Midterm Review by Period

TAKE NOTES FOR PERIOD 3 AND 4

Keep the headings for each new topic.

Period 3 (1754-1800) Videos

Period 3 Key Terms Explained, 12:12, (LINK)
● Seven Years’ War/French and Indian War
○ War between Great Britain and French/Indian allies
○ Fighting over control of Eastern North America
○ British win, but go into debt
○ Leads to retraction of salutary neglect
● Colonial elites
○ Expanding trade led to powerful rich merchants and plantation owners
○ The elites increasingly became connected to each other
■ Stamp Act Congress
■ Committee of Correspondence
■ Continental Congress
○ Leads to increased colonial coordination
● Loyalists
○ American colonists
○ Against antagonizing the British
○ Supported British in Revolution
○ Treaty of Paris gives equal rights
○ Many of back to England
○ Thomas Hutchinson
● Thomas Paine’s Common Sense
○ Influenced by revolutionary ideas and literature
○ Call for independence and republican government
○ Says it is absurd for an island to rule a continent
○ Criticises traditional tyrannical monarchy
● Revolutionary War
○ Began in Concord/Lexington
○ Colonies declare independence
○ 1775-1781
○ Ends with Treaty of Paris (1783) and formation of United States
● American Revolution
○ Not the same as the war
 ○ Before war- Revolution was formulated in the minds and ideas of Patriots
○ After war- Revolutionary ideas put into practice with the Articles of Confederation, Constitution,
and Bill of Rights
○ Ongoing Revolution?
■ The US has struggled to live up to its ideals. Continuous ‘revolution’ throughout its
history
● Ending slavery
● Expanding women’s rights and roles
● Ending segregation
● Declaration of Independence + Natural Rights
○ Independence of American colonies
○ Second Continental Congress
○ July 4th, 1776
○ Life, liberty, pursuit of happiness, created equal
○ Human’s inherent rights are not dependent on government
○ Philosophical basis in John Locke’s claims about government
● Articles of Confederation
○ First constitution of the United States
○ Was NOT successful
○ Failed due to a lack of effective centralized government
■ No power to raise army, impose taxes, regulate commerce
○ Only success: Northwest Ordinance (1787)
● Constitutional Convention
○ Debate constitutional issues
■ Congress, federal government, slavery, executive
○ Creation of Constitution
○ Sent to states for ratification
● Constitution would include three branches of government
● Federalists
○ Favored strong central government
○ Limit on state power
○ Bill of Rights NOT necessary
○ Opposed Articles
○ Pro-large republic
○ Pro-Britain
○ Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, John Adams
○ Large farmers, merchants, and artisans
● Anti-Federalists
 ○ Opposed strong central government
○ Support strong state power
○ Bill of Rights is essential (written by James Madison; protect individual against government;
guarantee civil rights for citizens; first 10 amendments to Constitution)
○ Amend Articles of Confederation, not dismiss
○ Pro-small republic
○ Small rural farmers
○ Pro-(Revolutionary) France
○ Jefferson, Monroe, Henry
● Federalists v. Anti-Federalists
○ Both support an independent country + creation of a republic
○ Disagree on final picture of America
○ Led to nasty divisions within American government
● Property qualifications
○ Requirements for franchise (voting)
○ Own land or pay certain rent
○ White males
○ Took US many years for all requirement to be retracted for citizens
● French Revolution
○ Political/social upheaval
○ Adoption of Enlightenment principles
○ Violence + executions, Reign of Terror
○ Jef Rep: pro-French Rev.; Ham Fed: against
○ Washington’s Declaration of Neutrality
■ Protected interests of American merchants
● Washington’s Farewell Address
○ Washington leaves political office
○ DO NOT:
■ Get involved in European conflicts (trade is good though)
■ Form political parties
■ Divide regionally
● Hamiltonian Federalists
○ 1st US political party
○ Strong federal power
■ National bank, tariffs
○ Good relations with Great Britain
○ Hamilton, Jay, Adams, Pinckney, Clinton, King, Marshall
● Jeffersonian (Democratic) Republicans
 ○ Founded by Jefferson + Madison
■ Early 1790s
○ Followed ideals of Anti-Federalists
■ States’ rights
■ Less federal government
■ Pro-French
○ Jefferson, Madison, Monroe
● Jay Treaty
○ Attempts to resolve issues with the British
■ Remove British from the Northwest Territories
■ End the impressment of sailors
■ Debts
○ Federalists cheered the treaty
○ Republicans hated it-- Jefferson very critical of it
● XYZ Affair, Quasi War with France, Alien & Sedition Acts
○ John Adams Tumultuous Presidency
○ XYZ Affair: foreign relations debacle. Made public American diplomats were to pay a French
official a bribe for international relations
○ Quasi (undeclared) War with France: resulting from the poor relations between the US and
France a short live naval war with France from 1798-1800
○ Alien Act: restricted activities for non-citizens, allowed the government to expel foreigners
easily, changed requirements for citizenship to 14 years from 5 years
○ Sedition Act: highly controversial. The new law outlawed any “false, scandalous and malicious
writing” against Congress or the president, and made it illegal to conspire “to oppose any
measure or measures of the government.”
