Aa¨vq-9: cigvYy g‡Wj I wbDwK¬qvi c`v_©weÁvb

cÖkœ1 H-cigvYyi 2q Kÿc‡_i GKwU B‡jKUªb DÏxwcZ Ae¯’v

 cigvYyi 2q Kÿc‡_i e¨vmva© 2.127  1010m.
†_‡K kw³ wewKiY K‡i 1g Kÿc‡_ Av‡m| B‡jKUª‡bi fi I PvR©
h_vµ‡g 9.1  1031kg Ges 1.6  1019C| N DÏxcK n‡Z †`Lv hvq, B‡jKUªb, n = 2 kw³¯Íi n‡Z n = 1
kw³¯Í‡i Mgb K‡i|
[¯‹jvm©‡nvg, wm‡jU]
n = 1 kw³ ¯Í‡i B‡jKUª‡bi kw³ E1 I
K. †dvUb Kx? 1
n = 2 kw³¯Í‡i B‡jKUª‡bi kw³ E2 n‡j
L. AveZ©bkxj B‡jKUª‡bi kw³ n«vm cvq †Kb e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
B‡jKUªb ¯’vbvšÍ‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq kw³
M. cigvYyi 2q Kÿc‡_i e¨vmva© KZ? 3
E = E 2  E1
N. DÏxc‡Ki B‡jKUªbwU †h wewKiY wb:mib K‡i Zv `„k¨gvb
n‡e Kx? MvwYwZKfv‡e hvPvB Ki| 4 Avevi, E = h

1 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi myZivs, h = E2  E1

K †Kvb e¯‘ †_‡K Av‡jv ev †Kv‡bv kw³i wbtmiY wbiwew”Qbœfv‡e Rvbv Av‡Q,
nq bv| Av‡jv Z_v †h †Kv‡bv wewKiY ¸”Q ¸”Q AvKv‡i c¨v‡KU ev

om
†Kvqv›Uvg wn‡m‡e wbtm„Z nq| Av‡jvi GB KYv †Kvqv›Uvg ev 1g Kÿc‡_i kw³, E1 = 13.6 eV
c¨v‡KU‡K †dvUb e‡j|
E1
L g¨v·I‡q‡ji Zwor Pz¤^Kxq ZË¡ Abymv‡i Z¡iYkxj †Kv‡bv 2q Kÿc‡_i kw³, E2 = 22

.c
Avavbhy³ KwYKv Zwor Pz¤^Kxq Zi½ wewKiY K‡i Ges KYvwUi kw³
bd
n«vm †c‡Z _v‡K| G‡ÿ‡Î B‡jKUªbmg~n wbDwK¬qv‡mi AvKl©YRwbZ 13.6 eV
†K›`ªgyLx e‡ji cÖfv‡e wbDwK¬qvm‡K cÖ`wÿY Ki‡Q| myZivs = 4
B‡jKUª‡bi Ici me©`vB Awfj¤^ eivei Z¡iY _vK‡e| d‡j Giv
ng

we`y¨r Pz¤^Kxq Zi½ wnmv‡e kw³ wewKiY Ki‡e| GB kw³ wewKi‡Yi = 3.4 eV
Rb¨B AveZ©bkxj B‡jKUª‡bi kw³ n«vm cvq|
hi

 h  = 3.4 eV  ( 13.6 eV)

M †`Iqv Av‡Q,
ac

10.2 eV
B‡jKUª‡bi fi, m = 9.1  1031kg  = h
Te

B‡jKUª‡bi PvR©, e = 1.6  1019C

10.2 × 1.6 × 1019 J
=
Kÿc_ bs, n = 2 6.63 × 1034 Js

cø¨v¼ aªæeK, h = 6.63  1034Js = 2.4615 × 1015 Hz

0 = 8.854  1012C2N1m2 c
Zi½‰`N©¨,  =

Avgiv Rvwb,
3 × 108 ms1
†evi g‡Wj n‡Z, n Zg Kÿc‡_i e¨vmv‡a©i ivwkgvjv, = 2.4615 × 1015 Hz

0n2h2
rn = = 1.22 × 107 m
me2
`„k¨gvb Av‡jvi Zi½‰`‡N©¨i cwimxgv 4 × 107m n‡Z 7 ×
8.854  1012  22  (6.63  1034)2
ev, r2 =
3.1416  9.1  1031  (1.6  1019)2 107m| †h‡nZz wewKwiZ †dvU‡bi Zi½‰`N©¨ D³ cwimxgvi g‡a¨
we`¨gvb bq, †m‡nZz wewKiYwU `„k¨gvb n‡e bv|
ev, r2 = 2.127  1010m

