Lo

PH2069
-
.
02 .
24 Lecture 13

Electrodynamics
· and EM waves :

E and B fields are

time-dependent .

Maxwell's et's become

D E .
=
4/Eo =>
.
D =
I

7 .
B =
0

XXB =
MoJ +
toMot
Or

XXH = J +
t
&
XXE
2
= -

D = EE = E .
E (vacuum)
B =
MH =
MoH (racuun)
to
E and B are
coupled each other
·

in the
presence of time derivative term .
 105
law
·

Faraday's of EM induction
-
:-

A
changing magnetic flux passing through
circuit
a
produces an electromotive force
(EMF) the circuit which
proportional
in is

to the rate
of change of the
mag
.

flux
linked with the circuit
.

in
· Met
change =
intrinsic
temporal
variation
mag Hu of may field
.

due to motion the circuit

of
EMF is defined as the work done on a

unit change through the circuit

during
its circulation .

Lorent force
F =
q(E + ix 5)

EMF E =

b(E + Ex B) .
di

↓
for unit change
 linked
Lob
The with the circuit
mag flux
.
is

given by J5 .
ds
integrated over the

surface and the circuit is the

boundary
.
induction
So the
Faraday's law
of EM is

k+
E -k
/
= -

=
.
ds

K :
proportionality .
const

- aises EMF Resists further

sign as

changes in the
mag flux-Lenzstan
Now we need to calculateSB d5. .
,

At A = ti area element dsi circuit is

,
,

the
boundary ,
initial mag
·

field Bitti).

ti
E
flu at :
Silt) .
&s ;

At +f = ti + It
,
ds
/
and
Bf(ts)

this at As :
Si +. &St
 107
So we
get
-(t:
Ein is t
= At + p 1 t

Using Bf (ti + St) =

Bf() +
20 i

= Je .
dsf +
) Bit) i

St

need to calculate the 2nd term

Now we
.

Da
s
to
↑↑
~
- 38
↑
............
↑ #
/ dsi
&
ti + 1t

/II
dt -
Bi
I

ti

The not
flux will from all the
be
surfaces
,

sides to motion
top ,
bottom and due .

Swice 1 B
.
=
0 => Sum of the total flux
must be zero .
 Ms
SBf()) .

dSf ! Outward flux from the

top

SBilt) .
&Si : Outward flux from the bottom

To calculate the sides consider

flux for ,

It
element the strip
of .

ds -st uxde due to the

Strip area =
-

= dex 1 + v displacement
Itv in de

Total
mag flux
.

through the

side
surface

S =
-
1+
6 B (xdE)
.
= It [xi) .
di

g : Over the fill circuit

Since 1 B .
= 0 =>
SBrotaids =
0

=>
(BHti) .

Sf .
-

(Biti) .
dsi

1 +
+
f(x) .
dt =
0
 109
=> lin
1t
(f
S (Bitti)
-(x) de
.
-

.
Si
=
.

= 0
It

So
,
/ .
d =

S2B .
ds
-o (0x 3) de
↑
↑
due to motion
intrinsic
the circuit
variation of

=>
E =
G(E xxB) + .
de

katfB -
d5

= -

/ .
ds +
kof (ox3)dee

the wrote
Using def of EMF
,
we

3 =

0(E + ux B) .
de

of they need to balance each other ,

then

k = 1 &
↓ E .
de =
-

Jos s

XXE
B for anys
=
-
 L
110
·
The
displacement current term :

XXH =
5+
Ot

Maxwell-but he
DXH =
J was known before
realized that 21 term was needed to be
2t

included conservation.
satify change
to

Consider a volume V bounded by a

enfaces

Total
change inside V
,
2 =
Sdv

e :
charge density

Now , I can
only change if some
charge
is moved the
across
.
boundary
J :
current density-rate of charge flow
J ds .
: amount of charge across as in

unit time

=> -

(5 .d5
S
=

due to the fact that2 decreases when

sign
leaves the volume
some
charge across S
.
 #
Using 2 =
Sdv
=
Sav =
-

fJ5 .
=
-

((J) dr
,

an law

=>
S( + .

5) du = 0

Since it is true for any arbitrary dr

,

=> 28 + 7 5 .
=
0
2 t

change Conservation or Continuity es

Take
. (D)
.
D D =
/ => = =
-

DJ

Also
, XXH = J + J

7 .
(7 X H) = X .
5 + 7 . J = 0

= p J .
= -

y .
5) = -
(D) = -
x
.

(2)
=>
S, . (5 -
) du = 0

=>
Sp z -

.
As = 0
for any Is

- 7x H = 5 + =
Satisfies the
t
change Conseration
with time .
ranying fields
 L
112
·

Energy of EM fields :

EM fields exact Lorenty force on

charged
particles -
make them
more-impart
Kinetic
.
energy
>
-

EM field must have

energy
rate
rate
of
=
of work

energy transfer done

by EM field on

the
charged particle
consider in
particles per unit volume with

a
charge at velocity v
.

rate of work done

nq(E + 0x B) .
v =
nq0 E .

= J E .

Rate of Woch
JJ Edu rate
of
med change
=
.

:
done on all
of
particles mechanical

energy of
Since DXH =
J +
20At particles
 L

me ((XH) -( Edu
=> =
.
Edu

Using D .
(AX B) = B .
(XA) -

A .
(x B)
=> E .

(PXH) = 17 . (HXE) + H .
(DXE)
=>
met =

<D #XE)
.
dr + /H . (x E) du

Je Edu

Since XE = -2
7t

&
+ ( + El) =

EzE . E

Eme /D (EXH) dr /H . 2
- -
du
=
-

St(EE du

Using B =
MH ,
H .

217 =

Et 4 ) .
& E D . = EE

=>
ene =
(EX) .
As -

Gt(2 H .
B +
&E .

D) du
↓

Cre =

-0 Mids-(
 L4
where M = EXH :
Poynting Hector

u =
24 .
B + EED
↓
the
Total
energy density of
EM .
field
Total the within V is
energy of EM
field

Ear =

SVdV =
8 So =

=>
t(Emen Een) + =
= M .
As

of N = 0 => Emech + Ean in Conserved

the
of charged particles get their
energy from
EM field then the total must be
,
energy
conserved .

Of M # 0
, -0 M .
ds is the
energy
the
loss across
boundary surface ,
and
N

the EM
gives energy flux ,

Also ,

Emen Ea) +
=

(( + J .

E) d
=

S(x M) du
-

,
 15
Using Gauss's theorem ,
we find

. M =
J E for any
dr
.
-

of RM
.
.
S = 0
,
this ep gives the conservation

of energy
like 2 + 7J .
=
0
It

RHS corresponds to the energy of the EM

field
to the mechanical
supplied energy of

charged particles on which the EM field does

the
work i . e
ple
Er
energy is no
longer
conserved .

work done
by magnetic force mag. field :
·
a or -

F =
q(xi) ,
i
=
Work done W = Fidr
=

q(x) .
di =
q(uXB) .
Edt =
0

Ple
=>
magnetic fields do No work .
L .
.
e

they can
only change the direction
of a
charged
particle but can not
speed it
up or slow it down .
P4206 ↳
-
05 03
-
.
.
24 Lecture
14

· Momentum
of EM fields :

EM must also have momentum

fields ,

with
along energy

charged particles in an EM field gain

momentum which must come
from the

momentum the
of EM .
field
Similar to earlier discussion the
our
of
the
energy of EM
field ,
we discus the
rate of momentum the
supplied to

charged particles .

Force =
rate
of change of momentum

F =
q(E -xB) for
+
one
particle
For a collection
of charged particles
Force E F =
Nq(E + xi)
per unit
volume =
1E + JXB
where
1 =
MG F =
Ngu
,
Since
17
,
D D
.
=
9 & DXH = J+
2t

(Pxn -)
E
F =
(7 D)E
.
+ -
x B

Here

xB (DXB) DX &
,

ct

E(DXB) + DX(D xt)

=> F =
(P x)E
.
+ (nxH) XB -

DX(DXE) - (DX B)
Include (4 B). H term above as M B.
= 0

= F =
(D D)E
.
+ (D B)
.
H -

Bx(Xx n)
-

DX(XxE) - (DXB)
Note that ,
E & B fields appear in a similar

manner
, different than the
form that we

started with Prese the momentum of

.