○ Federalists agree with most of these measures
○ Jeffersonian Republicans vehemently disagree with all of these measures
● Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
○ Written in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts
○ Nullify federal laws that states deem unconstitutional
○ The idea of nullification will come up again in the 1800s with tariffs and slavery
○ Some would point to the Supremacy Clause in Constitution and say the Resolutions are not
valid
● Republican Motherhood
○ Elevation to status of women
○ Women teach children to be good republican US citizens
○ Some educational opportunities for women
■ Purpose of educating sons
 ■ Generally did not shift American mindset on gender equality-- rights not extended to
women
Period 3 Content Review, 33:00, (LINK)
● French and Indian War (1754-1763)
○ Between French & Indian allies vs British & Indian allies
○ Fighting over the control of Ohio River Valley
○ British win, take control of Eastern North America
○ The war is very costly
○ Before: salutary neglect, British mostly hands-off in colonial affairs. Navigation Acts were lightly
enforced (rampant smuggling)
○ After: British much more involved. Want to collect taxes. Restrict colonists movement to avoid
war.
● 1763 Proclamation Line: settlers could not move beyond the Appalachian Mountains and into Ohio
River Valley
○ a.) British want to avoid conflict with Natives
○ b.) Angers colonists (fur traders and settlers)
● 1774 Quebec Act: increases the size of Quebec, recognizes Catholicism, limits American colonists
movement into Ohio Valley (part of intolerable acts)
● British responses and colonial responses
○ 1762 Writs of Assistance: Government officials can search WITHOUT warrants (try to end
smuggling)
○ 1763 More strict enforcement of Navigation Acts and the Mercantilist system (restricts trade with
only Great Britain)
○ 1765 Quartering Act: colonists may have to room and board British soldiers on their dime
○ 1765 Stamp Act: Taxes on official papers, legal documents, and newspapers (colonists protests
this with Stamp Act Congress and it is repealed)
● Turning Point: Declaration of Independence
○ Economic
■ Before D.O.I.
● British Mercantilist system: trade restricted, taxes imposed. System most affect
plantations (south) and merchants (Northeast)
● Most Americans were scale farmers
■ Immediate Effect of D.O.I.
● Break off from the British Mercantilist system. Trade restrictions are gone, taxes
are gone
■ After D.O.I
● Up to 1800:
 ○ Economic turmoil: current worthless, own foreign countries, bad credit
rating
○ Merchants had difficulty in trans-Atlantic trade (impressment)
○ South had a strong European market for their cash crops
○ Hamilton’s Economic Program: tariffs imposed, national bank, tax on
Whiskey
○ Social
■ Before D.O.I.
● Social Ladder: British government officials
● Colonial elites (large plantation owners, wealthy merchants)
● Small scale farmers
● Free women
● Slaves
■ Immediate effect of D.O.I.
● British government officials now not in the ladder
■ After D.O.I.
