll. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 5
3 x 5
9 x 1
2 cm.
Hind wa
ll showing a f
unera l banquet: a man holding a cup and a
chi
ld ho
lding a bunch of g rapes are recl
ining o n the k
lind a
nd a
woman (on the l
eft) i
s s
itting o n the kathedra.
Date: t
he s
econd h
alf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
2
18
Gr. Florescu, ED, IV, 1930, p. 87, f
ig. 14; A. Bodor, OmD, p.
44, f
ig. 1; I
. Mi
trofan, L. Teposu, AMN, V II, 1970
, pp. 533-534,
f
ig. 4: 0. F
loca, W. Wolski, BMI, XLII, 1973, p. 16; no. 3
5,
f
ig. 47.
9
3. Ve e
l, Hunedoara c
ounty (
nv. 3
542. P
l.
XL.
H
ind wa
ll. Andes
ite. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 7
0 x 1
05 x 2
4 cm.
H
ind wa
ll showing a woman
's h
ead (
on t
he l
eft) a
nd a man
's h
ead
(
on t
he right).
Date: t
he e
nd o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury-the b
eginning o
f t
he 3
rd c
entury
A. D.
0
. F
loca, W
. Wo
lsk
i, BMI, XLII, 1
973
, 3
, p
. 1
2, n
o. 2
2, f
ig. 3
3.
9
4. Ve e
l, Hunedoara c
ounty (
nv. 1
23.
H
ind wa
ll. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 7
5 x 4
7 x 1
5 cm.
H
ind wall s
howing f
ive personages: t
hree adu
lts (a man, ho
lding
a cup a
nd two women) o
n t he f
ront a
nd t wo c
hildren o
n the back.
Date: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
. D.
0
. F
loca, W
. Wo
lsk
i, BMI, XLII, 1
973
, 3
, p
. 1
2, n
o. 1
8, f
ig. 2
8.
9
5. Ve -
l
e l
, Hunedoara c
ounty (
nv. 3
532.
H
ind wa
ll. Andes
ite. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 1
20 x 6
0 x 1
6 cm.
The wa
ll s
hows a
n embracing c
oup
le.
Date: t
he s
econd ha
lf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
0
. F
loca
, W
. Wo
lsk
i, BMI, XLII, 1
973, 3
, p
. 1
2, n
o. 1
7, f
ig. 2
7.
9
6. Unknown o
rig
in. C
l. XL.
H
ind wa
ll. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 5
9 x 6
4 x 1
6 cm.
Hind wa
ll show
ing three s
tand
ing persons: a man, a woman w
ith a
f
lower in h
er right h
and and a y
oung man.
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
0
. F
loca, W
. Wo
lsk
i, BMI, XLII, 1
973
, 3
, p
. 3
0, n
o. 9
1, f
ig. 1
11.
Type I
H
ind wa l
ls
9
7. A
iud, A
lba c
ounty. A
iud Museum. P
l. XLI.
H
ind wa
ll. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 1
55 x 9
0 x 1
1 cm.
The wal
l shows, carved in high rel
ief, three a
du lts (
two woman
and a man) at t
he back a nd three chi
ldren (a girl i
n the c
entre
and t
wo b oys a
t her sides) before them.
Date: t
he s
econd h
alf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
C. Pop, T . Soroceanu, SCIV, 19, 1968, p. 354

, fig. 4
; L
. Teposu-
Marinescu, SCIV, 2 3
, 1972, 2
, pp. 2 20-221; 0. F
loca, W
. Wolski,
BMI, XLII, 1973, 3, p. 28, no. 79
, fig. 97.
2
19
9
8. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum.
H
ind wa
ll. L
imes
tone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 8
0 x 6
9 x 1
6 cm.
The wa
ll c
arved i
n h
igh-re
lief s
hows a c
oup
le. The man h
olds a
vo
lumen.
Date: t
he e
nd o
f t
he 2
nd-the b
eginn
ing o
f t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D.
V
. Moga
, Apu
lum, X
II, 1
974
, pp. 5
94-595
, f
ig. 8
.
9
9. Br
incovenest
i, Mures c
ounty. T
irgu Mures Museum. I
nv. 6
577
.
H
ind wa
ll. L
imestone. F
ragmen
tary. S
ize
: 1
10 x 6
5 x 1
8 cm
.
The wall s
hows a f
amily: t
he p
arents a
t t
he b
ack a
nd t
he c
hild
before t
hem. The man h o
lds a vo
lumen.
Da
te: t
he s
econd h
alf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
D
. P
rotase, A
. Z
riny
i, Mar
isia
, V
, 1
975
, p
l. XXIX, 3
.
1
00. Gher
la, Clu
j c
ounty. Buchares
t Nat
iona
l Museum o
f H
istory. I
nv.
3
7872. P
l. XL
I.
H
ind wa
ll. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 1
42 x 8
6 x 1
0 cm.
The wall s
culpted in high-rel
ief s
hows t
he parents a
t t
he b
ack a
nd
two c
hildren before them. The man holds a v
olumen.
Date: t
he s
econd h
alf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
I
. I. Russu, Z . M i
lea, P roblMuz, 1 967, p. 2
8; L. David, V. Pintea,
AMN, I, 1 966
, p p. 4 60-461, n ote 9; C
. Pop, T . Soroceanu, SCIV,
1
9, 1968, 2, p. 3 53, f ig
. 3 ; L
. T eposu-Marinescu , SCIV, 23, 1972,
2
, pp. 220-221, f ig. 4 , 2; 0. Floca, W. Wolski
, BMI, XLII, 1 973,
3
, pp. 22-24, n o. 6 9
, f ig . 87
.
1
01. J
upa, Caras-Sever
in c
ounty (
TIBISCUM). T
imisoara Museum. I
nv.
6
353.
H
ind wa
ll. Andes
ite. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 1
11 x 6
0 x 1
6 cm.
The wa
ll s
culpted i
n high-re
lief shows a fam
ily: t
he parents a
t
t
he back a
nd a gir
l before them. The man ho
lds a v
olumen.
Date: t
he e
nd o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury-the b
eginning o
f t
he 3
rd c
entury
A.D.
0
. F
loca
, W
. Wo
lsk
i, BMI, XLII, 1
973
, p
. 2
8, n
o. 8
6.
1
02. Mo
igrad, S
ala
j c
ounty (
POROLISSUM). Z
alau Museum. I
nv. 1
046.
H
ind wa
ll. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 6
0 x 5
5 x 3
0 cm.
H
ind wal
l, c arved in high-re
lief
. The wall shows a family: t
he
p
arents at the back and the chi
ld b efore them. The man h o
lds a
v
olumen a nd has an ornamental cha
in o n the arm.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
C. Pop, T. Soroceanu, SCIV, 1 9

