Practice Makes Perfect: French

Conversation 3rd Edition Eliane

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 Contents

Preface
1 Meeting people
2 Making conversation and making plans
3 Discussing leisure activities
4 Discussing current events
5 Watching sports events
6 Celebrating and having fun
7 Accomplishments
8 Making comparisons
9 Asking for help
10 Departures
11 Communicating in a remote environment

Answer key
 Preface

Have you already spent considerable time learning French

vocabulary and grammar? Are you ready to learn the language that
real Francophones speak in a spontaneous and authentic manner? In
that case, this is the right book for you. You have some knowledge
of French, and you probably want to embark on activities that will
allow you to engage in conversations with native speakers of French.
That is precisely the aim of this book!
My personal experience as a student of languages as well as a
teacher of French is that the most appealing aspect of language
study lies in your ability to interact with other people in the target
language, gaining ever greater insights into new cultures.
Although learning vocabulary and grammatical concepts is
important, it is but one avenue toward real communication. Therein
lies the fun! Once you have established the fundamentals of
language, it is time to aim at practical applications, setting the stage
for personal interactions, and, above all, an understanding of the
target culture.
Language does not merely consist of words and structures; it is
also a representation of the perspectives and points of view of real
people. Growing up in France, I became accustomed to acting
humbly, for instance questioning whether I truly deserved a
compliment instead of simply accepting it and thanking the giver for
it—as Americans do. So, when I first came to the States, it took me
a while to understand that an appropriate reply to a compliment
such as What a pretty dress! is Thank you rather than Really, you
think so?
 Therefore, to help you gain an understanding of cultural
differences between U.S. culture and French culture, I have tried to
create as many culturally appropriate scenarios as possible in this
conversation book so that you can appreciate situations you might
encounter in France: transportation strikes, Bastille Day celebrations,
shopping at the Fnac (a chain of stores specializing in electronics
and books). I also created Chris, an American student in France, so
that you could meet French people and face authentic French
situations through his eyes. Although the cultural focus is on France,
the communicative aspects of language emphasized throughout the
book are applicable to all Francophone cultures. Furthermore,
because my goal is to give you the skills required for conversation,
dialogues are often written in the informal register (with tu) except
for interactions that require the formal register (with vous), for
example, with salespeople, waitpersons, or business associates.
The book is divided into eleven units. Each unit is guided by a
theme, such as current events, leisure time, or asking for help. You
can focus on specific units or themes of interest, or you may opt to
travel through the chapters in the order they are presented. The
latter approach will allow you to become familiar with the characters
who reappear throughout the chapters and meet new ones as you
go through the book.
The conversational style of the lessons aims at developing a
confident speaking style. Beginning with an opening conversation,
followed by grammatical notes, syntactical structures, and study of
word usage, all elements are focused on the typical problems of
native English speakers.
Each unit features several engaging dialogues that illustrate
practical, interesting, and culturally relevant conversational
situations. For example, in one chapter, you will learn that travel and
leisure activities in France are at times impacted by labor strikes.
Useful, high-frequency conversational phrases are highlighted in the
dialogues, then clarified and illustrated for your use. A variety of
exercises help you put new knowledge into practice. The Answer key
provides quick and easy feedback. You will get practice in using new
concepts and will be encouraged to construct personalized
conversations. And this Premium Third Edition is supported by
streaming audio via app and online, including recordings of all 47
dialogues in the book and the answers to more than 40 exercises.
This book will enhance your conversational skills by exposing you
to high frequency phrases and sentences used in spontaneous
conversations and provide opportunities to practice them in a variety
of formats.
À vous de jouer!
 Meeting people

Dialogue 1
Chloé meets a young American at a party. She has never met
him face-to-face, but she seems to know him . . .
 EXERCICE 1.1
Jugez de votre compréhension. Check your
comprehension. Write T for true or F for false.

1. ________ Chris connaît déjà Chloé.

2. ________ Chris est français.

3. ________ Chloé est américaine.

4. ________ Chris est l’ami de Didier.

5. ________ Chloé traduit des méls en français.

Improving your conversation

Review the following explanations of some interesting phrases
found in the previous dialogue. Make them your own.

Bonjour
To say hello, the words bonjour (literally, good day), bonsoir
(literally, good evening), or salut (hi) may be used. Bonjour is
usually used until around six P.M., whereas bonsoir is used after
six P.M. On the other hand, salut can be used any time of day.