● Biggest change is at the top. Colonial elites supplant the British government
officials
● Declaration of Independence has incredible ideas about rights and equality, but
US fails far short in living up to those ideas initially
● Women have few rights despite Abigail Adams plea to “Remember the Ladies”
● Some northern states abolish slavery, BUT overall it will expand. The system,
Chattel Slavery, is still horrible
○ Political
■ Before D.O.I.
● British government had severely constrained political freedoms (intolerable acts)
● Colonial legislatures were being limited to what they could do
● Town meetings restricted
● Search and seize without warrant
● Trials could be in British courts
■ Immediate Effect of D.O.I.
● Throws off British political power
■ After D.O.I.
● Initially political power is returned to and enhanced in former colonies, now
states. Articles of Confederation was very weak central government
● Articles of Confederation was a failure
● Bill of Rights (1791) enhances individual freedoms and rights
 ● Alien and Sedition Acts show how the government is not always protecting those
freedoms and rights
● The Compromises
○ A.) Great Compromise
■ 1.) Virginia Plan or Large States Plan (Edmund Randolph)
● a.) 2 house legislature with representation based on population for both
● b.) President and courts chosen by legislature
■ 2.) New Jersey Plan (William Patterson)
● a.) Congress with each state having 1 vote
● b.) separate executive and judicial branches
● c.) increased powers of Congress
■ 3.) Great Compromise
● a.) Lower house membership dependent on population
○ B.) Three-Fifths Compromise
■ 60% of slaves counted for representation and taxation; no Congressional interference
with slavery for 20 years
○ C.) Commerce Compromise (no tax on exports, simple majority needed to pass commerce bills)
● Articles of Confederation (1781-1789)
○ Anti-Federalists say that the Constitution will lead to “tyranny”
○ Myriad of problems: Shays’ Rebellion, weak on domestic and global stages
● Constitution (1789-present)
○ Bill of Rights
○ Federalists support
● Hamiltonian Federalists
○ Favored a strong central government
○ Loose interpretation of the Constitution
○ Encourage commerce and manufacturing based economy
○ Foreign policy: close ties with Great Britain, wary of the French Revolution
○ Emphasized order and stability
● Jeffersonian Republicans
○ Emphasized states’ rights
○ Strict interpretation of the Constitution
○ Foregin policy: favored the French, saw revolution as extension of American Revolution
○ Stressed civil liberties and trust in the People
Period 3-7 Mega Review https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ob34Vh6dhMI
● After the British and the colonists won the French and Indian War, England faced enormous debt. The
resulting taxation of the colonists led to resentment and tension with England. The Boston Massacre
and Boston Tea Party were two notable examples of this increasingly troubled relationship.
 ● Colonial leaders called for resistance to imperial rule and demanded that their rights be respected. New
experiments with democracy and republican forms of government came about with the Continental
Congress, the ideas of Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Paine and ultimately, the Declaration of
Independence
● After the American Revolution, the Articles of Confederation united the newly formed states. However,
the federal government remained very weak, which was made evident by Shays’ Rebellion. Debates on
how to govern the new country culminated in the calling of the Constitutional Convention.
● Throughout the presidencies of George Washington and John Adams, the Federalists and Anti-
Federalists debated on how the young nation should manage its economy, foreign affairs, and internal
relations with the new states. Alexander Hamilton led the Federalists and favored a strong central
government. On the other hand, Thomas Jefferson led the Anti-Federalists who favored states’ rights
and more power to the individual states.
● The development of a distinct American policy emerged. George Washington warned against becoming
entangled in foreign affairs, like the French Revolution, and preferred diplomatic initiatives, like Jay’s
Treaty and Pinckney’s Treaty, to deal with continued European presence in America.
● Migration trends and competition over boundaries, resources, and trade fueled ethnic tensions and
sparked nativist sentiments. The United States’ relationship with American Indian groups continued to
evolve, often centering on conflict regarding native lands.
