NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE

SEMESTER 2, 2023/2024

MA2002 Calculus Solution to Tutorial 10

T UTORIAL PART I (PARTIAL )

1. Solving x 4 = 8x, we have x = 0 and x = 2. Note that 8x ≥ x 4 on [0, 2]. Then the area
enclosed by y = x 4 and y = 8x is given by
¸x=2
x5
Z2 ·
4 2 48
A= (8x − x ) d x = 4x − = .
0 5 x=0 5

Alternatively, for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, we have 0 ≤ y ≤ 16.

p
y = x4 ⇔ x = 4
y and y = 8x ⇔ x = y/8.

p
Note that 4 y ≥ y/8. Then the area is
Z16 · ¸ y=16
p
4
4 5/4 1 2 48
A= ( y − y/8) d y = y − y = .
0 5 16 y=0 5

2. (ii) Let z be fixed. Then the cross-section of the ellipsoid cut by the plane perpendicular
x2 y 2 z2
to the z-axis at z is the ellipse 2 + 2 = 1 − 2 . That is,
a b c
x2 y2
³ q +
´2 ³ q ´2 = 1.
z2 z2
a 1 − c2 b 1 − c2

Let A(z) denote the area of the cross-section at z. Then by (i),

 s  s 
z2 z2 z2
µ ¶
A(z) = π a 1 − 2 b 1 − 2 = πab 1 − 2 .
   
c c c

Note that −c ≤ z ≤ c. Then the volume of the ellipsoid is given by

¸z=c
z3
Zc ·
4π
A(z) d z = πab z − 2 = abc.
−c 3c z=−c 3

1
 MA2002 CALCULUS TUTORIAL SOLUTION 10 2

¯x=2
πx 7 ¯¯
Z2
3 2 128π
3. (a) Washer: V = π(x ) d x = = .
0 7 x=0¯ 7
p
Cylindrical Shell: y = x 3 ⇒ x = 3 y and 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 ⇒ 0 ≤ y ≤ 8. Then

6 7/3 y=8 128π

Z8 · ¸
p
3 2
V= 2πy(2 − y) d y = π 2y − y = .
0 7 y=0 7

p
(d) Washer: y = x2 ⇒ x = y, and 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 ⇒ 0 ≤ y ≤ 1.
p
The cross-section is an annulus of outer radius 1 + 1 = 2 and inner radius y + 1.
Then the volume is given by
¸ y=1
y 2 4 3/2
Z1 ·
2 p 2 7π
V= π[2 − ( y + 1) ] d y = π 3y − − y = .
0 2 3 y=0 6
¸x=1
x4 x3
Z1 ·
2 7π
Cylindrical Shell: V = 2π(x + 1)x d x = 2π + = .
0 4 3 x=0 6

(e) Washer: y = sin x has two branches x = sin−1 y and x = π − sin−1 y.

The cross-section is an annulus of outer radius π − sin−1 y and inner radius sin−1 y.
Note that 0 ≤ x ≤ π ⇒ 0 ≤ y ≤ 1. Then the volume is given by
Z1 Z1
−1 2 −1 2
V= π[(π − sin y) − (sin y) ] d y = 2π2 cos−1 y d y
0 0
· q ¸ y=1
= 2π2 −1
y cos y − 1 − y 2 = 2π2 .
y=0
Zπ ¯x=π
Cylindrical Shell: V = 2πx sin x d x = 2π(−x cos x + sin x)¯ = 2π2 .
¯
0 x=0

s
dy 2
r
p
µ ¶
2
d y x 2
4. (a) y = 2 − x . Then = −p , and 1 + = . Then
dx 2 − x2 dx 2 − x2
Z1 r ¶¯x=1 p
p
µ
2 −1 x ¯
¯ 2π
L= 2
d x = 2 sin p = .
0 2−x 2 x=0
¯ 4

y3 1 d x y2 1
(c) x = + . Then = − 2 , and
6 2y dy 2 2y
s v
¶2 u µ 2 ¶2
y2
µ
dx u y 1 1
1+ = 1+ − 2 = + 2.
t
dy 2 2y 2 2y

Therefore,
¸ y=3
y2
Z3 µ ¶ · 3
1 y 1 13
L= + 2 dy = − = .
2 2 2y 6 2y y=2 4
 MA2002 CALCULUS TUTORIAL SOLUTION 10 3

p dy 1−x
5. (a) y = 2x − x 2 . Then =p , and
dx 2x − x 2
s s
dy 2 (1 − x)2
µ ¶
1
1+ = 1+ = p .
dx 2x − x 2 2x − x 2
Then the surface of revolution is
Z3/2 p Z3/2
2
1
A= 2π 2x − x p dx = 2π d x = 2π.
1/2 2x − x 2 1/2

p dx 1
(b) x = 2 4 − y. Then = −p , and
dy 4− y
s s s
dx 2
µ ¶
1 5− y
1+ = 1+ = .
dy 4− y 4− y
Then the surface of revolution is
Z15/4 s Z15/4
p 5− y p
2π · 2 4 − y dy = 4π 5 − y d y
0 4− y 0
¯ y=15/4 p
8π 3/2 ¯
¯ 35 5 π
= − (5 − y) ¯ = .
3 y=0 3