Of is

certain volume then

charged particles inside a
,

Aman =
Std
 L
118

Identify DXB as the momentum density

of the EM field .
So the total momentum

Pen is

Pen =
/(DX B) du =
EM/(Exn) du
volume
Integrate the force eg over V
,

(F .
d =
(((D)E -

DX(DXE) + (P B)
.
H

II -
BX (D x n)]dr -

- Pen
Prec
= EPmean Pem) f ( + =
..........
] dr
Consider the first two terms on RHS and write

them as

[(D D)
.
E -

DX(xE), =

Exs(EnDp
-

H5cB E.C)
(exercise)
indices
4
, B :
Spatial

E : Sum over all possible values of B.

 19
Mow
,
the last two tems can also be

written in similar
a
form

[( B) .
4 -
Bx(Dx 4)] =

Spzx/UcBp
-

Omg H B) .

So the entire Rus can be written as in

,

a 2 index motation

Tap =
ExDp +
UcBp =Trp(E D
-

.
+ H .

B)
↑
Maxwell Stress tensor

In
free space
,

Top =

GolExEp-ETopE) th (BxBp-EtmpB2
E
Puer Per), + =

4th
28th
tre , :
divergence ofTsi

Ries :
Si Tap) dr =
0 & Top &s
o
Gaus theorem
using
 ↳
E
EPPmh Yen) + =

6 & Top &

p

Let us now understand the

physical
this
interpretation of e.
is .
conserved
Of Tap
=
0 -
Pmak +
Par

which
justifies our
identification of
DXB as the momention density of EM .
field

Rate
of change of I
Force
acting on

Total momentum the volume

&
&
Top Sp
=
Ex :
<
component of
the fores
He acting
Sum over
p
across
dsp of the
So this indicatio bounding suface
the
L
component
this
of term .
 #
Let look at
example
·
us an :

Suppose we
Only home E
field (B =
0) ,
and

- is the direction
of local E .
field

Tap =

EcDp-ETap E C .

I (
EzDz O O

Top =

O -

↳EzDz O

L O
· [EzDz

E
Force =
Th & Sz =
EzDedSe along
tension along the field
E field exerts a

lines .

For &Sx 11 to the local E field

,
,

force =
-LEDzdSx
↑
the volume
push on

=> E field exents a

sideways pressure
.
> Tension field lines : EEzDz
-

on

Sideways pressure : LEzDz

· Similar
, for the
magnetic field [Hz Bz .
 m
122
·
EM Waves in an
infinite median :-

EM fields have and momentum

energy
associated with them but have
so
far ,
we

not solved the full Maxwell's eys .

Even
if for 1 = 0
,
J = 0
,
One finds the
existence of EM .
waves

Maxwell's eg's !

7 E .
=
0 G M D .
= 0

7
. B = 0
D = E E

-xH
2t B MH
=

X B E E =

El
=

ot

XXE = -

2B
Ot

Take cul
of last ep",

Px(xxE) =

E(DXB)
-

p(D E) .
-

De =
-

(er
!
 L
123
DE EU
&E
> wae
:
= n

He

Maxwell's ep predict En waves

E
-
T
↓ DE =
Me E
2 t En

Mem + E EoK
= =

, M =
Mokm
Tem

Er
ver " =
= i m

c
=H speed of sped
i EM waves or

of light
2 : index
of refraction
n =
Jun =
Tt t

For K =
1
,
K =
1 (free space or
vacum

·E MeDE
=
: Wave i

Tem = C
for 2 =
1
,
kn = 1.
 L
124
Take the direction
of propagation as Z - die

and write a sol

(kz- 02)] Plane em
:
E =
Es e wave with

with C =
Klew
a
plane
wavefront
=>
& =
-

ce
= -
ce

- -
WE =
-HKE
c W = K Hem :
Dispension relation
Wave -is linear linear
ey so
emperposition
a

of solutions with different

I will also be

a sol" i .
.
e

:
E =
EokS e
(Kz-klemt) dr

due to time
Given E
, dependence ,
there must

also be a B field associated with it

.

- x B =
Eh
t

Px(xxB)
Eny(txt)
=
 ↳
DB En
B
E -
=
-

f
i(kz wt) -

B =
Bo C

3
Since 1 E .
= 0 = E E = 0 Transverse
.

wave
& D B
.
= 0 z E B .
= 0

the 1 to the di
=> E & B lie in
plane of
transpace
propagation is .
ware
. EM wane is a

DXE =
-
aB
-

ot

iRXE = [lB = B =
x E

B much be d to .
E

& E . B = E .

(xE) EbltoB .

4 (EXE)
= = 0
.

=> K E .
=
0 K B .
=
0 & E B
.
=
0
,

- E B and K must make triad

up
, a

of Orthogonal rectors .
 L
126
E & B lie in a
plane 1 to the di of
propagation ,
and k could be in
any
di and not E .

Since W =
KMem & B = XE

=> Bo = E
Hem

In vacuum ,
Me = C => E -
= CB
.

Force exated
by an EM wave on <
charged
particle
= B
Force) =
H
C

leled. Forcel
force)
For 2
, Imag foral/elect. .

· Polarization of EM waves : -

E =
Es e:(kz-wt)
For a wave in E-chi ,
to has to lie in the

but
Es could dini
Xy plane ,
be in
any
the XY plane
.
 #
In ,
general
E = a elfx E
,
+
dy eit E
,

ax Ox real
,
,
ay ,
Jy :

E Es .
: Unit rectors along X & Y .

Obtain B B
using =
xE .

Ox-Oy :
Phase difference between the

Oscillating E field in X & Y di

with time
1 Ex-Ty : random
change
Completely umpolarized light
-

& T =
G => E =

(AxE ,
+ a E) elOx
linear
-

polarized light
E
9y n
Stag
T
E =

i
o =
tant
(a)
"ax
P4206 07 03 24 Lecture 15 E
-
. .

--

3) Ex + By wt)
E =
Es ei(kz -

Es =
9 xei ,
+ a
,
eit
At 7 =
0
,

Re(E) = Ax Cos ((t-Ex) E ,

+
ay Cos (( + -

5) En
·
of ax =
a) &14 =
Ey -

5) =
M
= E

=> Re(E) =
Ecos(t-5x) E+ E Sin
(Wt-Ex) E

LeftCircularly rE
polarized light X

positive helicity
· For 14 =
-A
Re(E) =

ECOS(t-Ex) E -
ESin (Wt-Ex) En
Y

Right Circularly E

G
-

polarized light #
X
-

Negative helicity
 L
19
Two
circularly polarized waves
form an

equally acceptable set of basis .

Define E = (E) -

Complex
unit
Orthogonal
Vectors
will !. El =
0

E .
E= 1
,
El .
Es =
0

wt
=>
E (E =) ei(x
-

= + E
+ +

Ex E :
Complex amplitudes (phase hidden)
this
.

in

between
phase difference
E+ & E.
1) No

El = 5
,
b

1
a

q =

Elliptically polarized light

E
a di -
①9
rec
&
=

(42

Rotation
of principal
axis by 42 .
 Lo
·

Stokes
parameters :-

detence the state

Completely of polarizatio :·

For a wave
propagating in the E-di
,
the

Scalar
products are

E .
E
,
EE
,
EE ,
EE
↑ &
I
linean
pol. si linear pol -
↑
+ ve
-
v

X di helicity helicity
y-dura
-

E
,
= a, eit ,
En =
a22 Ex =
Get E =
a
eit
(E Ez) ,,
basis :

Tot
S 1 #P + (EE) =
a -

I intensity
=
=
.

linear
2 = 5 =
( .) -
(EE)" =
a a -
-

pol
,
.
measure

2Re(7p (EE)] qcos(E 5)

↑

u = 3 =
.
E) =
29
, -

21m((( E) (Ez E)] (02 5)

*

v 53 , a sin
29
= -

= = ,

U ,
V : Contain phase information
ex
-
.
Write the Stokes
parameters in the
El basis
.

So = a + a?
!

s, =
2qa -
Cos (I 57) -

S = 2a a
+ -
Si
(I 8+) -

Sz =
a - a !

Completely unpolarized light 5, 52 53

·
= = =
0
.

