STAT APP

(STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND SOFTWARE APPLICATIONS)

CHAPTER 1
LOW AVERAGE HIGH
Statistics PUBLIC OPINION ABOUT THE PERFORMANCE OF PRESIDENT /
DEFINITION OF STATISTICS 1 ftean Poor 2 fteans Average 3 fteans High

 Statistics is a branch of aPPlieD ftatheftatics

B. NUMERICAL-VALUED OR QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES
which Deals with the collection, organization,
Presentation, analysis, anD interPretation of  are variables that are classifieD accorDing to nufterical
Data. Statisticians DeveloP anD aPPly aPProPriate characteristics (e.g., height, age, Pulse rate, nuftber
ftethoDs in collecting anD analyzing Data. They guiDe of chilDren anD sPeeD). Nufterical-valueD
the Design of a research stuDy anD then analyze the variables can be treateD as categorical variables
results. The interPretation of the results will be the when they are grouPeD into class intervals.
basis of the statisticians in ftaking inferences E/aftPles:
about the PoPulation being consiDereD. Age in years (5-9, 10-14, 15-19, anD 20 anD above)
Height in cft (100-149, 150-199ft 200-249)
KEY TERMS GraDe in (1.00-1.49, 1.50-1.99, 2.00-2.49, 2.50-2.99,
Math 3.00-3.49, 3.50-3.99, anD 4.00-5.00)
 DescriPtive statistics:
o The Part of statistics that Deals with NUMERICAL-VALUES VARIABLES CAN BE CLASSIFIES AS
the DescriPtion anD suftftarization of Data. FOLLOWS:

 Inferential statistics:
 B.1 Discrete Variables
o The Part of statistics that is concerneD with
o are variables whose values are obtaineD by
Drawing conclusions froft Data.
counting (e.g., nuftber of chilDren, nuftber of
 Variable:
Persons with blues eyes, nuftber of Patients
o Any characteristic of an inDiviDual or entity.
with T.B., nuftber of ftales anD feftales in a
A. CATEGORICAL OR QUALITATIVE VARIABLES statistics class)
 b.2 Continuous Variables
 are variables that are classifieD accorDing to softe
o are variables whose values are obtaineD by
attributes or categories.
fteasuring (e.g., teftPerature, Distance, area,
E/aftPles:
Density, age, height, weight), all of
which cannot be Put into a list because they
can have any value in softe interval of real
nuftbers.

Rooft genDer Ages

 THE CATEGORIES MAYBE ORDERED BUT SPECIFIC NUMERICAL VALUES Table 1.1 Profile of PatientsJob Civil status
in DR. STONE HosPital TyPe of
MAY OR MAY NOT BE ASSIGNED. nuftber (in DescriPtion illness
yrs)
E/aftPles:
101 M 28 Engineer Single High Fever
Perforftance Rating
102 F 32 Clerk tyPist MarrieD High Fever
POOR FAIR GOOD VERY GOOD E/CELLENT 103 F 38 Housewife ftarrieD TyPhoiD
I.Q. SCORE fever

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104 M 46 Bank ftarrieD Cough

Roftan Catholic 60 75 135
Manager
BuDDhist 26 30 56
105 M 55 Ta/i Driver MarrieD Pneuftonia
106 F 32 Secretary WiDow/wiDower Pneuftonia Protestant 3 14 17
107 M 60 Teacher WiDow/wiDower Diabetes Jewish 16 8 24
108 F 24 Salesclerk Single Cancer
Total 105 127 232
109 M 40 Bank Teller MarrieD Heart
Disease
Table 1.2 shows the nuftber of ftale anD feftale resPonDents
110 ft 58 Postftan SeParateD HePatitis A grouPeD accorDing to religion. There are 60 ftales anD 75 feftales
who are Roftan Catholics, 26 ftales anD 30 feftales who
are BuDDhists, anD so on.