, 1 968, 2, p. 351, f
ig. 2; L
.
Teposu-Marinescu, SCIV, 23, 1972, p p. 220-221
; 0
. Floca, W.
Wolsk
i, BMI, XLII,. 1
973, 3
, 2 6, no. 2 6, N. Gudea, V. Lucace
l,
I
nsmonZalau, p . 40
, n o. 1
30.
1
03. Mo
igrad, S
ala
j c
ounty (
POROLISSUM). Z
alau Museum. I
nv. 1
045
.
H
ind wal
l, c
arved i
n h
igh-re
lief
. L
imestone. F
ragmen
tary
. S
ize:
1
24 x 6
8 x 3
2 cm.
The wa
ll s
hows a f
ami
ly. The p
arents a
t t
he b
ack a
nd a c
hild
991
1
b
efore t
hem. The man h
olds a v
olumen a
nd h
as a
n o
rnamenta
l c
hain
o
n the a
rm.
Da
te: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
C
. P op, T. Soroceanu , SCIV, 19, 1
968, 2, p. 351, fig. 1; L
.
Teposu-Marinescu, S CIV, 23, 1
972, 2
, pp. 2 20-221
; 0
. F loca
,
W
. Wo lsk
i, BMI, XL II, 1973
, InsmonZalau, p. 41, n o. 132.
1
04. Mo
igrad, S
äla
j c
ounty (
POROLISSUM). Z
aläu Museum. I
nv. 2
22.
H
ind wa
ll. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 8
2 x 2
8 x 2
4 cm.
H
ind wal
l showing a woman. S
he h
olds a f
old o
f h
er r
obe w
ith t
he
l
eft h
and.
Date
: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D.
N
. Gudea
, V
. L
ucäce
l, I
nsmonZa
läu, p
. 4
1, n
o. 1
33.
1
05. Turda
, C lu
j c
ounty (
nv. 1
982.
P
l. XLI.
H
ind wa
ll. G
rit-s
tone. Restored. S
ize: 1
50 x 6
4 x 2
0 cm.
The wal
l shows a f
ami
ly: t
he p arents a
t t
he back a
nd t he g
irl b
e-
f
ore them. The man ho
lds a v
olumen a nd t
he gir
l c
rota
les.
Date: t
he e
nd o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury-the b
eginn
ing o
f t
he 3
rd c
entury
A.D.
I
. I . Russu, Z . Milea, P robl.,uz., 1964, pp. 27-28, no. 16, fig.
17; C. Pop, T . Soroceanu, SCIV, 1 9, 1968, 2
, p . 353; L
. T eposu-
Marinescu, SCIV, 2 3, 1 972, 2, p. 220; M
. Jude, C . Pop, MonTurda ,
p
. 4 , n o. 5, pl. IV; 0. Floca, W. Wo lsk
i, BMI, XLII, 1 973, 3,
p. 1 6
, n o. 36, fig
. 4 8.
1
06. Turda, Clu
j county (POTAISSA). Turda t
own, i
nsert i
n t
he wa
ll
o
f the house, S
tr. D. I. Ra
Iiu, no. 44.
H
ind wa
ll. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 1
10 x 9
3 x 1
8 cm.
H
ind wall, s howing three adu lts a
t the back and t wo ch
ildren b efore
t
hem (a b oy a nd a g
irl). The man ( on the l
eft) holds a vo
lumen
a
nd an a scia?; the woman ( in the centre) a bouquet of f
lowers
a
nd a pigeon; t
he man ( on t he r
ight) h o
lds a fo
ld of his robe.
Date: t
he e
nd o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury-the b
eginn
ing o
f t
he 3
rd c
entury
A.D.
I
. F. Neigebaur, Dac
ien, p. 215
, n o. 193; 0
. F
loca, W
. Wo
lsk
i,
BMI, XLII, 1
973, 3, p. 1
8, no. 49
, f ig. 67.
1
07. Z
am-Sincra
i, C
luj c
ounty. C
l. XL
I. I
nv. I
N 2
1.460
.
H
ind wa
ll. L
imestone. We
ll-preserved. S
ize: 1
03 x 7
5 x 3
0 cm.
Hind wa
ll, carved i n h
igh-relief. The wal
l shows a c ouple. The
woman (on the lef
t) h o
lds in h er right hand a fold of her r obe a nd
i
n the l
eft hand a n apple. The man h olds a vo
lumen i n the l eft
hand. A theca calamaria hangs f rom the gird
le. He has a r ing w i
th
a gemma on the li
ttle f
inger a nd a n ornamental cha
in.
Date: t
he s
econd h
alf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
L
. David
, V
. Pintea, AMN, II, 1
966, pp. 459-463, f
ig. 1
, 2
; RR,
p
. 253
, G 1
29, pl. 97
; C. P
op, T. Soroceanu, SCIV, 19, 1
968
, 2,
2
21
p
. 351 and 355; . T
L eposu-Marinescu, SCIV, 23
, 1 972, 2; 111
3 )•
2
20-221, f
ig. 4/1; 0
. F loca, W
. Wo lsk
i, BMI, XLII, 1973, 3, p . 28
,
n
o. 88, f
ig. 107.
FRAGMENTS
1
08. Cr
iste§ti
, Mure§ c
ounty. T
irgu Mure Museum.
R
ight l
atera
l wa
ll? L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 3
3 x 3
0 x 1
4 cm.
The f
ragment s
hows a p
art o
f a woman
's b
ody.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
0
. F
loca, W
. Wo
lsk
i, BMI, XLII, 1
973
, 3
, p
. 2
0, n
o. 5
8, f
ig. 7
3.
1
09. Turda, C
luj c
ounty (
nv. 1
064/3
H
ind wa
ll. L
imestone. S
ize: 4
3 x 3
5 x 1
2 cm.
The wa
ll shows p
art o
f a man
's bust a
nd p
art o
f ab
oy's b
ody h
old-
i
ng a bird.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
M
. Jude, C
. P op, MonTurda, pp. 8
-9, no. 4
, p
l. 11/2; 0
. F
loca,
W
. Wolsk
i, BMI, XLII, 1
973, 3
, pp. 16-18, n
o. 43
, fig. 5
7.
1
10. Turda, C
luj c
ounty (POTAISSA). Buchares
t, I
nsti
tute o
f Archae-
o
logy. I
nv. L 2
064.
L
atera
l wa
ll? L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 4
6 x 4
7 x 1
2 cm.
The wa
ll s
hows t
wo s
tand
ing p
ersonages (
a woman a
nd a man).
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
I
. Bujor, Apulum, VI, 1967
, p
. 198, f
ig. 5
/4; 0
. F
loca
, W
. Wo
lski
,
BMI, XLII, 1
973, pp. 16-17
, n
o. 40, f
ig. 5
3.
1
11. Turda, Clu
j c
ounty (
POTAISSA). I
nserted i
n t
he wa
ll o
f t
he h
ouse
s
treet I
. Rapu 44.
H
ind wa
ll. L
imestone. S
ize: 6
8 x 3
6 cm.
The wa
ll s
hows A
ttis l
ean
ing upon t
he p
edum.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
V
. Wo
llmann, P
ota
issa, I
, 1
978
, p
. 4
3 a
nd p
. 4
6, f
ig. 6
.
FRAGMENTS OF FUNERARY CONSTRUCTIONS (

F)
1
. A
lba I
ulia ( APULUM). A
lba I u
lia town, enc
losed i
nto a c
onstruct
ion
o
f t
he p recincts o
f t
he Austr
ian citadel.
S
lab. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 8
0 x 2
5 x 2
0 cm.
The monument s
hows E
ros r
iding a h
ippocamp a
nd a meda
llion w
ith
a mask.
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
V
. Moga, Apu
lum, X
III, 1
975
, pp. 1
21-123
, f
ig. 1
.
2
22
2
. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum.
S
lab. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 1
18 x 7
3 x 1
3 cm.
The fragment shows a bearded god ho

lding a do
lphin i
n h
is r
ight
hand. In f
ront of him there i
s asea monster
.
and at t
he back a fl
ower.
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
RR, p
. 2 38
, G 4 3, p
l. 8
0; I
. Berciu, C
. L
. Bä
lu O, Apu
lum, X
II,
1
974, pp. 583-587.
3
. A
lba I
ulia (
APULUM). A
lba I
ulia Museum. I
nv. 5
03. P
l. XL
II.
S
lab. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize
: 1
18 x 5
7 x 2
2 cm.
The monument r
epresents t
wo t
ritons h
old
ing o
ars.
Date: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
. D.
I
. Berciu, C
. L
. Bä
lu -
t
ä, Apu
lum, X
II, 1
974, p
. 5
84.
4
. C
luj-Napoca (
NAPOCA). C
nv. I
N 4
4.
P
ilaster. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 2
80 x 5
8.8 cm.
The pi
laster, div
ided into two reg
isters, shows a v ine-stalk w i
th
grapes ris
ing from a c
rater (the infer
ior register) and a v ine-sta
lk
w
ith g rapes r
ises f
rom a canthus l
eaves (the s uperior register).
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
C
. P
op, AMN, V
, 1
968, pp. 4
79-480, f
ig. 1a
-b.
5
. C
luj-Napoca (
NAPOCA) C
nv. M
IC 1
5.
P
ilaster. L
ize: 2
46 x 5
9 x 5
1 cm.
The pilaster is div

ided into t
wo registers s
howing D ionysus (the
super
ior r egister) Mercury and Hercules (
the infer
ior register).
Date: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
A. Buday, Do
lgozatok, VII, 191±6, pp. 81 s
qq., fig. 2
2; A
. Bodor,
Dacia
, N.S., VII, 1
963, p. 217, fig
. 42; C. Pop, AMN, V, 1968,
p. 481, fig. 3
; RR, p
. 2
35, G 3
0; M
. Bärbu
lescu, A
IIA, X
IX, 1
976,
pp. 267-274.
6
. Clu
j-Napoca ( NAPOCA). C
nv. I
N 4
4.
S
lab. L
imestone. Re-used. S
ize: 6
5 x 7
7 x 3
5 cm.
The monument with a

n e dge o
n t
he upper p
art s
hows a woman
's
bust (
hired mourner ?).
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
C
. P
op, AMN, V
, 1
968, p
. 4
84, f
ig. 8
; RR, p
. 2
38, G 4
5.
7
. Mo
igrad, S
äla
j c
ounty (
POROLISSUM). Z
aläu Museum. I
nv. 2
21.
Archway. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 2
77 x 7
4 x 2
7 cm.
The monument s
hows Medusa
's h
ead f
lanked by p
rotomae a
nd a
scia.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
N. Gudea, V. Lucäcel, InsmonZaläu, p. 36, no. 107; I. I

. Russu,
SCIVA, 30, 1979
, 2 , pp. 219 s
q, fig. 8; RR, p
. 2 39, G 511 (
=Civiltä.
p
. 233, G 21; C. Pop, Terra Nostra, p. 64, f
ig. 5).
2
23
8
. Mo
igrad, S
äla
j c
ounty (
POROLISSUM). Z
äläu Museum. I
nv. 2
20.
Archway. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 6
3 x 3
9 x 1
5.
The f
ragment, with a
n e
dge o
n t
he upper p
art, r
epresents a v
ine-
s
talk wi
th grapes.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
N
. Gudea, V
. Lucäcel, I
nsmonZa
läu, p
. 3
7, n
o. 1
11.
9
. Mo
igrad, S
äla
j c
ounty (
POROLISSUM). Z
aläu Museum. I
nv. 2
28.
Archway. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 5
8 x 5
0 x 1
8 cm.
The fragment w
ith a
n e dge on t
he upper p
art r
epresents a bust o
f
a man, a l
eaf a
nd a flower.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
N
. Gudea, V
. Lucace
l, I
nsmonZa
läu, p
. 3
7, n
o. 1
12.
1
0. Mo
igrad
, S
äla
j c
ounty (
POROLISSUM). Z
alau Museum. I
nv. 2
53.
Archway. L
imestone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 3
9 x 2
5 x 1
6 cm.
The f
ragment, w
ith a
n e
dge o
n t
he upper p
art s
hows a d
olph
in.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
. D.
N
. Gudea
, V
. Lucace
l, I
nsmonZa
lau, p
. 3
7, n
o. 1
13.
1
1. Sarmizegetusa, Hunedoara county (ULPIA TRAIANA). Bucharest,
Nat
ional Museum o f H
istory. I
nv. 38938.
P
ediment. Marble. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 1
75 x 8
0 x 2
0 cm.
The pediment shows a bust of a man e

nclosed by a wreath. The
meda
llion i
s he
ld by two t r
itons.
Date: t
he 3
rd c
entury A
. D.
J
1, no. 150; 0
. Floca, AMN, V, 1968,
pp. 120-121
; RR, p. 258
, G 151 (=Civ
iltä, p. 256, G 1
41); D
.
Al
icu, C . Pop, V. Wol
lmann, FMS, p. 165, no. 476, p
l. LXXXVI.
1
2. VeIe
l, Hunedoara c
ounty (
nv. 2
2921.
P
l. XLII.
P
ediment. Marb
le. We
ll-preserved. S
ize: 5
4 x 1
23 x 2
5 cm.
The monument shows a bust o

