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11M«
tF¥ò
kh®¢ bghJ¤nj®î Édh¤jhŸ
ïa‰ãaš
neu« : 2.30 k bkh¤j kâ¥bg©fŸ : 70

m
gFâ-I (m) ïu©L« rkÃiyÆš ïU¡F«
 id¤J Édh¡fS¡F« ÉilaË¡fî«.
m (M) cilí« tiu á¿a FÄH bgÇjhF«
[15 × 1 = 15]

co
rÇahd Éilia nj®ªbjL¤J vGJf: (ï) cilí« tiu bgÇa FÄœ bgÇjhF«.
1. Ñœ¡f©l tiugl¤âš vJ Óuhd KL¡f¤ij F¿¡»wJ. (<) nk‰f©lt‰WŸ vJî« ïšiy
s
s 7. cUis toî¡ fyÅš gFâahf Ú® Ãu¥g¥g£L _o
it¡f¥g£LŸsJ. fyʼnF br§F¤J ïUrk bt£oÆ‹
(m) (M) tÊ¢bršY« m¢ir¥ g‰¿ »il¤js¤âš RHY« nghJ

s.
mj‹ Ãiyik¤ âU¥òâw‹
t t (m) khwhJ
s s
(M) RHY« âiria rh®ªjJ

ok
(ï) (<) (ï) mâfÇ¡F«
(<) Fiwí«
t t 8. Ñœ F¿¥ã£lt‰¿š vJ miyia¡ F¿¡»wJ?
5 kg ÃiwíŸs xU bghUŸ 1000 J ïa¡f M‰wYl‹
1
2. (m) (M) sin (x + vt)
x+vt
o
nkš neh¡» br§F¤jhf v¿a¥gL»wJ. òÉ<®¥ò
KL¡f« 10ms–2 vÅš ïa¡f M‰wš mj‹ bjhl¡f (ï) (x – vt)3 (<) x(x + vt)
kâ¥ãš ghâahF« cau«
ab
9. Ñœ¡f©l ïizfËš x¤j gÇkhz¤ij bg‰WŸs
(m) 10 m (M) 20 m ïa‰ãaš msîfŸ
(ï) 50 m (<) 100 m (m) âU¥ò Éir k‰W« âw‹
3. âut§fŸ k‰W« thí¡fŸ ngh‹w ghŒk§fËš cŸs (M) Éir k‰W« âU¥ò Éir
_y¡TWfŸ c©ikahd ef®Édhš bt¥g M‰wš (ï) Éir k‰W« âw‹
ur

kh‰w¥gL« Ãfœî ............ vd miH¡f¥gL»wJ. (<) âU¥ò Éir k‰W« M‰wš

(m) bt¥g¡ fl¤J¤âw‹ (M) bt¥g¢ ryd« 10. ešÈašò thí x‹¿‹ mf M‰wš U k‰W« V
(ï) bt¥g¡ fl¤jš (<) bt¥g¡ fâ®å¢R M»ait ïU kl§fh¡f¥g£lhš, m›thíÉ‹ mG¤j«
4. f«ãÆ‹ bt¥gÃiy ca®¤j¥g£lhš mj‹ a§ Fzf« (m) ghâahf Fiwí«
.s

(m) mâf msî caU« (M) eh‹F kl§F mâfÇ¡F«

(M) Äf Fiwthd msî caU« (ï) ïUkl§fhF«
(ï) khwhJ (<) khwhJ
w

(<) Fiwí« 11. òÉia R‰W« bra‰if¡nfhË‹ ïa¡f M‰wY¡F«,

5. xU jÅ Crš F©o‹ å¢R k‰W« miyî fhy« Ãiyah‰wY¡F« ïilna cŸs É»j«
Kiwna 0.05 m k‰W« 2s MF« vÅš, mjd bgUk (m) 2 (M) 2
w

âirnrf«
1 1
(m) 0.157 ms–1 (M) 0.257 ms–1 (ï) (<)
(ï) 0.10 ms –1
(<) 0.025 ms–1 2 2
w

6. xU FHhÆ‹ xU KidÆš á¿a nrh¥ò FÄG« 12. FË® rhjd¥ bg£o x‹¿‹ COP-ahdJ 3 MF«. 200J
k‰bwhU KidÆš bgÇa nrh¥ò FÄG« ïU¡F« bt¥g¤ij FË® rhjd¥ bg£oÆÈUªJ btËna‰w
g£lr¤âš Ñœ¡f©lt‰WŸ vJ ÃfG«? nt©LbkÅš v›tsî ntiy brŒa¥gl nt©L«.
(m) 33.33 J (M) 44.44 J
A B (ï) 66.67 J (<) 50 J

[ 446 ]
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RuhÉ‹  11 M« tF¥ò - ïa‰ãaš  kh®¢ bghJ¤nj®î Édh¤jhŸ - 2019 447
13. xU bghUË‹ ne®¡nfh£L cªj« 0.1% ca®ªjhš 26. cuhŒÉ‹ gšntW tiffis TWf. cuhŒÉid¡
mj‹ ïa¡f M‰wš caU« msî Fiw¥gj‰fhd tÊKiwfŸ áyt‰iw¤ jUf.
(m) 0.4 % (M) 0.01 % 27. mâf vil k‰W« Fiwªj vil bfh©l ïu©L
bghUŸfS¡F rkkhd cªj« ïU¡F« g£r¤âš vªj
(ï) 0.1 % (<) 0.2 % bghUS¡F mâf ïa¡f M‰wš ïU¡F«?
14. XŒî ÃiyÆÈUªJ t£l ïa¡f¤J¡F cŸshF« JfŸ 28. 9kg Ãiwí« 3m MuK« bfh©l tisakhdJ, mªj

m
x‹¿‹ nfhz KL¡f« 0.2 rad s–2 vÅš, 5 ÉdhofS¡F tisa¤â‹ js¤â‰F br§F¤jhfî«, ika« tÊ¢
ãwF ï¤JfŸ milí« nfhz âirntf«. bršY« m¢ir¥g‰¿ 240 rpm ntf¤âš RHY«nghJ
(m) 4 rad (M) 1 rad mJ bg‰WŸs RHš ïa¡f M‰wiy fz¡»Lf.

co
29. vilÆ‹ik v‹whš v‹d? jhnd ÑnH ÉG«
(ï) 2.5 rad (<) 5 rad
bghU£fË‹ vilÆ‹ik g‰¿ És¡Ff.
15. gUk‹ khwh ÃfœÉ‰F ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ vJ 30. ghF Ãiy bfh©l Ú®k« tÊna bršY« nfhs¤â‹
bghU¤jkhdJ? K‰W âirntf¤â‰fhd rk‹gh£il jUÉ¡fî«.
(m) ΔU = 0 (M) ΔT = 0 31. âl¥bghUŸfË‹ ÚŸ ÉÇî g‰¿ És¡Ff.

s.
(ï) W = 0 (<) Q = 0 32. thíÉ‹ ïa¡fÉaš bfhŸifÆš VnjD« M¿id
TWf.
gFâ-II 33. 396 ms–1 v‹w âirntf¤âš bršY«, 99cm k‰W«

 VnjD« MW Édh¡fS¡F ÉilaË¡fî«. nfŸÉ
v© 24¡F f©o¥ghf ÉilaË¡fî«: [6 × 2 = 12]
16. Kiwahd ãiHfËš VnjD« 2 ãiHfis¥ g‰¿o
És¡Ff.
17. v¿bghUŸ v‹whš v‹d? ïu©L vL¤J¡fh£LfŸ
jUf.
ab
18. ïa¡f¤â‰fhd Ãô£lÅ‹ ïu©lh« Éâia TWf.
19. 10m tisî Mu« bfh©l t£l toî¢ rhiyÆš
bršY« fh® 50 ms–1 âirntf¤âš tis»wJ.
m¡fhÇDŸns mk®ªJ ïU¡F« 6kg Ãiíila kÅj®
ur
ok
100cm miyÚs§fis bfh©l miyfŸ FW¡Ñ£L
ÉisɉF c£gL« nghJ xU ÉdhoÆš V‰gL«
É«kšfË‹ v©Â¡ifia fz¡»Lf.
gFâ-IV
IV. všyh Édh¡fS¡F« ÉilaË¡fî«:[5 × 5 = 25]
34. m) gÇkhz§fË‹ xUgojhd be¿Kiwia
ÉtÇ¡fî«. t£l ghijÆš ïa§F« bghUË‹ ÛJ
brašgL« ÉirahdJ (F) bghUË‹ Ãiw (m)
âirntf« (v) k‰W« ghijÆ‹ Mu« (r) M»t‰iw
bghU¤jJ vÅš, Éir¡fhd rk‹gh£il gÇkhz

czU« ika Éy¡F Éiria¡ fh©f. gF¥ghŒî KiwÆš bgWf. (kh¿È k = 1)

20. “Fiwªj Ús« bfh©l fƉ¿dhš f£l¥g£l fšÈid (mšyJ)
RH‰Wtij Él mâf Ús« bfh©l fƉ¿dhš
f£l¥g£l fšiy R‰WtJ fod«” V‹? M) mK¡f ïayhj ghF Ãiya‰w ghŒk« x‹W
.s