All 4 Stokes
parameters are not
independent .

depend on
,
9 & E2-5,

In
fact ,

s =
si + + S :
perfectly
monochromatic

For not
perfectly monochromatic light
light ,
Sc =< Sa) -

average
overtime

=
s = si + 2 + 3
 L
132

Energy density and flus of an EM wave :-

·

Recall total
energy density of field
,
EM

U =
EE .
D +
1 H .
B

E & B are harmonically changing with t

for a wave so one must take an

over to
average

E D . = EE = E E .
Cos (kz-wt)
as E = E
o Cos (kz-WE)

=>
LE D) .
= EE .
(CoS (kz-WE)
=
LEE!

Similarly ,
(4 B) .

=
=> (U) =
E3 +
+
Use
New
Fer => u
t..
B
n
=
, =

Ee
 L3
=>
Blue =

KEE
electic energy
=>
mag energy density
=
.

density

(Only time
for an EM wave) .

NOTE : -

Effects of a
mag
·

field on a
charged
particle is
negligible as
compared
to the
effect of an E .
field
So
, (U) =

EE+EE =

LEE

Poynting Vector (time average)

N = EX H

(M) =
LEX .

EEoX Bo
=

M
=

Et EoX ( X Eo)

Al
B =

EXE
 B
EX(kXEo) =
E(E ..
E)
o
-

Eo (k Es
.
E
=
E!

=> (M) = 1 - RE!

2

For E =
kz and W =
Klen

(M) = 1 z

2 Nem

= -
E! z

2M Uem

Since
Hen = enz
=> t Es Tem
(M) = -

21

and Mem = I
Eu
=> <M =
EE en
=
(U) Ten
Thus
,
average energy = average energy
Hey devity x velocity
of propagation .
 ↳5
· EM waves inside Conductors :-

conductor vanishes
E
field inside a

only true in electrostatics

-

true
It is no
longer in a time
dependent
situation - electic fields inside

conductors rise to currents

give .

j =
x(E + 0x B)

T : Electrical conductively
Since
I mag force) Idectic forcal

=> J & TE -
Ohn's law for the

continumm
.

For conductors ,
include 5 term in the

Maxwell ess :

XXH = J + 2
2t

=>
DXB UNE
EMCE
=

D EE
=
,
H =
Blu
 L6
Other three i. e D.
eys . E =
0
,
X B
.
=
0 &

XXE =

Bt remain
unchanged
.
-

Take Curl
of XE
est !

x(XE) = - ( x B)
03
(E Enz)
. E
=

P2 E =
-

+
+

This the
is
ex for E
of an EM wave

inside a conductor
. To solve this ,
we
try
a sol but n and I not
may
wave

be real
anymore
.

Sol" : E =
Eo ei (kz-wt)
&E
-

2t
= -IWE
,
E = IKE ,
8 =-k
=> k =
in +w + EMw

=> n =

inww/1 in -
For conductor
↳
37
a
good ,
5 EW

= ↳ =
iM + w

k =
I
I New

I
Attenuation of the EM ware

For an EM ware with E =

E.
ei(z-wt)
int

exp[(is
-

E = E
.
e Tur e

E
ep( jep(iz-wt)
=
-

Define Skin
depth 5 as

/
Jz
-

8 = = ~
E E e
.

MTW

Attenuation 8
.
by
Radio waves
of !8-103cm
~ few cus

24.
56 as

=> A
high frequency EM ware can not

penetrate much inside a conductor

.
P4206 Lecture 16
L38
-
12 03. .
24 -
-

·
Reflection and
refraction of EM ware

at an interface :- refracted
-
I

Consider EM
7

q
an
Es Ma
,

wave
propagating Ne

E le
towards an , -
-
S
K II
2, O O
T
between k
interface
+

incident
reflected
two non-
conducting
media .

speed of EM Wave

I
m
Fr Us =
=

Firs
/

Electric field associated with the incident

ware
E = E .
ei(k-x -

wt)

let's not assume that the

reflection
equal to the incident
angle is .
angle
(K.x wt)
Refracted E Es el
-

wave : =
 ↳
39
E E. ei(k x - wt)
Reflected ware :
.

Assume 1 is same for all these waves are

,

from the
K and k" are
generated same

incident .
wave

associated with these

Mag field
.
waves

can be obtained from

B =

Ex E & B =
MH

=
E H
= H =
E =
,

Conditions
Boundary :

E
,
tang = Estans S
tans
H, = I tans
These cond's must hold at all
boundary
points on the
plane = 0 and
for all times
.

Thus ,
the
exponential factors must be .
equal
=> E ., = .
x = Ex
-
ensures continuity of the tangential comps .
 #P
=> all and lie in the same
,

plane .

that
Fro-the figure ,
this
implies
KSi0 = Ksn0 = K "SinD"

Since 1 = 0
k
, 2 = *
,
u
,
=

*
=> k = k" & 0 = 0

Law
of reflection -

reflection angle must

to the incidence
be
equal .
angle
Also , 24k =
1 k

↳ Sit : Snell's law

=>
=

u Si O

L
I
Me
=

Seice =

Fl
S

wi E
=

Esto
5o
=>
=
m
 L
Now ,
we find the amplitudes of the

reflected and
refracted .
beams

to the dir
Since E is 1
of propagation,
so E ,
E and E" are 1 to the
plane of
propagation .

Cond's
i) Boundary
:

tot
/ Foll
E, = E,

. E!
=> Eo + E =

is then Es
of dir
of propagation ,
Es ,

To"
& lie in the XY plane .

to 11 tot I
Also
, H ,
=
H
=> Ho COSO-1
"
CosO =
H! Cos O
:

Since K E & H make triad of

up
a
,

Orthogonal recture ,
their
amplitudes
can be related by
 ↳ .
=

=E ,
=

E ,
4
the from
Also ,
change
in
speed of EM ware

One medium to another is caused by a

and not take

change in E
,
.
so
if we

l Mr then
M
=
=
,

E 4
=
"

Ho = = Ho =
.

Mu ,

=> Ho COSO-Ho"CosO" = 1 COSO

=> E= COSO 1 E! Cos O

ECOSO - =

Un
Sence Es find
"

EstE .
=

,
one

3
2 COS O

Ed -

1 e
Cos0 + cos
Fresnel's
I
caso
- Cos O exis
to
-

Eo Coso
Cos +
24
 443
(i) Of Es ,
Ed and
Eo lie in the
plane of
propagation ,
then
using the same

approach ,
we
find
Ho + H" .
= Ho

E .
COSO -
E" Cos0 =
Ed Cos Q

S
& I
2 Cos O
Ho =

Ho Cost 1 Cost
+ Freene's
I
egus
Cost / Los O

-
-

Cost + 4 Cos O

of 14 =
1 then 0 = 0
,

=
Ex =
O
=> E! =
0

Eo
i. e . no
reflected wave

Also
/
Ho =
0

E!
I

E =zos
&
=

& H =
Ho
ie the incident wave
propagates in a

straight line
unaffected .
 144
· An interesting case :
0 + 0 =
1
=> COSO = Cos
(11 -0) = Sco

& Cos0 = SinD

Cos0-Cso
I

Ho so
=> =
.

O
# -so
= .

Cost
Co30 + - -
Sui O
Sinf

lies
is no
reflected beam
if E in

the
plane of propagation .

The at which there is reflection is

angle no

fie reflected beam

only contains the 1

component)
COSO' - Cos = 0

Lu
>
-

tan 0 = 17
I
or 00 =
tant
(1)
Brewster's
angle
a mechanism to
produce plane polarized
·
a

light from umpolarized light.

 145
·

Define ,
Reflection Coefficient
M =

JE
& Transmission
Coeff T =

/E
and that R T =
1
.
show +

transmission for
Angle at which no 21 2
·

SiO2 SinD = O'SO

For 0 =
72 ,
0 = 00 = =

p
So
or Si8. =

1 i 8 .
=

Si(
will at
At 0 =
00 , refracted wave
propagate
No
↑ in
along z = 0 ·

energy flow across

the
surface
-
total internal reflection
=>>
E"
.
=
Es

Used in
optical fibres for communication
-

Over
long distances .
P4206 L46
- 13
24 .
03 .
Lecture 17

·
EM wave
propagation through waveguides :

E
-↑
- -

f - - - - -
- -
-
- -
- -
-
- - >

plane
- -
x3

cross-section invariant
Waveguide : .