Ça va bien?
 This question has several variations. Ça va? may be interpreted
as How are you?, How’s it going?, or Is everything OK?
Therefore, there is flexibility in the response.

The question Ça va bien? is more specific and requires a yes

or no answer.

Moi, je/toi, tu/lui, il/elle, elle

In English, voice inflexion and tone are used to emphasize the
subject; in French, emphasis is conveyed by adding a stress
pronoun before the subject pronoun.

C’est ça
Use this phrase to confirm what someone says to you.

Je vois
 Use this phrase to confirm that you understood what was
conveyed to you.

Je pige
This phrase is slang for Je comprends (I understand).

Merci pour...
Use this phrase to thank someone for something specific.

Pas de quoi / il n’y a pas de quoi

Use either of these phrases as a reply for a thank you. Know
that pas de quoi is an abbreviated version of il n’y a pas de
quoi and is therefore more informal than the longer phrase.

Même
Use this word to intensify and give emphasis to what you just
said.

EXERCICE 1.2
 Entre amis! Between friends! Complete the sentence with
the appropriate word or phrase from the list provided.
Capitalize when necessary.

EXERCICE 1.3
Insistons sur la différence! Let’s emphasize the difference!
Complete each sentence with a stress pronoun: moi, toi,
elle, lui, nous, vous, elles, or eux.

1. Vous, ________________ parlez bien français.

2. Elle, ________________ s’appelle aussi Karina.

3. ________________, tu es François, n’est-ce pas?

4. Non, ________________, je m’appelle Nicolas.

5. Ah! Alors, ________________, il s’appelle François.

Dialogue 2
The following week, Chloé and Chris meet again at another
party.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
JESUS, Discovery of a fragment of the Logia or Sayings of.

See (in this volume)

ARCHÆOLOGICAL RESEARCH: EGYPT: DISCOVERY OF A
FRAGMENT.

----------JEWS: Start--------

JEWS:
Discovery of the sole mention of the people of Israel in
Egyptian inscriptions.

See (in this volume)

ARCHÆOLOGICAL RESEARCH: EGYPT: RESULTS.

JEWS:
General results of recent archæological research as affecting
our knowledge of the ancient Hebrews.

See (in this volume)

ARCHÆOLOGICAL RESEARCH: IN BIBLE LANDS.

JEWS: A. D. 1897:
Freedom of residence in Russia given
to the university educated.

See (in this volume)

RUSSIA: A. D. 1897.

JEWS: A. D. 1897-1901.
The Zionist movement.

"The three closing days of August [1897] saw a congress at

Basle concerning the significance of which friends and foes
alike seem already pretty well agreed. It was the Congress of
Zionists. Zionists! Until then that word was almost unknown to
the public at large. Zionism virtually made its bow to the
Gentile world at Basle, and disclosed for the first time what
its aims and its needs were. … It was in my work, 'The Jewish
State,' which appeared a year and a half ago, that I first
formulated what the Congress at Basle virtually adopted as an
axiom. In the terms of that definition: 'Zionism has for its
object the creation of a home, secured by public rights, for
those Jews who either cannot or will not be assimilated in the
country of their adoption.'

"Nothing was more instructive at the Basle Congress than the

vigour—I might almost say violence—with which the
representatives of the great Jewish strata of population
resisted any attempt to limit the guarantees for a State based
on public rights. The executive appointed to draw up a
programme had proposed 'a legally secured home.' The
delegates, however, were not satisfied, and clamoured for an
alteration to 'secured on the basis of international rights.'
It was only by adopting the intermediary expression 'public
rights' that an agreement was arrived at. The significance of
this logomachy is, that what the Jews desire is not to acquire
more tracts of land, but a country for the Jewish people, and
to emphasise that desire in terms as plain as possible without
wounding certain legitimate and sovereign susceptibilities. We
can acquire land any day in our private right everywhere. But
that is not the point with Zionists. In our case we have
nothing to do with private rights. That will come later—as
well as the land speculators—once our movement has achieved
success. What the Zionists are alone directing their attention
to is the 'public rights' idea. In that they hope to find a
remedy for the old evil. Were I to express myself
paradoxically, I should say that a country belonging to the
Jews on the basis of public rights, even though down to the
very last parcel it was the legally secured property of
non-Jews, would mean the final solution of the Jewish
question. … We have held a gathering at Basle before the whole
world, and there we saw the national consciousness and the
popular will break forth, at times like a convulsive upheaval.
To Basle came Jews of all countries, of all tongues, of all
parties, and of all forms of religious confession. There were
more than 200 representatives of the Jewish people—most of
them delegates for hundreds and thousands. Men from Roumania
alone brought over 50,000 signatures of those who had sent
them there. There surely was never such a motley assembly of
opinions in such a narrow space before. On the other hand,
there would certainly have been more conflict of opinion in
any other deliberative assembly than there was in this. …