21. °bl~gh‹ nghš£°bk‹ ÉâÆid T¿ mj‹ tÇ¢Ó® X£l¤âš brštj‰fhd bg®bdsËÆ‹

nfhitia vGjî«. nj‰w¤ij¡ T¿ mjid ÃUã¡fî«.
22. ãbusÅa‹ ïa¡f¤ij¥ ghâ¡F« fhuÂfis TWf. 35 m) ne®nfh£L cªj khwh Éâia Ã%ã¡fî«.
w

23. “ghy¤â‹ ÛJ ïuhQt åu®fŸ mÂtF¤J flªJ ïâÈUªJ, J¥gh¡»ÆÈUªJ F©L bto¡F«
bršy mDkâ¡f¥g£l kh£lh®fŸ” fhuz« TWf. nghJ V‰gL« J¥gh¡»Æ‹ ã‹Åa¡f¤â‰fhd
nfhitia¥ bgWf.
24. nrh¥ò fiurÈ‹ gu¥ò ïGÉir 0.03Nm–1. Mu«
(mšyJ)
w

bfh©l nrh¥ò FÄÊÆid cUth¡f brŒa¥gl

nt©oa ntiyÆ‹ msî ahJ? M) ïiza¢R nj‰w¤ij T¿ Ã%ã¡fî«.
gFâ-III 36. m) Û£á nkhjš v‹whš v‹d? xU gÇkhz Û£á
w

III. vitnaD« MW Édh¡fS¡F ÉilaË¡fî«.

nfŸÉ v© 33-¡F f©o¥ghf ÉilaË¡fî«.
 [6 × 3 = 18]

25. MâòŸËia bghU¤J F = 3i − 2 j + 4 k v‹w
òŸËÆš brašgL« Éir r = 2i + 3 j + 5k -Ædhš
V‰gL« âU¥ò Éiria¡ fh©f.
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nkhjÈš ïU bghU£fË‹ ïWâ âirntf¤â‰fhd
rk‹gh£il jUÉ¡fî«.
(mšyJ)
M) x¤jÔ®î j«g¡ fUÉia¥ ga‹gL¤â fh‰¿‹
xÈÆ‹ âirntf¤ij ms¡F« Kiwia
És¡Ff.
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448 RuhÉ‹  11 M« tF¥ò - ïa‰ãaš  kh®¢ bghJ¤nj®î Édh¤jhŸ - 2019
37. m) ešÈašò thí x‹¿‰fhd nka® bjhl®ig¥ gFâ-II
bgWf.
16. 1) fUÉ¥ ãiHfŸ (Instrumental errors)
(mšyJ) xU fUÉahdJ jahÇ¡f¥gL« nghJ Kiwahf msåL
M) RUŸ ɚȋ »il¤js miyîfis ÉtÇ¡fî«. (calibration) brŒa¥glÉšiy vÅš fUÉ¥ ãiHfŸ
njh‹wyh«. Kid njŒªj Û£l® msînfhiy¡
38. i) <®¥ò ÉirÆdhš jhnd ÑnHÉG« bghUŸfË‹ bfh©L xU msit msåL brŒí«bghGJ bgw¥g£l

m
ïa¡f rk‹gh£il vGJf. KoîfŸ ãiHahf ïU¡F«. ïªj tifahd ãiHfis
ii) xU gªJ br§F¤jhf nkšneh¡» 19.6 ms–1 fUÉfis ftdkhf¤ nj®ªbjL¥gj‹ _y« rÇbrŒa
v‹w ntf¤âš f£ol¤â‹ nkÈUªJ v¿a¥g£L Koí«.

co
óÄ¡F tU« neu« 6 Édho MF« vÅš f£ol¤â 2) jÅ¥g£l¥ ãiHfŸ (Personal errors)
cau¤ij fh©f. ï¥ãiHfŸ nrhjidÆ‹ nghJ msÉLgtÇ‹
brašgh£lhš cUth»wJ. fUÉÆ‹ jtwhd Mu«g¢
(mšyJ) ÓuikîfŸ mšyJ Kiwa‰w K‹bd¢rÇ¡if
i) R‰¿a¡f âirntf¤ij tiuaW¤J mj‰fhd elto¡ifahš mšyJ ftd¡Fiwthf c‰W

s.
rk‹gh£il jUÉ¡fî«. neh¡fÈdhš msÉLgtuhš V‰gL»wJ.
ii) xU Jiz¡nfhŸ òÉia 1000 km cau¤âš R‰¿ 17. (i) bjhl¡f âirntf« k£L« bfhL¡f¥g£l ã‹ò
tU»wJ vÅš mj‹ R‰¿a¡f âirntf¤ij òÉ<®¥ò ÉirÆdhš k£L« ïa§F« bghUŸ

ok
v¿bghUŸ vd¥gL«.
fz¡»Lf. (òÉÆ‹ Ãiw = 6 × 1024 kg, òÉÆ‹
(ii) v.fh. XL« ïuÆÈ‹ #‹dÈÈUªJ ÑNh nghl¥gL«
Mu« = 6400 km ) bghUŸ, J¥gh¡»ÆÈUªJ btËtU« F©L.
 o 18. x U bghUË‹ ÛJ brašgL« ÉirahdJ mªj¥
bghUË‹ cªj khWgh£L åj¤â‰F rkkhF«.
→
ÉilfŸ → →
dp →
m a = F (or) =F
ab
dt
s gFâ-I 19.
mv 2 60 × 50 × 50 150000
1. (ï) F= = =
r 10 10
\F = 15,000 N.
ur

t 20. Úskhd f«ãahš f£l¥g£l fšÈ‹ Ãiyk¤âU¥ò¤âw‹

2. (m) 10 m FW»a f«ãahš f£l¥g£l fšiy Él¡ mâf«. vdnt
3. (M) bt¥g¢ ryd« Úskhd f«ãahš f£l¥g£l fšÈid RH‰WtJ fod«.
.s

4. (<) Fiwí« 21. nghš£°bk‹ ÉâÆ‹go, fU¥bghUË‹ XuyF

5. (m) 0.157 ms–1 gu¥ãdhš XuyF neu¤âš fâ®år¥gL« bt¥g
6. (ï) cilí« tiu bgÇa FÄœ bgÇjhF«. M‰wÈ‹ bkh¤j msî, m¡fU¥bghUË‹ bfšÉ‹
w

7. (ï) mâfÇ¡F« bt¥gÃiyÆ‹ eh‹Fko kâ¥ò¡F ne®¤jfÉš

8. (M) sin (x + vt) ïU¡F«.
9. (<) âU¥ò Éir k‰W« M‰wš E a T4 or E = σ T4
w

10. (<) khwhJ 22. (i) bt¥gÃiy caU«nghJ ãbusÅa‹ ïa¡f«

1 mâfÇ¡F«.
11. (ï)
2 (ii) âut« mšyJ thí¤ JfŸfË‹ gUk‹
w

12. (ï) 66.67 J
mâfÇ¡F«nghJ«, ca® gh»aš j‹ik k‰W«
13. (<) 0.2 %
ml®¤â fhuzkhfî« ãbusÅa‹ ïa¡f«
14. (ï) 2.5 rad
Fiwí«.
15. (ï) W = 0
23. x¤âirî mâ®îfŸ ghy¤âš V‰gLtij jÉ®¡f
ghy¤â‹ÛJ ïuhQt åu®fŸ mÂtF¤J flªJ
bršy mDkâ¡¥glkh£lh®fŸ. ïuhQt åu®fŸ
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RuhÉ‹  11 M« tF¥ò - ïa‰ãaš  kh®¢ bghJ¤nj®î Édh¤jhŸ - 2019 449
ghy¤ij¡ flªJbršY« nghJ, mt®fŸ ghy¤â‹
I = 9 × 32 = 9 × 9 = 81 kg m2
ÛJ fhyo vL¤J it¡F« mâ®bt© ghy¤â‹
240 × 2π
ïašò mâ®bt©Â‰F rk« vÅš ï¥ghy« x¤âir w = 240 rpm = rad s–1
mâ®îfis bgwyh«. å¢á‹ kâ¥ò Äf¥bgÇaJ 60
2
v‹gjhš ghy« ïoªJÉHthŒ¥òŸsJ. 1  240 × 2π  1
KE =