Inside : a
non-conducting medium

Outside ! a
conducting surface that so

waves not
can
penetrate
.

- Used for transferring energy from one

place
to another as
using wines causes a lot

of losses
energy .

Take the Z-Axis (axis of the

waveguide) as

the dir
of propagation .

i(kz wt)

3
-

E =
E .
(x y) , e EAz

ei(kz w
BX
-

B = B
.
(x y) ,
E

=> E and B can have a

E-component .
 will still be transverse
L
147
· The EM wave

but not a
plane ware
anymore
.

Use XXE =
-OB
-

at

20-ik IW
=
Bo
Egy =
,e

ikEox-EZ = In Bo-e

Similarly ,
use
XXB =
EM &E

2B0z-ik Boy =
-Ex
Ch
-

ik Box
2 -In Eo
-

Assume
, 2 =
1
,
n
= 1 for the
non-conducting
medium ie +
c =
Ven =

TEM
Now
,
eliminate Boy between O and ② ,

Bo -

(ikEo,x 00t) - =
-
E
 => Ex
=u ( +
Bo2) ,

Given Eo & Bo One can calculate Eo .

x
z z .
,

, ,

similar
One can obtain a
e" for Eo
. > ,
Box &

Boy ·
All of them can be calculated from Eoz & Boz

and Boz ?
2 : How to find Eoz

inside the the

EM wave
waveguide satisfy
ware
es
E =

EME
& B =
Em a E

I
+ (-)]E a
=>

Now ,
solve thisey over the cross-section

of the
waveguide .
Consider a small region
the
of boundary and Choose X-axis 1 to it ,

Z-di
with
being the dir of
propagation .
 199
Ez is the tangential component at the

and inside the conductor

boundary E = 0

at the
> E=
boundary
.
-

Other
tangential component of ,
E Ey should

also be zeo ic .
Ey =
0 .

For B use the fact that the normal component

,

the
of B is same across
boundary
E By =
0
.

Use to find &B OBz

ep (3) .
>
-
= 0 a
- -
=
O
OX On

for an
arbitrary region
the
So problem now reduces to
solving the

with cond's
eq boundary
wave

Ez = 0 &
2Bz/an =
0

· Consider a
waveguide with
rectangular
cross-section 0x < X
,
Oy <
B .

Again ,
E & B need not be I to E .
 ↳
50
· Transverse E(TE) mode :-

Ez = 0
everywhere .

We find the sol's as

Bz = B
Cosmax Cosy Pi(kz-WE)
m, n :
integers
with
BCOSMX
a
Bo( Y) Cos
my
=
,

is a sol" to the wave

ep i
c =
c(k) (m) + +
() ]
here I has all continuous values w is
but
,

the for
given
.
by above FO ,
n + 0

TE mode to exist
.

For small k and 1

,
m =
, n = 0

Cut the
C
c
=
CI > off o

/
lowest
possible
frequency
.
 (5)
w > W: wave sol"

Wh : no wave lot"

An EM ware with ww
,
can not
propagate
to form a TE mode => W > WC ·

· Transverse
magnetic (TM) mode : -

Bz =
0
everywhere .

E max eiz-wti
Sin
Sin
Ez =

Here mode to both

, for TM exist ,
min fo

=
Again
n
k = 0 m =

c( +
,

wc =

CW : TM mode will not .

exist

· TEM mode : Ez = 0
,
B = 0 - No Sol
-

=> TEM mode can not

propagate
through the
waveguide .

A mode
TEM is
possible if one introduces
another conductor inside the
waveguide .
 L
152
·

Rectangular Carity Resonator :

Carity resonator -

Spectrum of Blackbody
radiation

Rectangular carity
< XX OCZCU
.
,
Oy ,

walls all sides and fixed

conducting on a

understand the
temp T.
To
possible EM

modes inside the carity ,

we need to

first the the radiation

determine E field of

trapped inside the carity.

Boundary Lord's On 7 and z U 1 to

: =
·
0
,

the Z-axis .

Ex and Ey are transmece to this

surface
,

hence Ex =
Ex =
0

Since D E
.
= 0 inside the carity close

to the
boundary -

CE-0
at z =
0

z =
 L
Similarly ,
one can
find other
boundary
cond's the
on
arface 1 to the X & Y .
axis

Since E
satisfies (in the absence
of 965),
DE =
En 8
as one needs to find the wave
scol" which

satifies all the

boundary cond's

Ez to
Consider be
given by
en

E E sisens loszt

Ez is transverse E
field at
snfaces ↓

to X & Y

=> at & X X
Ex =
0 X = 0 =

Ez =
0 at y
=
0 & y =

It also the
satisfies boundary cond'
&
Ez =
0 at z =
0 & z = U.

27
 2
154
So all the
boundary cond's are
satafied .

similarly ,
one can write

EEEosnsineten
Y
.

These Ex and Ey also

satisfy the

cord's Since Ex Es &

appropriate boundary .

Ez must be a sol" of the ware

ey"
DE =

ACE (
vacuum inside

the carity
C
=
- =
A) +
n
· All different modes with different integer
inside the
values of 1 ,
m & i are
possible
cavity w
and must
satisfy the above

relation .

1 & values will

Only take -- re
of
the m n
,

not
give independent
modes .
 155
What about the these modes
amplitude of ?
·

Since D E
.
20
using Ex , Ey & Ez
,

we
find

& Ex
m Ey m Ezo 0
=

o
+ +
0
, ,

it .
the
Amplitudes of the three
components
the elective associated with
of field
a

mode are not

independent and related

the above
by expression .

In
general ,
there are two
linearly independent
vectors E
satisfying this condition i . .
e

two possible polarization .

1 and
Each field rot" for given m n
a ,

constitute mode vibration inside

a
of
the
cavity .
PH206
- 11
03 24
.
.
Lecture
Is

Inhomogeneous Wave Equation :

let's start with the Maxwell's eps :

. E =
/E .

X B .
=
0

X 5 =
MoJ +
CohoEt
XXE =
-B
-

at

Assume that J
and include all the
I
currents
changes and .

Since B =
X X A E .
B =
0

=> x E = -

27(p A) x

=
x(E 2) 0
=
+

=> E +
2 DE
-
=

E I
-
ar =
-
 both E and B
=> can be obtained from
I A
.

Usig D E .
= /Eo

p .

( I -

2) =
4/E .

-
Y
37( A)
= -

-
=

Echo )
2
Also
, X (XA) =
105 - +

=> D( A) .
-

D 1 =
105 -

28 +
At this finds that there is
step ,
one

& A
some arbitrarines in
defining I ,

If we write

I =
I -

at
A =
A + Dy

-
=
-2
2
-

D -
= -
at

+
-ot x = -

7 -

8
>
-

&A are
equally good scalar and

restor potentials gauge freedom

-

One can also fix a

gauge by defining
a relation between & & A
.

LORENTE
4 A .
+
10 =
0 ·

GAUGE

to introduce the
2 : Is it
possible
in all situation ?
Lorent gauge
let's assume that

. A +
! =
x

Since A = A -

D4 ,
=
I + t

=
(D) E -

+
= -

Inhomogeneous wave
ep- possible
to t from Sol"
find X- general
 cond that
Using the Lorentz gauge ,
one
finds

(p" - ) E Pe
-

&
(D" - ) A = -

Mo]

.
A
=>
Inhomogeneous ware ep for
Let's solve then
using Green's for technique
.