T UTORIAL PART II

1. The solid is formed by rotating the region enclosed by x 2 + y 2 = R 2 (x > 0) and x = r about
the y-axis.
y

O x

Washer Method:
Suppose the solid is cut by the plane perpendicular to the y-axis at point y. The cross-
p
section is an annulus of inner radius r 1 = r and outer radius r 2 = R 2 − y 2 , and its area is
given by
A(y) = π(r 22 − r 12 ) = π(R 2 − y 2 − r 2 ).
 MA2002 CALCULUS TUTORIAL SOLUTION 10 4
p
Solving x 2 + y 2 = R 2 and x = r , we have y = ± R 2 − r 2 . Therefore, the volume of the solid
is
ZpR 2 −r 2
2
V= p π(R − y 2 − r 2) d y
− R 2 −r 2
p
¸ y= R 2 −r 2
y3
·
2 2 4π 2
= π (R − r )y − p = (R − r 2 )3/2 .
3 y=− R 2 −r 2 3

Cylindrical Shell Method:

p
We cut the solid using right circular cylinder of radius x. Then y = ± R 2 − x 2 , and its
p
height is 2 R 2 − x 2 . The side area of the cylinder is
p p
A(x) = 2πx · 2 R 2 − x 2 = 4πx R 2 − x 2 .

Note that r ≤ x ≤ R. So the volume of the solid is given by

ZR ¯x=R
p 4π 2 2 3/2 ¯ 4π 2
(R − r 2 )3/2 .
¯
V= 2 2
4πx R − x d x = − (R − x ) ¯ =
r 3 x=r 3

2. The torus is formed by rotating the circle (x − R)2 + y 2 = r 2 about the y-axis.
y

O x

Washer Method:
Suppose the torus is cut by the plane perpendicular to the y-axis at point y.
p
Since (x − R)2 + y 2 = r 2 implies x = R ± r 2 − y 2 , the cross-section is an annulus of inner
p p
radius r 1 = R − r 2 − y 2 and outer radius r 2 = R + r 2 − y 2 . Its area is
q
A(y) = π(r 22 − r 12 ) = 4πR r 2 − y 2 .

Note that −r ≤ y ≤ r . The volume of the torus is given by

Zr q
V= 4πR r 2 − y 2 d y
−r
πr 2
Zr q
= 4πR r 2 − y 2 d y = 4πR · = 2π2 Rr 2 .
−r 2

Cylindrical Shell Method:

 MA2002 CALCULUS TUTORIAL SOLUTION 10 5
p
Suppose the torus is cut by the right circular cylinder of radius x. Then y = ± r 2 − (x − R)2 .
p
So the height of the cylinder is 2 r 2 − (x − R)2 and its side area is
p p
A(x) = 2πx · 2 r 2 − (x − R)2 = 4πx r 2 − (x − R)2 .

Note that (x − R)2 ≤ r 2 , i.e., R − r ≤ x ≤ R + r . The volume of the torus is given by

ZR+r p Zr p
V= 4πx r 2 − (x − R)2 d x = 4π(R + t ) r 2 − t 2 d t
R−r −r
Zr p Zr p
= 4πR r 2 − t 2 d t + 4π t r 2 − t2 dt
−r −r
πr 2
= 4πR · + 0 = 2π2 Rr 2 .
2
Surface Area of Torus:
The circle (x − R)2 + y 2 = r 2 has two branches:
q q
x1 = R − r 2 − y 2 and x2 = R + r 2 − y 2 .

For each i = 1, 2,
v
s µ ¶2 u à !2
d xi u ±y r
1+ = 1+ p
t =p .
dy r 2 − y2 r 2 − y2

Note that −r ≤ y ≤ r . The surface area of the torus is given by

Zr Zr
r r
A= 2πx1 · p dy + 2πx2 · p dy
−r r 2 − y2 −r r 2 − y2
Zr
r
= 2π(x1 + x2 ) · p dy
−r r − y2
2
Zr
4πRr ³ y ´¯ y=r
d y = 4πRr sin−1 = 4π2 Rr.
¯
= p ¯
−r 2
r −y 2 r y=−r

2
+y 2 ) 2
3. (i) Note that the surface z = e −(x is formed by rotating the curve z = e −x (x ≥ 0)
about the z-axis.
We can apply the cylindrical shell method to evaluate the volume:
Z∞ Zb
−x 2 2
V= 2πxe d x = lim 2πxe −x d x
0 b→∞ 0
2 ¯x=b
¯ 2
= lim (−πe −x )¯ = lim π(1 − e −b ) = π.
b→∞ x=0 b→∞

(ii) Suppose the solid is cut using the plane perpendicular to the y-axis at point y.
Then the area of the cross-section is
Z∞ Z∞
−(x 2 +y 2 ) −y 2 2
A(y) = e dx = e e −x d x.
−∞ −∞
 MA2002 CALCULUS TUTORIAL SOLUTION 10 6

Therefore, the volume of the solid is given by

Z∞ Z∞ · Z∞ ¸
−y 2 −x 2
V= A(y) d y = e e dx dy
−∞ −∞ −∞
Z∞ Z∞ ·Z∞ ¸2
−y 2 −x 2 −x 2
= e dy · e dx = e dx .
−∞ −∞ −∞
Both methods compute the same volume. Then
·Z∞ ¸2
−x 2
e d x = π.
−∞
Z∞
2 p
It follows that e −x d x = π.
−∞