× 81 ×   = × 81 × (8π)2
60

m
24. gu¥ò ïGÉir, T = 0.03 N/m 2 2
ntiyÆ‹ msî W = ? 1
KE =

× 81 × 64 (π)2 × = 2592 × (π)2
nrh¥ò FÄÊ, r = 0.05 m 2

KE ≈ 25920 J  (π)2 ≈ 10

co
brŒa¥gL« ntiy = bkh¤j gu¥ò × gu¥ò ïGÉir
F × r = 4 TA KE = 25.920 kJ
(W) ntiy = 4T (πr2) 29. (i) jhnd ÑnH ÉG« bghUŸfŸ <®¥ãaš Éiria
k£Lnk cz®»‹wd. jilÆ‹¿ jhnd ÉGtjhš
W = 4T (πr2)

s.
mit vªj gu¥òlD« bjhl®ò ïšyhkš cŸsd.
W = 4 × 0.03 × 3.14 × 0.05 × 0.05 (fh‰¿‹ cuhŒî Éir òw¡f¡f¥gL»wJ).
= 0.000942 J (ii) vdnt bghUË‹ ÛJ brašgL« br§F¤J Éir

ok
W = 9.42 × 10–4 J RÊahF«. bghUË‹ Ñœneh¡»a KL¡f« òÉÆ‹
gFâ-III <®¥ò KL¡f¤â‰F¢ rk«.
→ → → →
25. r = 2 i + 3 j + 5 k a = g ∴ N = m (g – g) = 0.
→ → → →
F =3 i −2 j +4 k (iii) v.fh. Ä‹ ca®¤â Ñœ neh¡»a KL¡f«

→ → →
o (a = g)š ÉG«nghJ, Ä‹ ca®¤âÆ‹ cŸns
i j k ïU¡F« kÅj® vilÆ‹ik Ãiyia mšyJ
ab
→
τ= 2 jhdhfnt ÑnH ÉG« Ãiyia cz®th®.
3 5
3 −2 4 30.
→ → →
= i (12 + 10) – j (8 – 15) + k (–4 –6)
ur

→ → → U F
= 22 i – 7 j – 10 k
26. cuhŒÉ‹ tiffŸ
1. XŒî Ãiy cuhŒî
.s

2. ïa¡f Ãiy cuhŒî

xU ghFÃiy âut¤âš ÉG«
3. cUS« cuhŒî nfhs¤â‹ ÛJ brašgL« Éir
cuhŒit¡ Fiw¡F« KiwfŸ
w

nfhs¤â‹ ÛJ brašgL« òÉp®¥ò Éir

1. caî v©bzŒfŸ ga‹gL¤Jjš 4
2. gªJ jh§» mik¥ig ga‹gL¤Jjš FG = mg = πr3 ρg (Ñœneh¡»a Éir)
3
4
w

3. gu¥ig tGtG¥gh¡FtJ
nkšneh¡»a cªJ Éir, U = πr3 σg
p2 3
27. KE =  (nkšneh¡»a Éir)
2m
F = 6πηrvt
w

KE a 1 j‰nghJ, Ñœneh¡»a ÃfuÉir nkšneh¡»a Éir¡F

m 

vdnt á¿a Ãiw mâf ïa¡f M‰wš bg‰¿U¡F«. rkkhF«. 4 4

FG – U = F ⇒ πr3 ρg – πr3 σg
3 3
1 2 = 6πηrvt
28. KE = Iω
2 2 r 2 (ρ − σ )
I = MR2 v = × g ⇒ vt ∞ r2
t 9 η
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450 RuhÉ‹  11 M« tF¥ò - ïa‰ãaš  kh®¢ bghJ¤nj®î Édh¤jhŸ - 2019
31. bt¥g Ãiy ca®thš bghUŸfË‹ Ús¤âš V‰gL« bg‰¿U¡f Éšiy. mt‰¿‹ M‰wš KGtJ«
mâfÇ¥ng ÚŸÉÇî vd¥gL«. ïa¡f M‰wš toÉš k£L« cŸsJ.
(v) _y¡TWfS¡»ilnaahd nkhjš xU
To fzneu ÃfœthF«. ïU mL¤jL¤j
Lo L nkhjšfS¡»il¥g£l neu¤Jl‹ x¥ãL«nghJ
nkhjYW« neu« Äf¡ FiwthdjhF«.

m
T = To + T
L (vi) thí _y¡TWfŸ xG§f‰w ïa¡f¤âš
L
T
cŸsnghJ« mit Ãô£lÅ‹ ïa¡f
Lo
ÉâfS¡F c£gL»‹wd.

co
(a) Ús ÉÇî
33. V = λf
A
âl¥bghUŸfŸ ΔT v‹w áW bt¥gÃiy kh‰w¤jhš v
∆L f =
Ús¤âšAV‰gL« áW kh‰w« α L ∆T ΔT ¡F
= ahdJ l
Vo
o L v 396

s.
ne®É»j¤âš ïU¡F«. V f1 = = = 400 Hz.
∆LA T V
l1 0.99
A = α L ∆T
T
V
v 396
L
o
o

∆L(c) gUk‹ ÉÇî f2 = = = 396 Hz.

ok
(b) gu¥ò ÉÇî
vdnt, αL = l2 1
L∆T
n = f2 – f1 = 400 – 396 = 4 É«kšfŸ/ Édho.
ï§F, αL = ÚŸ ÉÇî¡Fzf«.
ΔL = Ús¤âš V‰gL« kh‰w« gFâ-IV
34.m)  gÇkhz§fË‹ xU¥go¤jhd be¿Kiw¥go
L = bjhl¡f Ús«
o xU rk‹gh£oš cŸs x›bthU cW¥ã‹
ΔL = bt¥gÃiyÆš V‰g£l kh‰w«.
gÇkhz§fS« rkkhF«.
ab
32. thí¡fË‹ ïa¡fÉa‰ bfhŸifÆ‹ vLnfhŸfŸ
v2 = u2 + 2as, v2 rk‹gh£oš u2 k‰W« 2as ‹ gUkhz§fŸ
(i) 
thí _y¡TWfŸ mid¤J« KGtJ« xnu
khâÇahd, KG Û£áíW« nfhs§fshF«. [L2T–2] ‹ gÇkhz¤â‰F¢ rk«.
bt›ntW thí¡fË‹ _y¡TWfŸ F ∝ ma vb rc ; F = k ma vb rc
bt›ntwhdit.
ur

[MLT–2] = [M]a [LT–1]b [L]c = [Ma Lb Tb Lc]

(ii) thíÉš _y¡TWfË‹ v©Â¡if Äfî«
mâf«. x›bthU _y¡T¿‹ msîl‹ [MLT–2] = [M]a [Lb+c] [T–b]
x¥ãL«nghJ, _y¡TWfS¡F ïilna a = 1; b + c = 1 –b = –2; 2 + c = 1, b = 2
.s

cŸs ruhrǤ bjhiyî Äf mâfkhF«. a = 1, b = 2 and c = –1

thí _y¡TWfŸ mid¤J« bjhl®¢áahd
xG§f‰w ïa¡f¤âš (Random motion) cŸsd. F = ma νb rc
(iii) thí _y¡TWfŸ x‹¿‹ÛJ k‰bwh‹W« F = m1 ν2 r–1
w

k‰W« mil¤J it¡f¥g£LŸs bfhŸfyÅ‹ mv 2

RtUlD« nkhjiy V‰gL¤J»‹wd. F =
r (mšyJ)
ï«nkhjšfŸ KGÛ£áíW« nkhjšfŸ
w

(elastic collisions) vdnt nkhjÈ‹nghJ M) bg®bdsÈÆ‹ nj‰w« :

_y¡TWfË‹ ïa¡f M‰wÈš v›Éjkhd
ïH¥ò« V‰gLtâšiy. bg®bssÈÆ‹ nj‰w¤â‹go tÇ¢Ó® X£l¤âš cŸs
mK¡f ïayhj, ghFÃiya‰w, XuyF ÃiwíŸs
w

(iv) ïU mL¤jL¤j nkhjšfS¡F ïilna, xU

Ú®k¤â‹ mG¤j M‰wš, ïa¡f M‰wš k‰W«
thí _y¡TW Óuhd âirntf¤âš l Fïa§F»wJ.
L YAl
thí _y¡TWfŸ x‹Wl‹∫x‹W 0
× ⇒F=
nkhJ«
A l neu«
Ãiyah‰wš M»at‰¿‹ T£L¤bjhif kh¿ÈahF«.
L fÂjKiw¥go
jÉu k‰w neu§fËš x‹¿‹ÛJ k‰bwh‹W l
v›Éjkhd ft®¢á Éirianah YAl'  l' 2 mšyJ
YAl 2  YAlP 1 2
  + v + gh = kh¿È
Éy¡FÉirianah brY¤Jtâšiy. L  2  0 thíL 2  L ρ 2
_y¡TWfŸ v›Éjkhd Ãiyah‰wiyí« ïJnt bg®bdsÈÆ‹ rk‹ghlhF«.

