SQQM2034 CALCULUS II

SEMESTER A222, 2022/2023 SESSION

GROUP PROJECT 2

Prepared for

DR. HABIBULLA AHADKULOV

PREPARED BY

MATRIC. NO NAME
1 293280 Chow Kian Fatt
2 292899 Chang Zhi Qiao

3 292923 Ong Carlynn

4 293331 Eng Xin Yi

5 292851 Siow Shun Cheng

Question 1
a) For this question, we chose to analyze the data set on child abuse, a deeply
distressing topic that demands urgent attention. Child abuse remains a harrowing
reality in today's society, haunting the lives of countless innocent children. Based
on the data that we have collect, we can clearly observe that child abuse cases
continue to rise over time. Despite growing awareness and efforts to combat this
serious issue, child abuse continues to persist, taking various forms that leave
devastating and lasting impacts. Physical abuse, emotional trauma, neglect, and
sexual exploitation are just a few of the horrific manifestations that plague the lives
of vulnerable children. Sadly, the growth of technology and the internet has added
another layer of complexity, with instances of online child exploitation and
grooming becoming alarmingly common. The consequences of child abuse are far-
reaching, affecting not only the victims' physical and emotional well-being but also
their long-term prospects for a healthy future. It is imperative that society remains
careful, actively working to protect children through comprehensive support
systems, education, and effective legislation. By promoting awareness, providing
resources, and fostering a culture of zero tolerance towards child abuse, we could
try to create a safer world where every child can grow up in an environment free
from fear and harm.
b)

Statistics of Child Abuse (2014-2018)

500
450
Total Cases of Child Abuse

400
y = 35.6x + 307
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
Number of Years

Statistics of Child Abuse (2014-2018)

500
450 y = 35.6x + 307
Total Cases of Child Abuse

400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
Number of Years
Let x= the number of years
y= total cases of child abuse
x y xy x2
0 328 0 0
1 329 329 1

2 349 698 4
3 429 1287 9
4 456 1824 16

∑x=10 ∑y=1891 ∑xy =4138 ∑x2=30

𝑛 ∑ 𝑥𝑦−∑ 𝑥 ∑ 𝑦
b= 2
𝑛 ∑ 𝑥 2 −(∑ 𝑥)

5(4138)−(10)(1891)
= 5(30)−(10)2

1780
= 50

= 35.6
∑𝑦 ∑𝑥
𝑦̅ = 𝑥̅ =
𝑛 𝑛

1891 10
= =
5 5

=2

𝑦̅ = 𝑏𝑥̅ + 𝑎
𝑎 = 𝑦̅ − 𝑏𝑥̅
1891
= − 35.6(2)
5

= 307

𝑦̅ = 35.6𝑥̅ + 307
𝑓(𝑥) = 35.6𝑥 + 307, 𝑥 ≥ 0
c) 𝑎 = 307 is the y-intercept which means the number of child abuse cases in year
2014 where 𝑏 = 35.6 shows the number of child abuse is increasing every year.

d) 𝑓(𝑥) = 35.6𝑥 + 307, 𝑥 ≥ 0

Statistics of Child Abuse (2014-2018)

500
450 y = 35.6x + 307
Total Cases of Child Abuse

400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
Number of Year

By using the horizontal line test, it is one-to-one function because there is only an
intersection point between the graph 𝑓(𝑥) = 35.6𝑥 + 307 and horizontal line
𝑦 = 350.

e) 𝑓(𝑥) = 35.6𝑥 + 307

𝑦 = 35.6𝑥 + 307
𝑥 = 35.6𝑦 + 307
35.6𝑦 = 𝑥 − 307
5
𝑦= (𝑥 − 307)
178
5
𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = (𝑥 − 307)
178

f) The inverse function in part (e) describe the rate of reduction in child abuse
incidents or the decrease in reported child abuse cases over a period of time.

g)
 500
450
y = 35.6x + 307
400
350
300
250
y-axis

200
150
100
50 y = 0.0281x - 8.6236
0
0 100 200 300 400 500
-50
x-axis
Question 2
a)

By inserting the image into Desmos, we managed to estimate the equation of the
parabola of the bridge. The bridge equation is as follow:
𝑦 = −0.063(𝑥 − 5)2 + 1.6

b) The formula to find length of the arc of the parabola by using integration is

𝒃
𝒅𝒚 𝟐
∫ √[𝟏 + ( ) ] 𝒅𝒙
𝒂 𝒅𝒙

From part (a), we got the equation of the parabola is 𝑦 = 0.063(𝑥 − 5)2 + 1.6,
0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 10
𝑦 = −0.063(𝑥 − 5)2 + 1.6
𝑑𝑦
= −0.126(𝑥 − 5)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= −0.126𝑥 + 0.63
𝑑𝑥
 Arc length of the parabola
10
∫0 √[1 + (−0.126𝑥 + 0.63)2 ] 𝑑𝑥

Let 𝒖 = −𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟔𝒙 + 𝟎. 𝟔𝟑 ; 𝒅𝒖 = −𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟔 𝒅𝒙

Let 𝒖 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 ; 𝒅𝒖 = (𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽)𝟐 𝒅𝜽
−0.63 𝑑𝑦
= ∫0.63 √1 + 𝑢2 (−0.126)

1 0.63
= ∫ √1 + 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
0.126 −0.63

1 0.63
= ∫ √1 + (tan 𝜃)2 (sec 𝜃)2 𝑑𝜃
0.126 −0.63

1 0.63
= ∫
0.126 −0.63
√(sec 𝜃)2 (sec 𝜃)2 𝑑𝜃

1 0.63
= ∫ (sec 𝜃)3 𝑑𝜃
0.126 −0.63

1 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 1
= [ + ln|sec 𝜃 + tan 𝜃|]0.63
−0.63
0.126 2 2

