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 Higher-Order Derivatives
The derivative of 𝑦 with respect to 𝑥
and 𝐷𝑥 𝑦 can be further differentiated.
The derivative of the first derivative is
called the second derivative and is
𝑑 2𝑦
denoted by 𝐷𝑥2 𝑦 or 2 and further
𝑑𝑥
𝑛 𝑑𝑛 𝑦
differentiation results to 𝐷𝑥 𝑦 or 𝑛 .
𝑑𝑥

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 𝑓′ Leibniz
Derivative 𝑦 ′ notation 𝐷𝑥 notation
notation Notation
𝑑𝑦
First 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) 𝑦′ 𝐷𝑥 𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2𝑦
Second 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) 𝑦′′ 𝐷𝑥2 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑3𝑦
Third 𝑓 ′′′ (𝑥) 𝑦′′′ 𝐷𝑥3 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 3
𝑑4𝑦
Fourth 𝑓 (4) (𝑥) 𝑦 (4) 𝐷𝑥4 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 4
𝑑𝑛 𝑦
nth 𝑓 (𝑛) (𝑥) 𝑦 (𝑛) 𝐷𝑥𝑛 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑛

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Halimbawa: Find what is being asked.
1. Given 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 8, find 𝑦 ′′′

2. Given 𝑦 = 4𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 9 + 2𝑥 −1 ,
find 𝑦 (4)

2
3. Given 𝑦 = 5𝑥 − 2 4𝑥 + 1 3 , find 𝑦 ′′

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 Implicit Differentiation
Implicit Differentiation is nothing more than
a special case of the well-known chain rule
for derivatives. The majority of
differentiation problems in basic calculus
involve functions on 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) . On
occasions that functions are not in the form
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), but in implicit form 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 0,
then implicit differentiation is needed.
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When differentiating 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 0 ,
consider that 𝑦 is defined implicitly in
terms of 𝑥 . A shortcut for implicit
differentiation is using the partial
derivative. When you use the partial
derivative, you treat all the variables,
except the one you are differentiating
with respect to, like a constant.

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 𝜕𝑓
For example, 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = 2𝑦. In this case, 𝑦
𝜕𝑥
is treated as a constant. Here is another
𝜕𝑓
example: 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = 2𝑥 + 2𝑦. In this case,
𝜕𝑦
𝑥 is treated as the constant.

𝜕𝑓
𝑑𝑦 −𝑓𝑥 − 𝜕𝑥 𝑦 is constant
= =
𝑑𝑥 𝑓𝑦 𝜕𝑓
𝑥 is constant
𝜕𝑦
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 Partial derivatives are formally
covered in multivariable calculus.

Even though this is a multivariate topic,

this method applies to single variable
implicit differentiation because you are
setting the output to be constant.

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Practice Exercise
𝑑𝑦
Find 𝑑𝑥
3 𝑥𝑦 4
1. 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑒
2. sin 2𝑥 2 𝑦 3 = 3𝑥 3 + 1
2 2
3. 3𝑥 + 3 = ln 5𝑥𝑦
2 3 3
4. 6 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 + 5 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 =5
5. 𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 arctan 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑦

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