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V m m ρ
RuhÉ‹  11 M« tF¥ò - ïa‰ãaš  kh®¢ bghJ¤nj®î Édh¤jhŸ - 2019 451
V
Ã%ã¤jš : AB v‹w FHhÆ‹ tÊahf Ú®k« ghŒtjh¡
PA V E PA V PA= m Pm  1 2 PB 1 2
bfhŸnth«. ï§F V v‹gJ Kid A tÊahf t fhy¤âš = A + mvA + mg hA mvB
m 2 ρ 2
A

EiHí« Ú®k¤â‹ gUk‹ vÅš, Kid B tÊahf mnj V m m ρ

ïnjnghšVaB, 1vBk‰W« PBvv‹git Kiwna B ïš
2
fhy¤âš btËnaW« Ú®k¤â‹ gUkD« V MF«.
P V PPAAVVFW¡Fbt£L¥
PAAFHhƋ
V P PAA vA2PPAA P gu¥ò,
a A, v A k‰W« PA v‹git A š Kiwna FHhÆ‹  m  1 2 PBm2==1 ρ2g g Ú®k âirntf« k‰W«
 VV Ú®k mv mm mv‹f.mv ρB
ρ 2ρ
mG¤jk
FW¡Fbt£L¥gu¥ò, Ú®k âirntf« k‰W« Ú®k mG¤j«  m  2
A

m
B ïš bkh¤jVM‰wš V
vd¡ bfhŸf. 1 2 m P 1v 2 2 P 1 2
vAm  1 mv2 PBB 1 mv2
 mρg 2Egmv + mvBB + mg hB
A
2 =AAm
m P2 VB P V ρρ P22 P

co
a A

1 M‰wš
A
P 22
v
A A
= A
1 2 PV v
khwh mÉâÆÈUªJ m ρ
B
vvA2A
2 ρ g g
h
P V P
PAAV P2AAV PρAAgE= V P P
g AE V
1

P
a
=
B

h 2
m =A A B
PA V VV PA V m PmA m Pm  ρρ1 2 PB 1 2
mvA + mghA mvB
= V A
PAPAVV
m +

s.
AB v‹w FHhÆ‹ tÊna ghí«
V m mPAPVAV VP
ρPm V PA2V PPAPPV
AVPVA PPAPAρ P PP 2AP
AV AA=A= AA
A
Ú®k«
m 1 P 1
AA
= m= =
m  1 Vmv
 P  A V mv V 2 2V1PVV BVBm m 1P m
mv
mmv2m2 m
mv
2
ρm ρ ρρρ
A ïš cŸs Ú®k« brašgL¤J« Éir  P P
=AV A mV vP2P+ V PP B + P mgh
 m  mm 1 222 PAB 2 1ρρAA ρ 22=2g VA V = VVV
A A AB A B
g

ok
mv mvm
FA = PAaA  
PAVm  1P1A2V 2 P
VA V2m2  mm
P P  vm ρvPm 2m1m 1B 1211m ρ 2 ρPP 1 1 2
PBP 2 2B 1P BB1
B 21 2
  mv mv
2 mv
mv mv mv
mvmv22
t fhy msÉš Ú®k« flªj bjhiyî vvAA 2 =PAV+mm
2 A A
Vmv
  + V gh = mv + BB+
B gh = kh¿È.
2P2AV222PAρA=ρ 2PρρAρ2 222
A AAA B
V1 2 22mP ρ vm
ρgg m g gρm m A B B

d = vA t vA  m  m 1V 21 m PB2 1m P 22 2 ρ21

ρg mV g 1nkny mv1 1AP22mv 2 vP Pv 2 vmv
2 P2 vB v B mv 2
vdnt brŒa¥g£l ntiy 2
m v2vAvP
2v12vA21cŸs ρ Ark‹gh£il
ρ 2
B
ï›thW« vGjyh«.
 m  1 2 P2B 2A122ρ22gAρ2 gρgρgρgggVggg
W = FAd = PAaAvA t  
o mvA
A

vmvB 2 PB 1 2
m 2 1 vA2 ρ1Pvm 22 P1 v 2
mv + h = kh¿È mv
Mdhš aAvA t = aAd = V, A ïš EiHí« Ú®k¤â‹ 22 2ρ gm A  +
 gρg2 g A ρ 2 B
ab
1 2AïšP v
gUkdhF«. vdnt brŒa¥g£l ntiyahdJ vA nkny cŸs 2rk‹ghlhdJ M‰wš khwh ÉâÆ‹
1 2 P v
mG¤j M‰wyhf ïU¡F«. 2 ρg g vA
ÉisthF«. cuhŒÉdhš M‰wš ïH¥ò V‰glh
2
jtiu ρg g
ï¢rk‹ghL bkŒahdjhF«. Mdhš ï§F,
W = FAd = PAV
Ú®k¤â‹ VLfŸ bt›ntW âirntf§fËš brštjhš
ur

A ïš XuyF gUkD¡fhd mG¤j M‰wš PA V PA V P

mt‰¿‰»ilna V‰gL«P cuhŒî ÉirÆdhš M‰wš
PA V PA V PA PA ïH¥ò cUth»wJ.
A
=ï¤jifa
A
M‰wš ïH¥ghdJ
mG¤j M‰wš
= V m m ρ
A = = V = Pm m bghJthf bt¥g M‰wyhf kh‰w¥gL»wJ. vdnt
ρ
V V
gUk‹ A
bg®bdsÈ PA V PARÊ P
PAbjhl®ghdJ, ghFÃiyíŸs mšyJ
V
.s

A ïš XuyF Ãiw¡fhd mG¤j M‰wš = = A

 m  1V Ú®k§fS¡F
ghFÃiya‰w P 1m k£Lnk2 ρ bghUªJ«. F¿¥ghf
PAPV
AV PV
PAmAV P1 P PAP 1 mvA2 mB FHhŒ
  »il¤js¡ mvtÊna
mG¤j M‰wš A A =P 2Ú®kkhdJ
m 2 ρ 2
B btËna¿dhš
A = =  mm = mmmv = A2 Aρ B mv V
Ãiw VV 2 ρ ρ 2 B 2 2
PA V PA V PA VPA 1 2 Pm v 1 v 2 PB 1 2
w

1 V
P= v2 h = ov⇒  g +g mv = kh¿È. mv
ï§F m v‹gJ bfhL¡f¥g£l V neu¤âš
 m m 1vAAmïš
2 ρB 1 2
EiHí«
P 2
A
ρ m 2 gA ρ 2 B
 m  21 mv 2 P g 1 mv
   mv VA ρA g BM‰wš
2
Ú®k¤â‹ Ãiw. vdnt A ïš Ú®k¤â‹
m 2
mG¤j
ρ mvB2 B35.m) Ãô£lÅ‹ ïu©lh« 2Éâ k‰W« _‹wh« Éâfis
2
 m 2 ρ 2 1 2 P v
vA bkh¤j ne®¡nfh£L cªj khwh
w

 m  1
PA V PA V 1PA mvPPA2 2v 2B P 1 x‹¿iz¤J,
EPA = PAV = PAV ×  1 2v=2 m=P A v ρ 2 B mv 2
2
Éâia¥ bgwyh«. ρg g
V m
m vm 2
AA ρ
A ïš Ú®k¤â‹ V PA P2A2 ρgρg2 g g
PA V PAÃiyah‰wš ïu©L JfŸfŸ, x‹nwhblh‹W bjhl®ò
=1 2 VP v
w

bfhŸS«nghJ, xU JfŸ braš vâ®braš

V = mgh
PE m m m 1 vρA P 1
A  A  2 2 ρgB g òÇí«nghJ x›bthU JfS« k‰w JfË‹ ÛJ
  V mvA mvB2 →
A ïš Ú®k X£l¤â‹ mfhuzkhf
2 ρ 2ïa¡f M‰wš
Ú®k¤â‹ F21 v‹w Éiria brY¤âdhš, mnj neu¤âš
 m  1 2 PB 12 2 →
 A= 1mvA2 P v mvB
KE ïu©lhtJ JfŸ, Kjš JfË‹ ÛJ F12 v‹w
m 2 vA ρ 2 rkkhd vâ®Éiria¢ brY¤J«. vdnt Ãô£lÅ‹
2 ρg
vdnt A ïš Ú®k2 X£l¤âdhš gbkh¤j M‰wš
1 2 P v _‹wh« Éâ¥go
v
E2A = EPρ
A + KEgA + PEA
Ag
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→ →
J¥gh¡»Æ‹ ã‹Åa¡f« :
F21 = –F12
(i) J¥gh¡»ÆÈUªJ xU F©L Rl¥gL«nghJ
JfŸfË‹ cªj§fŸ mo¥gilÆš x›bthU J¥gh¡» ã‹ndh¡» ef®»wJ. mjhtJ F©o‹
JfŸ ÛJ« brašgL« Éiria Ãô£l‹ ïu©lh« âir¡F v⮤âirÆš ïa§F»wJ.
ÉâÆid¡ bfh©L¡ fz¡»lyh«. (ii) ïu©L XŒî ÃiyÆš ïU¡F«nghJ bkh¤j

m
→ →
→ dp
→
→
→
dp
cªj« RÊahF«. p1 v‹gJ F©o‹ cªj« p2
F12 = 1 k‰W« F21 = 2 v‹gJ J¥gh¡»Æ‹ cªj«.
dt dt
→ → →
p1 = 0, p2 = 0,

co
ï§F p1 v‹gJ Kjš JfË‹ cªj«, mJ ïu©lh«
→ → →
JfŸ brY¤J« F12 v‹w ÉirÆdhš kh‰wkil»wJ. (iii) RLtj‰F K‹ bkh¤j cªj« RÊ p1 + p2 = 0,
→ ne®¡nfh£L cªj mÊÉ‹ik Éâ¥go J¥gh¡»
mnj nghy p2 v‹gJ ïu©lh« JfË‹ cªj«.
R£l ã‹ò« bkh¤j ne®¡nfh£L RÊ kâ¥ig¥

s.
ï›îªjkhdJ
→ Kjš JfŸ ïu©lhtJ JfË‹ ÛJ bgw nt©L«.
brY¤J« F21 v‹w ÉirÆdhš kh‰wkil»wJ. (iv) J¥gh¡» Rl¥gL«nghJ J¥gh¡» K‹ âirÆš
→ →
dp1 dp xU Éiria F©o‹ ÛJ brY¤J«. vdnt
= - dt2 → →
F©o‹ cªj« p1 ÈUªJ, p2 ¡F kh‰wkilí«.