f ab earded god (
Jupiter Danubianus)
f
lanked by a f
ish (on t
he right) a
nd a dolphin (
on the lef
t).
Date: t
he s
econd ha
lf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
0
. Floca, AMN, V , 1
968, pp. 119-120, f
ig. 7; RR, p
. 2
58, G 1
50,
p
l. 38 (Civ
i1tà , p
. 2
56, G 142, Pl. LXIII).
1
3. V W
1, Hunedoara c
ounty (
nv. 2
2922.
P
ediment. Gr
ize: 5
3 x 1
86 x 2
5 cm
The p
ediment s
hows t
wo p
eacocks d
rink
ing f
rom a c
rater.
Date: t
he 2
nd-3rd d
entur
ies A
.D.
0
. F
loca, AMN, V
, 1
968
, pp. 1
17-119
, f
ig. 6
.
2
24
1
4. Ve e
l , Hunedoara c
ounty (
nv. 2
3085 1
P
l._ XL
II.
S
lab. Gr
it-s
tone. F
ragmentary. S
ize: 6
0 x 8
5 x 2
5 cm.
The f
ragment r
epresents Europa
's r
ape i
nside a m
eda
llion.
Da
te: t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D.
0
. F
loca
, AMN, V, 1
968, pp. 1
22-123
, f
ig. 9
; RR, p
. 2
70, G 1
97
p
. 256
, G 144).
1
5. Z
latna. Alba c
ounty •(
AMPELUM). Z
latna town, i
nser
ted i
n t
he w
all
o
f the house Tudor V
lad im
irescu s
treet 79.
Arch
itrave. L
imestone. We
ll-preserved. S
ize: 1
00 x 4
2 x 2
7 cm.
The monument w i
th a stragal
i o n the l
ower par
t a nd a d
ouble mou
lded
edge on t
he u pper par t i
s d ecorated w
ith a gar
land, l
ion's h
ead ,
Ammon's head
, M edusa's head a nd a mask.
Date
: t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
V
. Wo
llmann, R
. Grecu
, Apu
lum, X
IV, 1
976, p
p. 1
12-113
, f
ig. 1
2.
2
25
ABBREV
IATIONS
AA Archäo
log
ischer Anze
iger
. Berl
in, I (
1889)
AAM Arte a
ntica e moderna
ACMIT Anuarul Comisiun