1
= [sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 + ln|sec 𝜃 + tan 𝜃|]0.63
−0.63
0.252

1
= [𝑢√1 + 𝑢2 + ln|√1 + 𝑢2 + 𝑢 |]0.63
−0.63
0.252

1
= [0.63√1.3969 + ln|√1.3969 + 0.63| + 0.63√1.3969 – ln|√1.3969 − 0.63|]
0.252

1
= [1.26√1.3969 + ln|√1.3969 + 0.63| − ln|√1.3969 − 0.63|]
0.252

≈ 10.62682 unit

c) 𝑦 = −0.063(𝑥 − 5)2 + 1.6

Area of region bounded by parabola.
10
∫0 −0.063 (𝑥 − 5)2 + 1.6 𝑑𝑥
10
= ∫0 −0.063 (𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 25) + 1.6 𝑑𝑥
10
= ∫0 −0.063𝑥 2 + 0.63𝑥 + 0.025 𝑑𝑥

−0.063𝑥 3 0.632
= [ + + 0.025𝑥 ]10
0
3 2

= (−21 + 31.5 + 0.25 − 0)

= 10.75 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 2
Question 3
a) 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒

𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒, 𝑆0 = 3 = 3 × 40
𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝐼𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑆1 = 3 × 4 = 3 × 41
𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝐼𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑆2 = 3 × 4 × 4 = 3 × 42
𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑟𝑑 𝐼𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑆3 = 3 × 4 × 4 × 4 = 3 × 43

∴ 𝑆𝑛 = 3 × 4𝑛 ; n = 0,1,2,3, …

𝑙𝑛 = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒

1
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒, 𝑙0 = 𝑎 = 𝑎( )0
3
1
1 1
𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝐼𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑙1 = 𝑎 ( ) = 𝑎 ( )
3 3
1 1 1 2
𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝐼𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑙2 = 𝑎 ( ) ( ) = 𝑎 ( )
3 3 3
1 1 1 1 3
𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑟𝑑 𝐼𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑙3 = 𝑎 ( ) ( ) ( ) = 𝑎 ( )
3 3 3 3

1
∴ 𝑙𝑛 = 𝑎(3)𝑛 ; n = 0,1,2,3, …

𝑝𝑛 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒

𝑝𝑛 = 𝑆𝑛 × 𝑙𝑛
1 𝑛
𝑝𝑛 = 3 × 4𝑛 × 𝑎 ( )
3
4 𝑛
𝑝𝑛 = 3𝑎 (3) ; n = 0,1,2,3, …

4
∴ 𝑝𝑛 = 3𝑎(3)𝑛 ; n = 0,1,2,3, …
b) 𝑆𝑛 = 3 × 4𝑛

lim 𝑆𝑛 = lim 3 × 4𝑛
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞

= ∞

1 𝑛
𝑙𝑛 = 𝑎 ( )
3
1
lim 𝑙𝑛 = lim 𝑎( )𝑛
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 3
= 0

4 𝑛
𝑝𝑛 = 3𝑎 ( )
3
4
lim 𝑝𝑛 = lim 3𝑎( )𝑛
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 3
= ∞

∴ 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 lim 𝑆𝑛 = ∞ , lim 𝑝𝑛 = ∞ , 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑆𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡.

𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞

∴ 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 lim 𝑙𝑛 = 0 , 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑙𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑡𝑜 0.

𝑛→∞

𝑎2
c) 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 − 4

3𝑎2
𝑐= √
4
√3
𝑐= 𝑎
2

Area of equilateral triangle

𝑎 √3
= ( 𝑎)
2 2

√3 2
= 𝑎
4
Since each side is divided into three equal parts and the middle will be removed and
construct an equilateral triangle. Then, we can assume that the number of equilateral
triangles added depends on the number of the side of the previous iteration.

Number of sides = 3, 12, 48, …

Equilateral triangle added in the first iteration = 3
Equilateral triangle added in the second iteration = 12
Equilateral triangle added in the third iteration = 48

4 4 4
3 ( ) + 3( )2 + 3( )3 + ⋯
9 9 9
4
𝑎𝑛 = 3(9)𝑛 , n = 1,2,3, …

4 4
𝑎𝑛 = 3 (9) (9)𝑛−1 , n = 1,2,3, …

4 4
𝑎𝑛 = (3) (9)𝑛−1 , n = 1,2,3, …
4 4
𝑎=3 , 𝑟=9

4
𝑎 ( ) 12
𝑆𝑛 = = 4
3
=
1−𝑟 1−( ) 5
9

∴ 𝑰𝒕 𝒊𝒔 𝒂 𝒈𝒆𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄 𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔.

Area enclosed by the snowflake curve.

√3 2 √3 𝑎 2 √3 𝑎 2 √3 𝑎 2
= 𝑎 + 3 ( 4 ) (3) + 12 ( 4 ) (9 ) + 48 ( 4 ) (27) + ⋯
4

√3 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
= 𝑎 [1 + 3 (3) + 12 (32 ) + 48 (33 ) + ⋯ ]
4

√3 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
= 𝑎 [1 + 3 (3) + 3(4) (32 ) + 3(4)(4) (33 ) + ⋯ ]
4

√3 2 1 1 2 1 3
= 𝑎 [4 + 3(4) (9) + 3(4)2 (9) + 3(4)3 (9) + ⋯ ]
16

√3 2 4 4 2 4 3
= 𝑎 [4 + 3 (9) + 3 (9) + 3 (9) + ⋯ ]
16

√3 2 12
= 𝑎 [4 + ]
16 5

2√3
= 𝑎2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 2
5