ok
dt
→ → → → →
dp1 dp cªjkhwh Éâ¥go, p1 + p2 = 0, ïâÈUªJ p1
= + dt2 = 0 →
dt = - p2 vd m¿ayh«. vdnt J¥gh¡»Æ‹
d → → cªj« J¥gh¡»¡ F©o‹ cªj¤â‰F vâ®
dt ( p1 + p2 )= 0
âirÆš ïU¡F«. ïj‹ fhuzkhf¤jh‹
→ →
ïâÈUªJ p1 + p2 = v¥bghGJ« khwh bt¡l®
o →
J¥gh¡» Rl¥g£l ã‹ò (- p2 ) v‹w cªj¤Jl‹
ã‹ndh¡» ïa§F«. ïj‰F `ã‹Åa¡f cªj«‘
ab
v‹gij m¿ayh«.
→ → v‹W bga®. ïªj ïa¡f« cªj khwh Éâ¡F
ï§F p1 + p2 = v‹gJ ïu©L JfŸfË‹ bkh¤j
xU vL¤J¡fh£L MF«.
ne®¡nfh£L cªjkhF«.
→ → → (mšyJ)
(ptot = p1 + p2 )
M) (i) ïiza¢R¤ nj‰w« bghUË‹ vªjbthU
ur

ïij, mik¥ã‹ bkh¤j ne®¡nfh£L cªj« v‹W« m¢ir¥g‰¿a Ãiyk¤ âU¥ò¤âwdhdJ

miH¡fyh«. ï«KoÉÈUªJ bkh¤j ne®¡nfh£L Ãiw ika¤â‹ tÊna bršY« ïiz
cªj khwh Éâia ã‹tUkhW tiuaiw brŒayh«. m¢ir¥ g‰¿a Ãiyk¤ âU¥ò¤ âw‹ k‰W«
bghUË‹ Ãiwiaí« ïU m¢RfS¡F
.s

mik¥ã‹ ÛJ v›Éj btË¥òw Éirí« brašglhj

ïil¥g£l bjhiyÉ‹ ïUkoiaí« bgU¡»
ÃiyÆš, mik¥ã‹ bkh¤j ne®¡nfh£L cªj«
tU« bgU¡f‰gy‹ M»at‰¿‹ TLjY¡F¢
v¥bghGJ« xU khwh bt¡luhF«. ntW tifÆš
rkkhF«.
TWnthkhÆ‹, mik¥ã‹ bkh¤j ne®¡nfh£L
w

cªj« neu¤ij¥ bghU¤J khwhJ. (ii) M Ãiw bfh©l bghUË‹ Ãiw ika¤â‹
→ → tÊahf¢ bršY« m¢ir¥ bghU¤j Ãiyk¤
ï§F p1 k‰W« p2 Éš VnjD« kh‰w« V‰g£lhY« âU¥ò¤âw‹ IC vÅš d bjhiyÉš ï›t¢á‰F
→ →
mik¥ã‹ bkh¤j ne®¡nfh£L cªj« p1 + →p2
w

ïizahd m¢ir¥ g‰¿a Ãiyk¤âU¥ò¤

khwhJ v‹gij¥ òǪJ bfhŸs nt©L«. F12 âw‹,
→
k‰W« F21 Éirfis mik¥ã‹ mfÉirfŸ I = IC + Md2
w

v‹W miH¡fyh«. VbdÅš ï›ÉirfŸ
JfŸfS¡»ilna k£L« brašgL»‹wd. JfË‹
ÛJ v›Éj btË¥òw Éirí« brašglhj ÃiyÆš
mik¥ã‹ bkh¤j ne®¡nfh£L cªj« xU khwh
bt¡luhF«.
(iii) â©k¥bghUŸ x‹¿id gl¤âš cŸsJ nghš
fUJf. Ãiw ika« C Æ‹ tÊ¢ bršY«
m¢R AB ¡F ïizahfî«, AB ÆÈUªJ d
br§F¤J¤ bjhiyÉš k‰bwhU m¢R DE ia¥
bghU¤J bghUË‹ Ãiyk¤âU¥ò¤âw‹ I
v‹f.

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(iv) âU¥ò¤âw‹ I ï‹ rk‹gh£il IC ia bfh©L xU gÇkhz Û£á nkhjš
jUÉ¡f Ka‰á¡fyh«. ïj‰F bghUË‹ Ãiw bjhl¡f
ika¤âÈUªJ x bjhiyÉš mikªJŸs Ãiw ïWâ âirntf«
âirntf«
òŸË Ãiw m I vL¤J¡ bfhŸnth«. DE m¢ir¥
bghU¤J òŸË ÃiwÆ‹ Ãiyk¤ âU¥ò¤ âw‹ Ãiw m1 u1 v1
m(x + d)2.
Ãiw m2 u2 v2

m
I = ∑ m ( x + d )2 nkhjš ÃfH Ãiw m1 Ãiw m2 I Él ntfkhf
nkY« ï¢rk‹gh£il¤ Ô®¡f ïa§Ftjhf¡ fUJf. mjhtJ, u1 > u2. Û£á
nkhjY¡F ïU bghUŸfË‹ bkh¤j ne®¡nfh£L
I= ∑ m( x + d + 2 xd )
2 2

co
cªj« k‰W« ïa¡f M‰wšfŸ nkhjY¡F K‹ò«
I = ∑ (mx + md + 2dmx)
2 2 nkhjY¡F¥ ã‹ò« khwhkš xnu msthf ïU¡f
nt©L«.
I = ∑ mx + ∑ md + 2d ∑ mx
2 2
Ãiw m1 ï‹ Ãiw m2 ïWâ âir
ï§F, ∑ mx

s.
(v)
2
v‹gJ Ãiw ika« cªj« ï‹ cªj« ntf«
tÊ¢ bršY« m¢ir¥ g‰¿a Ãiyk¤ nkhjY pi1 = m1u1 pi2 = m2u2 pi = pi1 + pi2

âU¥ò¤âwdhF«, IC = ∑ mx 2 ¡F pi = m1 u1 +

ok
K‹ m2 u2
nkY«, ∑ mx = 0 Vbd‹whš, x v‹gJ nkhjY pf 1 = m1v1 pf 2 = m2v2 pf = pf 1 + pf 2
AB Iia¥ bghU¤J ne® k‰W« v⮡F¿ ¡F pf = m1 v1 +
kâ¥òfis¥ bg‰¿UfF«. ït‰¿‹ TLjš ã‹ m2 v2
(∑ mx) RÊahF«.
D A
o ne®¡nfh£L cªj khwh ÉâÆš ïUªJ nkhjY¡F
K‹ bkh¤j cªj« (pi) = nkhjY¡F¥ ã‹ bkh¤j
ab
cªj« (pf)
m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2vs ...(1)
mšyJ
d x
P m1(u1 – v1) = m2 (v2 – u2) ...(2)
C
ur

nkY«
Ãiw m1 ï‹ Ãiw m2 ï‹ bkh¤j ïa¡f
ïa¡f M‰wš ïa¡f M‰wš M‰wš
nkhjY KEi1 = KEi2 = KEi = KEi1 +
.s

E B
¡F 1 1 KEi2
ïiz m¢R¤ nj‰w« m1u12 m2u22 KEi1 =
(∑ m ) d
K‹ 2 2
(vi) vdnt, I = IC + ∑ md 2
= IC + 2
1
w