"It would … appear to be to the interest of Turkey to come to

an arrangement with the Jews. But, what are the interests
which other Governments would have in assisting the
realisation of a legally guaranteed Jewish home? The interest
would vary with each country, but it is present in some form
or other everywhere. It would mean the drawing off of an
unhappy and detested element of population which is reduced
more and more to a condition of despair, and which, scattered
over the face of the earth, and in a state of unrest, must
perforce identify itself with the most extreme parties
everywhere. Governments and all friends of the existing order
of things cannot bring themselves to believe that, by helping
us in the solution we propose, they could give peace to an
element which has been driven to revolution and rendered
dangerous through its dispersion. That a highly conservative
people, like the Jews, have always been driven into the ranks
of revolutionists is the most lamentable feature in the
tragedy of our race. Zionism would mean an end to all that. We
should see results accrue for the general condition of
mankind, the full benefits of which we cannot even guess.
There are, of course, a great number of existing political
difficulties to be overcome, but these, given the necessary
good will, might be surmounted."

Theodor Herzl,
The Zionist Congress
(Contemporary Review, October, 1897).
{284}

"The programme of the Philo-Zionists as defined in their

printed constitution is as follows:

(a) To foster the national idea in Israel.

(b) To promote the colonization of Palestine and neighbouring

territories by Jews, by establishing new colonies and
assisting those already established.

(c) To diffuse the knowledge of Hebrew as a living language.

(d) To further the moral, intellectual, and material status of

Israel.

The English Association, known as the Chovevi Zion, is

presided over by Colonel Albert Edward Goldsmid, Assistant
Adjutant-General of Her Majesty's Forces; it has 35
established 'Tents' spread through the length and breadth of
the United Kingdom. … Similar associations have been
established in America, Germany, France, Russia, Austria,
Denmark, Switzerland, and other countries; and there is a
central committee meeting at Paris, where the organisation of
new colonies and development of existing ones in the Holy Land
is systematically carried out. Even before these associations
had been called into existence Baron Edmond de Rothschild of
Paris, encouraged by the success of the agricultural schools
at Jaffa, founded by the late Charles Netter, had devoted his
vast influence and his open purse to the work; and there is a
separate administration in Palestine charged with the control
and management of what are known as 'the Baron's colonies.'

"To-day we have in Palestine between twenty and thirty

distinct colonies or communities spreading along the coast
from Askalon in the south to Carmel in the north, and along
the Jordan from the Waters of Meron to the Sea of Galilee in
the east. The population of these colonies varies from 100 to
700 souls, and they may safely be estimated to number 10,000
souls in all, independently of the large number of Jewish day
labourers from neighbouring towns and villages, to whom they
give occasional employment. There are 50,000 more Jews—mostly
refugees—in the various Holy Cities, and the immediate problem
is to get these—or the better part of them—also on the land.
The current language of the colonists is the Hebrew of the
Bible, although many of them have acquired the native Arabic,
and also French, which is taught in their schools. They have
their places of worship, their houses of study, their modest
institutes, their public baths, and in fact the counterpart in
small of all the features of the model European village: and
they have, thanks to the Baron and the Philo-Zionists'
Associations, the most modern appliances and complete
installations for the prosecution of their agricultural
works."

Herbert Bentwich,
Philo-Zionists and Anti-Semites
(Nineteenth Century, October, 1897).