● Treaty of Paris (1763)
○ Treaty which capped off the French and Indian War. The British took control of French Canada
and Spanish Florida, effectively removing France’s presence from North America
● Committees of Correspondence
○ Local committees established across Massachusetts, and later in each of 13 colonies, to
maintain colonial opposition to British policies through the exchange of letters and pamphlets
● Northwest Ordinance (1787)
○ Created a policy for administering the Northwest Territories. It included a path to statehood and
forbade the expansion of slavery into the territories
● Paxton Boys (1764)
○ Armed march of Philadelphia Bay of Scotts-Irish frontiersmen in protest against the Quaker
establishments lenient policies towards Native Americans
● Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)
○ Bloody campaign waged by Ottawa Chief Pontiac to drive the British out of Ohio Country. It was
brutally crushed by British troops, who restored to distributing blankets infected with smallpox as
means to put down the rebellion
● Sons of Liberty
○ Patriotic groups that played against the Stamp Act and enforcing non-importation agreements
Period 4 (1800-1848) Videos
Period 4 Key Terms Explained, 13:45, (LINK)
● Participatory Democracy
○ Constitution and State laws were restrictive in voting rights and power
○ Laws requiring property ownership to vote are struck down
○ Reform movements also show active participation
○ “Era of the Common Man”
● Marbury v. Madison (1803)
○ Case about the last minute (midnight) appointment of Judges by John adams
○ Effect of ruling the most important
 ■ Supreme Court defines Judicial Review: ability to declare Executive and Congressional
acts unconstitutional
● Maryland v. McCulloch
○ Maryland tried to tax the national bank
○ Supreme Court ruled:
■ Congress had the implied powers to charter a national bank
■ State did not have the power to tax the bank
■ National government is supreme over the state governments
● Second Great Awakening
■ Late 1700s to early 1800s
■ Religious revival movement, prepare for the arrival of Christ
■ Influence by the revolution and ideas of human perfectibility
■ Women take leadership roles
■ Major cause of reform movements (prison, education, temperance, abolitionism, etc.)
● Democratic-Republicans & One-Party Rule
○ Federalist lose power & influence after the election of 1800
○ Democratic-Republicans enjoyed the period of one party rule up to 1836
■ Jefferson reverses course from Federalists
■ “Era of Good Feelings”
○ Factions develop within Democratic-Republicans over positions on
■ Clay’s American System
● National Bank
● Tariffs
● Jacksonian Democrats
○ Splits in the Democratic-Republican lead to a Jackson faction
○ Beliefs
■ Spread political power to the People
■ Focus on western expansion
■ Against the national bank
○ Eventually anti-Jackson politicians form the Whig party
● Whigs
○ Formed as an opposition to the Jacksonian Democrats
○ Active from the late 1830s to early 1850s
○ Supported Clay’s American System
■ Tariffs, national bank, federal spending for internal improvements
○ Many were against the Mexican-American war and more cautious with Manifest Destiny
● Market Revolution
○ Physical and mindset change in how manual labor was conducted
 ○ Helped by inventions and innovations that increased efficiency and lowered transportation costs
○ Helped link regional markets around the country
● Steam Engines/Ships & Canals
○ Developments in steam engine technology leads to steamships which are much better at sailing
upstream or against the wind
○ Canal project (Erie most notably) open up waterways
○ Helps connect the west (modern midwest) to Coastal Markets and link country together
○ Need to know: reduced travel/shipping times
● Major inventions help spur the Market Revolution
○ Interchangeable Parts (allows for easy fixes and replacement like farm equipment and guns)
○ Telegraph (near instant communication across great distances; used for business, government,
and news purposes; expensive; follow railroad routes; eventually connects continents with
undersea cables)
○ Mechanical Reaper and Steel Plow (innovations in farming helped increase crop yields and
allowed farmers to use land that may not have been possible without the implements)
■ Especially helped western farmers
○ Textile Machine (Lowell Mills)
■ Spinning Jenny, Cotton Looms, and usage of river currents for power led to a boom in
the textile industry in the Northeast
■ North starts to rely on Southern cotton for their industry
■ Important Social aspects: Many workers were young women; work is long, hard, low pay
● National Bank
○ First National Bank, created by Alexander Hamilton in the early 1790s to regulate the money