ï§F, ∑m v‹gJ bghUË‹ bkh¤j m1u12 +

2
Ãiwia¡ F¿¡F« (∑ m = M ) 1
m2u22
w

I = IC + Md2.
2
ïiz m¢R¤ nj‰w« Ã%ã¡f¥g£lJ.
KEi = KEi1 +
36.m) m1 k‰W« m2 ÃiwíŸs ïU ۣᥠbghUŸfŸ xU KEi2
w

cuhŒt‰w »il¤js¥ gu¥ãš ne®¡nfh£oš (ne®x nkhjY KEf1 = KEf2 = KEf1 =

m¢á‹ âirÆš) ïa§Ftjhf fUJf. ¡F 1 1 1
u1 u2 v1 v2 ã‹ m1v12 m2 v22 m1v12 +
2 2 2
m1 m2 m1 m2
1
m2 v22
nkhjY¡F K‹ nkhjY¡F¥ã‹ 2
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454 RuhÉ‹  11 M« tF¥ò - ïa‰ãaš  kh®¢ bghJ¤nj®î Édh¤jhŸ - 2019
Û£á nkhjY¡F, ne®î 1 :
nkhjY¡F K‹ bkh¤j ïa¡f M‰wš bghUŸfŸ xnu Ãiwia¡ bfh©oUªjhš mjhtJ
KEi = nkhjY¡F ã‹ bkh¤j ïa¡f M‰wš KEf . m1 = m2,
1 2 1 2 1 1  2m2 
m1u1 + m2 u2 = m1u12 + m2u22  ...(3) rk‹ghL (8) ⇒ v1 = (0) u1 +  u
2 2 2 2  2m2  2

m
RU¡»a¥ ãwF kh‰¿aik¡f, v1 = u2  ...(1)

m1 (u12 − v12 ) = m2 (v22 − u22 )
 2m1 
nk‰f©l rk‹gh£il a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b), v‹w rk‹ghL ⇒ v2 = 
 2m1  u1 + (0) u2  ...(2)

co
thŒ¥gh£il¥ ga‹gL¤â Û©L« vGj v2 = u1  ...(3)
m1 (u1 + v1) (u1 – v1) = m2 (v2 + u2) (v2 – u2)  ...(4)
rk‹ghLfŸ (1) k‰W« (2) bjÇÉ¥gJ v‹dbtÅš
rk‹ghL (4) I (2) Mš tF¡f »il¥gJ, xU gÇkhz Û£á nkhjÈš rk ÃiwíŸs ïU
m1 (u1 + v1 )(u1 − v1 ) m2 (v2 + u2 )(v2 − u2 ) bghUŸfŸ nkhâ¡bfh©lhš nkhjY¡F¥ ã‹

s.
=
m1 (u1 − v1 ) m2 (v2 − u2 ) mt‰¿‹ âirntf§fŸ gÇkh¿¡ bfhŸs¥gL»‹wd.
u1 + v1 = v2 + u2 ne®î 2 :
kh‰¿aik¡f bghUŸfŸ xnu Ãiwia¡ bfh©oUªjhš, mjhtJ

ok
u1 – u2 = v2 – v1. ...(5) m1 = m2 k‰W« ïu©lhtJ bghUŸ (tH¡fkhf ïy¡F
rk‹ghL (5) I ï›thW vGjyh« vd miH¡f¥gLtJ) XŒî ÃiyÆš cŸs nghJ (u2
(u1 – u2 = – (v1 – v2) = 0),
ïj‹ bghUshdJ vªj xU neuo Û£á nkhjÈY«, m1 = m2 k‰W« (u2 = 0) v‹w kâ¥òfis rk‹ghLfŸ
nkhjY¡F¥ã‹ ïU ۣᥠbghUŸfË‹ x¥òik
o 8 k‰W« 1ïš ãuâÆl,
ntf« nkhjY¡F K‹ ïUªj mnj v© kâ¥ig¡ rk‹ghL ⇒ v1 = 0 (...4)
ab
bfh©L« Mdhš v⮤âirÆY« ïU¡F« rk‹ghL ⇒ v2 = u1  (...5)
v‹gjhF«. nkY« ïªj Koî Ãiwia¢ rh®ªjjšy
rk‹ghL (4) k‰W« (5) bjÇÉ¥gJ v‹dbtÅš Kjš
v‹gij m¿aî«.
bghUŸ nkhjY¡F¥ ã‹ XŒî Ãiy¡F tU«nghJ
nk‰f©l rk‹gh£oÈUªJ v k‰W« v2 kâ¥òfis¡ ïu©lhtJ bghUŸ Kjš bghUË‹ bjhl¡f
ur

fhz âirntf¤âš ïa§F»wJ.

v1 = v2 + u2 – u1 ...(6) ne®î 3 :
mšyJ v2 = u1 + v1 – u2  ...(7) Kjš bghUshdJ ïu©lhtJ bghUË‹ ÃiwiaÉl
ïWâ âirntf§fŸ v1 k‰W« v2 f©l¿jš:
.s

Fiwthf ïUªjhš
rk‹ghLfŸ (7) I rk‹ghL (2)ïš ãuâÆLtj‹ m1
 m1 
_y« m1 ï‹ âirntfkhdJ.  m << m , << 1
1 2
m2 ãwF É»j« m2 = 0.
m1 (u1 – v1) = m2(u1 + v1 – u2 – u2)
w

m1 (u1 – v1) = m2 (u1 + v1 – 2u2) k‰W« ïy¡F XŒî ÃiyÆš cŸs nghJ,
m1u1 – m1v1 = m2u1 + m2v1 – 2m2u2 (u2 = 0)
m1u1 – m2u1 + 2m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v1 rk‹ghL (8) ï‹ bjhFâ k‰W« gFâia m2, Mš
w

(m1 – m2) u1 + 2m2u2 = (m1 + m2) v1

tF¡f

 m1 − m2   2m2   m1 
u1 +  u ...(8) −1  2 
mšyJ v1 =    m2 
 m1 + m2  2
w

 m1 + m2  v1 =   u1 +  m1 + 1 (0)
m1 m 
ïJ ngh‹nw rk‹ghL (6) I rk‹ghL (2) ïš ãuâÆl  + 1  2 
mšyJ rk‹ghL (8) I rk‹ghL (7), ïš ãuâÆl m2  m2 
ï‹ ïWâ âir ntfkhdJ  0 − 1
v1 =  u
 2m1 
v2 =  u
 m2 − m1   0 + 1 1
 m1 + m2  1 +  m + m  u2
1 2 v1 = –u1 ...(6)
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RuhÉ‹  11 M« tF¥ò - ïa‰ãaš  kh®¢ bghJ¤nj®î Édh¤jhŸ - 2019 455
ïJ ngh‹nw fdkhf cŸs Kjš bghUshdJ nkhjY¡F¥
rk‹ghL£o‹ bjhFâ k‰W« gFâia m2, Mš tF¡f ãwF mnj âirntf¤Jl‹ bjhl®ªJ ïa§F»wJ
v‹gij¢ rk‹ghL (8) F¿¡»wJ. Ãiw Fiwthf
 m1   m 
2 1− 1 cŸs ïu©lhtJ bghUŸ Kjš bghUË‹ bjhl¡f
 m2   m2  âirnt¤ij¥ nghy ïU kl§F âir ntf¤Jl‹
v2 =   u1 +   (0)
m m ïa§F»wJ v‹gij¢ rk‹ghL (9) F¿¡»wJ. Ãiw
 1 + 1  1 + 1

m
 m2   m2  Fiwthf cŸs bghUŸ nkhjYW« òŸËÆÈUªJ
ntfkhf¢ brš»wJ.
 m 
1− 1
 m2 

co
36.M) 
v2 = (0) u1 +  (0)
m1 
A
0
R

 x¤jâ®î fh‰W j«g¡ fUÉ xU

+ 1
10 A
20 N
30

40
A

v2 = 0   m2  Û£l® Ús« cila f©zho mšyJ

50

...(7)
60

70

80

90

cnyhf¡ FHhahš MdJ. fh‰W

100
B

Ãiw Fiwthf cŸs Kjš bghUshdJ mnj

j«g¤âš V‰gL« x¤jâ®it¡

s.
bjhl¡f âirntf¤Jl‹ v⮤âirÆš âU«ò»wJ
fz¡»£L mj‹ _y« rhjhuz
(Û©blG»wJ) v‹gij¢ rk‹ghL (6) ïš cŸs
bt¥gÃiyÆš fh‰¿š xÈÆ‹
v⮡F¿ F¿¡»wJ. mâf ÃiwíŸs ïu©lhtJ âirntf« fhzga‹gL»wJ. nkY«
L
3
4
3
4
λ 3
4
λ

bghUshdJ nkhjY¡F¥ ãwF« XŒî ÃiyÆnyna

ok
fh‰W¤ j«g Ús¤ij kh‰Wtj‹
bjhl®ªJ ïU¡»wJ v‹gij¢ rk‹ghL (7) _y« x¤jâ®î mâ®bt©
F¿¡»wJ. vL¤J¡fh£lhf, gªJ x‹W Ãiyahd khWgLtij ms¡fî« ga‹gL»wJ.
RtÇ‹ ÛJ v¿a¥g£lhš gªjhdJ v¿a¥g£l mnj xU Kidia¤ âwªjjhfî« kWKidia _oajhf
âirntf¤ânyna v⮤âirÆš RtÇš ïUªJ ï¡FHhíl‹ u¥gu FHhŒ _y« ïiz¡f¥g£l Ú®
âU«ã tU«. nrk¡fy« R V‰gL¤j¥g£LŸsJ.
ne®î 4 :
o ïªj KG mik¥ò« msînfhš bghU¤j¥g£l br§F¤J
ïu©lhtJ bghUshdJ Kjš bghUisÉl Ãiw
ab
jh§»Æš bghU¤j¥g£LŸsJ. u¥g® FHhÆš nghâasî
Fiwthf cŸsnghJ
Ú® Ãu¥g¥g£LŸsJ. Ú® k£l¤ij nrk¡fy¤â‹ (R)
 m2  m2
 m2 << m1 , m << 1 , ãwF É»j« m = 0.
cau¤ij kh‰Wtj‹ _y«, njit¡F V‰g kh‰¿¡
1 1 bfhŸsyh«. ÚÇ‹ nkš gu¥ò _oa gFâahfî«
k‰W« ïy¡F XŒî ÃiyÆš cŸs nghJ kWKid âwªj Kidahfî« brašgL«. vdnt, ïJ
ur

(u2 = 0).rk‹ghL ï‹ bjhFâ k‰W« gFâia m1, _oa M®f‹ FHhahf brašgL»wJ.
Mš tF¡f miyÆ‹ fQ ÚÇ‹ nk‰gu¥ãY« vâ®fQ âwªj
 m2   m2  KidÆY« V‰gL«. âwªj KidÆš ïir¡fit
1− 2
.s

 m1   m1  x‹iw mâu it¤J ão¤jhš be£liyfŸ cUth»

v1 =  u + ( 0)
m2  1  m2  gl¤âš fh£oago Ñœneh¡» efU«. ÚÇ‹ gu¥ig
 1+   1+ 
 m1   m1  milªjîl‹ ïªj miy vâbuhË¡f¥gL« miyíl‹
w

nk‰bghUªJtjhš Ãiyahd miyfŸ V‰gL«.