"At the beginning of March, 1898, an important Conference was

held in London, attended by delegates from nearly 50
societies, representing 10,000 English Zionists, and
resolutions were passed adopting the International programme,
and making provisions for a federation of all the English
Zionist bodies. Similar conferences were held in New York, in
Berlin, in Galatz (Roumania), and other great centres; and
local federations were everywhere formed to give greater
strength and solidity to the general organization. At the
second International Congress, which was held at Basle in
August, 1898, and was attended by an imposing body of more
than 500 delegates, the Executive Committee were able to
report that the 'Basle programme' had received the support of
913 Zionist organizations (out of which over 700 had sprung up
since the first Congress), it being calculated that these
represented at least a quarter of a million of active members.
The Congress had become the authorised representative and
exponent of the people's wishes, and the Zionists had become a
power to be reckoned with in any settlement of the Jewish
question. Prominent among the attendants at this world
gathering were the Rabbis—crown officials from orthodox Russia
and Poland, as well as the elect of reform congregations from
America—who took an active interest in the settlement of the
programme of work for the ensuing year, which was the main
business of the meeting."

H. Bentwich,
The Progress of Zionism
(Fortnightly Review, December, 1898).

At the International Zionist Congress which assembled in

London on the 13th of August, 1900, the report of the
executive committee on the progress which the movement has
made showed as follows: "In Russia there are at least 100,000
members of Zionist societies; in England the movement is
supported by 38 societies, as against 16 last year, and all
these societies have increased membership. Thanks to the work
of the English Zionist Federation Zionism has made great
headway in England. In the United States there are 135
societies, as against 102 last year. Notwithstanding the war
in South Africa, the contributions towards the expenses of the
movement have been well maintained. Having regard to the
returns received by the executive committee the reporter felt
no hesitation in saying that to-day the vast majority of the
Jewish nation were in favour of Zionism."

London Times,
August 15, 1900.

Late in December, 1900, it was announced at Vienna that the

Sultan had issued or renewed a decree, according to which the
 Jews are forbidden to remain in Palestine for longer than
three months. This measure, which applies both to traders and
pilgrims, further prohibits the acquisition by Jews of landed
property. It was suggested that the wholesale exodus of Jews
from Russia and their recent emigration from Rumania gave rise
to the apprehension that they might overcrowd Palestine. This
apprehension is said to have been strengthened by the
increasing activity of the Zionists, who are suspected in
certain circles in Constantinople of pursuing distinct
political ends. According to another suggestion, Russia had
grown jealous of the Jewish colonization of Palestine, fearing
it to be in the interest of German policy, and had used
influence to check it.

"Viewed merely on its prosaic side, Zionism is by no means a

visionary scheme. The aggregation of Jews in Palestine is only
a matter of time, and it is better that they should be
aggregated there under their own laws and religion, and the
mild suzerainty of the Sultan, than under the semi-barbarous
restrictions of Russia or Roumania, and exposed to recurrent
popular outbreaks. True, Palestine is a ruined country, and
the Jews are a broken people, but neither is beyond
recuperation. Palestine needs a people, Israel needs a
country. If, in regenerating the Holy Land, Israel could
regenerate itself, how should the world be other than the
gainer? In the solution of the problem of Asia, which has just
succeeded the problem of Africa, Israel might play no
insignificant part. Already the colony of Rishon le Zion has
obtained a gold medal for its wines from the Paris Exposition,
which is not prejudiced in the Jew's favor.
{285}
We may be sure the spiritual wine of Judæa would again pour
forth likewise that precious vintage which the world has drunk
for so many centuries. And as the unscientific activities of
the colonization societies would have paved the way for the
pastoral and commercial future of Israel in its own country,
so would the rabbinical sing-song in musty rooms prove to have
 been but the unconscious preparation of the ages for the
Jerusalem University.

"But Palestine belongs to the Sultan, and the Sultan refuses

to grant the coveted Judæan Charter, even for dangled
millions. Is not this fatal? No, it matters as little as that
the Zionists could not pay the millions, if suddenly called
upon. They have barely collected a quarter of a million (in
English pounds). But there are millionaires enough to come to
the rescue, once the charter was dangled before the Zionists.
It is not likely that the Rothschilds would see themselves
ousted from their familiar headship in authority and
well-doing, nor would the millions left by Baron Hirsch be
altogether withheld. And the Sultan's present refusal is
equally unimportant, because a national policy is independent
of transient moods and transient rulers. The only aspect that
really matters is whether Israel's face be, or be not, set
steadily Zionwards,—for decades and even for centuries. Much
less turns on the Sultan's mind than on Dr. Herzl's. Will he
lose patience? for leaders like Herzl are not born in every
century."