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 Aa¨vq-9: cigvYy g‡Wj I wbDwK¬qvi c`v_©weÁvb
cÖkœ2 P I Q `ywU cigvYy P Gi 2wU †cÖvUb I 2wU wbDUªb fiÎæwU, m = (3.347  3.32)  1027kg

Ges Q Gi 1wU †cÖvUb I 1wU wbDUªb Av‡Q| P Gi fi 6.64 
= 0.027  1027 kg (Ans.)
1027kg| Q Gi fi P Gi A‡a©K| GLv‡b, mp = 1.672 
1027kg, mn = 1.675  1027kg|[UsMx miKvwi K‡jR,  N ÔMÕ n‡Z cvB,
MvRxcyi]
Q cigvYyi fiÎæwU, m = 0.027  1027Kg
K. eÜb kw³ wK? 1
 Q cigvYyi eÜb kw³ = mc2
L. GKwU Zworevnx cwievnx Pz¤^K †ÿ‡Îi mgvšÍiv‡j ¯’vcb
Ki‡j †Kvb ej Abyf‚Z nq wK? 2 = 0.027  1027  (3  108)2

M. Q Gi fiÎæwU wbY©q Ki| 3 = 2.43  1012J

N. P I Q †gŠj `ywUi g‡a¨ †KvbwUi eÜb wQbœ Ki‡Z †ewk †`Iqv Av‡Q, P cigvYy‡Z 2wU †cÖvUb Ges 2wU wbDUªb Av‡Q|
cwigvY kw³ jvM‡e| MvwYwZKfv‡e †`LvI| 4
P cigvYyi fi = 6.64  1027 kg
2 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
†cÖvU‡bi fi, mp = 1.672  1027 kg

om

K †cÖvUb I wbDUªb¸‡jv‡K wbDwK¬qv‡m GK‡Î †eu‡a ivL‡Z †h
wbDUª‡bi fi, mn = 1.675  1027kg
kw³i cÖ‡qvRb nq Zv‡K wbDwK¬qv‡mi eÜb kw³ e‡j| .c
P cigvYyi wbDwK¬qv‡mi †gvU fi = 2  (mp + mn)

L Avgiv Rvwb, †PŠ¤^K‡ÿ‡Î Zworevnxi Ici ej, F = IlBsin.
bd

= 2 (1.6721027 + 1.675
cwievnx, Pz¤^K †ÿ‡Îi mgvšÍiv‡j _vK‡j  = 0. myZivs, F =  1027)
ng

IlB.0 = 0 A_©vr, †Kv‡bv ej Abyf‚Z n‡e bv|

= 6.694  1027 kg

M †`Iqv Av‡Q,
hi

 P cigvYyi fi ÎæwU, m = (6.694  6.64)  1027

P Gi fi = 6.64  1027kg
ac

= 0.054  1027 kg
Q Gi fi P Gi f‡ii A‡a©K
 P cigvYyi eÜb kw³ = mc2
Te

1
 Q Gi fi = 2  6.64  1027kg = 0.054  1027  (3 108)2

= 4.86  1012J
= 3.32  1027kg
P cigvYyi e®¬b kwÚ 4.86  1012
Q cigvYy‡Z †cÖvU‡bi msL¨v 1wU Ges wbDUª‡bi msL¨v 1wU| GLb, Q cigvYyi e®¬b kwÚ =
2.43  1012
†cÖvU‡bi fi, mp = 1.672  1027kg
=2
wbDUª‡bi fi, mn = 1.675  1027kg  P cigvYyi eÜb kw³ = 2  Q cigvYyi eÜb kw³|

†ei Ki‡Z n‡e, fiÎæwU, m = ? †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, P cigvYyi eÜb kw³ Q cigvYyi eÜb kw³i †P‡q
wظY|
Q cigvYyi wbDwK¬qv‡mi †gvU fi = mp + mn
ZvB ejv hvq, P cigvYyi eÜb wQbœ Ki‡Z †ewk kw³ jvM‡e|
= (1.672 + 1.675)  1027

= 3.347  1027 kg

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 Aa¨vq-9: cigvYy g‡Wj I wbDwK¬qvi c`v_©weÁvb
cÖkœ3 wUªwUqv‡gi Aa©vqy 12.5 eQi|[wm‡×k¦ix Mvj©m K‡jR,
 3 3 1
XvKv] wUªwUqvg LÐwUi 4 Ask ÿq n‡j, AÿZ Ask =14=4