ii Monumentelor I
storice, S
ecia
pentru Transi
lvania. C lu
j, I (
1926-1928), I
(
1929), II (1930-1931), IV (
1932-1938)
ActMuz A
ctiv
ita
tea Muzee
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luj. I(
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AE Archaeo
log
iai E
rtes
itö
. Budapest, I (
1869)
AEM Archaeo
logisch-ep
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itte
ilungen
.
W
ien, I (1877)-XX (
1896)
AFM A
lsofehr v
armegye monograf
iaja
. A
iud, 1
901
A
IIA Anuaru
l I
nst
itutu
lui d
e I
stor
ie iArheo
log
ie C
luj
A
ISC Anuarul I
nstitutulu
i d
e S
tud
ii C
las
ice. C
luj, I
(
1928)-IV (1949)
Al
icu, D., Pop, C
., D. Al
icu, C. Pop, V . Wol
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igured monu-
Wollmann, V
., FMS ments f
rom Sarm izegetusa, BAR I
nterna
tiona
l
Ser
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AO Arh
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. Cra
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1920)-XV
III (
1939)
AMN A
cta Muse
i Napocens
is. C
luj I(
1964)
Apu
lum Apu
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ulia, I (
1939-1942)
AVSL Arch
iv des Vere
ins für S
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kunde. Hermannstadt (S
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Brasov)
BMI Bulet
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l Monumen
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. Bucure t
i, I
(
1971)
BJ Bonner J
ahrbücher
CCRH Contr
ibuIi
i l
a c
unoapterea r
egiun
ii Hunedoara
,
Deva, 1
956
C
ivi
ltä C
ivi
ltä r
omana i
n R
oman
ia, Roma
, 1
970
CSIR Corpus S
ignorum I
mper
ii Roman
i
Dac
ia Dac
ia, recherches et ddcouvertes archdo
logique
en Roumanie; Bucure5 ti, I(1924
)-XII (1948);
N.S. Revue d'archdo logie e
t d'histo
ire ancienne
.
Bucur ei, I( 1957
)
Do
lgoza
tok Dolgozatok az Erde
lyi Nemzet
i Muzeum E remes
Rdgisdgtarabol
. Ko loszvar (Clu
j), I (
1910)-
X (1919)
ED Ephemer
is Dacoromana
. Roma, I (
1923)-X (
1945)
E
rdMuz E
rdd
lyi Muzeum. C
luj, I (
1860)-L (
1945)
F
err
i, S
., ARD S
. F
err
i, Arte r
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ul Danub
io, M
ilano, 1
933
2
26
F
lorescu, Gr
. Gr. Florescu, I monumenti f
unerar
i r
oman
i d
ella
MonDacia
Inf Dacia Infer
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erman
ia German ia
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Komission des Deutschen Archaeo
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t
ituts. F rankfurt a/M
Gh
id S
arm
izegetusa 0
. F
loca, Muzeu
l de Arheo
log
ie U
lpia Tra
iana
S
arm
izegetusa, Deva, 1
967
Gudea, N
., Lucace
l, N
. Gudea, V . Lucace
l, Inscrippi p
i monumente
V
., InsmonZa
lau s
cu lpturale i
n Muzeul d
e Istorie p
i Artä Z
aläu
,
Za
läu, 1 975
GZMBH G
lasn
ik Z
ema
ljskog Muze
ja u S
ara
jevu
HTRTE Hunyadmegye
i Törtene i e
lm s Regeszeti Tarsulat
Evkönye, Budapest-Deva, I
(1882)-XX II (1914)
I
DR I
nscr
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le Dac
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1/2 (
1980)
I
nmem I
n memor
iam Constan
tin
i Da
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974
J
DAI J
ahrbuch d
es Deu
tschen Archäo
log
ischen I
nst
itu
ts
J
hrbRGZM J
ahrbuch des Röm
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entra
l-
museum Ma
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J
OAI J
ahreshefte d
es Osterre
ich
ischen Archaeo
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ischen
I
nst
ituts
J
ude, M., P
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., M
. Jude, C
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MonTurda i
n Muzeu
l de I
stor
ie Turda, C
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Mansue
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li, Le s
tele r
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itor
io
Ravenna Ravennate e d
el Basso Po, Ravenna, 1
967
Mocsy, R oman
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. Mocsy, Gese
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t u. R omanisa
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970
MonP
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onda
tion Eugene P
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t Memo
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Dacien des k
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1
851
OmD Omagiu l
ui Constan
tin Da
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iu c u p
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jul i
mpl
i-
n
iri
i a6 0 d
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i, 1 960
PAPS P
roceed
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P
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RA Revue Archeo
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. Bucurept
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P
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. Pau
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, Cluj, 1
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S
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27
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. L e
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ig I (
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1V (
1937).
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n Rumän
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, Kö
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e Deutschen Archaeo
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ischen
I
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S
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SC
IV S
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T
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28
L
IST OF CONCORDANCES
C
atalogue Corpus I
nscr
ipt ionum L
atinarum I
nscripi
ile Dac
iei
n
o. (CIL) r
omane (
IDR)
S 2 C
IL, II, 1
2542
S 3 I
DR, II/1, 1
S 4 C
IL, I
I, 1
272
S 7 I
DR, II/1, 1
61
S 8 I
DR, II/1, 1
58
S 9 I
DR, II/1, 1
64
S
10 I
DR, II/1, 1
72
S
11 I
DR, II/1, 8
7
S
13 C
IL, II, 6
249=7640 I
DR, II/1
S
14 I
DR, II/1, 2
6
S
15 I
DR, II/1, 2
74
S
16 C
IL, II, 7
892 I
DR, II/1
S
17 C
IL, II, 7
694
S
18 C
IL, II, 7
873-13773
S
21 I
DR,III/1, 9
2
S
22 I
DR, II/1, 103
S
23 C
IL, II, 1
195 I
DR, II/1
S
29 C
IL, II, 1
267
S
30 I
DR, 11/2, 4
00
S
33 C
IL, I
I, 1
2588 I
DR, 11/2, 3
98
S
34 I
DR, 11/2, 4
65
S
35 I
DR, 11/2, 4
54
S
36 C
IL, I
I, 1
559=8009 I
DR, II/1, 1
18
S39 I
DR, 11/2, 4
67
S40 C
IL, II, 8
003 I
DR, 11/2, 1
73
S41 I
DR, 11/2, 4
41
S42 I
DR, 11/2, 3
90
S43 C
IL, II, 1
534 I
DR, 11/2, 4
24
S46 I
DR, II/1, 1
04
S49 C
IL, II, 7
813
S
55 C
IL, II, 7
871
S60 C
IL, II, 7
725=962
S
62 C
IL, II, 9
66
S
85 C
IL, II, 8
46=7650
S
89 C
IL, II, 9
71
S90 I
DR, 11/2, 4
06
S
92 C
IL, II, 6
264
S
93 C
IL, II, 7
894
S
102 C
IL, II, 7
635
S
106 C
IL, II, 9
34
S
108 C
IL, II, 7
651
S
110 C
IL, II, 7
99
S
111 I
DR, II/1, 1
60
S
112 C
IL, I
I, 7
644
2
29
Ca
ta logue C
orpus I
nscr
ip t
ionum L
atinarum I
nscript
iile Dac
iei
n
o . (CIL) r
omane (IDR)
S114 C
IL, I
I, 1
3766-13768
S115 C
IL, I
I, 9
07=7693
S121 C
IL, I
I, 1
315
S127 I
DR, I
I/1, 1
56
S128 I
DR, I
I/1, 1
63
S129 C
IL, I
I, 1
4216 I
DR, I
I/1, 1
52
S132 I
DR, I
I/1, 1
67
S
140 C
IL, II, 1
498 I
DR, 1
1/2, 4
03
S
142 C
IL, II, 1
528 I
DR, 1
1/2, 3
97
S
151 C
IL, II, 1
286
S
161 C
IL, II, 6
275=8006 I
DR, I
I/1, 1
9
S
165 C
IL, I
I, 1
2591 I
DR, 1
1/2, 4
46
S
168 C
IL, II, 1
533 I
DR, 1
1/2, 4
14
S 173 C
IL, I
I, 6
267
S
181 C
IL, I
I, 7
869
S
200 C
IL, I
I, 1
2598 I
DR, 7
2
S
215 I
DR, 1
77
S
216 I
DR, 1
75
A 4 C
IL, I
I, 1
579 I
DR, 7
1
A 7 I
DR, 1
53
A 8 I
DR, 1
71
A 9 I
DR, 8
4
A
10 C
IL, II, 8
013=12596 I
DR, 8
5
A
ll C
IL, II, 1
499 I
DR, 4
06
Al2 C
IL, II, 1
467 I
DR, 3
87
Al3 C
IL, II, 1
490 I
DR, 3
76
Al4 C
IL, II, 7
980 I
DR, 3
91
Al5 C
IL, II, 6
269 I
DR, 3
88
Al6 C
IL, II, 1
2587 I
DR, 3
69
Al7 C
IL, II, 1
511 I
DR, 4
45
Al8 C
IL, II, 1
529 I
DR, 4
50
Al9 C
IL, II, 1
539 I
DR, 4
35
A24 C
IL, II, 6
249=7640
A26 C
IL, II, 1
515 I
DR, 1
1/2, 4
59
A27 I
DR, 1
1/2, 4
52 a
A31 C
IL, II, 1
194
A32 C
IL, II, 1
402
A34 C
IL, II, 8
39
A37 C
IL, II, 1
249
A58 C
IL, II, 7
999 I
DR, I
I/1, 1
54
A59 I
DR, I
I/1, 1
65
AE74 C
IL, I
I, 9
67
2
30
I
NDICES
LOCAL ITIES
(
The i
ndex i
s referring t
o t
he t
ext)
A
lba J ulia (APULUM) 8
, 1 5, 1 7, Cälan, Hunedoara c ounty ( AQUAE)
18, 1 9, 20, 2 1, 22, 23, 2 6, 2 7, 16, 69
30, 3 1, 32, 3 5, 37, 38, 3 9, 4 0, Cäsei, C luj coun ty 1
9, 20, 4 3, 44,
41, 4 4, 45, 4 6, 47, 51, 5 2, 5 4, 45, 48, 5 2, 53, 5 4, 55, 56, 6 8, 72
56, 5 7, 60, 6 1, 63, 65, 6 9, 7 0, Celeia 2
8, 6 7
71, 7 2, 73, 7 5 C
lu j-Napoca ( NAPOCA) 8
, 12, 1 9,
A
ltino 29, 32, 4 3, 62, 64, 6 5, 7 4 22, 24, 2 5, 43, 4 9, 50, 5
1, 5 4, 55,
Apo ldu l Mare ( Sibiu coun ty) 51, 56, 57
52, 5 6 CoIonia Agr ippina ( Köln) 1
5, 1 8,
A
iud ( Alba coun ty) 8, 1 4
, 2 9, 37, 49, 6 0, 61, 6 9
30, 3 6, 37, 3 8, 40, 43, 6 3, 6 5 Concord ia 6
1
Aqu ileia 8
, 1 4, 29, 30, 3 6, 3 7, Cotigno la 4
1, 6 0
38, 4 0, 43, 6 4, 65 Criste ti, Mure5 c ounty 1
7, 1 9, 35,
Aqu incum 1
5, 4 0, 4
1, 4 2, 4 3, 40, 44, 4 5, 4 6, 49, 55, 56, 6 9
49, 5 5
Arlon 3
7, 3 9 Deva, Hunedoara c ounty 3
9, 4
2, 4
5,
Arrabona 6
1 4
6
Asbach 2
9 Drobeta-Turnu S everin (DROBETA)
Augsburg 1
4, 3 9 1
3, 22, 2 8, 3
8
Aure lianum Aquae 2
1, 2 8, 6 2 Donauw itz 3
4
Aureus Mons 1
3, 28 Dugga 64
Beda ium 3
0, 4 2 E
ste 6
0
Berche im 29
B
ierbach 3
7, 3 8, 3 9 F
lav
ia S
olva 2
3, 2
8, 3
0, 3
2
B
laj ( Alba c oun ty) 57
Bologna 1
4, 4 2, 6 3 Gher la, C
lu j c
ounty 20, 2
6, 44, 46,
Bonn 4
7 4
7, 49, 50, 56, 72
Bonon ia 1
3 Gh irza 6
4
Bore tto 3
6, 4 0, 4 1, 62, 64, G
i läu, Cluj county 4
8, 49, 72, 7
3
65 Girbäu, Clu j c
oun ty 4
5, 46
Bresc ia 1
8, 4 1, 6 2 G
lanum 37, 38
Briget io 1
8, 2 8
Brincovene t i ( Mure c oun
ty) H
istr
ia, Consta
r4a c
oun
ty 1
3
46, 7 2
Bruckneudorf 1
8 I
gel 37
Bucure t i 3
9 Bistr4a Näsäud c ounty 2
0,
Butovo 1
3 2
6, 46, 47, 6 3, 72, 73
Byzan tium 4
8, 5 6 I
nterc
isa 1
8, 2 3, 26, 30, 4
2, 4
6
I
uvavum 2
1, 2 2, 28
C
allatis (Manga l
ia, Constanta I
erusalem 64
c
oun ty) 1
3
C
arnun tum 13, 14
, 21, 22, 42, J
upa, Car e-Sever
in c
oun
ty (
TIBISCU
IV
I)
4
3, 6 0, 6
1 1
2, 2
1, 6
2, 71, 72
C
asa lmoro 6
5
2
31
Kruf
t 3
7, 3
8 Saifnitz 28, 3 2
Saint Ambro ix s ur Armone 2
9
L
aszkaszentgörgy 1
8 Saint Germa in e n L aye 6
1
L
aur iacum 1
3, 3
0, 42 Salona 18, 4 1, 4 2, 4 3, 65
L
opadea Veche, Alba coun
ty Sarm izegetusa, Hunedoara c ounty
2
6 (
ULP IA TRA IANA SARMIZEGETUSA)
1
2, 1 4, 1 5, 2 2, 2 3, 27, 30, 36, 37,
Mainz 1
4, 47 38, 3 9, 4 0, 4 1, 4 3, 44, 46, 50, 54,
Mäghere9t i, Gor
j county 57, 6 8, 6 9, 7 0, 7 1, 74
2
3 Savar ia 1
3, 1 5, 2 2, 23, 30, 42
Mehad ia
, Cara9-Sever in county Sarsina 3
0, 3 7, 6 3
60 Scarban tia 15, 1 8, 42, 43, 61
Mihai Viteazul, Clu
j county Scup i 13
50
, 5 4 S
ing idunum 1
5, 6 2
Mintia
, Hunedoara c ounty S
isc ia 1
5
38
, 6 8 S
irm ium 23, 2 8, 3 0
Modena 6
0 Sofia 1
3
Moigrad, S äla
j county Spalato 1
5
(POROL ISSUM) 1 3, 26, 4
2 S
t. P eter 6
7
Municipium Dardanorum 1
3
Timacum M inus 6
2
Nassenfe
ls 1
4 Tom is ( Constanta) 1
3
Novae 13 Trigisamum 2
8
Troesm is (Isaccea, Tu lcea c
oun
ty)
Odessos 1
3 1
3, 4 8, 72
Oescus 3
2, 6 5 Turda, C luj county ( POTAISSA)
Orästioara d e Sus, Hunedoara 2
0, 3 5, 37, 38, 4 1, 44, 4
5, 47, 4
8,
county 15, 1 6, 2
2, 7
3 4
9, 5 0, 52, 53, 5 4, 55, 5
6, 57, 6
8,
Ostrov, Hunedoara c oun
ty 38, 7
2
6
8
Ovilava 2
8 U
lme tum (pan
telimonul d
e Sus,
Constan
Ia county) 1
3
P
adova 61 U
lpianum 2
8
Pa
lmyra 66
P
av ia 41 Verona 2
9
P
etn ic, Car e-Severin coun ty Hunedoara coun ty ( M
ICIA)
6
0 1
6, 17, 18, 1 9, 22, 26, 27, 31,
P
lev l 2
8 3
2, 33, 36, 3 7, 38, 39, 40, 4
1,
P
loie9ti, Prahova coun ty 4
2, 43, 44, 4 5, 46, 50, 51, 5
2,
6
5 5
3, 54, 55, 5 6, 57, 60, 63, 6
5,
P
oe tovio 1
3, 2
3, 61 6
8, 69, 71, 7 2, 73
P
ola 3
0, 6 0 V
ienna ( VINDOBONA) 1
8, 21, 2 5,
P
rahovo ( AQUAE) 3
2, 65 2
9, 45
V
iminac
ium 1
3
Rat
iar ia 1
3, 2 8, 6 0 V
irunum 13, 22, 28, 30, 42, 65
Ravenna 1
4, 4 0, 42, 4 3, 5 9,
6
1 Wessel
ing 3
7
Räcari, Do lj coun ty 13, 2 3
Rediu, C luj c oun ty 5
0, 5 5, 5 7 Z
am-Sincra
i, Clu
j coun
ty 5
5, 5
6,
Regensburg 1
4, 2 9 5
7
R
im in
i 6
1 Z
latna 1
9, 2
6, 54, 5
7
Romae 4
5, 6 4
Romula ( Re9ca , O l
t c oun ty) 13 Xan
ten 4
7
Rosia Mon tanä, A lba c oun ty
(ALBURNUS MA IOR) 21, 4 0,
5
1, 5 2, 55, 5 6
Rusäne9t i, O lt coun ty 1
3
2
32
L
IST OF THE LOCATION OF THE MONUMENTS
(
The i
ndex i
s r
eferr
ing t
o t
he c
ata
logue)
Aghire , C lu
j coun ty —Town, i nser ted in the wall of t
he c hurch:
AE 5 8
Alba Iulia (APULUM) —Town, e nclosed into a construct
ion t o the
prec
incts o f the Austrian citade l: F 1
—Museum: S 5-6; S 17; S 2 3; S 4 8-50; S 52-54; S 56-58; S 6 3-68;
S 74-75; S 8 0-82; S 96-98; S 1 33; S 137; S 145-148; S 1 52-155;
S 169-170; S 1 82-199
; A 1 -3; A 2 0; A 2 2
; A 2 4; A 3 1; A 37-38;
A 4 1; A 43
; A 5 1; P 1; P 4 -9; P 2 2; P 30-34; CP 1 -12; M 1; M 9 ;
M18-19; M 2 9-31; M 3 6-41
; AE 1 5-17; AE 59; AE 9 8; F 2-3
Arad —Museum: M 13
B
istri.t
a —Museum: A 4 4; M 34; AE 3 8
Bane Hercu lane, Carap-Sever in c ounty —Town, insert i
n t
he wa
ll o
f a
house: S 200
—Museum: S 46; S 8 8; A 10
Bla
j —Museum : AE 25
; AE 8 7
Bucharest —Na tional Museum o f History: S 1
9; S 33; S 1
0; S 1
39; C 1
;
C 4; A 5 2; P 3 ; P 21; P 28; CP 2 0; M 7; M 1 4
; M 2
4; M 2
5; AE 5
5;
AE 74; AE 7 6; AE 1 00; F 11
—Institu
t o f Archeo logy : S 14
; S 4 7 (a fragment); S 1
50; AE 7
7
Budapest —Magyar Nemzet i Museum: S 1
29; M 17
Caransebe —Museum: S 7; S 215; S 2 16; C 1 4