For
24 =
x

L : Linear differential Operator

& time derivatives
W .
r
.
to
Spatial
of X = 0 :
homogeneous linear ep
The Green's f will satisfy
& G(x t ;x, t) = (x =) 5(t t)
-
-

With G sol" for can be written as

,
the y

↑ (x t) ,
=
SX(x t) G(x t ,
;
X t) dV'dt
To indeed sol",
show that to is a

t) dV'dt
(4 =

fx(x ; t) &G(x ,
t X,
;

x) (t t) dV'dt
(x(x , z) 5(x -

= -

=
x(X t) ,

solve
let us now
the
inhomogeneous
wave
of using Greenisfl technique

(
" -

E +(x t) ,
=
-

f(x
,
z)

-
L

Green's
fa will satify

(p (8) G(x +;x ; +) 5(x x ) 5(t =) -

=
-

-
↑(x t) ,
=
-

(f(x ,
t) S(x t xit)) dV'dt
,
,

Using in(t-E)
8(t-t) = da
We
try for a G of the form
iw(t - E)
%Ga(X-X
-

G(x ,
t
,
x ,
t) = e do

Thus
,
+)
(p b) G(x
,

t x
-

, ;

=
in
( da
k
=
5(x x)
=
(p2 (2) En(x x) -

+ -
=

Spherical symmetry implies Gu(-)

=
En(r)

u 1x =1
= -

Using [Y" in
Spherical Co-ordinates
,
one

den)
finds
j + RGu =
8)

Using the relation

R
=
(UGn) + R En =
0

at all points
must be satisfied except
o0
the sol
Try as

rm = Cetik
-x
=>
Gm(-) =
IX-x/

Recall
,
the Green's fu for the
Laplacian
xG =
8(x x) -

=
G(x x) =

x
-
-

One should get this in the limit -0

La
=> c = -

-
=
Gn(x-x) =
So that
* it
G(x ,
t, X ,
t) =

- IX-X/
do

ifeiw( x] do
) +
x
- E

-
=

xy

=
-

E -

(t +
=
*
])
=
P(x 7) ,
=

]) due

= IX x 1
-

Causality would demand -

sign above

hence

1) d
,

↑ (x t)
=
,

where
(f) f(x) ()
*
=
t -
 the
Upon using this in
inhomogeneous
ep for E & A one
finds that
,

#(x t) ,
=

#to, du

A(x t)
,
=

ASEs ,
du

where
,
(t] =
x(x ; t =

*
(5)
=
J(x, t -

(
x)
These are
often called Retarded Soe"

the retarded time

as
they depend on

x x)
I defined t t &
-

as = -

=> E < t .
PH206 Lecture 19
- 13 .
03 .
24
-

·
Lienard-Winchest Potentials :

Aim : determine the potentials I & A for

a
moving charge .

in tens
Physical significance It
of of
retarded time ->
an
information gathering
at field point at time E.
ephere collapsing a

the distribution
of charge
is at rest then the
,
↑ X
-
splice would
sample
- cdt
the dr
change
(
amount
=

of
-

dq =
[1]dv
volume dr' .
inside the If the
charge
distribution is
moving with velocity V
,

then radial inward velocits component is

/V .
 The flux of
E
change across the

element
ds'
enface is

(t] Ends
volume dr'indt'
change leaving the

Erdsd
J

Y
[t]

=> net
sampled change is

dq =
(1)dv -

(l] Edsdt
Since dr' = Cdeds'

Edq =
(1]dr[1- E
or 19]dv =

r
-

CV

= [(X t),
=

) dr

(x x) =S
S = U-
u
-
=

I
 For One
moving change
,

= it
-

Similarl
=E C

These are called Lieward-Winchest

potentials .

·
EM field due to a
moving changed particle :-

Consider a
charged particle moving with

voits o
d
,

v =

Aim to
is
find the EM field at point x

at time t.
v =
(x -

x) =
c(t t) -

Both I I
and will involve X, t
,
Xt

They are not all

independent .
 For a uniformly moving change ,
I &A
X and t. For this
expressed
can be in we
,

need to differentiate (1) +

and
(E) x

usually difficult for non-uniformly

-

moving charge .

One finds that,

ve)x = ]]]
(ss ( V))) - c(x(( +
-

E
-
-

=
i
uniformly moving charge
=
o
For

5( VE)( )
=>
-
E
-

E is in the direction of &

(v v) as -
show i
P
·

fig .
j

(l-E) : due to

that
the
fact
7 -
VE
EM theory
⑨ 3 ⑳
is consistent with
Use X'(t)
X It]
Special Relativity .
I
 choose the cordinate with
One can
system
origin at a
point where the
changed particle
is at t = .
0 After some calculation
,
one find

s =

Huf
( u)( z) + -

&
V -

Ve =
(x- ufx yez + + ze

1
Since
= A =

=> A =
E
fo
=> B
1x() EXB
-
=
=

C2
V= Const

Seice
EXCE A the di .
= 0 ie is in
of is

EX) ) E
=> -
i = -D =

This is same as B = E .

Ve

(One can check thi .

)
 F
⑨-

C(t-tstop) S i
i
change stops at t =

Estop .

At time t information will propagate

,

till distance
C(t-tstop) ·

Mon-relativistically
movingchaya
·

E = & E + & x(xi))

-
450 V3 45Ge
23
m
~ ~
Electrostatic radiation part
part Erad -

lErad) = z
 P

Poyeting
Energy flux rectoralh M
ja

from
j
Erad

the accelerated chage S

in directo .
O is

M =

Iraqis 16 EC3

'dr is
M
through

=
Mudr
SiOdel
dp =

E
*
= P
= 25 ·

-
Sio do

43
= 4
=
Larmor's formula for radiated
energy
·

time non-relativistic
per unit
from a

charged particle .
P4206 Lecture 20
- 03
-
. 04 24
.
-

·
EM radiation from Oscillating currents : -

int
Oscillating current J(x t)
,
= J(x) -

=
(5) =
j(x)t -
1
=)
=
J(x) e
it iE -X ,
u
=

=> A(x t) ,
=

to it kx

Thus B(X t) ,
= XX A(x t),
,

DX : will
only act on
unprimed
variables

=> B
= int()
Using X
**)
( =

-
inein(x x
&
x(eik(x x ))
-

=
 term
Magnetostati
,
finds
One ~

B
= i)
+
Six
-
radiation term

At distances size
large source ,

Brad =

it
x
S e

V = (x x -

it -x([kx
i(r - wt)
Brad =
C +(x)dv
47

i Brad falls as
i(kr - wt)
if varies as C /

transverse to te
iii) is .
·
Radiation from a
centre-fed linear Antenna :

z42
Alternating currents will M

cause EM radiation ·

&
A like
configuration
in -
Current -
>

z
this
0
to V
=

figure produce
-

EM radiation is called

an electrical antenna
.

42
-

Let's us the
spatial part of
the current [(2) To be
of the form

[(z) =

t S
-k(z)
Sin
[(z t) [(z) eirt
and of course, =
,

We need to use the earlier

expression
of Bord for this given ICE).
 let us denote the
integral appearing
in Brad an

X =

fe (kxj(x) du
Y
IkzCosO
e )
-

= e
= I(z) dz
y
with
O : direction
of
the field point z-axis
.

On
substituting for [(z)
,
we find

X =
S)(cos(50) -

cos()]

(c) -
=>

Borde
Vector
Poynting
is
The the
average of

M
Fralra -Bad
=
=

2ho

as Ef CB rad
 the
Energy the di radiated into

solid do
angle is

vad
d =
V" =

zha

= t costcoI
Dipole approximation : kL/

the radiation
wavelength of a
.

ie .

is than size system L

much
layer of
Under this
approximation ,
upon
simplification ,
we
find

=Post
di
The

where electric dipole moment F =

To e int
Over all solid angles,

↑=
For KL)
, [(z) =

5/1 2) -

ISee
=

2
I
=> F = :

485GC
of we write
Rod Is
=
&
=
Road =
24573

2
w =
kc =

Rod =

E(5)"
↑
Radiative resistance
of the antenna
.
P4206
- 08.2h Lecture
21

·
Radiation reaction (damping) :-

radiation from an accelerated change

particle must
affect its motion -
a

damping force mush be included

.

the the
Of it is
energy
radiated
away ,

the hinetic
energy loss
of the
particle is

My
Trad
-

~ -

Using P = qj
--

3
65 %

Trad
=me (
her time
,

~to: dynamical
over a
which
changes
E = E
-

L
 where
, t =
65 mc

For an electron
, to = 1523s.

X-rays
, Je-10s.

Let's
try to understand the
effects of
the
damping .
force The full corn
of
the

changed particle
is

mi = F + Frad

Frad
= mi
& o =
.

For
periodic motion
of the
particle ,

-SFe It = *
me( Edt
t

mejet]
,

= ↳_
(integration by parts) "I
 =>
Frad =
Mtj

E
m(i -

ti) = F : com

Abraham -

Lorents com
.