K. †ZRw¯µq iƒcvšÍi m~ÎwU wjL? 1 3

4 Ask ÿq n‡Z t mgq jvM‡j,
L. BD‡iwbqv‡gi Aa©vqy 450 †KvwU eQi ej‡Z Kx eyS? 2

M. DÏxc‡Ki wUªwUqv‡gi Mo Avqy wbY©q Ki| 3 N = Noet

3 No
ev,  t = ln  N 
N. ÔDÏxc‡Ki wUªwUqvg LÐwUi 4 Ask ÿq n‡Z mgq jvM‡e  
25 eQiÕ- MvwYwZK we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g †Zvgvi gZvgZ
1 No
`vI| 4 ev, t =  ln  N 
  
3 b¤^i cÖ‡kœi DËi
1 1
ev, t = 0.05544  ln 1
K †ZRw¯µq iƒcvšÍi mgxKiY nj N = N0e–t
 4
 
L BD‡iwbqv‡gi Aa©vqy 450 †KvwU eQi ej‡Z †evSvq, GK MÖvg

om
1  t = 25 year
BD‡iwbqvg cigvYy †f‡½ wVK A‡a©K A_©vr 2 MÖvg n‡Z mgq jv‡M
3
1 1 AZGe, wUªwUqvg LÛwUi 4 Ask ÿq n‡Z mgq jv‡M 25 eQi|
.c
450 †KvwU eQi| Av‡iv 450 †KvwU eQ‡i 2 MÖvg †f‡½ 4 MÖvg n‡e|
bd
cÖkœ4 †Kvb †gŠ‡ji Aa©vqy Rvb‡j †gŠjwU KZ mg‡q kZKiv


M †`Iqv Av‡Q,
KZ fvM fv½‡e Zv Rvbv hvq| cixÿvMv‡i weÁvbx Kzix 3.82 Aa©vqy
ng

Aa©vqy, T1 = 12.5 year wewkó GKwU †ZRw¯µq †gŠj wb‡q M‡elYv K‡i †`L‡jv 18 w`b
2 1
ci †gŠjwUi cÖviw¤¢K gv‡bi 20 Ask Aewkó Av‡Q|
hi

†ei Ki‡Z n‡e, Mo Avqy,  = ?

[gwZwSj g‡Wj ¯‹zj GÛ K‡jR, XvKv]
ac

Avgiv Rvwb,
K. K¤úUb wµqv Kx? 1
Te

T1
L. wbDwK¬qv‡mi †fZ‡i B‡jKUªb _vK‡Z cv‡i bv †Kb? 2
2
 = 0.693 M. †gŠjwUi 40% fv½‡Z KZ mgq jvM‡e? 3

12.5 N. cixÿvMv‡i weÁvbx Kzixi ch©‡eÿYwUi mwVKZv

= 0.693 MvwYwZKfv‡e hvPvB Ki| 4

= 18.04 year (Ans.) 4 b¤^i cÖ‡kœi DËi


N †`Iqv Av‡Q, K †Kv‡bv GKwU kw³kvjx †dvU‡bi mv‡_ gy³ B‡jKUª‡bi msNl©
NU‡j †dvUbwU B‡jKUªbwU‡K wKQy kw³ cÖ`vb K‡i| G‡Z wewÿß
Aa©vqy, T1 = 12.5 year †dvU‡bi Zi½‰`N©¨ AvcwZZ †dvU‡bi Zi½‰`‡N©¨i †P‡q †ewk
2 nIqv‡KB K¤úUb wµqv e‡j|

0.693 0.693  h
L nvB‡Rbev‡M©i AwbðqZv bxwZi m~Î xP   e¨envi
Aeÿq aªæeK  = T = 12.5 = 0.05544y1 
1  2 
2 K‡i wbw`©ó MvwYwZK we‡køl‡Y cvIqv hvq †h, B‡jKUª‡bi
wbDwK¬qv‡mi Af¨šÍ‡i _vK‡Z n‡j G‡K 37.6 MeV kw³i

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 Aa¨vq-9: cigvYy g‡Wj I wbDwK¬qvi c`v_©weÁvb
AwaKvix n‡Z n‡e| wKš‘ cixÿvjä djvdj †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h, GLb,
B‡jKUª‡bi kw³ 4 MeV Gi AwaK nq bv| myZivs wbDwK¬qv‡mi
Af¨šÍ‡i B‡jKUªb _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| N t
No = e
M †`Iqv Av‡Q,
N
Aa©vqy, T1 = 3.82d ev, N = e0.1814  18 = 0.048
o