C
luj-Napoca Museum: S 6
; S 1 1; S 2 4-25; S 3 7; S 43; S 45; S 6 1
;
S 71; S 85; S 87; S 92; S 9 9; S 1 05; S 1 06; S 1 08-109; S 112;
S 118-119
; S 1 21; S 149; S 1 56-158; S 1 63; S 1 73; S 2 04
; S 2 11;
C 23; A 5 -6
; A 2 1; A 2 3; A 28; A 3 0; A 3 3-34; A 3 6
; A 4 0; A 4 7;
P 2; P 10; P 23; CP 1 3-14; M 1 1-12; M 1 6; M 4 3; AE 5; AE 1 9; AE
24
; AE 2 7; AE 3 1-34
; AE 4 5; AE 5 7; AE 6 0-61; AE 6 7; AE 6 8-73;
AE 92; AE 9 6; AE 107
De
j —Museum: S 1
00 ; S 1 03-104 ; S 1 10; S 117; S 1 22; S 126; S 213;
C 2
Den9us, Hunedoara c ounty —Farm: C 1
0
—Church : A 17-19
Deva —Museum: S 1 6
; S 1 8
; S 4 1-42 ; S 51; S 5 5
; S 7 7; S 90; S 93-
95
; S 1 35-136; S 1 44; S 1 65-166; S 1 74-179; S 1 81; C 3; C 9; C 1 2;
C 16-22
; C 2 4-28
; A 1 1-14 ; A 2 9
; A 3 2; A 35; A 4 2; A 48; A 53-55;
A 57; P 15-17 ; P 1 9-20
; P 2 4-25; P 2 7; P 29; CP 1 6; CP 22; M 5 ;
M 15; M 2 3
; AE 1 -2; AE 4 ; AE 6 -10; AE 1 2-14; AE 2 0; AE 23; AE 4 4;
AE 50-54; AE 5 6; AE 8 0-86 ; AE 8 8-89; AE 9 3-95; F 12-14
Geoagiu, Hunedoara county —Church: S 7

9; M 26
; M 4
2; AE 37
; AE 9
0
Gherla, C
luj county —Town, insert i
n t
he wal
l o
f ahouse: S 2
12
- Museum: S 2
; S 69; M 4
G
iläu, Cluj county —Church
: S 1 07
2
33
Lugo
j —Museum: S 2
17; C 5
; C 7
; A 3
8
Näsäud —Museum: M 6
Ostrov, Hunedoara c
oun
ty —Cemetery o
f t
he•c
hurch
: S 7
6; A 2
6;
AE 41-42
P
ätringeni
, A lba c
ounty —Church: CP 15
P
etnic, Car e-Severin coun
ty —Ceme
tery : S 2
2
P
loie§t
i —Museum: M 8
Rähäu, A
lba county: S 89
; S 162
Ro§
ia Montanä, A
lba county —Lap
idar
ium: S 4
; S 2
9; S 7
0; S 1
30
Sarmizege
tusa, Hunedoara c ounty —Museum: S 3
0-32; S 34-35; S 3 8-
39
; S 4 2; S 9 1
; S 1 67
; S 172; S 180; C 8; C 11; C 13
; A 1 5; P 1 4;
P 18; AE 4 3; A 1 6
S
ebe§ —Museum: M 21
S
ibiu-Bruken thal Museum: S 1
; S 44; S 60
; S 62; S 171; C 3 0-31;
M 2; M 1 0
; M 3 5
; AE 2 8; AE 75
S
incrai, Alba c ounty —Church : AE 4
6
S
trei, Hunedoara c oun ty —Church: A 27.
Timi§oara —Museum: S 8-10; S 1 5; S 2 1; S 2 6; S 3 6; S 4 0; S 111

;
S 127-128 ; S 1 31-132; S 1 38; S 1 61; C 6 ; A 7 -9; A 5 8-59 ; AE 101
Tirgu Murep —Town: inserted i n t he wa ll of the reformed c hurch: S 8 4
—Museum: S 59; S 7 2-73; S 7 8; S 1 15; S 1 23; S 2 01-202 ;S 203
;
S 205-207 ; M 3 ; M 3 2-33; AE 3 ; AE 1 8; AE 2 6; AE 2 9-30; AE 36;
AE 6 3-64 ; AE 6 6
; AE 9 9
Tirnäven i, Mure§ c ounty--Museum : S 1 13
Turda , C luj c ounty —Town, i nserted i n t he wall of t he house Avram
Iancu S treet no. 3 : AE 1 1; i
nser ted i n the wa l
l o f the h ouse Dr.
I
. Ra t
iu S treet n o. 4 4: AE 106
—Museum: S 17; S 4 7 (a f ragmen t); S 1 16
; S 1 20; S 1 24-125; S 134;
S 226-228; C 1 5; CP 2 1; M 2 2; M 2 8; AE 1 05; AE 2 1-22 ; AE 40;
AE 4 8-49; AE 6 2; AE 7 8-79; AE 9 1
Z
aläu —Museum: S 12-13; S 2 0
; S 2 7-28; S 159-160; S 218; S 2
19-225
;
A 24-25; A 46; A 6 0-61; P 1 2; M 27; AE 39; AE 1 02-104; F 7
-10
Z
latna—Town: inser
ted i n the wa l
l of the c
ollege: S 1
64; A 49
;
i
nserted in the wall of the h ouse Ecater
ina Varga S treet, n
o. 1: S 2
29
a
nd i n the h
ouse T . Vladimirescu Street 7
9: F 7
9
Vad, C
luj c
oun
ty —Church: S 1
02
L
ost pieces: S 3
; S 86
; S 114; S 1
41; S 142; S 1
43; S 1
68; S 208
;
S 2
09; S 2 10
; S 214; P 7
; CP 17; CP 18
; M 2 0
; AE 35; AE 65
V
ienna—Na
tiona
lbibl
ioteck: S 1
40; A 4
2
34
L
IST OF THE PROVENANCE OF THE MONUMENTS
(
The i
ndex i
s r
eferr
ing t
o t
he c
ata
logue)
Aghirep, Cluj c ounty: AE 5 8

A
iud, A lba c ounty: A 5
0; P 2 1; M 25; AE 9 7
A
lba I ul
ia ( APULUM): S 5; S 6; S 23; S 44; S 4 8-50; S 52-54; S 5 6-
5
8; S 6 3-68; S 7 4-75; S 8 0-82; S 94; S 96-98; S 1 37; S 145-148
;
S 152-155; S 1 69-170; S 1 82-199
; A 1 -3; A 2 0; A 2 2; A 24; A 31;
A 37-38; A 4 1; A 4 3; A 5 1; P 1; P 4-9; P 2 2
; P 3 0-34; CP 1-12;
M 1; M 9; M 1 7-19; M 2 9-31; M 36-41; AE 1 5-17
; AE 5 9; AE 98;
F 1-3
Apo
ldu l Mare, S ibiu county : S 1
; M 2 ; M 10
B
älle Hercu
lane, Car e-Sever
in c
oun
ty: S 9
9
B
ologa, Clu
j county: S 9
9
Clan, Hunedoara c oun

ty: S 51
Cäpei, C lu
j county: S 100-104; S 117; S 122
; S 1 26; S 156; C 2
C
lu j —Napoca ( NAPOCA): S 2
4-25; S 71; S 105; S 157-158; S 2 04;
A 5-6
; A 2 3; P 2; P 10; P 2 3; AE 31-34; AE 60-62; F 4-6
Copsa M icä, Sib
iu c ounty: M 20
C
r iste ti, Mure c
ounty: S 59; S 72-73
; S 7 8; S 83-84; S 123; S 2 05-
2
07; M 3 ; M 32-33; AE 3 ; AE 1 8; AE 26
; AE 3 5-36; AE 6 3-66
; AE 1 08
Deva
: C 3
F
eld
ioara-Räzbo
ien
i, A
lba c
oun
ty: S 1
06
Geoagiu, Hunedoara county ( GERMISARA): S 7

9; S 208; A 3 2
; CP 13
;
M 26; M 42; AE 37; AE 9 0
Gherla, C
luj county: S 2
; S 6 1; S 6 9
; S 1
18-119; S 209-212
; A 39;
M 4; M 43; AE 27; AE 6 7-71; AE 1 00
Ghirbom, Alba county: M 21
G
iläu, Cluj coun
ty: S 85; S 1 07-109
; M 11-12
; AE 5
; AE 7 2
G
irb eä
u, Clu
j county: AE 19
B
istr4a-Näsäud coun
ty: S 1
10; S 2
13; A 4
4; M 3
4; M 6
; AE 3
8
I
nläcen
i, Harghita coun
ty: S 2
14
J
upa, Cara vSever
in c oun
ty (TIBISCUM): S 7
-10
; S 26
; S 40; S 1
11;
S 1
27-129
; S 131-132; S 2
15-217; C 5
; A 7
-8; A 5
8-59; AE 101
K
ovin, R
. F
. Yougos
lav
ia: S 3
L
ipova
, Cara5-Sever
in coun
ty: S 138
L
opadea Veche, A
lba c
ounty: A 4
5
Mehadia, Cara§-Severin coun ty