& F =
0
,
0 = 0 is a lot but there

is also a non-trivial sol"

-Let/t
but we restricted to the periodic
motion so this
exponentially growning
sol is
equious .

Also acceleration
, drivative of -

problem
Hamiltonian formulation
with
Lagrangian or .

Radiation
damping not be
very
·

may
significant in
many practical
application of EM
theory
.
·
Thomson
Scattering :-

Scattering of EM radiation
by an electron

I Consider
plane polarized EM radiation

aX
x
·

-ESit ,
e
=

Compute M
, -
yo 7
Z

M =
1 Cos Sit ot
16 Ly
E =
E, SinWtex

did
dmich 1652
Cost

=
CosO
where classical
Vo = & ~15 m :
4ToMech electron
radis
 Unpolarized En wave i
i

di
-

de = E +
E

= Do

#ic =

[t c
(Ext Es) = E Ex

dr EU D cost
=
=
+

# =
J& de =
cost) side
=

S
Thomson Scattering Cross-section .

of to wrec >
=

photon may transfer

to electron
energy
N

Compton Scattering .
P4206 Lecture 22
56
- -1
24 .
03 .

Special theory of
·

Relativity i

- The laws of physics are the same to all inertial

observers i.e all inertial frames are

equivalent .

- The
speed of light's is the same
for all inertial

observers (same in all co-ordinate systems).

them the
-

Not
possible
to incorporate in

Newtonian mechanics -

Galilean Relativity

- A covariant framework is
required .

entity consists of
-spacetime : an
-

Ct
&

three
bothspaceandtimt
e
4-vector
rector
) (Ct X
y z) -

(t, =
=

xm
-

= ,
, ,

↑
Four-vector-with 4-components.
Greek indices Mr

I
I ,.
Units E
,

Natural
, ,

1
=
: =

1
8 2 3
-

,
, ,

(t, -
-

signature :
-

,
-

, Latin indices : j,k 1

,
2
,
3
,
 L
157
·
Inertial frame : A frame in which a

freely moving body is not acted

upon
by external force i.e a frame in which

first law of Menton holds .

interval distance between

*
spacetime :

two
points A & B (or two events)

(time internal)" (space internal)

(s)
-

internal
for infinitesimal ,

ds = c'dt"-di
= 2 dt" -(dx + dy' + dz)
event characterised by (E X.. = ).
Any is ,

Absolute future

e
ds8ausal

be
v < C

dight Accusat

past
 L
158

Is =
·

lightlike : = 0
,
v = c :
photos
Is real
· timelike : Is 0 UCC :
,

Is <O >C :
Is
imaginary
Spacelike
: ,
·

Euclidean)
line element (time
+ 3-d
Minkowski

As" =
(cdt)" -
(dx+ dy' + dz)

Yardx xi-Covariant
.

dy
-

70xdx
= +
y ,
dxdx
+
424x dy
733dx
Cct +

Minkowski tensor
Mw :

tensor
symmetric rank 2
-

diag (1 -1 1 -)
Mur yar
=
= ,
, ,

I I
10 O O

Ye
=
0-10 0
=
ze
p O -

1 O

I O O 0 -1
 159
between two events D
intural
*
Spacetime
a
geometric quantity
& a scalar so must

be independent for 54 s , S : (Ct ,

X
,
y, z)
S' : (CE ,
X
,
y,
z)
dst = ds

i e .
there must be a set of spacetime
the interval
transf which preserves
↓ only non-singular
Lorentz
Trans
+
Co-ord .
Erast Xn +
Xi

- Ct
sin

I -x
S

>
- v

-E
cB
&
&

x
=

=
E((t -

x)
VI
Y J
= -

r(x-pct)
B
~
X = =
, -

B =

E
Limit
T

L T
BL41 ,
.
>
-
G .
.
u = -

Cv(LC)
↑ jB
-
Galilean Tranf"
 () I 200
J
UB
-

O O

00 0

. repeated
-
U
X - ↓

Xn 1. Xu
j
L T
.
.
=
M -
summed
O
-

L T .
in general ,
include both boost (5/s v)
rotations
and spatial .

- W
Homogeneous
L T
.
.
Lorents Symmetry (Lorents group)
↓
& time to
fundamental symm of space .

all known laws nature

of .

A general Lot
of the form
very

Xu
I
X
M
=
n +
an
-
-

↑
I
translations
Inhomogeneous spacetime
L To
.
(displacements)
 Homogenous
An L
·
Translation invariance + Lorentz invariance
&

- Poincare invariance (Poincare

group)

In Minkowski space-time ,
10 d .
o .
f of 4 G
..

- & time
↑ dof : translation though space
~
dof : reflections (spatial rotations)
dir"
~
3 d .

of -
boost in
any spatial
-

10 d .
o . f .
!
-
isometries preserving length
-

the interval :-
Invariance of
E
-

dx = 1 dx" - 0 dx : infinitesina
-

↳
dx B ②
= adx
C
E
-

-
X
-
-

B dxdxo
Using
=
1
-
No3 y - *

n
-X

=
produa
= ds Invariant
-
-
 time measured
E
·

Proper
time: by a crock

timelike worldline
following a

clock at rest In the rest frame

i.e
by a .
.

there is motion Hence

of any object ,
no .

ds" = (d) -

(dx' + dy + de)
Yardd
I

& ds" = ds" =

(cdE)
=> CdE = Cdt"-o'dE v =

1
dE(l v()
-
di = -

=
= rd[
M

Since W 21, d+ > dt

o di < It v

"Time dilation"
↓

Moving clocks run 'SLOWER

:

Co-ordinate time
I :
proper time +!
PH206 #B
-
63 24 .
Lecture 23

ropes length :
length of an
object as

measured in its rest frame .

IfI is the
proper length of
an
object
and the other inertial
I is
length in
any

moving at he
on
frame
o

u
Foc
=

Since UEC
,
U21 => <I

contraction Lorenty-Fitzgerald
=>
Length or

contraction .

·
Addition of Velocities :

S' with
is
moving
velocity
object in
u
,

S'
and

is
the

moving
n >
-

with velocity v. : S : v

R .
Find the velocity of the objectw .
r .
to S ?
 164
In
frame S
,
the
velocity is v
,
i.e

vx a u a u
=

= =

t
,

In S' we have
/

v , =

, -

Now ,
using the Lorent transformation
between S and S we get
,

v(dt bdx) B u
=

dt =
-

dx = v(dx -

udt)
dz dz
dy' =
dy, =

=> vx =

1 =

ute
=

ex

0x + u
=>
y = -
-

1 + uVX/
c
 similarly find
fu
·
one can
,

↳
=
v =
a
40X/c2 40X/c2
,

I + I +

U
For y
4/
·
= C =
= C
,

=> C i in both s and S and

some

is the max ,
speed acquired
Also 0x + u
·
, y
= --

20X
1 +
/c
V
% and
symmetric
It is w r to U I e,
=>
. .
.
.

switch the and the frame

one can
object .

· For U , , =>
V

= ux = vx + u

the Galilean
as
expected from

transformation for small

speed .
 Addition velocities rotations
↳
66
·

of as :n

ds' is invariant >

=

L T
.
= can be also

rotation
x =

A Xu
thought as a .

(length is invariant under

rotations )
.

3
X = X CoshX + CE sihX V
=> tanlx =

C
+ = X Sihx + &Coshy
X :
rapidity
velocities but two
Addition of is
nothing
successive rotations -
X+: total angle
of rotation
12 = X, + x2

tanh X tanh(* +2)

knhttacheen
= =

=>

=
Addition

=
=>
u E of
velocity rule

in the X-di" .
 set #
·
Four Vectors
-
: -

Specified by a
of5 values

related
such that
they are
by a

L T
Position 4-rector
.
.

dxm =
(Cdt ,
dx dy, ,
dz)
↓ It
Velocity
restor a
·

- -

Defi : - -

=( ,
=
(uc vo) =
-
-
,
=
(
Rest frame : a = 0 =
Vn = (c 0)
,
=

(0)
(v =
1) E

Energy-momentum 4-vector :-
·

(m,
"
↑ mov
en
= =

=
(E/c F) ,

-
E : total VMC
-
-
energy
=

u
U 1
3-momentum
>
-

mor
.

p = :
 4-vector : L6S
· Acceleration

cutis)
N
A
=
↑ =
Rest frame : Am = (0 a)
,
, =

· Force 4-vector :

d =
(E EI

S
F =

E ↓
M

FM =
nar Fr 3-momentum
fi =
yjf; =
r(1 d ,

Fi
u(td)
-
=
E
=

vF :
3-force =

1 = m

U- 1
= d
I =m =

It
↑
rest mas
 4-rectors 169
Properties of
-
:

·
Linear Combination : of An and Bu are

4-rect
4-vectors ,
then
En =
An + Be is also a

invariance
·
Inner-product :

Co-variant 4-rector
Au =>
?
-

4-rector
contravariant
.