2
N 1
ev, N  0.05  20
mgq, t = ? o

GLv‡b, 40% ÿq nq| Aewkó _v‡K 60% 1

 N = 20No
myZivs, †ZRw¯µq c`v‡_©i cÖv_wgK cigvYy msL¨v N0 Ges Aewkó
cigvYy msL¨v N n‡j, A_©vr weÁvbx Kzixi M‡elYvi djvdj mwVK wQj| 18 w`b ci
1
N = No Gi 60% cÖviw¤¢K gv‡bi 20 Ask Aewkó wQj|

om
N 60
ev, N = 100 = 0.6
o
cÖkœ5 `ywU †ZRw¯µq †gŠj A I B Gi ÿq aªæeK 0.181d1
 .c
GLb, Avgiv Rvwb, Ges 0.257d1| [K¨v›Ub‡g›U cvewjK ¯‹zj GÛ K‡jR, iscyi]
bd

N = Noet K. MZxq †iva Kv‡K e‡j? 1

0.693 0.693 L. Avjdv iwk¥ Zwor †ÿÎ Øviv wePz¨Z nq wKš‘ Mvgv iwk¥
ng

wKš‘ ÿq aªæeK = T = 3.82 d1 = 0.1814d1

1 wePz¨Z nq bv †Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
2
hi

M. B †gŠ‡ji Mo Avqy wbY©q Ki| 3

N
ac

 N = et N. †gŠj؇qi 75% ÿq n‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq mgq GKB n‡e wK-

o
bv- MvwYwZK we‡kølYmn gZvgZ `vI| 4
Te

N
ev, t =  ln N  5 b¤^i cÖ‡kœi DËi
 o

1 N 1 K pn Rsk‡b cÖhy³ wefe cv_©‡K¨ ÿz`ª cwieZ©b V Gi Rb¨


ev, t =  ln N  =  0.1814 ln(0.6) Avbylw½K Zwor cÖev‡ni ÿz`ª cwieZ©b I Gi AbycvZ‡K MZxq †iva
  o
e‡j|
 t = 2.82d
L Avjdv iwk¥i cÖK…wZ n‡”Q GwU Zwor abvZ¥K| ZvB GwU hLb
A_©vr 40% ÿq n‡Z mgq jvM‡e 2.82 w`b| (Ans.) FYvZ¥K Avav‡bi cvk w`‡q hvq ZLb GwU †mw`‡K wePz¨Z nq|
Avevi Mvgv iwk¥ Zwor wbi‡cÿ nIqvq GwU Zwor‡ÿÎ Øviv wePz¨Z
N Avgiv Rvwb, N = Noet
 nq bv eis w`K AcwiewZ©Z †i‡L Mgb K‡i|

†hLv‡b, No = cÖviw¤¢K cigvYy msL¨v 

M †`Iqv Av‡Q,

N = Aewkó cigvYy msL¨v B †gŠ‡ji ÿq aªæeK, B = 0.257d1

†gŠjwUi ÿqaªæeK,  = 0.1814d1 [ÔMÕ Ask †ei Ki‡Z n‡e, B †gŠ‡ji Mo Avqy, B = ?
n‡Z]

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 Aa¨vq-9: cigvYy g‡Wj I wbDwK¬qvi c`v_©weÁvb
Rvbv Av‡Q,

1 cÖkœ6 wb‡P GKwU Z_¨QK †`Iqv Av‡Q :


B =
B
†gŠj †cÖvUb fimsL¨v wbDwK¬qv‡mi 1 amu = 931
1 msL¨v MeV
= fi (amu)
0.257d1 †cÖvU‡bi fi,
Ra 88 226 226.025401
= 3.891d (Ans.) mp = 1,00728
N 7 14 14.003074 amu

N †`qv Av‡Q,
Zn 30 65 64.929245 wbDUª‡bi fi,
A †gŠ‡ji ÿq aªæeK, A = 0.181d1
Li 3 7 7.016004 mn = 1.00876
B †gŠ‡ji ÿqaªæeK, B = 0.257d1 amu
Df‡qi ÿ‡qi cwigvY 75% [PÆMÖvg cÖ‡KŠkj wek¦we`¨vjq ¯‹zj I K‡jR]

om
N K. civ‰e`y¨wZK aªæeK Kv‡K e‡j? 1
 Aewkó Av‡Q N = (100  75)% = 25% = 0.25
o
L. cUvwmqv‡gi m~Pb K¤úv¼ 6.82  1014Hz ej‡Z Kx
†ei Ki‡Z n‡e,
.c
†evS? 2

Dfq †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡qvRbxq mgq, tA = ? I tB = ?

bd
M. †iwWqv‡gi fiÎæwU wbY©q Ki| 3

A †gŠ‡ji †ÿ‡Î, N. DÏxc‡Ki cÖ`Ë Z_¨ e¨envi K‡i wbDwK¬qb cÖwZ eÜbkw³
ng

ebvg fimsL¨vi †jLwPÎ A¼b Ki| 4

N AtA
No = e 6 b¤^i cÖ‡kœi DËi
hi

ev, ln(0.25) =  (0.181  tA) 