supply, charter ended in 1811
○ Intense debate about whether it was Constitutional, and should a second bank be created
○ The Second Bank is created. It was seen as corrupt and a protector of the elite. Andrew
Jackson is a fierce critic, pulling funds from the bank. Charter is NOT renewed
● Internal improvements
○ National roads will be built, but it will mostly fall to STATE governments to fund canals and other
improvements
● Louisiana Purchase
○ France was struggling with re-establishing colonial presence (Haitian Revolution), offers
Louisiana Territory for 15 million
○ After some discussions about the Constitutionality (Jefferson was a strict constitutionalist) and
the boundaries it was agreed upon
○ Doubles size of the US (nobody asked the Natives though)
○ Lewis and Clark
● Missouri Compromise of 1820
 ○ Maine was admitted as a free state and Missouri as a slave state
○ Line drawn at the southern border demarking future areas of slavery and free territories and
states
○ Tallmadge amendment attempted: no slavery in Missouri, children of slaves already in Missouri
would be free
● Arable Land (westward movement of cotton)
○ Cotton gin made cotton very profitable
○ Need a warm and wet region for cotton production
○ Cotton plantations expand from deep South westward
○ Along with cotton slavery expands in the same direction
○ Free and forced migration
● Xenophobia (Nativism)
○ Increase in immigration from Europe (famine and revolutions)
○ Anti Irish & German sentiments, especially in the North during the 1840s and 1850s
○ Fear and dislike of Catholicism
○ Prejudice feelings, especially toward the Irish
○ The American Party aka “Know-Nothings” form in 1850s in part to restrict immigration
Period 3-7 Mega Review https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ob34Vh6dhMI
● The United States continued to develop its own demorcatic ideals, sparking debates about role of
federal government, and leading to the formation of various political parties
● The US Supreme Court established the principle that federal laws take precedence over state laws.
Through Marbury v. Madison (1803), the Court also established the principle of judicial review, which
allowed courts to check the power of the legislature and executive branches of government, further
solidifying a “separation of powers”
● America developed a national culture, especially after the War of 1812, and various religious and social
reform groups emerged. The temperance movement sought to ban alcohol. The abolition movement
worked to end slavery and to assist African Americans. The women’s rights movement’s effort
culminated in the Seneca Falls Convention.
● America underwent an economic and technological revolution. Major developments included the cotton
gin, the steam engine, the factory system, and the expansion of railroads and canals. American moved
away from a small subsistence-based economy into an era of increasing industrialization, which
impacted societal and family structures
● Expanding westward after the Louisiana Purchase, the United States sought to expand its border and
to be seen as a major player in foreign trade. The Monroe Doctrine demonstrated the desire for more
control in North America. As new states joined the United States, the debate over slavery raged on. In
an attempt to appease both the North and South, Henry Clay crafted the Missouri Compromise,
resolving some tension for the next three decades.
● Treaty of Ghent (1814)
 ○ Signed in Belgium on December 24, 1814; Ended the War of 1812; fought between US and
Britain
● Utopian communities
○ Idealistic and impractical communities. Seeked to create an ideal government or reform the
world, withdrew from the sinful
● American Colonization Society (1817)
○ A society that thought slavery was bad. They would buy land in Africa and get free blacks to
move there. One of these such colonies was made into what now is Liberia. Most sponsors just
wanted to get blacks out of their country.
● Transcendentalism
○ A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson (American transcendentalist; he was against
slavery) in the 1830s and 1840s where each person had direct communication with God and
nature, and there is no need for organized churches.
● Mason-Dixon Line
○ Boundary between Pennsylvania and and Maryland that divided the Middle Colonies from the
Southern Colonies
● Tariff of Abominations (1828)
○ Tariff passed by Congress in 1828 that favored manufacturing in the North, but was hated by
the South
● Cult of domesticity
○ A prevailing view among middle and upper class women during the 19th century
○ According to these ideals, women were supposed to embody perfect virtues in all senses which
included piety, purity, submission, and domesticity