 1− 0  0 
v1 =   u1 +  ( 0) mj‹ Ús¤ij kh‰¿, fh‰W¤j«g¤â‹ mâ®bt©,
 1+ 0   1 + 0  ïir¡fitÆ‹ mâ®bt©Ql‹ (ïir¡fitÆ‹
v1 = u1  ...(8)
w

ïaš mâ®bt©) x¤jâ®tila¢ brŒí«nghJ, mâf

ïJ ngh‹nw, rk‹ghL (5) ï‹ bjhFâ k‰W« cu¥ò cŸs xÈ V‰gL«. ïj‹ bghUŸ fh‰W¤j«g¤â‹
gFâia m1, Mš tF¡f mâ®bt©, ïir¡fitÆ‹ mâ®bt©Q¡F¢ rkkh»,
 m2 
w

x¤jâ®î¡fhd Ãgªjidia¥ bgW«. ïªj ÃiyahdJ

 2  −1
 m1  fh‰W¤ j«g¤â‹ Ús«, xÈ miyÆ‹ miyÚs¤â‹
v1 =  m2  u1 +  ( 0)
 1+ m  m2   1 
 
 1 
 1+   4  §F kl§fhf mikí« nghJ V‰gL«. Kjš
 m1  x¤jâ®thdJ L1 Ús¤âš V‰gLtjhf fUJnth«.
 2 
v2 =  u
 1 + 0  1
1
λ = L1
4
v2 = 2u1 ...(9)
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456 RuhÉ‹  11 M« tF¥ò - ïa‰ãaš  kh®¢ bghJ¤nj®î Édh¤jhŸ - 2019
Mdhš, v⮡fQ JšÈakhf âwªj KidÆš W = PdV  ...(3)
V‰gLtâšiy. vdnt, eh« xU âU¤j¤ij brŒa Mdhš, bt¥g ïa¡fÉaÈ‹ Kjš Éâ¥go
nt©L«. ïJnt Kid âU¤j« (e), vd¥gL»wJ.
Q = dU + W  ...(4)
vâ®fQthdJ âwªj KidÆš xU á¿a öu¤âš
V‰gL»wJ v‹f. vdnt, Kjš mâ®î Ãiy, rk‹ghLfŸ (1), (2) k‰W« (3) ï«_‹iwí«
(4) ïš ãuâÆL«nghJ

m
Kid¤âU¤j¤Jl‹
1 μCpdT = μCv dT + PdV  ...(5)
λ = L1 + e  ...(1)
4 vd¡ »il¡F«.
ï¥nghJ fh‰W¤j«g¤â‹ Ús¤ij kh‰¿ ïu©lhtJ

co
x¤jâ®î Ús« L2 ɉF Kid âU¤j¤Jl‹ μ nkhš ešÈašò thíɉF Ãiy¢ rk‹gh£il
3 ã‹tUkhW vGjyh«.
λ = L2 + e  ...(2)
4 PV = μRT ⇒ PdV+VdP = μRdT 
...(6)
Kid¤âU¤j¤ij òw¡f¡f, rk‹ghL (2) k‰W« (1)‹
ï§F mG¤j« khwhJ, vdnt dP = 0

s.
ntWgh£il f©lhš,
3 1 PdV = μRdT
λ − λ = (L 2 + e) − (L1 + e)
4 4 ∴ Cpd T = Cvd T + RdT

ok
1 ∴ Cp = Cv +R (or) Cp – Cv = R  ...(7)
⇒ λ = L 2 − L1 = ∆L
2 ï¤bjhl®ã‰F nka® bjhl®î v‹W bga®.
⇒ λ = 2 ∆L
(v) khwh mG¤j¤âš ešÈašò thíÉ‹ nkhyh®
miw bt¥gÃiyÆš xÈÆ‹ âirntf¤ij o j‹bt¥g V‰ò¤âw‹, gUk‹ khwh nkhyh®
Ñœ¡f©lthW fz¡»lyh«. j‹bt¥g V‰ò¤âw‹ k‰W« R M»at‰¿‹
v = f λ = 2f ΔL TLjY¡F¢ rkkhF« v‹gij ï¤bjhl®ò
ab
ek¡F¡ fh£L»wJ.
Kid¤âU¤j¤ij rk‹ghL (2), (1) ia ga‹gL¤â fhz
mšyJ)
L − 3L1
e= 2 . M) (i)  iwa‰w RUŸÉšYl‹
Ã
2 m Ãiw bfh©l bghUŸ
y

nka® bjhl®ò (Meyer’s Relation): ïiz¡f¥g£LŸsJ.

ur

37. k

ïªj RUŸÉš-Ãiw m

(i) μ nkhš msîila ešÈašò thí bfhŸfy‹ mik¥ghdJ cuhŒt‰w

0
xo
x

x‹¿š mil¤J it¡f¥g£LŸsJ. m›thíÉ‹ »il¤js¤â‹ ÛJ y

gUk‹ V, mG¤j« P k‰W« bt¥gÃiy T v‹f. it¡f¥g£LŸsJ

.s

khwh¥gUkÅš thíÉ‹ bt¥gÃiy dT msî v d ¡ b f h Ÿ f . k

m

ca®¤j¥gL»wJ. RUŸÉšÈ‹ k MF«. 0

xo
x

(ii) ï§F thíthš v›Éj ntiyí« ïªj mik¥ã‹ ÛJ

w

brŒa¥glÉšiy. vdnt mik¥ã‰F¡ Éir brY¤j¥glhjý y

bfhL¡f¥g£l bt¥g« mf M‰wiy k£Lnk nghJ Ãiw m‹ k

rkÃiy¥òŸË mšyJ m
mâfÇ¡F«. mf M‰wÈš V‰g£l kh‰w¤ij dU 0
eLÃiy¥òŸË x0 v‹f. xo
x
w

v‹f. Cv v‹gJ gUk‹ khwh nkhyh® j‹bt¥g RUŸÉš Ãiw mik¥ã‹

V‰ò¤âw‹ vÅš. (ii) Ãiwia, rkÃiyÆš »il¤js miyîfŸ
ïUªJ ty¥òwkhf
dU = μCvdT. ...(1)
x bjhiyɉF ïl«bgau¢ brŒJ ã‹ò
w

(iii) khwh mG¤j¤âš thíit bt¥g¥gL¤J«nghJ, ÉLɤjhš, ÃiwahdJ eLÃiy¥òŸË x0I¥

m›thíÉ‹ bt¥gÃiy ca®î dT vdî«,
bghU¤J K‹D« ã‹D« miyîW«.
mik¥ã‰F¡ bfhL¡f¥g£l bt¥g¤â‹ msî
‘Q’ vdî«, ïªÃfœÉdhš gUkÅš V‰g£l (ii) RUŸÉšÈ‹ Ú£áahš V‰gL« ÛŸÉir Fv‹f.
kh‰w« ‘dV’ vdî« bfh©lhš ï›ÉirahdJ ÃiwÆ‹ ïl¥bga®¢á¡F
ne®¤jfÉš ïU¡F«.
Q = μCpdT  ...(2)
(iv) ïªÃfœÉdhš brŒa¥g£l ntiy
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RuhÉ‹  11 M« tF¥ò - ïa‰ãaš  kh®¢ bghJ¤nj®î Édh¤jhŸ - 2019 457
xU gÇkhz ïa¡f¤â‰F njhuhakhf á¿a msÉš cŸsnghJ k£Lnk
F∝x bghUªJ«. jÅ¢ÓÇir ïa¡f¤â‹ tif¡bfG¢
rk‹gh£o‹ Ô®it¥ ã‹tUkhW vGjyh«.
F = - kx
x(t) = A sin(ωt +φ)
vd¡ fÂjÉaš KiwÆš eh« bgwyh«. ï§F,
ÛŸÉirahdJ v¥bghGJ« ïl¥bga®¢á¡F mšyJ