Ah :
-

metric
Mar,
Using spacetime

An=yee
A =
yA ~

I
A
-

↓
now
, By =
200 A. =
Ao
Ai zij Aj
-

J
- =

AoBo-A B ALB -

As B3
Ai
-

=
,
=

=
,
inner - -
-

product
= AoBo- B

Invariance => A
-
-
↳
Br =
Ar
- I
&

L .
ung .

- -
A .
=
v(A! +
= A! ) ,
A, =
u(A! +
2 t
)
.

-
I
SAME
Ac = As A3 = As =

,
 4-vector O
Also
,
norm of a

invariant
NORM ·
A A
e
=
ArAn >
-
frame
- -
n .
L T
. .

↑
a
very useful property
-
↳
4-rector
(E( P)
.
e E-M
g.
-

Pr
.

yar p
=
= &
-

(E-4) =
ant

-
the rest frame
Now
S
choose Pr in

4
2

MoC
(moc )
=

Pe =
,
=
-

=> E mic
-
p =

moc
E pic +
Le
=
 (71

of freeparticle
:-
*
mechanics
Relative
a

and
Recall the
Lagrangian formulation
think outside ( = T-V definition .

>
-

The action is stationary along the

classical and since there is

path ,
no

action
preferred reference frame ,
the

all frames
must be
stationary in .

>
- Used the obtain the E-L
egus.
have invariant
We
already discussed an

interval ! ds = Cdt (I :
proper time)

& &t
= E-dx

could this
=> the action's just be

interval as it is invariant of frame.

/Lat
E
S

c)c
=
So
, s = -

m .
&T
L = T V
-
 172
s =
- moc/E-dx
=

moc( x
*
It [B =
E

=> 1 =
- moc =
-mod

-
E-L equ
:
= 0
,
LFx

=>
) =

Const

02
o = rmo =

P
= CORRECT
!
Energy E =

X.-L
= Mo = UMoCh
%
CORRECT !
= S =
-Moc/cdt is the correct

action free relativistic

for a
particle .
 L
173
Of the particle is not free but is subjected
to a
potential term

L =
- MoCIFB2 -

V (X)

ep of motion :

= -

F(X)
=>
↑ - =
=

Correct
/I "

amiss .
here
BUI there is
something
-

The action now involves a term JV(X & E

which is not INVARIANT as the time in
,

not the in another

frame is same as
One

frame .
So one must construct a

Lagrangian from 4-rectors ,

such that it

remains invariant or
"Lorentz-Covariant"
in
any frame of reference .
In a true covariant sense a
free L
174
,

particle Lagrangian is

↳ =
-moun ,
1
e
: 4-velocity

( )
EOM !
L rdt
=
O
=
dt =

2
=>

(mou) = 0
ut
a
=

molh is consured
=> pm
.

.
court
Hamiltonian H =
mMP h
is

Hamilton's COM :

= 2
PR Mo
-

& 2H ph is Conserved
de
-
-
= 0 = .

n 2 Xe
E
P El
(t)
=
=

mac
-

= c
=
I -
 L
175

&
(E) = 0 - E is consumed .

But what about a

particle which is not free ?
term must included
The
potential be

covariant too
in a fashion i .
.
e

V(x 1) =
Gnx
↑
ideally drive it from 4-force

x)
As
F(x) but in ,
he
genera
-

=
,

not possible .

Thus

=
-mocu-v(x) II

GrX
covariant
completely .
-
P4206 28 03 Lecture 24 L6
- .
. 24 -
-

·
A
charged particle
in an EM field :-

L =
Emo-q + q = .
: Non-relativistic

Rel but
1 = - MoF -

q1 + q .
A : .

C not covariant

So let's try the following :

' =
-m . -quA(x)
covariant potential
term

A : 4-rector for EM field

en

Am =
(A A) ,
,
Xe : generalized
wrd
4-rector

↓ Co -
.

I
motion
Enter-Lagrange " of
=
) - = 0

4-velocity
&
o

Mu = :
 LF
= -

MoU + 9Ar
Un C

: mout) =

-q + (UA d

= Kh : 4-force

NOTE more is the mechanical

ph
:
=

mom .
4-vector
.

momentum 4-vector is
But
Conjugate given by

↳ = Mortgau
C
↳

generalized =
ph + GAM
C

p° =
p. + 91 =

E +
qE =

LE

E : mechanical energy

E &Lifst
Land an
E total
:
energy
.

= c Do
 L
178
>
- Hamiltonian
H = P u + L
,

in &A)
Since :-
U" =

=
H
1
=

Af( EAS
>
- Hamilton's ep's :

A
-
①

Mo

L
-qAr)q CA
-
-

-
r CH -

- =
=

dt 2Xn Mo 2Xu

① +0 =
modu =
q(Ar-EAe
= K
Covariant
modu qFMU ,
&
=
h
eg of motion

Far
↑
=
(A -AT
Em field tensor .
 9
·

Lagrangian for the EM

field :

Lagrangian density
L
·
is a
Lorents scalar .

invariant quadratic
·
L is made
of Lorenty
form -
quadratic in E & B
.

·
Interaction term involves the source or

current densities

L
We can
postulate as

L = - 1
f Fn JAM
4 Mo

free
4
interaction
↳=
In a f - An
-

Since F =
AP -
-A

=
2 =
-

naup( Ap -
2
°
As)(A - C
Al)
& TnAh
-
 T
motion
Enter-Lagrange ep of

(a)
-
=
0
u

Let's :
first compute 2/2AT)

(A)
fo
= -M - a
+
-
)]
((5508 8386) Flo
w as u
-

=
-

+ F(0 08 -

5 % :)]
=
-

[ F~ Fr

43670BF4 70x3]
+ -

2nd term :
F Fr
=

Mus
= - F40 = - 1 tem
 LSI
Also
,
4th tenm = -sid term

=> Eu (2 of + 24 F]
4
r
- Mus
=

=
-

in
=

E
&2 =
-

2
(A)
e O
.

.
.
m -
=
0
:

=> + 2 Frx +
! Jo = O

Mo

= 8 Fox =
-

L Jo
,

2 Fzg =
to Jo

Covariant form of the

inhomogeneous
Maxwell's es
 182
Since
Fr =
CuAr-Ortn

Wr Fa + OnFor + Gr Frm

-A
- -
=
↳ Ar -20 Am + Ar-EG ,

fran - Ar
+

=
0 ! Bianchi Identity

Another notation
C Fur]
: O
=

Define the dual EM field tensor

Fl =

↳ Eur Fro

Eto : Anti-symmetric 4-dim

Levi-Civita tensor

2
,
F =
12 Em Fro

22(EmonAr-EBMGAn] II

ELBM Entr
 183
McAr
=>
FB =

1 . 0E

EM0 A
Ou
=
,
,
-
II
↳
Anti-Symm wi Symm in 2 &
M
& M

E
>M =
-

EM
=
0
=
En = -
Bar

=> 1 =
0 &F =

to t

are
complete Maxwell's egs .

e .

g
.
take 5 =
0
Component of 23Fzw
=

Lo Jo
x
J Fo =

10 Jo
,
j =
(C) 5) ,

↓ Ja =
((( =) ,
-

" Fip =
to J .
=

to
II

: Cito-20) =
Not =
Simplify it

He
Other Maxwell's eg"
One the
of >
-
D E .
=to can be obtained by
Maxwell es" taking other components
.
 184
Pt

E
D E .
=

2 Fo =

to t =>

XB =
MoJ + MotoCt

E
1 .
B =
0

FM =
0
E
2B
DXE
-

2t

-
Maxwell's
~
in Covariant form .

el

·
Scalars with F1 :

FFw =
-

2(E b) -

det Fl (E B)
>
= < .