: S 1
1; S 2
1; A 9
-10
Mesentea, Alba county: CP 14
Miha
i Viteazul, Clu
j county : M 2
2
2
35
Mo
igrad, S ä
laj county (POROL ISSUM): S 12-13
; S 19-20
; S 27-28
;
S 86; S 159-160; S 2
18-225; A 25; A 4
6; A 6 0; M 2
7; AE 3
9; AE 1
02-
104; F 7
-10
Mo
ldova Nouä, Caras-Sever in coun
ty: S 14
Orä9t
ioara d
e Sus, Hunedoara c
oun
ty: S 4
5; S 1
75
P
ätringeni, Alba county : S 8
7; S 1 49; CP 1
5; A 3
3; A 4
7; M 7
P
etnic, Carap-Severin c ounty: S 22; S 46
; S 88
P
etrc9ani, Hunedoara c oun ty
: P 1
1
P
oje
jena, Cara.5-Severin c ounty: S 161; C 6
Rähäu, A lba c ounty

: S 8
9; S 162
Rediu, C luj coun ty: AE 40
Romän e i
, S ä
laj coun ty
: A 61
Romita, S äla
j c ounty: A 34; P 12
Rc9
ia Mon tanä , Alba county ( ALBURNUS MA
IOR): S 4
; S 2
9; S 7
0;
S 133; S 1 39 ; P 13; M 28
Sarm izege tusa, Hunedoara c ounty ( ULP IA TRA IANA): S 30-35; S 3 8-

39; S 4 1-43; S 7 6; S 9 0-91; S 140-142 ; S 165-168; S 1
72; S 1 76-
1
77 ; S 1 80; C 1 ; C 7 -13; A 1 1-19; A 2 6-27
; A 3 5; A 48; A 5 2-53;
A 5 6; P 14-18; P 2 4; P 2 9; CP 1 6-18 ; M 5; AE 1 0
; AE 2 0; AE 4 1-
4
4 ; F 1 1
Sä14tea, A lba c ounty; S 9
2
Sär 4en i, Mure c ounty: S 1
63; AE 4 5
Sincra i, Alba c ounty: AE 46
Sinn ico lau Mare , Arad c ounty: S 15
S
in tandre i, Hunedoara c ounty: P 25
Sintimbru, A lba c ounty: P 2
6; CP 1 9
S
la t
ina T imi9ului, T im 4 county: S 36
S
tre i S äcel, Hunedoara c ounty: S 16
Sutoru, S äla
j c ounty ( OPTATIANA): S 1
12; A 28; AE 73
e
ica M icä, Sibiu c ounty: S 6
2; AE 7 4-75
5
u ra Micä; S ibiu c ounty: S 171
Teregova , C ar e-Sever in c ounty: C 14

Tihäu, S ä
la j c
ounty : AE 47
Trrnava, S ibiu coun ty: S 6
0, M 35
Tirnaven i, Murep c ounty: S 113
Turda , C luj coun ty ( POTAISSA): S 17; S 4
7; S 1 14-116
; S 1 20; S 1
24-
1
25; S 1 34; S 1 43; S 1 50; S 226-228; C 15; A 3 6; A 40; CP 2 1;
AE 1 1; AE 2 1-22; AE 4 8-49; AE 7 6-79; AE 91-92; AE 1 05-106
; AE
1
09-111
Va
lea s tng
iorgiu
lu i , Hunedoara county : S 9
3
Vee l, Hunedoara c oun ty (MICIA): S 18
; S 5 5; S 77
; S 9 5; S 1
35-
136; S 1 44
; S 1 51; S 173-174; S 1 78-179; S 1 81
; C 1 6-28; A 29;
A 4 2
; A 5 4-55
; A 5 7; P 19-20; P 2 7; CP 22; M 8 ; M 1 3-15; M 23-
24; AE 1 -2; AE 4 ; AE 6-9; AE 1 2-14 ; AE 23; AE 5 0-56; AE 80-89;
AE 9 3-95; F 12-14
Z
am- S incra
i ,Cluj coun
ty : AE 107
Z
latna, Alba coun
ty ( AMPELUM): S 1
21; S 1
30; S 1
64; S 2
29; C 2
9;
A 30
; A 4 9; P 28
; M 1 6
; F 1
5
Transylvan
ia, uncer
tain p
rovenance
: S 3
7; C 4; C 3
0; C 3
1; A 2
1;
P 3
; CP 1 0
; AE 24; AE 25; AE 2
8; AE 57; AE 9
6
2
36
L
IST OF I
LLUSTRATIONS
P
late
S 1
: Unf igured s
tela, Apoldu
l d
e Sus, c
ounty S
ibiu.
Brukenthal Museum Sibiu
S 1
9: S
tela o
f Euphemus. Moigrad, county Säla
j
(
Porolissum). Nationa
l Museum of History, Bucharest
S 33: S te
la o
f Lucius Cass ius Marcio. S armizegetusa,
county Hunedoara ( Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa).
Nationa
l Museum o f History Bucharest
I
I S 3
7: Unfigured s
tela. Transy
lvania. H
istory Museum
o
f Transy
lvania C
luj-Napoca
S 3
9: Unfigured s
tela. Sarmizegetusa, county Hunedoara
(
Ulpia Tra
iana S
armizegetusa) Sarmizegetusa Museum
S 4
0: Unfigured s
tela. Jupa, county Cara vSever
in
(
Tibiscum). Banat Museum Timi para
S 42: Stela o
f Aurel
ius Volusianus. S armizegetusa,
c
ounty Hunedoara ( Ulpia Tra
iana Sarmizegetusa).
Sarmizegetusa Museum
I
V S 4
4: Figured s
tela. A
lba I
ulia (
Apu
lum). Brukentha
l
Museum S
ibiu
S 4
5: Stela o
f I
ulius S
ecundus. Ora5tioara d
e Sus,
c
ounty Hunedoara. History Museum o
f Transylvan
ia
C
luj-Napoca
S 6
0: S te
la of Pr
ima Macri f
i
(lia). Ti
f
rnava, c
ounty S
ibiu.
Brukenthal Museum S
ibiu
S 6
2: Ste
la of Cotu..Success
i f(i
lia). 5
e
ica M
ica, c
ounty
S
ibiu. Brukenthal Museum Sibiu
V S 4
9: Ste
la o
f D iofantes. A
lba I
ulia (
Apu
lum). Union
Museum A
lba Iu
lia
S 5
0: Figured ste
la. A
lba I
ulia (
Apu
lum). Union
Museum A
lba Ju
lia
S 5
1: Ste
la of Ca
ius I
anius I
anuarius. Clan, county
Hunedoara (Aquae). County Museum, Hunedoara-Deva
S 5
8: Figured ste
la. A
lba J
ulia (
Apu
lum). Un
ion
Museum A
lba Iu
lia
S 5
9: Figured s
tela. Cr
iste ti
, c
ounty Mure . H
istory
Museum T
Trgu Mure
S 6
1: Figured s
tela. Gherla, county C
luj. H
istory
Museum o
f Transylvan
ia C
lu j-Napoca
S 8
3: Figured s
tela. Cr
iste ei
, c
ounty Mure . H
istory
Museum T
irgu Mure
2
37
P
late
V
I S 5
2: Figured ste
la. A
lba I
ulia (
Apu
lum). Un
ion
Museum A
lba Iu
lia
S53
: Figured s
tela. A
lba I
ulia (
Apu
lum). Un
ion
Museum A
lba I
ulia
S 5
5: S te
la o
f U
lpius Vett
ius. VeIel, c
ounty Hunedoara
(
Micia). County Museum Hunedoara-Deva
S 5
7: Figured ste
la. A
lba I
ulia (
Apu
lum). Un
ion
Museum A
lba Iu
lia
S 9
5: S te
la of Quintus i
mag
i(n
ifer). Ve e
l, county
Hunedoara (M
icia). County Museum Hunedoara-Deva
V
II S 6
3: Ste
la o
f Ca
ius Valer
ius Si
lvanus. A
lba I
ulia
(Apulum). Union Museum Alba Iu
lia
S 64
: Ste
la o
f Ulpia Maxim
illa. A
lba I
ulia (
Apu
lum).
Un
ion Museum A
lba Iulia
S 7
4: Figured ste
la. A
lba I
ulia (
Apu
lum). Un
ion
Museum A
lba Iu
lia
S 9
4: F
igured ste
la. A
lba I
ulia (
Apu
lum). County Museum
Hunedoara-Deva
V
III S 7
1: Figured s
tela
. C lu
j-Napoca
. H
istory Museum
o
f Transy
lvania C
luj - Napoca
S 6
7: Figured ste
la. A
lba J
ulia (
Apu
lum). Un
ion
Museum A
lba Iu
lia
S 7
7: S te
la o
f Mattav
ia L
aeda. Ve .
le
l, c
ounty Hunedoara
(
S 8
0: Figured s
tela A
lba I
ulia (
Apu
lum). Un
ion Museum
A
lba I
ulia
I
X S 9
6: Figured ste
la. A
lba I
ulia (
Apu
lum). Un
ion
Museum A
lba Iu
lia
S 1
00: F
igured s
tela. Cäpe
i, c
ounty C
luj. De
j Museum
S 1
20: Figured s
tela
. Turda, c
ounty C
luj (
Pota
issa).
H
istory Museum Turda
S 1
24: Figured s
tela. Turda, c
ounty C
luj (
Pota
issa).
H
istory Museum Turda
X S 101: Ste
la of I
ulis Crescens. Cäpei, c
ounty C
luj.
Nat
ional Museum of History Bucharest
S 1
04: S
tela o
f Curt
ia...Cäpe
i, c
ounty C
luj. De
j Museum
S 1
15: S tela of Ae
lia T
iiadmes A Turda, county C
luj
(
Potaissa). H istory Museum Tirgu Murep
S 1
09: Figured s
tela. Giläu, c
ounty C
luj. H
istory
Museum o
f Transy
lvan ia C
luj-Napoca
X
I S 1
05: Figured s
tela. Clu
j-Napoca. H
istory Museum
o
f Transy
lvania C
luj-Napoca
2
38
P
late
S 1
08: Stela o
f Aurelius Car
inus. G ila-u
, c
ounty C
luj.
H
istory Museum of Transylvania C
luj-Napoca
S 110: S
tela o
f Mucapor. I
l
ipua
, c
ounty B
istr4a-Nasaud.
De
j Museum
S 1
12: S
tela o
f Aurel
ius Massinius Sutoru, county S
äla
j
(Optat
iana). History Museum of Transylvania Clu
j-Napoca
S 1
82: Fragment of s
tela. A
lba I
ulia (
Apu
lum). Un
ion
Museum A
lba I
ulia
X
II S 133: S
tela of Aure
lia Sambu, Rop
ia Mon tana, c
ounty A
lba
(A
lburnus Maior). Union Museum Alba I
ulia
S 1
38: Figured s
tela. L
ipova, c
ounty Arad. Banat
Museum Tim
ipoara
S 1
39: Figured ste
la. Ros
ia Montana
, county Alba
(
Alburnus Maior). Nat
iona
l Museum of H
istory, Bucharest
S 1
51: Ste
la of Ae
lius I
anuar
ius. Vetel, county Hunedoara
(
X
III S 157
: F igured ste
la. Cluj-Napoca. H
istory Museum o
f
Transylvania C
luj-Napoca
S 158
: F igured ste
la. Cluj-Napoca. H
istory Museum o
f
Transylvania C
luj-Napoca
S 1
59: Figured s
tela. Moigrad, c
ounty S-
a
iaj (
Poro
lissum)
Museum o
f His
tory and Art Za
l-a
u
S 1
65: S te
la of U
lpius Chel
ido. S armizegetusa, county
Hunedoara (U
lpia Traiana Sarm
izegetusa). County Museum
Hunedoara-Deva
S 1
66: Upper p art o
f ste
la. S armizegetusa, county
Hunedoara (U
lpia Traiana Sarm
izegetusa). County Museum
Hunedoara-Deva
X
IV S 1
73: Ste
la of Aurel
ius Maurus. Vetel, county Hunedoara
(
Micia). H
istory Museum o
f Transylvania C
lu j-Napoca
S 1
75: Figured s
tela. Oraptioara d
e Sus, c
ounty
Hunedoara. County Museum Hunedoara-Deva
S 1
78: F
igured s
tela. VeIel, c
ounty Hunedoara (
Micia).
C
ounty Museum Hunedoara-Deva
S 1
81: Stela o
f Anton
ia Quaeta. Ve e
l, county Hunedoara
(
XV S 1
74: S te
la of Corne
lius Bus
inius. VeIe
l, c
ounty
Hunedoara (M
S 1
79: Figured s
tela. VeIel, c
ounty Hunedoara (
Micia)
County Museum Hunedoara-Deva
S 1
80: Stela o
f Valerius Phil
inus. S armizegetusa,
c
ounty Hunedoara ( Ulpia Traiana S
armizegetusa).
S
armizegetusa Museum
P
late
XVI C 1
: Coping. Sarmizegetusa, coun
ty Hunedoara (Ulp
ia
Tra
iana S arm
izegetusa). Na
tiona
l Museum of H
istory
Bucharest.
L
ion. M
icia (Ve e
l, county Hunedoara). Coun
ty
Museum Hunedoara-Deva
XVII C 6
: Coping. P oje
jena, c
ounty Cara -Sever
in. Banat
Museum T
imisoara
C 17
: Coping. Ve el, county Hunedoara (
Micia). County
C 21: Cop
ing: Ve el, county Hunedoara (
Micia). County
C 22: Cop
ing. Ve el, county Hunedoara (
Micia). County
C 24
Micia). County
XVIII C 19
Micia). County
C 9
: Coping. S armizegetusa, c
ounty Hunedoara (
Ulp
ia
Tra
iana S
armizegetusa). County Museum Hunedoara-Deva
C 23: Coping. Vetel, c