K †h †Kvb `ywU Avav‡bi g‡a¨ wbw`©ó `~i‡Z¡ k~b¨¯’v‡b wµqvkxj ej
ac

Ges H `yB Avav‡bi g‡a¨ GKB `~i‡Z¡ Ab¨ †Kvb gva¨‡g wµqvkxj
 1.3863 e‡ji AbycvZ‡K H gva¨‡gi civ‰e`y¨wZK aªæeK e‡j|
ev, tA =
 0.181
Te

L †Kvb avZyi m~Pb K¤úv¼ 4.46  1014 Hz ej‡Z †evSvq D³

 tA = 7.66d avZyi †ÿ‡Î 4.46  1014Hz Gi †P‡q Kg K¤úv¼ wewkó Av‡jv
H avZyi Ici AvcwZZ n‡j D³ avZy †_‡K †Kv‡bv B‡jKUªb wbM©Z
B †gŠ‡ji †ÿ‡Î, Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv|
N BtB 
M †`Iqv Av‡Q,
No = e
†cÖvU‡bi fi, mp = 1.00728 amu
ev, ln(0.25) =  (0.257  tB)
wbDUª‡bi fi, mn = 1.00876 amu
 1.3863
ev, tB = †iwWqvg wbDwK¬qv‡mi fi,
 0.257 mrad =
226.025401amu
 tB = 5.394d
†iwWqv‡gi †cÖvUb msL¨v, np = 88
AZGe, D³ MvwYwZK wn‡me Abyhvqx, A I B †gŠ‡ji †ÿ‡Î 75%
ÿq n‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq mgq mgvb n‡e bv| †iwWqv‡gi wbDUªb msL¨v,Z nn = 226  88 = 138

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 Aa¨vq-9: cigvYy g‡Wj I wbDwK¬qvi c`v_©weÁvb
†iwWqv‡gi fiÎæwU, = 1.824119  931 MeV

m = npmp + nnmn  mrad = 1698.25 MeV

ev, m = 88  1.00728 amu + 138  1698.25

wbDwK¬qb cÖwZ eÜbkw³, = MeV = 7.51
1.00876 amu  226.025401 226
mau MeV/Nucleon

 m = 1.824119 amu (Ans.)


N Li Gi fiÎæwU,

mLi = 3  1.00728 + 4  1.00876 

7.016004

= 0.04087 amu

Li Gi eÜb kw³, 

om
BELi = 0.04087  931 MeV cÖkœ7 ivwkqvi weL¨vZ cvigvYweK we`y¨r Drcv`b †K›`ª

†Pi‡bvwe‡j †Kvb GK mgq 226g †iwWqvg msMÖn Kiv n‡jv| GK
= 38.05 MeV
.c
eQi ci wnmve K‡i †`Lv †Mj 2.42  1020 msL¨K †iwWqvg
38.05 cigvYy K‡g †M‡Q| [SvjKvVx miKvwi gwnjv K‡jR]
bd

wbDwK¬qb cÖwZ eÜbkw³, = 7 MeV = 5.44

K. fiÎæwU Kv‡K e‡j? 1
MeV/Nucleon
ng

L. 220 volt AC, 220 volt DC A‡cÿv †ewk wec¾bK

N Gi eÜbkw³, BEN = mN  931 MeV
†Kb? 2
hi

= (7  1.00728 + 7  1.00876 M. KZ mgq ci Av‡iv DÏxc‡Ki mgvb msL¨K cigvYy K‡g

ac

hv‡e? 3
 14.003096)  931 MeV
N. †iwWqv‡gi Mo Avqy Gi Aa©vqy A‡cÿv †ewk| MvwYwZKfv‡e
Te