m
vâ®âirÆš brašgL« v‹gij v⮡F¿ x(t) = A cos(ωt +φ)
fh£L»wJ. ï§F A, ω, k‰W« φ M»ait kh¿ÈfŸ
(iii) ï¢rk‹ghL ë¡ Éâ v‹W miH¡f¥gL»wJ tif¡bfG¢ rk‹ghL  ‹ bghJ¤Ô®î x(t)=

co
ï§F ÛŸÉirahdJ ïl¥bga®¢áíl‹ A sin(ωt +φ)+ B cos(ωt +φ) MF« ï§F A, B
ne®ngh¡»š cŸsij ftd¤âš bfhŸf kh¿ÈfŸ.
(mjhtJ Éir k‰W« ïl¥bga®¢áÆ‹
mL¡F (exponent) x‹whF«). ïJ v¥bghGJ« 38m) (i) br§F¤jhf ÑnH ÉG« bghUŸ.
rÇahf ïU¥gâšiy, Vbd‹whš áy
(i) ‘m’ ‘h’

s.
ne®îfËš mâfkhd msî ïGÉiria eh« Ãiwíila bghUbsh‹W
brY¤J«nghJ, miyîfË‹ å¢RfŸ mâfkhf cau¤âÈUªJ ÉG»‹wJ vd¡ fUJf.
mikí«. (mjhtJ Éirí«, ïl¥bga®¢áí« x ï§F fh‰W¤jilia¥ òw¡f¡fî«.
(neglect) gl¤âš fh£oíŸsthW Ñœ neh¡»a

ok
‹ mâf mL¡FfS¡F ne®¤jfthf mikí«).
vdnt ïªj mik¥ã‹ miyîfŸ ne®ngh¡F âiria ne®¡F¿ y m¢rhf¡ fUJf. bghUŸ
miyîfshf ïU¥gâšiy v‹gjhš ïit òÉ¥gu¥ã‰F mUnf ÉGtjhš mJ Óuhd
ne®ngh¡F mšyhj miyîfshF«. Ãô£lÅ‹ òÉp®¥ò KL¡f¤ij¥ bgW«. eh« ïa¡f¢
ïu©lh« ïa¡f ÉâÆÈUªJ jÅ¢ÓÇir
o rk‹ghLfis¡ bfh©L ï›Éa¡f¤âid
ïa¡f¤â‰F c£gL« JfË‹ rk‹gh£il És¡fyh«.
→ ∧
Ñœ¡f©lthW vGj Koí«. KL¡f« a = g j
ab
2
m d x = -k kx TWfis x¥ãL«nghJ,
dt 2 m ax = 0, az = 0, ay = g,
2
2d x
d x kk x ... 
vËikahf ay = a = g vd¡bfhŸf.
2= -
dtdt2
mm (ii) ‘u’ Mu«g âirntf¤Jl‹ ne®¡F¿ y m¢R
ur

rk‹ghL ia jÅ¢ÓÇir ïa¡f¢ rk‹ âirÆš bghUis Ñœneh¡» v¿tjhf¡ fUJf
gh£Ll‹ x¥ãl, eh« bgWtJ ‘t’ v‹w vªjbthU neu¤âY« bghUË‹
ïWâ¤âirntf«
d 2x k
v = u + gt 
.s

ω2 2 = ...(1)
dt m t v‹w vªjbthU neu¤âY« bghUË‹ Ãiy
mjhtJ miyÆa‰¿Æ‹ nfhz mâ®bt© 1
mšyJ ïašò mâ®bt© y = ut + gt2...(2)
2
w

bghUŸ òŸËÆš cŸsnghJ bghUË‹ ïUko

dω2 y= k 2 rad s2-1 dv 2π Y
2
A −Y
m ntf«
miyÆa‰¿Æ‹ mâ®bt© dt w
dt A v2 = u2 + 2gy ...(3)
w

m ω 1 1 kk l m (y v‹gJ kiyÆ‹ c¢áÆÈUªJ cŸs

f = 2π = Hz bjhiyî)
k T 2π m k g k1 + k2
k‰W« miyîfË‹ miyîneu« bghUŸ XŒî ÃiyÆÈUªJ Éœ¤Jt§»dhš u
w

1 m(k1 + k2 ) 2m m =0
T = f = 2π m s k1 + k2 k 2k (iii) vdnt,
vªjbthU neu¤âY« bghUË‹
s âirntf«
(v)  Å¢ÓÇir
j ïa¡f¤âš miyîfË‹ v = gt  ...(4)
miyîneu« å¢ir¥ bghU¤jJ mšy vªjbthU neu¤âY« bghUË‹ Ãiy
v‹gij¡ fU¤âš bfhŸf. ïJ miyîfŸ 1
y = gt2 ...(5)
2
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458 RuhÉ‹  11 M« tF¥ò - ïa‰ãaš  kh®¢ bghJ¤nj®î Édh¤jhŸ - 2019
bghUŸ ‘y’ òŸËÆš cŸs nghJ mj‹ ïUko 1
ntf« ïa¡f rk‹gh£o‹go, S = ut + gt2
1 2

v2 = 2gy  ...(6) i.e. (h + h) = ut + gt2
bghUŸ jiuia mila vL¤J¡bfhŸS« 2
neu« (t = T) vÅš (5) ÈUªJ ï§F u = 0

1 1
mjdhš, h + h ¢ = gt2

m

h = gT2 ...(7) 2
2 1
ï§F y = h v‹f, h + 19.6 = × 9.8 × (4)2
2
2h 
h = 9.8 × 8 – 19.6

T= ...(8)

co
g
h = 78.4 – 19.6
(iv) rk‹ghL (8) ÈUªJ h ï‹ kâ¥ò
mâfÇ¡F«nghJ bghUŸ jiuia mila f£ol¤â‹ cau« h = 58.5 m
mâfneu« vL¤J¡bfhŸS« v‹gij
m¿ayh«. nkY« h -ï‹ kâ¥ò Fiwî vÅš M) Ãiw M cila Jiz¡nfhŸ òÉia¢ R‰¿

s.
bghUŸ jiuia mila Fiwªj neukhF« tUtj‰F¤ njitahd ikaneh¡F Éiria
v‹gij m¿ayh«. òÉÆ‹ <®¥ò Éir jU»wJ.
rk‹ghL (6) ÈUªJ, jiuia milí« nghJ (y 2 2 GMM
Mv 2 Mv Mv GMM
= h) bghUË‹ ntf¤âid¡ fz¡»lyh«. = E=2 GMM

ok
E
= 2
E

vgound = 2gh  ...(9)
( RE +(hR)E (+R(R
hE)+e +h(R
)h) e +(Rhe)+ h) 2
(v) rk‹ghL (9) ÈUªJ h ï‹ kâ¥ò GM E GM GM E GM E
GM GME
mâfÇ¡F«nghJ bghU Äf mâf ntf¤Jl‹ v2 = ;E v = E

jiyia milí« nkY« h ï‹ kâ¥ò Fiwí«

o ( RE + h)E ( RE(+REh)+ h)E ( RhE)+ h)
( R + h ) ( R +
nghJ bghUŸ Fiwthd ntf¤Jl‹ jiuia
milí« v‹gij m¿ayh«. cau« h mâfÇ¡F«nghJ, Jiz¡nfhË‹ R‰¿a¡f
ab
Fiwªj br§F¤J cau¤âÈUªJ (h << ntf« Fiwí«.
R) òÉp®¥ò ÉirÆdhš k£Lnk òÉÆid (ii) cau« h = 1000 km
nehh¡» ÉG« bghUË‹ ïa¡f¤âid,
jilÆ‹¿¤ jhnd ÉG« bghUË‹ ïa¡f« óÄÆ‹ Ãiw M = 6 × 1024 kg
vd miH¡fyh«. (ï§F R v‹gJ òÉÆ‹ óÄÆ‹ Mu« R = 6400 km
ur

MukhF«.) R‰¿a¡f âirntf« v0 = ?

(ii) f£ol¤â‹ cau« h v‹f. gªJ milªj cau« h′ v‹f. GM
N¤âu« : v0 =
h′s-š âirntf«, v = 0 R+h
.s

ïa¡f rk‹gh£o‹ go v2 = u2 – 2gh 6.67 ×10 −11 × 6 ×1024

u = 19.6 ms
–1
h¢ v0 =

6400 + 1000
02 = (19.6)2 – 2gh
w

2gh¢ = (19.6)2 h=? 40.02 ×1013

=
19.6 ×19.6 7400
h¢ = 2 × 9.8
40.02 ×1013 40.02 × 1010
w

= =
h¢ = 19.6 m 7.4 ×103 7.4
h’ cau¤ij milí« neu« t’ v‹f.
40.02 6.32613 ×105
×105 =
w

v =u + at [a = –g, t = t ¢] v0 =

7.4 2.7202
0 = 19.6 – gt ¢
19.6
= 232561.209 = 2.325 × 105 km/s
t ¢ = 2S = 2.325 × 105 × 103 m/s
9.8
(h + h¢) cau¤âš ïUªJ, gªJ ÑnH ÉG« neu« = 2.325 × 108 m/s.
= 6S – 2S = 4S
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