ounty Hunedoara (
Micia). H
istory
Museum of Transy
lvania Clu
j-Napoca
X
IX A 6
: A ltar. C
luj-Napoca. H
istory Museum o
f Transy
lvan
ia
C
luj-Napoca
A 15: A
ltar. S armizegetusa, county Hunedoara (
Ulp
ia
Tra
iana Sarmizegetusa). S armizegetusa Museum
A 2
5: Altar. Moigrad, county S
äla
j (
Poro
lissum). Museum
o
f H
istory and Art Z
aläu
A 28
: Altar. Sutoru, c
ounty S-
a
laj (Opta
tiana). H
istory
Museum o
f Transylvan
ia Clu
j-Napoca
XX A 9
: Altar. Mehadia, c
ounty Cara -Sever
in. Banat
Museum T
imisoara
A 21
: A ltar. Transylvania. H
istory Museum o
f
Transy
lvan ia C
luj-Napoca
A 31: A
ltar. A
lba I
ulia (
Apu
lum). Un
ion Museum A
lba
I
ulia
A 37: A
ltar. A
lba I
ulia (
Apu
lum). Un
ion Museum A
lba
I
ulia
XXI A 44: Aed

icu la-shaped a
l
tar. I
l
isua, c
ounty B
istr
ip.-
Näsäud. History Museum Bistr
iIa
A 4
6: Aedicula-shaped a
ltar. Mo igrad, county S
ala
j
(
Porol
issum). Museum o f History and Art Za
lau
A 4
7 Aedicula-shaped a
ltar. P gtr
ingeni
, county A
lba.
H
istory Museum of Transylvan
ia C lu
j-Napoca
XXII A 48: Aed

icula-shaped a
ltar. S
armizegetusa, c
oun
ty
Hunedoara (Ulp
ia Traiana Sarmizegetusa). Coun
ty Museum
Hunedoara-Deva
2
40
P
late
A 5
0: Pilaster-shaped a
ltar. A
iud, c
ounty A
lba.
H
istory Museum A iud
A 53
: P i
laster-shaped a
ltar. S armizegetusa, c
ounty
Hunedoara (Ulpia Tra
iana Sarmizegetusa). County
A 57: P i
laster-shaped a
ltar. Ve e
l, c
ounty Hunedoara
(Micia). County Museum Hunedoara Deva
XXIII A 52: Pi
laster-shaped al
tar. S armizegetusa, c
ounty
iana S armizegetusa). Nationa
l
Museum of History Bucharest
A 55: P i
laster-shaped a
ltar. Vete
l, c
ounty Hunedoara
(Micia). County Museum Hunedoara-Deva
A 56: Pi
laster-shaped a
ltar. S armizegetusa, county
iana Sarmizegetusa). S armizegetusa
Museum
XXIV P 3
: P edesta
l. Transy
lvan
ia. Nat
iona
l Museum o
f
H
istory Bucharest
P 4
: Pedesta
l. A
lba I
ulia (
Apu
lum). Un
ion Museum
A
lba I
ulia
P 5
: Pedesta
l. A
lba I
ulia (
Apu
lum). Un
ion Museum
A
lba I
ulia
XXV P 1
5: Pedesta
l. S armizegetusa, c
ounty Hunedoara (
Ulpia
Tra
iana S
armizegetusa). County Museum Hunedoara-
Deva
P 2
2: P edesta
l. A
lba I
ulia (
Apu
lum). Un
ion Museum
A
lba I
ulia
P 2
4: Pedesta
l. S armizegetusa
, c
ounty Hunedoara (U
lpia
Tra
iana S
armizegetusa). County Museum Hunedoara-Deva
P 28: Pedesta
l. Zlatna, c
ounty Alba (Ampe
lum).
Nat
ional Museum o
f History Bucharest
XXVI P 1
4: Pedesta
l. S armizegetusa, county Hunedoara (
Ulp
ia
Tra
iana S
armizegetusa). S armizegetusa Museum
P 2
1: P edesta
l. A iud, c
ounty A
lba. Nat
iona
l Museum
o
f History Bucharest
P 3
0: P edesta
l. A
lba I
ulia (
Apu
lum). Un
ion Museum
A
lba I
ulia
P 3
2: P edesta
l. A
lba I
ulia (
Apu
lum). Un
ion Museum
A
lba I
ulia
XXVII CP 2
: Coping —truncated pyramid. A
lba I
ulia (
Apu
lum).
A
lba Iulia Museum
CP 1
2: Coping —truncated pyram
id. A
lba I
ulia (
Apu
lum).
A
lba Museum
XXVIII CP 1
: Coping-trunca
ted pyramid. A
lba J
ulia
(Apu
lum). Union Museum Alba Jul
ia
CP 3
: Coping-trunca
ted pyramid. A
lba I
ulia
(Apu
lum). Un
ion Museum Alba Iul
ia
241
P
late
XXIX CP 6
: Coping —truncated pyramid. A
lba I
ulia (
Apu
lum).
A
lba Museum
CP 1
1: Coping —truncated pyram
id. A
lba J
ulia (
Apu
lum).
A
lba Museum
CP 1
4: Cop ing —truncated pyramid. Mesentea, c
ounty
A
lba. History Museum o f Transylvan
ia, C
luj-Napoca
CP 1
9: Cop ing--truncated pyram
id. S
intimbru, c
ounty
A
lba. History Museum A iud
XXX M 5: I
ndependent meda ll
ion. Sarmizegetusa,
county Hunedoara ( Ulp
ia Traiana Sarmizegetusa)
M 11: I ndependent medall
ion. Gilau, county Clu
j.
History Museum of Transylvania C
luj-Napoca
M 15: I ndependent meda

llion. VeIe
l, c
ounty Hunedoara
M14: I ndependent medal

lion. VeIel, county Hunedoara
(Micia). History Museum of Transylvania C
luj-Napoca
XXXI M 2
: Independent meda
llion. Apo ldu
l d
e Sus, c
ounty
S
ibiu. Brukentha
l Museum S ibiu
M 1
0: I
ndependent meda
llion. Apoldu
l d
e Sus
, c
ounty
S
ibiu. Brukentha
l Museum S ibiu
M16: Independent medal