= 101.67 MeV
we‡kølY Ki| 4
101.67
wbDwK¬qb cÖwZ eÜbkw³, = MeV = 7.26 7 b¤^i cÖ‡kœi DËi
14
MeV/Nucleon K wbDwK¬qvm MVbKvix Dcv`vbmg~‡ni f‡ii mgwó A‡cÿv
wbDwK¬qv‡mi fi wKQyUv Kg nq| f‡ii G cv_©K¨‡K fiÎæwU e‡j|
Zn Gi eÜbkw³, BEZn = mzn  931 MeV
L GKB gv‡bi DC †fv‡ëR A‡cÿv AC †fv‡ëR †ewk
= (30  1.00728 + 35  1.00876
wec¾bK| †hgb, 220V wWwm †fv‡ë‡Ri kK gv‡b n‡jv, kK
 64.929245)×931 MeV LvIqvi mgqKv‡j me©`v 220V gv‡bi †fv‡ë‡Ri kK LvIqv| G‡Z
†`‡n ÿqÿwZi AvksKv i‡q‡Q| Z‡e GKB mgqKvj a‡i 220V
= 554.65 MeV Gwm †fv‡ë‡Ri kK †L‡j †`‡n ÿqÿwZi cwigvY †ewk n‡e| KviY
554.65 220V Gwm gv‡b wbw`©ó ÿz`ª mgq AšÍi AšÍi m‡e©v”P 220V  2
wbDwK¬qb cÖwZ eÜbkw³, = 65 MeV = 8.53 = 311V gv‡bi †fv‡ëR| Gwm †fv‡ë‡Ri †ÿ‡Î R.M.S ev
MeV/Nucleon Kvh©Ki gvb 220V n‡j kxl©gvb n‡e 311V.

Ra Gi eÜb kw³, BERa = mRa  931 MeV

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 Aa¨vq-9: cigvYy g‡Wj I wbDwK¬qvi c`v_©weÁvb

M †`Iqv Av‡Q, 0.693
ev, T1 = [ÔMÕ bs n‡Z gvb ewm‡q]
2
4.98  104
cÖv_wgK Ae¯’vq cigvYyi msL¨v, No = 6.023  1023wU
 T1 = 1.39  103 year
mgq, t1 = 1 year 2

1 year c‡i AÿZ cigvYyi msL¨v, Avevi,

N = (6.023  1023  2.42  †iwWqv‡gi Mo Avqy,

20
10 )
1
=
 N = 6.02  10 wU
23 

ÿq aªæeK, =  1
ev,  =
4.98  104
N
 N = et1   = 2.008  103 year
o

om
6.02  1023 GLv‡b,  > T1
ev, = e1
6.023  1023 .c 2

ev,   = ln(0.999) myZivs †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, †iwWqv‡gi Mo Avqy Gi Aa©vqy A‡cÿv †ewk|
bd

ev,  = 4.98  104 (year)1 cÖkœ8 †Kvb cixÿvMv‡i m`¨RvZ GKwU †gŠ‡ji iƒcvšÍi

ch©‡eÿ‡Yi †jLwPÎ :
ng

Avevi,

t mgq c‡i AÿZ cigvYyi msL¨v,

hi

N = (6.02  1023  2.42 

ac

1020) [miKvwi GgGg wmwU K‡jR, Lyjbv]

Te

 N = 6.017  1023wU K. †ZRw¯µqZvi ÿq m~ÎwU wee„Z Ki| 1

N t L. UªvbwR÷i myBP wn‡m‡e e¨en„Z n‡Z cv‡i- e¨vL¨v Ki| 2

N =e
M. †gŠjwUi Mo Rxeb wnmve Ki| 3
6.017  1023 4.98  104t N. ch©‡eÿ‡Y †gŠjwU †ZRw¯µq ÿ‡qi cy‡ivcywi wbqg †g‡b‡Q
ev, =e
6.02  1023 wKbv- MvwYwZK ch©v‡jvPbv Ki| 4

ev,  4.98  104t = ln (0.999) =  4.98  104

 t = 1 year. (Ans.) 8 b¤^i cÖ‡kœi DËi


N †iwWqv‡gi Aa©vqy, 
K †h‡Kv‡bv gyn~‡Z© †ZRw¯µq cigvYyi fv½‡bi nvi H gyn~‡Z©
eZ©gvb AÿZ cigvYyi †gvU msL¨vi mgvbycvwZK| A_©vr,
0.693
T1 = dN
2
  dt  N

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 Aa¨vq-9: cigvYy g‡Wj I wbDwK¬qvi c`v_©weÁvb
dN N = Noet
ev dt =  N [GLv‡b,  GKwU mgvbycvwZK aªæeK]
N
L cxV wefe k~b¨ ev b~¨bZg GKwU gv‡bi Kg n‡j msMÖvnK I ev, N = et
o
wbtmi‡Ki g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv Zwor cÖevn P‡j bv| GKwU wmwjKb
UªvbwR÷‡ii †ÿ‡Î G by¨bZg gvb n‡”Q 0.7V| G‡K UªvbwR÷‡ii N
ev, N = e(0.04326  32.06)
ÒKvU AdÓ Ae¯’v e‡j| G Ae¯’vq LED R¡‡j bv (wPÎ) (L) Avevi o