F1 Fr = -

4 (E .
B)
-

invariant under Lorenty transformation

P4206 04 24 Lecture
25 185
- 2 .
.

·
Current 4-rector J :-

Show that Je is a 4-vector .

it
. It follows the Lorenty transformation .

conservation of
the charge
n

Start with

x J .
= -

2t
Define Jt =
(Ct 5) ,
=

(ce
,
5x 5y
, , 5z)
with Covariant
25 = 0
=

Conservation eg
= 2jh = 2! jv
Recall Gj
: = 0 J
un
2x
↑

horenty teamsf" follows from

X'r 11 x =

1
Sh
&
=
 186
=

er() ju =

=> Jr =

Exf o
multiply with both side
to

ju =

exe, e

- j =

e a

=> Ja is a 4-reator
.

·
Lorent gauge :
.
A =

-
B = XXA
=>
A =
- MoJ
XB =
MoJ +
EhoCE t
If D A
.
=

- t
XX(XA) =
MoJ +
Chot Lorent's gauge Cond

D( A) DA
.
-
=
No J +
Cohott
E = - q
 187
E &B
·

Transformation of -
:

B =
DX A

A3)
=

Bx = -

(2 Az - C
By =

...., Bz
=
. . . - -

E (A-CA) u
-

=
=
X

Ey =

....., Ez =
-
. . . .

Fw =
JA -

Ah
=> F =
(A -

2A) =
E
Fo E
Similarly F2 Es
=

I
----
=
,
,

( I
O
Ex E E
-
- -

-ar
=
↑ =

0 -

x By

E Bz0-Bx

E-By By o

& F.
Fr =

>Mus
 I
2 : How do E
,
i transform under the

I
L T .

E B
K

B
,

E E y
, ,

Fur
E & B are
part of
Es
and we know how Far ↳ I
>v
-

inertial
transforms from One

under .
T

to K L
frame (k) .

we know that Fr =
A F

I I
Where U-BU o O

Ar =
-

Br U C O
S
B =

E
O O I O
u
jp
=

O O O I

I I
I

O
E Es E
=> I'm = -

Ex o Bz -

B
-
-

Es -

BE o By
C

Bx
E By
-

-
O
 189
and Ex =
Ex
,
Ej =
r(Ey -

VBz)
EE =
U(Ez +
UBy)

By =
Bx ,
Bj =
U(By +
e Ez)
BE =

u(Bz E Es) -

=>
E = E
,,
B ! =
By

El =

v(E1 + ux BL) ,
By =
u(Bc -

EXEL)
Conclusion Even E B are

ifOnly
or
:
-

both
present in one
frame ,

E & B are
pursent
in the other .
frame

Ki
i B = 0 in

= Bj = -

y
,
(0x EL)
but Ej =
UEL

=>
Bj = -
(ux E !)
 Lo
E in K
ii) =
0 :

E i =
v(0x BL)
but Bj =
UB)

=> Ej =
vx B
is
E B
field
Concept
or
=> of a
pune
not invariant
horenty .

· Field of a relativistically moving

changed particle
: -

chayed particle
with q
Consider a

with i
moving clocity =
vex

K : rest frame of changed particle

Contamb's law !

Isotropic
Ex
=t a By = 0
,

Es = . Ex =
us =
(x) y + zy
+
q is moving with v in K is
moving
with-o .

V
Ex = r3

Ej = u
, El
3/2

2 =
(v (x vt)" y + z)
+

At 0)
a
point , (x
,
0
,

x
=
ES :
At (0 Y , ,
0)
,
At
,
)

(0 ,
0
,
450 z2

=> Ey ~
u3 since U =

Foyc
Ex I v = C
,

a
Es EE
=>
> I
 n 192
My
&
↑

K
T

K 7
-

< >
:
-

-z

L -
L
X
L

A
moving changed particle will also give
rise to B field :

Bj =
Bx - Bj =
U(By +
EE) ,
Bz =
U(Bz -

eEs)
B' =

EXE
a Bj = -

2(x EL)
for v = C
,
U1
,
Bl L
C
IEl
with E CB
same EM
=

as
for an wave . .

in the associated with the relativistic

pules
to like
changed particle would
appear
us

an EM ware will ELB in the plane ↓

,

to the dirt
of propagation
· Remark : One can also use the L T . Rules of
B
& &A and find E & in the moving frame .
PH206
-
04 24
0 .
.
Lectme
26 193

EM field tensor Fur =

WaAr-Am

Gauge tranf" :
Aut An Ant
7 : Scalar

=
Fu =
Cut -

O A

=
↳ Ar + 3 -

Or
Ano
=
OnA -

WrAn =
Fur

=>
Lance =

-F Fo is not
only
covariant but also invariant
.
gauge
In the
presence of a source J com is

2 No Jo
Fox
-

or
equivalently
2 F35 =
ho jo
> C
 194
=
&(8 At 2A3) -
=

↳ jo

2,83 A - 2
,
28 A3 =

Lj
2 (813) jo
E (823) At -
=

Lo
2 On
Operator B =

Define D'Alembertian

the cond"
and
impose Lorent gauge
.
3 =
0
Jo
= BAT =
Lo
-
B 2n2
= =

G
So DAY = No jo : Wave
egn
C
Loyo

I
↳At =

In fre space jo 0

100 j
=

-(A)
,
=

=> DAF =
0
=
= 0

( DJ A Wave ep
o10
-
=
0 .;

free
in
space
 the dual FW 195
We had defined of as

En E
=

Fas
with this
,
he
define
Fl Fr (E B)
Las
-
.

Chern-Sinnons

& Fr Fur
Ldual >

~
=
simplify
One finds
(B Ex)
,

Fro Fw = 2 -

4 (E B)
F Fr =
-

2(B E)
=
Fr Fw = -
·
 196
· Canonical and
Symmetric Stress tensors :

the canonical momentum (as in

Define
Classical Mech )
.

Pi =
and Hamiltonian H = Piq-L

=
d =
0
iftat
= 0

H =
S49X ,
1 =
S2X

H =

[
and
Use a covariant generalisation
canonical Stress terror
define a

+C =

Eo 249 :
- 11L

For the
free EM
Lagrangian
↳
fre
=

-
=

E
 L
197

he
T = 28 - e
s

7 : summed over

- T =
-

L ju

+
00
(ESY + (E)
=

Joi =

to (Ex B) +
+ (AE) .

To =

to(EXB)" + . . . . . . . . -
- -

SLE
Total
=
St00d3x = + BYx :

energy
Total
Stox =
S (EXB)" dox :
momentum

=
C p : Poynting Vector
.

Also 2, =
0 : Conservation laws
,

all
over
space
So what is the problem ?
 Las
invariant !
·
T is not
gauge

+& =

- F Lau

29a = -F3B + DAP

=> T = 04 + +
FX
*
A
where
, T = 2
,

&
04 =

t [Fr
FSP
+ Fu Frx]

In (EX3)"
00 Qio
+BY
=

00
2
=
=
,

j =
- (EiE; + Birj
-

[Bij (EBY]
·
OB also satisfies 201 =
0 .

↓/

a + D5 0
=

theorem
Poynting
.

momentum
Conservation of a
energy .
 L
199
↳

Proca
Lagrangian : -
Photon mass

effects

↳ =
FenFro-InAr
-

no mass term for Aw

.

2 :What if photon has mass ? How to

implement it in a corariant formalism.

↳
eposa
=

-Fron + Ant-Juh n

has mass dimensions

.
h

e O m
.
..

&Fa + M Ac =

15
Lorents gauge :
An = 0

=> DAL + MEAx =

Moto

Static limit :

Ax -

lAx =
-No
 Loo
If the source is a
point change o

at at the
rest
Origin ,
then As =
I

is
non-vanishing.
Sol" to the above
ep yields
-

er
j(x) =
qe

u
Yukawa-type potential
as a characteristic feature
of mass term

For 1 Contomb's
=
0
,
&(1) - :

low

Limit on the mas

of the
photon from
observations :

Mr <165g
&