lion. Zlatna, county A
lba
(Ampelum). History Museum of Transylvania C
luj-
Napoca
XXXII M 8
: Meda l
lion a ssociated wi
th li
ons. VeIel, c
ounty
Hunedoara (Micia). H istory Museum P
loie ti
M 19
: Medall
ion associated with l
ions. A
lba I
ulia
(Apulum). Union Museum A lba Iu
lia
M 2
5: Medal
lion a
ssociated with l
ions. Aiud, c
ounty
A
lba. Nat
ional Museum of History Bucharest
M 2
7: Independent meda
llion. Mo igrad, c
ounty
S
gla
j (
Porolissum). Museum o f H
istory and Art Z
algu
XXXIII M 2
1: I
ndependent medal
lion. Gh
irbom, c
ounty
A
lba. Union Museum A
lba Iul
ia
M 22: Independent meda

llion. M
iha
i V
iteazu
l, c
ounty
C
luj. H
istory Museum Turda

llion. VeIe
l, c
ounty Hunedoara

llion. Ve el, county Hunedoara
(Micia). Nationa
l Museum o f H
istory Bucharest
M 2
8: Independent meda
llion. Ro Øa Montan , c
ounty
A
lba (
Alburnus Maior). History Museum Turda
M 35
: I ndependent meda
llion. T
irnava
, c
ounty S
ibiu.
Brukenthal Museum S
ibiu
2
-
12
P
late
XXXIV AE 1: Aedicu
la. Ve el, county Hunedoara (
Micia).
AE 2: Roof o
f a
edicula. Ve el, c
ounty Hunedoara
(M
AE 1 2: Roof o
f a
edicula. Ve e
l, county Hunedoara
AE 1 3: Roof o
f a
edicula. Ve e
l, county Hunedoara
AE 14: Roof o
f a
edicula. Vete
l, county Hunedoara
(M
XXXV AE 15: Latera

l wal
l of aed
icu
la. A
lba I
ulia (
Apu
lum).
Union Museum Alba I
ulia
AE 19
: L atera
l wal
l of a
edicula. Girb.6
u, county C
luj.
H
lujONapoca
AE 22: L atera
l wall o
f aed
icu
la. Turda, c
ounty C
luj
(Pota
issa). H istory Museum Turda
XXXVI AE 28
: L ateral wa
ll o
f aedicu
la. Transy
lvan
ia.
Brukenthal Museum Sibiu
XXXVII AE 31: L
ateral wa
ll o
f aedicu
la. Cluj-Napoca. H
istory
Museum o
f Transylvania C
luj-Napoca
Ag 32: L
ateral wa
ll o
f aedicu
la. Cluj-Napoca. H
istory
Museum o
f Transylvania C
luj-Napoca
AE 43: L atera
l wal
l of a
edicula. S
armizegetusa,
c
ounty Hunedoara ( U
lpia Tra
iana S
armizegetusa).
Sarmizegetusa Museum
AE 62: La
tera l wa
ll a
nd h
ind-wa l
l o
f a
edicu
la. C
luj-
Napoca. History Museum Turda
AE 73: L atera
l wa ll o
f a
edicu
la. Sutoru, county Sala
j
(Optatiana). H istory Museum o
f Transylvania C
luj
Napoca
XXXVIII AE 64: L
atera
l wal
l of a
edicula. Criste ti, c
ounty
Mures. H
istory Museum Tirgu Mure
AE 74: Latera
l wall o
f a
edicula. 5eica M
ic'
h, county
S
ibiu. National Museum of H
istory Bucharest
AE 75
: Latera
l wall o
f a
edicu
la. Se
ica M
ic*
A ,c
ounty
S
ibiu. Brukentha
l Museum Sibiu
XXXIX AE 27: Latera

l wa
ll of a
edicula. Gher
la, county C
luj.
H
luj-Napoca
AE 4 0: Latera
l wa
ll o
f a
edicu
la. Red
iu, c
ounty C
luj.
History Museum Turda
AE 59: Latera
l wal
l of aed
icu
la. A
lba I
ulia (
Apu
lum).
Union Museum Alba I
ulia
AE 67: Latera
l wal
l of a
edicula. Gherla, county C
luj.
His
tory Museum of Transylvania C
luj-Napoca
2
43
P
late
XXXIX AE 70: Latera

l wal
l of a
edicula. Gherla, county C
luj
His
tory Museum of Transylvania C
luj-Napoca
XL AE 51: Lateral wa
ll o
f a
edicu
la. Ve el
, county Hune-
doara (
AE 92: H ind-wall o
f aedicu
la. Turda, county Clu
j
(Po
taissa). H istory Museum of Transy
lvania C
luj-
Napoca
AE 9 3: Hind-wa
ll o
f aed
icula. VeIel
, county Hunedoara
AE 96: H
ind-wall of aed
icula. Transy
lvan
ia. H
istory
Museum o
f Transylvania Clu
j-Napoca
XLI AE 9 7: Hind-wa
ll of a
edicu
la. A
iud, c
ounty A
lba.
History Museum Aiud
AE 100: Hind-wa
ll of aed
icula. Gherla, c
ounty C
luj.
Nat
ional Museum of H
istory Bucharest
AE 105: Hind-wall o
f aedicu
la. Turda, c
ounty C
luj
(Pota
issa). History Museum Turda
AE 107: H ind-wal
l of a
edicula. Zam-Sincrai, c
ounty
C
luj. H istory Museum of Transy
lvania Cluj-Napoca
XLII F 3
: F rieze o
f funerary c
onstruction. A
lba I
ulia
(
Apu lum). Un ion Museum Alba Iu
lia
F 12: Pediment o
f afunerary construct
ion. Ve e
l,
county Hunedoara (
Micia). County Museum Hunedoara-
Deva
F 14
: F ragment of af unerary c
onstruct
ion. Ve e
l,
county Hunedoara (Micia). County Museum Hunedoara-
Deva
2
44
S 1
S3
3
S 1
9
S3
7
S3
9
S4
0
S6
2
S 4
S 5
0 S 6
2
S8
3 S6
1
S 4
9
S5
0
S5
1
S9
5
S5
5
S5
2
S5
7
S6
3
S6
4
S7
4
S9
4
S6
7
S 7
7
S8
0
S 7
1
S1
20
S1
23
S 9
6
S 1
00
S 1
09
S 1
0
1
S 15
S 10
S 1
82
S 12 S 1
05
S1
3
9
S1
33
S1
5
1 S 1
38
S1
57
S 1
58
S1
59
S1
65 S 1
66
S1
7
5
S1
78
S1
8
1 S1
7
3
S 1
79
S1
80
S1
c
l
C2
4
C2
2
C6 C1
7
C 2
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2 Marinescu82-Funerary Monuments in Dacia Superior and Dacia Porolissensis-BAR 128

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2 Marinescu82-Funerary Monuments in Dacia Superior and Dacia Porolissensis-BAR 128

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Funerary Monuments in

Lucia Teposu Marinescu

translated from the Romanian by

A. R. Hands, B.Sc., �I.A., D .Phil.

s.A.R.-S128, 1982: 'Funerary Monuments in Dacia Superior and

The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright,

ISBN 9780860541585 paperback

The study o f art i

A better know ledge o f t he d eve lopment o f t he p rov inces i n t he

We must c onfess t ha t s uch r esearch i s still incipient i n Roman ia.

Before c arrying o ut a work o n a who le c hapter o f the art h istory

She is a n e xperienced r esearcher, with a long s cientific p reoccupa-

The f irst c ategory o f monuments s tud ied by t he a uthor i s t hat o f

As I m entioned s uch c are in descr iption c ould seem e xcessive; but

But c erta inly, t he d etection o f t he c onnect ions b etween t he f uner-

The p resent w ork is n ot intended t o be inserted among t hose

The deep s tudy o f the Roman f unerary monuments, p erhaps t he

The present w ork i

Roman provincial art, 1 which is ar esult o

Besides the scu

Gr igore F lorescu w rote a monograph i n 1930 a bout t he f unerary

A l arge number o f studies a nd a rt

Hadrian Da icoviciu, i n a n exemp lary s tudy 14 rectifies s ome o f the

The d iscover ies o f ap articular t ype o f m eda llion, t hat associated

FORM AND TYPOLOGY OF MONUMENTS

The morpho log ical a nalys is o f t he ma in c ategor ies o f f unerary monu-

Among the funerary monuments of c

At present, when t he number o f known s telae i

Ow ing t o t he f act t hat there a re a large n umber o f t ypes a nd v ariants

We consider that the distribut ion o f s

The unfigured s telae are few but diverse in type a nd e special

The unfigured ste

Two s pecimens f ound a t Ulpia Traiana ( Sarm izegetusa , Hunedoara

The same trans

The structure o f the ste

Among t he u nfigured s telae, t hose w i

The stelae with free or enc

The most evident d

The fact must be pointed ou

As c an b e seen f rom t he f acts p resented a bove, a na

They are b oth architectural and non-arch

According t o S. R inald i-Tuf i who dealt wi

The s everal variants of the ste

The s telae w ith a rch a re e spec ially d ense a t Apu lum ( A

Another category of ste

Finally, a nother a rch itectura l type i nc ludes t he s telae w ith a d eco-

The a rchway o n the s telae i n Dac ia i s shown a s a n arch wh ich l i

There a re no close a nalog ies w i

The t ypology o f the figured n on-architectural stelae is relative

The closest analog

As I have s hown b efore, the upper p art o

The stelae with the busts of the deceased in a quadrilateral niche

As r egards t he s telae w ith a n a rched n iche, t wo v ariants c an b e-

A s tela ending s traight , w i

A stela of which only t he upper p art h

Analogous specimens with the non-architectural ste

Genera l ly, t he t ypo logy o f t

The opinion that these c op

Gr. F lorescu 87 classifies t

According to the resu lts of earl

The next variant is d ecorated o n the latera l sides in a ddition to the

Another t ype o f altar is t hat in the s hape o f ap seudo-aed icula. 9

A group o f 6altars f ound a t Ampe lum, Apu lum, I l

As r egards t he s tructure, t he aed icu la-shaped a ltars a nd t hose i n t he