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Course Introduction Prerequisite

History of Microprocessors
Future of Microprocessors Assignment 1 Course project Processor technology IC technology

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Course Introduction
As described on catalog
Introduces hardware and software design techniques for

microprocessor-based systems. Gives experience designing and implementing a system using current technology and components. Provides the opportunity to interface microprocessors to external devices. Gives experience using state-of-the-art development systems and procedures.
Syllabus on Moodle

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Prerequisite
TCES230 TCES330 Assembly programming C programming

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History of Microprocessors
Why people keep inventing new microprocessors? What techniques have contributed to the development of

microprocessors ?
Whats Moores Law? Is it proved in the history of

microprocessors?

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Future of Microprocessors
Do you think Moores law will also work for the future of

microprocessors? Why?
What factors you think will affect the future of

microprocessors?

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Assignment 1
Read the article 25 Microchips that Shook the World,

IEEE Spectrum May 2009, pick one microprocessor from the following list, and prepare a presentation talking about your research on that specific microchip. Topics include but are not limited to: its features, its vendor, and in particular, why the chip was invented, and what makes it stand out. The presentation is scheduled on Oct. 5, and should be within 15 minutes. Submit your ppt slides before the start of the class on Oct. 5, 2011.

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 MOS Technology 6502 Microprocessor

Texas Instruments TMS 32010 DSP

Microchip Technology PIC16C84 Microcontroller Acorn Computers ARM1 Processor

Intel 8088 Microprocessor

Xilinx XC2064 FPGA Zilog Z80 Microprocessor

Sun Microsystems SPARC Processor

Motorola MC68000 Microprocessor

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Course Project
Implementation of PID controllers has gone through

several stages of evolution, from early mechanical and pneumatic designs to microprocessor-based systems. An alternative solution for the realization of digital control systems, which were previously dominated by generalpurpose microprocessor systems, is the FPGAs. FPGA-based controllers offer advantages such as high speed, complex functionality, and low power consumption. Also FPGA-based platforms are capable to execute concurrent operations, allowing parallel architectural design of digital controllers. All these are attractive features from the embedded system design point of view.
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 This project provides you an opportunity to work in small

group investigating the implementation of PID controller using both general-purpose microprocessors and FPGA.
You are required to read relevant articles provided by the

instructor, give weekly report to other groups, do a midterm presentation, and give a final project demo (showing whatever works).
Project deliverables include: weekly study portfolio, and

presentation slides.
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 Bonus will be given to successful implementation of PID

controller in FPGA.
You are also invited to join the instructors research and

apply together for the Chancellor's Fund for Research and Scholarship in 2012.

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Three Key Technologies

Technology
A manner of accomplishing a task, especially using technical

processes, methods, or knowledge

Three key technologies for microprocessor based systems
Processor technology
IC technology Design technology

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Processor Technology
The architecture of the computation engine used to

implement a systems desired functionality Processor does not have to be programmable

Processor not equal to general-purpose processor Processors vary in their customization for the problem at hand
total = 0 for i = 1 to N loop total += M[i] end loop

Desired functionality

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General-purpose TCES430, Autumn 2011 processor

Application-specific processor

Single-purpose 9/28/2011 processor

 General purpose processor

Programmable device used in a variety of

applications known as microprocessor Features

Program memory General datapath with large register file and general

Controller Control logic and State register

Datapath Register file General ALU

IR Program memory

PC

ALU

User benefits Low time-to-market and NRE costs (Nonrecurring Engineering costs) High flexibility

Data memory

Assembly code for: total = 0 for i =1 to

Pentium the most well-known, but there are

hundreds of others
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 Single-purpose processor
Digital circuit designed to execute exactly

one program
a.k.a. coprocessor, accelerator or peripheral

Controller Control logic

Datapath index

Features Contains only the components needed to execute a single program No program memory Benefits Fast Low power Small size
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total
State register
+

Data memory

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 Application-specific instruction-set

processors (ASIP)
Programmable processor optimized for a

Controller Control logic and State register

Datapath Registers

particular class of applications having common characteristics

Compromise between general-purpose and single-

IR Program memory

PC

Custom ALU Data memory

purpose processors

Features Program memory Optimized datapath Special functional units Benefits Some flexibility, good performance, size and power

Assembly code for: total = 0 for i =1 to

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IC Technology
The manner in which a digital (gate-level) implementation is

mapped onto an IC
IC: Integrated circuit, or chip
IC technologies differ in their customization to a design ICs consist of numerous layers (perhaps 10 or more) IC technologies differ with respect to who builds each layer and when

IC package

IC

gate oxide source channel drain Silicon substrate

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 Three types of IC technologies

Full-custom/VLSI

Semi-custom ASIC (gate array and standard cell)

PLD (Programmable Logic Device)

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 Full-custom/VLSI
All layers are optimized for an embedded systems particular

digital implementation
Placing transistors Sizing transistors Routing wires

Benefits Excellent performance, small size, low power Drawbacks High NRE cost (e.g., $300k), long time-to-market

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 Semi-custom
Lower layers are fully or partially built Designers are left with routing of wires and maybe placing some blocks Benefits Good performance, good size, less NRE cost than a full-custom implementation (perhaps $10k to $100k) Drawbacks Still require weeks to months to develop

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 PLD (Programmable Logic Device)

All layers already exist Designers can purchase an IC Connections on the IC are either created or destroyed to implement desired functionality Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) very popular

Benefits Low NRE costs, almost instant IC availability

Drawbacks Bigger, expensive (perhaps $30 per unit), power hungry, slower

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Independence of Processor and IC Technologies

Basic tradeoff
General vs. custom

With respect to processor technology or IC technology

The two technologies are independent
Generalpurpose processor ASIP Singlepurpose processor

General, providing improved: Flexibility Maintainability NRE cost Time- to-prototype Time-to-market Cost (low volume)

Customized, providing improved: Power efficiency Performance Size Cost (high volume)

PLD

Semi-custom

Full-custom

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Next class
Introduction to PIC18 Architecture and Organization

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