Table1.3 Distribution of MeDical StuDents of BaculuD University GrouPeD AccorDing to Race anD Civil Status.
CATEGORICAL
CONTINUOUS NUMERICAL
VARIABLES
NUMERICAL VARIABLES
VARIABLE
Race Single MarrieD WiDow/er SeParateD Total
SCALES OF MEASUREMENT
Afterican 10 5 0 1 16
 When gathering Data by any ftethoD, fteasureftents are Chinese 29 8 5 10 52
usually obtaineD (e.g., height in inches, weight in JaPanese 18 11 1 2 33
PounDs, age in years I.Q. scores, teftPerature in FiliPino 32 3 4 20 59
Degrees Celsius, inciDence rates, ftortality rates, Total 89 27 10 34 160
etc.). In table 1.3, the fteDical stuDents of BaculuD University
are classifieD accorDing to race anD civil status. The
 Measureftents are classifieD into four scales. In nuftber of single Aftericans is 10, Chinese stuDents 29,
selecting the statistical to be useD for Drawing JaPanese stuDents 18, anD FiliPinos 32.
inferences on a ranDoft saftPle, the tyPe of
fteasureftent scale ftust be carefully chosen. II. ORDINAL SCALE

 An OrDinal Scale is a fteasureftent scale that ranks

Below are four coftfton scales of fteasureftents. inDiviDuals in terfts of the Degree to which they Posses
I. NOMINAL SCALE characteristics.
II. ORDINAL SCALE
III. INTERVAL SCALE E/aftPle:
IV. RATIO SCALE Table1.4 An/iety Level of Mentally-RetarDeD Patients in
ProkoPyo HosPital
I. NOMINAL SCALE Se/ 0 1 2 3 Total
Male 9 16 2 1 28
 A noftinal scale is a fteasureftent scale that Feftale 21 10 4 7 42
classifies eleftents into two or ftore categories of
Total 30 26 6 8 70
classes. The nuftbers inDicate that the eleftents are
LegenD:
Different, but the Difference is not accorDing to orDer
0 = not an/ious
or ftagnituDe.
1 = low an/iety level
E/aftPle:
2 = ftoDerate an/iety level
Table 1.2 Distribution of Patients in GUADALUPE HosPital
3 = high an/iety level
AccorDing to Religion anD GenDer
Religion Male Feftale Total

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Chapter 1

 In the orDinal scale, the resPonDents are  A ratio scale is a fteasureftent scale that in aDDition to
classifieD into Different categories that are rankeD. In being an interval scale, also has an absolute zero
table 1.4, the ftentally retarDeD Patients in ProkoPyo in the scale.
HosPital are grouPeD accorDing to se/ anD an/iety
E/aftPle:
level.
Height, weight, area, volufte, sPeeD, rate of Doing work,
aftount of ftoney DePositeD in a bank. Table 1.5,
 The table shows that out of the ftale ftentally-retarDeD
Distribution if the Engineering StuDents in University ZZZ
Patients, 9 are not an/ious. 16 have low an/iety level, 2
AccorDing to Height anD Weight
have ftoDerate an/iety level, anD 1 has high an/iety Nafte of StuDent Height (in centifteters) Weight (in PounDs)
level. ArnolD 165 129
BernarD 144 112
 These inforftation ftay ftean nothing to orDinary ConraD 179 200
inDiviDuals who ftight be reaDing the rePort but for the EberharD 164 187
eftPloyees of the hosPital, they neeD to Fabian 177 150

constantly ftonitor these an/iety levels to Deterftine GeralD 156 152

HarolD 180 230
how ftany are resPonDing to the treatftent Positively
Ike 179 215
anD how ftany resPonDing negatively.

The heights of the stuDents were fteasureD using a Device

 In that way the clinician ftay know the ProPer fteDicine
with calibrations in centifteters anD the weights were fteasureD
that ftust be Prescribe to the Patients who are
in terfts of PounDs using a weighing scale.
not resPonDing well to the current fteDicines they
are taking.

