Rectifier and Filter

Subir Kr. Maity

School of Electronics Engineering
Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT)
 Diode Circuit: Rectifier
▪ Rectifier is used for AC to DC conversion

▪ Types of rectifier:

i) Half wave
ii) Full wave ( Center-tapped and Bridge type)

Half wave rectifier:

• One diode D is used and diode is ON for +ve half

cycle. For –Ve half cycle diode is reverse biased
and hence it is OFF.
• So for each +ve cycle, current flows through load Theoretical Maximum
resistance R . Efficiency: 40.6%
• Output voltage is shown in Fig. Fig: Half Wave Rectifier

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 Full Wave Rectifier
Center-tapped Full Wave Rectifier:

• Two diode D1 and D2 used.

• One center-tapping transformer is required.
• During Positive half cycle, D1 is forward biased
(ON) and D2 is reverse biased (OFF). So current is
flowing from terminal A to center-tap terminal.

• During negative half cycle, D1 is reverse biased

(OFF) and D2 is forward biased (ON). So current
is flowing from terminal B to center-tap terminal.
Through load resistance current flows and for
both cycle, current flows in only one direction
(towards center-tap terminal). Theoretical Maximum Efficiency: 81.2%

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 Figure of Merits/Performance Parameters of
Rectifier

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 Performance Metrics of Rectifier
(1)DC or average value of output Voltage or current

For Half wave rectifier, Vdc=vm/π and for full wave rectifier:
Vdc=2Vm/π

Similarly, average value/dc value of current :

For Half wave rectifier, Idc=Im/π and for full wave rectifier: Idc=2Im/π
Where Vm and Im are the peak value of voltage and current.

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Ripple factor
• This parameter indicated how much ripple (ac component) mixed
with output.
• Lower value of ripple factor (γ) always desirable.

Now, ripple component

After simplification, for Half wave rectifier, γ=1.21 and for full wave
rectifier, γ=0.482

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Rectification Efficiency
• Efficiency(η)=(output dc power/input ac power in RMS)x100%
η=(Pout/Pin)x100%

For Half wave rectifier: η=40.6/(1+Rf/RL).

Where Rf is the ON resistance of diode and RL is the resistance of load
connected to the output of rectifier.

For full wave rectifier (center tapped): η=81.2/(1+Rf/RL)

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Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV)
• It is the maximum reverse voltage appears across a diode when the
diode is in non-conducting state (OFF).
• It is one important parameter for designing rectifier. If PIV >
breakdown voltage of diode, then diode is no longer in OFF state and
it will start conducting and rectification does not takes place.
• Value of PIV for different rectifier
Half Wave Center-tapped Bridge type
Vm 2Vm Vm

*Where Vm is the peak voltage appears at transformer secondary side

*Lower value of PIV is desirable for rectifier design.
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Problem for Practice
Q: A centre tap full wave rectifier uses a transformer whose secondary
side voltage is 35V RMS to centre tap. Each diode having dynamic on
state resistance of 100 Ohm. If the load value connected to the
output of rectifier is 1KOhm then find:
I) DC value of voltage and current
II) Ripple factor
III) Efficiency
IV) Peak Inverse voltage

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Passive Filters
Purpose of using Filters
• To remove AC component from rectified output
• To provide smooth DC output without any ripple.
• Frequency dependent components such as Inductor or capacitor or
combination of both are used to design filter.

• Types of Filter:
• LC Filter
• RC Filter
Rectifier with Capacitive Filter

RC Filter
Working mechanism of Capacitive Filter
• When i/p voltage reaches peak value
from min., capacitor connected at o/p
node charges up-to Vmax.
• When i/p falls from maximum value,
capacitor discharges.
• Since voltage across capacitor can’t
change suddenly, a constant o/p or
o/p with less ripple is obtained.
• If a large value of capacitor is used,
then it takes a long time to discharge
and within that again the rising i/p
appears and capacitor charges. In
that case, a constant o/p (perfect DC)
is obtained.
 Thank You

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