cxV wef‡ei GKwU wbw`©ó gvb A‡cÿv †ewk wefe cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡j
N
wbtmiK I msMÖvn‡Ki g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv †iva _v‡K bv ej‡jB P‡j| d‡j  N = 0.249 (0.25) hv †jLwPÎ †K mg_©b K‡i bv|
o
eZ©bx‡Z Zwor cÖevn P‡j| G‡K UªvbwR÷‡ii Òm¤ú„³ Ae¯’vÓ e‡j|
wmwjKb UªvbwR÷‡ii cxV wefe 14.V Gi †ewk n‡j UªvbwR÷i Avevi, ïiæ n‡Z, t = 64.06hr c‡i
m¤ú„³ Ae¯’v cÖvß nq| Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi,
cxV wefe wb¤œ (k~b¨) n‡j myBP Ad Ges D”P n‡j myBP Ab| G Aewkó c`v‡_©i Av‡cwÿK cwigvY,
Ae¯’vq LED R‡j|
N t
No = e

om
N
ev, N = e(0.04326  32.06)
o

N
.c
 N = 0.0625(  0.125 †jLwP·K mg_©b K‡i bv)
o
bd

M †`Iqv Av‡Q,
Avevi
m`¨RvZ †gŠjwUi Aa©vqy, T1 = 16.02 hr
ng

ïiæ n‡Z, t = 64.10hr c‡i Aewkó c`v‡_©i Av‡cwÿK cwigvY,

2
N t
No = e
hi

T1
2
Mo Avqy,  = 0.693
ac

N
ev, N e(0.04326  64.10)
o
16.02
Te

= 0.693
N
 N = 0.625 ( 0.063, †jLwP·K mg_©b K‡i bv)
o
= 23.12 h1 (Ans.)
myZivs Dc‡iv³ MvwYwZK we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g †`Lv hv‡”Q †h †gŠjwU

N DÏxcK n‡Z cvB, †ZRw¯µq ÿ‡qi cy‡ivcywi wbqg †g‡b Pj‡Q bv|
0.693
Aeÿq aªæeK,  = T
1
2 cÖkœ9 U235 Gi wdkb wewµqvq cÖPzi kw³ wbM©Z nq| hv Kqjvi

`nb Zvckw³i Zzjbvq eû¸‡Y †ewk| Kqjvi `nb Zvc kw³ 3.36
0.693  107Jkg1| [ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq ¯‹zj]
ev,  = 16.02
K. AmgewZ©Z Av‡jv‡Ki msÁv `vI| 1
  = 0.04326hr1
L. Zzwg wKfv‡e cÖgvY Ki‡e †h, d‡Uv B‡jw±ªK wµqv GKwU
Zvn‡j ïiæ n‡Z, t = 32.06 hr c‡i Aewkó c`v‡_©i Av‡cwÿK ZvrÿwYK NUbv| 2
cwigvY,

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 Aa¨vq-9: cigvYy g‡Wj I wbDwK¬qvi c`v_©weÁvb
M. U235 Gi wdkb wewµqvq Drcbœ kw³‡K wKfv‡e e¨envwiK 3.36  107J Zvckw³ cvq 1kg Kqjv
Kv‡R jvMv‡bv hvq Zv ms‡ÿ‡c Av‡jvPbv Ki| 3 †_‡K

N. 1kg U235 Gi wdkb wewµqvq Drcbœ kw³ Kx cwigvY 1

Kqjvi `nb kw³i mgZzj Zv MvwYwZKfv‡e we‡kølY Ki|  1J Zvckw³ cvq
3.36  107
Ó
4
9  1016
 9  1016J Zvckw³ cvq Ó
3.36  107

= 2.67  109 kg
9 b¤^i cÖ‡kœi DËi
myZivs Dc‡iv³ MvwYwZK we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g †`Lv hv‡”Q 1kg U235
K hw` †Kv‡bv Av‡jvK Zi‡½i Rb¨ Av‡jvi MwZi Awfgy‡Li †_‡K Drcbœ Zv‡ci cwigvY 9  10 J. hvnv 2.67  10 kg
16 9

Awfj¤^ Z‡j Zi½RwbZ K¤úb mew`‡K mgvbfv‡e m¤úvw`Z nq Kqjvi `nb Zvckw³i mgZzj¨|
Z‡e Zv‡K AmgewZ©Z Av‡jv e‡j|
cÖkœ10 Øv`k weÁv‡bi QvÎ gÄy A I B `ywU †ZRw¯µq †gŠ‡ji