MORE TERMS
 The clinician will also be able to know whether a
Patient can alreaDy be releaseD or be aDviseD to stay
 1.2.7 PoPulation
longer in
the hosPital for ftore treatftent.
o A PoPulation is DefineD as a grouP of
PeoPle,aniftals, Places, things, or iDeas.
III. INTERVAL SCALE

 An interval scale is a fteasureftent scale that, in  1.2.8 SaftPle

aDDition to orDering scores froft highest to o A saftPle is a subgrouP of the PoPulation.
lowest, establishes a uniforft unit in the scale so
that any Distance between two consecutive scores is
of equal ftagnituDe.
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
SAMPLING TERMINOLOGY
 For e/aftPle, the aPtituDe scores froft 90 to 100  SaftPle:

(both being equal to 10). There is also no absolute o A subset, or softe Part, of a larger PoPulation.

zero in this scale. For e/aftPle, a Place where the  PoPulation Eleftent:

teftPerature reaDing is 0 Degrees Celsius Does not ftean o any coftPlete grouP of entities that share

that there is no teftPerature in that Place. softe coftfton set of characteristics.

 PoPulation eleftent:
IV. RATIO SCALE o an inDiviDual fteftber of a PoPulation.
 Census:

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Chapter 1

o an investigation of all the inDiviDual I. QUOTA SAMPLING

eleftents that ftake uP a PoPulation.
 IDentify saftPles anD stoP as soon as coftPleteD.

REASONS FOR USING A SAMPLE

 Tifte
 Cost
 Inability to stuDy the whole PoPulation

SAMPLING IS IMPORTANT FOR RESEARCHERS?

 Collect Richer
II. JUDGEMENT SAMPLING
o Data Softetiftes, the goal of research is
to collect a little bit of Data froft a lot of  Pick stuDents who are in the first row only.
PeoPle (e.g., an oPinion Poll). At other  Pick stuDents who are hanDsofte anD beautiful.
tiftes, the goal is to collect a lot of
 Pick stuDents who have long hair.
inforftation froft just a few PeoPle
(e.g., a user stuDy or ethnograPhic
interview). Either way, saftPling allows
researchers to ask ParticiPants ftore
questions anD to gather richer Data than
Does contacting everyone in a PoPulation.
Aaron Moss, PhD, Cheskie Rosenzweig,
III. SNOW BALL SAMPLING
PhD, 3 Leib Litftan, PhD
 Convenient anD Manageable  Start with “1”, then “1” will picK the ne/t anD so on.

PROBABILITY SAMPLING AND NON- PROBABILITY SAMPLING

Probability SaftPling Non-Probability SaftPling

 any ftethoD of saftPling  Does not involve ranDoft
that uses softe forft of selection
IV. CHUNK SAMPLING
ranDoft selection
 sets uP softe ProceDure  Probabilities of  ConsiDer one are only.
that assures that Diff. selection are not
Units in the PoPulation sPecifieD for the
how equal Probabilities inDiviDuals in the
of being incluDeD coftPilation.

NON-PROBABILITY METHODS OF SELECTION

I. quota SaftPling
METHODS OF
II. snow ball saftPling
III. chunk saftPling
PROBABILITY
IV. juDgftent saftPling SAMPLING
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING

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Chapter 1
 SiftPlest forft of ranDoft saftPling
 Consists of choosing a saftPle froft a set of all
Possible saftPles of a Pre-chosen size, giving each
saftPle an equally chance of being the selecteD one.
IntroDuction to SiftPle RanDoft SaftPle
The siftPle ranDoft saftPle is a tyPe of saftPling
where the saftPle is chosen on a ranDoft basis anD not on a
systeftatic Pattern, it is treateD as an unbiaseD saftPling ftethoD
because of not consiDering any sPecial aPPl techniques. It is
generally useD when the result neeDs to be checkeD
without any sPecial Paraftetric aPProach.
In Short SiftPle ranDoft saftPle is as siftPle as Picking
uP a saftPle out of ftany itefts.
DIFF. TECHNIQUES OF DRAWING A SAMPLE IN A SIMPLE
RANDOM SAMPLING:
 LOTTERY OR FISHBOWL TECHNIQUE
o siftPly writing the naftes or nuftbers of
all the inDiviDual fteftbers in a sftall-
rolleD Piece of PaPers, then PlaceD in a
container.
 TABLE OF RANDOM NUMBERS
o these tables show sets of ranDoft Digits
arrangeD in grouPs.
A. Direct Selection ftethoD
B. The reftainDer ftethoD
Illustration:
 SuPPose a researcher wanteD to Draw a ranDoft saftPle
of 8 stuDents froft a list of 24 fourth year stuDents in
research class.
Using the DIRECT SELECTION METHOD
1. Make a list of the stuDents anD give theft corresPonDing
serial nuftbers froft 01 to 24.
2. Pick a line nuftber anD a coluftn.
3. ReaD DownwarD anD recorD the ne/t Digits
4. RePeat steP 4. Ignore rePeateD nuftbers anD the nuftbers
greater than 24.
5. If the coluftn has been e/hausteD, ProceeD to the ne/t.
6. Select the n inDiviDuals.
Using the REMAINDER METHOD
 UseD whenever the Direct selection ftethoD cannot be
aPPlieD.
HOW TO CONDUCT THE METHOD:
 the nuftber taken froft the Table of ranDoft nuftbers is
subtracteD froft the uPPer liftit within which
this nuftber falls, the reftainDer is the saftPle.
E/aftPle
 Using the first coluftn of the table of ranDoft nuftbers,
Pick 10 saftPle units froft a PoPulation of 123.
 Using the first coluftn, Pick 100 saftPle units froft a
PoPulation of 1150.
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Chapter 1

Region I 4,200,478 5.49

Region II 2,813,159 3.68
Region III 8,030,945 10.50
Region IV 11,793,655 15.42
Region V 4,686,669 6.13
Region VI 6,211,038 8.12
…. ….. …..

PRESENTATION OF DATA
 This refers to the organization of Data into
tables, graPhs or charts, so that logical anD
statistical conclusions can be DeriveD froft the
collecteD fteasureftents.
Data ftay be PresenteD in(3 MethoDs):
o Te/tual
o Tabular or
o GraPhical.
TEXTUAL PRESENTATION
 The Data gathereD are PresenteD in ParagraPh forft.
 Data are written anD reaD.
 It is a coftbination of te/ts anD figures.
GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION
KINDS OF GRAPHS OR DIAGRAMS
1. BAR GRAPH - useD to show relationshiPs/ coftParison
between grouPs.
2. PIE OR CIRCLE GRAPH- shows Percentages effectively.
3. LINE GRAPH - ftost useful in DisPlaying Data
that changes continuously over tifte.
4. PICTOGRAPH - or Pictograft. It uses sftall iDentical, or
figures of objects calleD isotoPes in ftaking
coftParisons. Each Picture rePresents a Definite
quantity.
E/aftPle of GraPhical Presentation (Bar GraPh)
Figure 1: SelecteD Causes of Death in the PhiliPPines

E/aftPle of Te/tual Presentation

Of the 150 saftPle intervieweD, the following

coftPlaints were noteD: 27 for lack of books in the library, 25
for a Dirty PlaygrounD, 20 for lack of laboratory equiPftent,
17 for a not well ftaintaineD university builDings

TABULAR PRESENTATION E/aftPle of GraPhical Presentation (Pie or Circle GraPh)

Figure 2: Three LeaDing Cause of ChilD Mortality Aftong
 MethoD of Presenting Data using the statistical table.
FiliPinos Ages 5-9
 A systeftatic organization of Data in coluftns anD rows.

E/aftPle of Tabular Presentation

Table 1: Total PoPulation Distribution by Region:2000
Region PoPulation Percent
NCR 9,932,560 12.98
CAR 1,365,412 1.78
E/aftPle of GraPhical Presentation (Line GraPh)

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Chapter 1

E/aftPle of GraPhical Presentation (PictograPh)

APPLICATIONS OF STATISTICS IN BUSINESS

 Accounting - auDiting anD cost estiftation

 Finance - investftents anD Portfolio ftanageftent
 Huftan resource - coftPensation, job satisfaction,
Perforftance fteasure
 OPeration-quality ftanageftent, forecasting, MIS,
caPacity Planning, ftaterials control
 Marketing-ftarket analysis, consufter research,
Pricing
 Econoftics - regional, national, anD international
econoftic Perforftance
 International Business -ftarket anD DeftograPhic
analysis.