I. Zangwill,
The Wandering Jew and the New Century
(Sunday School Times, January 12, 1901).

JEWS: A. D. 1899.
In Palestine.

"In view of the impetus given the Zionist movement by the

second Zionist congress, held at Basel in September, and also
by the Palestine journey of Emperor Wilhelm II, the present
status of Jews in Palestine becomes a matter of general
interest. Out of a total population in Palestine of some
200,000 souls, about 40,000 are Jews, as against 14,000 twenty
years ago. In Jerusalem, there are 22,000 Jews, half of whom
have immigrated from Europe and America and are called
Asehkenazim to distinguish them from the oriental Israelites,
the Sephardists. Nine hundred and sixty families, numbering
about 5,000 souls, inhabit the twenty-two Jewish colonies in
Palestine which have been founded and subsidized by Europeans
—ten by Baron Edmond de Rothschild, representing the Alliance
Israélite Universelle; the rest by the Jewish Colonization
Association and by the Odessa Company.

"The idea of gathering in Palestine homeless Jews scattered

all over the globe was championed in the forties by Moses
Montefiore, but with indifferent success. In the eighties,
however, the immigration of Jews to Palestine assumed
significant proportions. Of the twenty-two present colonies,
the 'Jacob Memorial' is the largest, supporting more than
1,000 souls. It boasts a graded school (five teachers), a
synagogue, etc., and 4,000 acres of land under cultivation, on
which are raised fruit (chiefly grapes), honey, and mulberry
leaves, the rearing of silkworms being a leading industry. The
'First to Zion' is another quite important colony, owning
2,000 acres of land. Some forty two-storied stone dwelling
houses greet the eye of the approaching stranger; also a
school house with a Hebrew library, a synagogue, and a
hospital. One million five hundred thousand vines and 25,000
olive, almond, orange, and mulberry trees belong to this
colony, which also possesses famous wine cellars. The 'Hope of
Israel,' a mile beyond Yafa, in the plains of Sharon, is
perhaps best known for its agricultural school, in which one
hundred or more pupils are taught gardening. Recently, a high
school for Jewish girls was established in Yafa. The 'Head
Corner Stone,' amid the hills beyond Tiberias, with
snow-capped Hermon in the background, is another quite
prosperous Jewish colony in Palestine. Being near the source
of the Jordan, water is plentiful; and its situation, high up
above the level of Lake Gennesareth, insures fair climatic
conditions. In the 'Door of Hope,' dairy farming is profitably
followed and experiments made in tea planting. This colony is
said to have 1,000,000 vines.
"Entirely irrespective of whether or not the Zionists will
succeed in awakening in the Jewish people a national spirit
and forming a Judean monarchy or republic, with its parliament
in Jerusalem and its representation in foreign capitals, the
present agitation makes for the development of a country which
is but a shadow of its former self, and which will generously
respond to modern influences. The Sultan seems quite disposed
to grant railway, harbor, and other franchises, and it is
possible that the new Jewish Colonial Bank, the organization
of which was decided upon in Basel, will be permitted, under
certain guaranties, to play an important part in the
industrial advancement and growth of Palestine. The movement
is furthermore bringing out new qualities in the Jews residing
in Palestine. They are no longer content with studying the
Talmud and living on charity, but are waking to the fact, as
the Hebrew would put it, that to till the ground is worship of
God.

"It should not be inferred from statements here made that

peace and prosperity have suddenly become the lot of the Jews
in Palestine. Only a few days ago, Rev. William King Eddy, of
Sidon, returned from beyond the Jordan, and he informs me that
a Jewish colony situated not far from El Mzerib (on the
caravan route from Damascus to Mekka) was recently attacked by
predatory Bedouin tribes. The settlers were all driven away,
their gardens and crops destroyed. Even a road built by the
Jews to connect their frontier colony with older ones in
Galilee, west of the river, was at least partially
obliterated. Taxes are more oppressive than ever, officials
are corrupt, and prohibitive measures regarding immigration
are still in force, although inadequate. I think, however, I
am justified in saying that the prospects are brighter than
ever for the Jews in Palestine and for Palestine itself.
European influence has obtained a foothold in the country, and
the tide of modern ideas can not be long debarred. Only four
or five weeks ago, an English company announced its
 determination to build a broad-gauge railway from the sea at
Haifa through the very heart of Samaria and Galilee to
Damascus and on to Bagdad, and active operations have already
commenced."