L avZz †_‡K B‡jKUªb wbM©gb GKwU ZvrÿwYK cÖwµqv Ges Rb¨ `ywU †jLwPÎ Dc¯’vcb K‡i ejj †h, B †gŠ‡ji 50% ÿq n‡Z
AvcwZZ †dvUb hLb B‡jKUªb Øviv †kvwlZ nq ZLb B‡jKUªb †h mgq jvM‡e †mB mg‡q A †gŠ‡ji 25% ÿq n‡e|

om
wbM©g‡b †Kvb mg‡qi cÖ‡qvRb c‡obv A_©vr, †dvUb †kvlY Ges
B‡jKUªb wbM©g‡bi gv‡S †Kvb mgq e¨eavb †bB| myZivs d‡Uv
B‡jw±ªK wewµqv GKwU ZvrÿwYK cÖwµqv|
.c
M U235 Gi wdkb wewµqvq Drcbœ kw³‡K Avgiv cvigvYweK
bd

Pzwjø‡Z we`y¨r Drcv`‡bi Kv‡R e¨envi Ki‡Z cvwi| cvigvYweK

Pzwjø‡Z wdkb cÖwµqv Drcbœ kw³ Pzwjøi cvwb †dvUv‡bi Kv‡R e¨q
ng

nq| AwZ D”PZv‡c cvwb hLb ev‡®ú cwiYZ nq ZLb GB ev®ú [Avb›` †gvnb K‡jR, gqgbwmsn]
Øviv UvievBb Nywi‡q †Rbv‡iUi Gi gva¨‡g we`y¨r Drcbœ Kiv nq|
Gfv‡e U235 †_‡K Drcbœ kw³‡K e¨envwiK Kv‡R jvMv‡bv hvq| K. †ZRw¯µqZv Kv‡K e‡j? 1
hi


N †`Iqv Av‡Q, L. †evi Kÿ‡K ¯’vqx Kÿc_ ejv nq †Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
ac

Kqjvi `nbkw³, E = 3.36  107Jkg1 M. A †gŠ‡ji Mo Avqy KZ? 3

Te

U235 Gi fi, m = 1kg N. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K gÄyi Dw³i mZ¨Zv hvPvB Ki| 4

Av‡jvi †eM, c = 3  108ms1 10 b¤^i cÖ‡kœi DËi


K †ZRw¯µq †gŠj †_‡K ¯^Ztù‚Z©fv‡e †ZRw¯µq iwk¥ wbM©g‡bi
†ei Ki‡Z n‡e, kw³, E = ?
NUbv‡K ejv nq †ZRw¯µqZv|
Avgiv Rvwb,
L †evi Kÿc_¸wj‡K Ô¯’vqx Kÿc_Õ ejv nq KviY GB
E = mc 2 Kÿc_¸wj‡Z cÖ`wÿY Kivi mgq B‡jKUªb †Kv‡bv kw³ wewKiY
K‡i bv| hw`I cÖ`wÿY Kv‡j G‡`i MwZ‡Z Z¡iY _v‡K Z_vwc
ev, E = 1  (3  108)2 †ev‡ii ¯^xKvh© Abyhvqx B‡jKUªb¸wj kw³ ÿq bv K‡i Kÿc‡_
AveZ©b K‡i|
 E = 9  1016J

M DÏxcK n‡Z cvB,
myZivs 1kg, U235 †_‡K Drcbœ Zv‡ci cwigvY = 9  1016J
A Gi Avw` cigvYyi msL¨v = No n‡j
GLb,
No
25 eQi ci Aewkó cigvYyi msL¨v 2

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 Aa¨vq-9: cigvYy g‡Wj I wbDwK¬qvi c`v_©weÁvb
 A †ZRw¯µq c`v_©wUi Aa©vqy, T1 = 25 eQi cÖv_wgK cigvYyi msL¨v = No
2
Aewkó cigvYyi msL¨v = N
 Gi Aeÿq aªæeK  n‡j,
ÿqaªæeK,  = 0.02772 yr1 [ÔMÕ n‡Z]
Avgiv Rvwb,
mgq, t = 50 yr
0.693
T1 =
2
  t mgq Aewkó cigvYyi msL¨v,

0.693 0.693 N t

  = T = 25 yr = 27.72  103 yr1 No = e
1
2
= e(0.02772  50)
1 1
 Mo Avqy,  = = = 36 yr (Ans.)
 27.72  103 = 0.25


N B Gi †ÿ‡Î wPÎ n‡Z cvB,  N = 0.25No

om
No  t mg‡q ÿq nq = (No  0.25No) = 0.75No
Gi Avw` cigvbyi msL¨v No n‡j, 2 cwigvY ev 50% ÿq n‡Z
 t mgq ci ÿq nq 75%
mgq jv‡M, t = 50 year.
.c
AGi †ÿ‡Î,  DÏxc‡Ki gÄyi Dw³wU mZ¨ bq|
bd
ng
hi
ac
Te

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