G. B. Ravndal,
United States Consul at Beirut
(United States Consular Reports, April, 1899, page 691).

{286}

JEWS: A. D. 1901.
Turkish order regulating visits to Palestine.

A Press telegram from Washington, February 16, 1901, states

that "Consul Merrill, at Jerusalem, has reported to the State
Department that the Turkish Minister of the Interior at
Constantinople has issued an order relative to Jews who visit
Palestine, which went into effect on January 29. The order
applies to an Jews who come to Palestine from other countries
as pilgrims or visitors. The conditions of the order are as
follows: On arriving at Joppa the visitor must deliver his
passport to the Turkish authorities and receive therefor a
Turkish document. The visitor is allowed to stay in the
country three months, when he must leave, surrendering the
Turkish permit and receiving his own. Foreign consuls are to
compel the Jews who overstay the three months' period to leave
Turkey."

----------JEWS: End--------

JOAN OF ARC, The Beatification of.

The beatification of Joan of Are, recommended by the

Congregation of Rites, at Rome, was pronounced by the Pope,
January 28, 1894.
JOHANNESBURG: Origin.

See (in this volume)

SOUTH AFRICA (THE TRANSVAAL): A. D. 1885-1890.

JOHANNESBURG: A. D. 1895-1896.
Revolutionary conspiracy of Uitlanders.

See (in this volume)

SOUTH AFRICA (THE TRANSVAAL): A. D. 1895-1896.

JOHANNESBURG: A. D. 1900.
Taken by the British forces.

See (in this volume))

SOUTH AFRICA (THE FIELD OF WAR): A. D. 1900 MAY-JUNE).

JOINT HIGH COMMISSION, Anglo-American.

See (in this volume)

CANADA: A. D. 1898-1899.

JOLO, The Sultan of.

See (in this volume)

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: A. D. 1899 (MAY-AUGUST).

JONES, Samuel M., Mayor of Toledo.

See (in this volume)

TOLEDO, OHIO: A. D. 1899-1901.

JOUBERT, General Pietrus Jacobus:

In the South African War.

See (in this volume)

SOUTH AFRICA (THE FIELD OF WAR):
 A. D. 1899 (OCTOBER-DECEMBER).

JOUBERT, General Pietrus Jacobus:

Death.

See (in this volume)

SOUTH AFRICA (THE FIELD OF WAR): A. D. 1900 (MARCH).

JUBILEE, The Diamond, of Queen Victoria.

See (in this volume)

ENGLAND: A. D. 1897 (JUNE).

JUBILEE OF THE HOLY YEAR 1900, Proclamation of the Universal.

See (in this volume)

PAPACY: A. D. 1900-1901.

JU JU SACRIFICE.

See (in this volume)

NIGERIA: A. D. 1807.

K.

KAFIRISTAN: Its conquest by the Afghans.

See (in this volume)

AFGHANISTAN: A. D. 1896.

KAGAYAN, or CAGAYAN, The American acquisition of.

See (in this volume)

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1898 (JULY-DECEMBER).

KAIRWAN: Opened to tourists.

 See (in this volume)
TUNIS: A. D. 1881-1898.

KAISER WILHELM II.

See (in this volume)

GERMANY.

KAISER WILHELM SHIP CANAL, The.

See (in this volume)

GERMANY: A. D. 1895 (JUNE).

KAMERUNS, The: Cost of maintenance.

See (in this volume)

GERMANY: A. D. 1809 (JUNE).

KANG YEU-WEI, Chinese reformer.

See (in this volume)

CHINA: A. D. 1898 (JUNE-SEPTEMBER), and after.

KAPILAVASTU, Discovery of the ruins of.

See (in this volume)

BUDDHA.

KARNAK, Fall of eleven columns of the temple of.

See (in this volume)

ARCHÆOLOGICAL RESEARCH: EGYPT: FALL OF KARNAK
COLUMNS.

KASSALA, Italian evacuation of.

See (in this volume)

 ITALY: A. D. 1897.

KATIPUNAN, The.

See (in this volume)

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: A. D. 1896-1898.

KEARSARGE, Loss of the.

The United States cruiser Kearsarge, destroyer of the

Alabama, was totally wrecked, February 2. 1894, on
Roncadore Reef, off the Mosquito coast, her crew being
saved.

KENGI.

See (in this volume)

ARCHÆOLOGICAL RESEARCH: BABYLONIA: AMERICAN
EXPLORATION.

KENTUCKY: A. D. 1895-1900.
Political conflicts.
Assassination of Governor Goebel.

In 1895 a Republican Governor, William O. Bradley, was elected

in Kentucky by a majority of nearly 9,000 votes. In 1896 the
conflict of political parties became fierce and dangerous, on
the occasion of the election of au United States Senator to
succeed the Democratic incumbent, J. C. S. Blackburn, whose
term would expire March 3d, 1897. On joint ballot in the
Legislature the Republicans and Democrats had 68 votes each,
and the Populists had 2,—the latter thus bolding a balance of
power: But the two Populist members were divided, and the
Democrats could not act together, owing to the division in
their party on the money question. The "sound-money" Democrats
refused support to Senator Blackburn, who obtained the caucus
nomination of his party for re-election, and their votes were
 scattered. The Republicans were united on a candidate, and
secured one of the Populist votes, but needed one more to give
them a majority. They attempted to win the needed vote by
unseating a Democrat in the Lower House whose seat was
contested; but the Democrats promptly neutralized their move
by unseating two Republicans in the Upper House. The passions
excited by the factious contest had by this time become so
violent and threatening that in March, 1897, the Governor of
the State deemed it necessary to call out several companies of
militia to preserve peace at Frankfort. In the end, the
Legislature adjourned without electing an United States
Senator; but a special session was called and the election
accomplished, on the 28th of April, William J. Deboe,
Republican, winning the senatorial seat.

{287}

In the following year (1898) the Democrats secured strong

majorities in both branches of the Legislature, and, under the
lead of Senator William Goebel, passed an election bill which was
bitterly denounced as a contrivance for fraud. It created a
State election board, appointed by the existing Legislature
for four years, which board should name three commissioners in
each county, by whom all election and registration officers
should be chosen. Notwithstanding this provision of partisan
returning officers, the Democrats were so divided on the
silver question in the gubernatorial election of 1899, and
further weakened by personal hostilities which Goebel, who
became their candidate for governor, had stirred up, that the
official returns of the election gave William S. Taylor, the
Republican candidate, a plurality of more than 2,000 votes
over Goebel. There had been fear of riot in Louisville on
election day, and the Governor had called out State troops to
preserve order. The defeated party claimed that military
interference in that city had made the election illegal, and
demanded that the returns from Louisville should be thrown
out. On both sides there were accusations of fraud, and a
dangerous state of political excitement ensued again. But two
of the three members (all Democrats) of the State Board of
Election Commissioners decided that Taylor, the Republican
candidate, had been lawfully elected, and he was inaugurated
Governor on the 12th of December. Goebel and his partisans,
refusing to accept the decision, determined to unseat Governor
Taylor, by authority of the Legislature, in which they
controlled a considerable majority of votes.

The Legislature met and organized on the 1st of January, 1900.

The Governor prepared to defend his possession of the office
by summoning troops of the State Guard from the strong
Republican districts of the mountain region, and 1,000 or more
armed men arrived in Frankfort on the 25th. There had been
fighting between the two parties already, and the situation
now became desperately strained. Some kind of a bloody outcome
seemed inevitable, but no one could anticipate the barbarous
tragedy which ensued. As Senator Goebel was walking to the
state house, on the 30th of January, he was shot from one of
its windows, by a hidden assassin, receiving a wound from
which he died February 3d. The Legislature at once closed its
investigation of the election, and voted to recognize the
dying William E. Goebel as Governor, with J. C. W. Beckham as
his Lieutenant and the successor to the office in the event of
his death. Governor Taylor issued an address to the people of
the State, denouncing the murder and enjoining the
preservation of order. At the same time he proclaimed an
adjournment of the Legislature, closed the State House against
it, and summoned its members to reassemble on the 6th of
February, not at Frankfort, but at the distant small mountain
town of London. Goebel, on his death-bed, took the oath of
office, and issued orders dismissing Governor Taylor's
Adjutant-General, appointing another in his place, and
commanding the force at Frankfort to return to their homes.

The President of the United States was applied to by Governor

Taylor for recognition and support, but decided that he had no
authority to interfere. The supporters of Goebel applied with
more effect to the Circuit Court of Kentucky, which issued a
writ enjoining Governor Taylor from the use of armed force to
prevent the Legislature from meeting. A clerk who succeeded in
serving the writ by tacking it on the door of the Governor's
office was seized and held prisoner by the military, and a
writ of habeas corpus requiring his deliverance was disobeyed
for several days. All authority was breaking down, and a state
of political chaos being produced. To save the State from
actual anarchy and civil war, a conference of leaders in both
parties was held at Louisville, February 5, and an agreement
reached to withdraw troops from the capital, allow the
Legislature to meet there, and abide by its action, with
promise to repeal the obnoxious election law. Governor Taylor
refused acceptance of the agreement. He dismissed the troops,
however, on the 12th, and called the Legislature to meet at
the capital. The Democratic members of that body were holding
meetings at Louisville, the Republican members at London. The
latter obeyed the call to Frankfort, while the former
continued at Louisville, both fragments claiming to be the
Legislature of the State. A petition to the United States
Circuit Court, for injunctions against the Democratic
claimants for certain of the minor State offices, was denied
by Judge Taft on the 14th.

On the 21st, Republican and Democratic leaders came to another

agreement, that the gubernatorial question should be settled
in the courts,—first in those of the State, and then carried
by appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States. This
agreement prevailed, and the case, as between Governor Taylor
and Governor Beckham (declared to be Governor by a majority of
the members of the Legislature after Governor Goebel's death)
was peacefully adjudicated in favor of the latter. The Circuit
Court of the State recognized the Legislature's decision of
the election as final; the Court of Appeals, with only one of
three Republican judges dissenting, did the same, April 6. On
April 30 the case was argued, on appeal, before the Supreme
 Court of the United States, and on the 21st of May that
tribunal decided that it had no jurisdiction. This ended
attempts to dispute the authority of Governor Beckham.

Strenuous efforts were being made to implicate his competitor,

Mr. Taylor, as accessory to the murder of Goebel. Several
persons had been arrested and put on trial for that crime,
including Caleb Powers, the Secretary of State in Governor
Taylor's fallen government, from the window of whose office it
was claimed that the cowardly shot had been fired. The trials
were scandalized by confessions of perjury and charges and
counter-charges of subornation on the part of witnesses. In
August, Powers was found guilty and sentenced to imprisonment
for life. Subsequently, Henry E. Youtsey received the same
sentence, while James Howard was condemned to death. Appeals
were taken in each case. Mr. Taylor, under indictment as an
accomplice, had left the State, and a requisition for his
rendition was refused by the Governor of Indiana, where he
sojourned. He indignantly denied all knowledge of the alleged
conspiracy to kill his competitor, but claimed that a fair
trial could not be secured to him if he was placed in the
power of his political enemies.

{288}

In October, a new election law was passed by the Legislature

and signed by the Governor. It provides that, of the three
State Election Commissioners, one is to be taken from each of
the dominant parties, upon the recommendation of the State
Central Committee, and the Clerk of the Court of Appeals, an
elective officer, is to act as umpire. The Commissioners are
to be appointed by the Governor. They are to appoint the
county boards, one from each party, with the Sheriff as
umpire. All the boards are to have only ministerial powers,
and the law gives the right of appeal in all cases of contests
to the courts except in the case of Governor and
Lieutenant-Governor, which must be tried by the Legislature,
 as the constitution prescribes. The Goebel law made the boards
supreme. The new law also provides for an equitable division
of election officers.

KHAIBAR:
Inclusion in a new British Indian province.

See (in this volume)

INDIA: A. D. 1901 (FEBRUARY).

KHALIFA, The.

See (in this volume)

EGYPT: A. D. 1885-1896; 1897-1898; and 1899-1900.

KHARTUM, Destruction of.

See (in this volume)

EGYPT: A. D. 1885-1896.

KHARTUM, Gordon Memorial College.

See (in this volume)

EGYPT: A. D. 1898-1899.

KIANG-HUNG: Cession to France.

See (in this volume)

CHINA: A. D. 1894-1895 (MARCH-JULY).

KIAO-CHAU: A. D. 1897.
Seizure by Germany.

See (in this volume)

CHINA: A. D. 1897 (NOVEMBER).

KIAO-CHAU: A. D. 1899.