ENGLISH

REVIEWER understand what participants think in

a particular way.
FOURTH QUARTER

QUANTITATIVE
Lesson 1 RESEARCH
WHAT IS RESEARCH? Is a method that deals with numbers
and measurable forms. It uses a
RESEARCH is defined as careful systematic way of investigating events
consideration of study regarding a or data. It answers questions to justify
particular concern or problem using relationships with measurable
scientific methods. variables to either explain, predict, or
control a phenomenon.
According to the American sociologist
Earl Robert Babbie, “research is a PURPOSE
systematic inquiry to describe, explain,
predict, and control the observed The purpose of Qualitative method is
phenomenon. It involves inductive and to examine a phenomenon as it is, in
deductive methods. rich detail while Quantitative method
is to study relationships, cause and
effect.
TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGN
METHODS
For Qualitative, the design is flexible
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH and it evolves during study. On the other
hand, Quantitative is developed prior
Is a method that collects data using to study.
conversational methods, usually open-
ended questions. The responses APPROACH
collected are essentially non-
Qualitative is inductive and may
numerical. This method helps a
generate theory while Quantitative is
researcher
deductive and tests theory.

TOOLS
The Qualitative method only uses
small samples while Quantitative
method uses large samples.
ANALYSIS
For Qualitative, it uses a narrative
description and interpretation while for
Quantitative, it uses statistical analysis
of numeric data.
RESEARCH PAPER
STUCTURE
TITLE
Contains the fewest possible
words needed to adequately describe the
content and/or purpose of your research
paper.
ABSTRACT
Write 150 words on the purpose
of the study, research questions and
suggestions, and main findings with
conclusion.
INTRODUCTION
Provide the main information on
the problem statement, the indication of
the methodology, important findings
and principal conclusions.
Formulate the thesis statement.
REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE
Analyze and incorporate
scholarly sources on the past studies.
RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
Explain the design of the
research with techniques that are used
for gathering information and other
aspects related to the experiment.
EXPIREMENTS – People who
take part in research experiment
might be asked to complete
various tests to measure their
cognitive abilities (e.g word
recall, attention, concentration,
reasoning ability etc.) usually
verbally, on paper or by
computer.
SURVEYS – involve collecting
information, usually from fairly
large groups of people, by means
of questionnaires but other
techniques such as interviews or
telephoning may also be used.
QUESTIONNAIRES – obtain
information from a large number
of people and/or people who
may not have the time to attend
an interview or take part in
experiments.
INTERVIEWS – usually carried
out in person i.e. face-to-face but
can also be administered by
telephone or using more advance
computer technology such as
Skype.
CASE STUDIES – involve the
detailed study of a particular
case (a person or small group)
DATA ANALYSIS &
DISCUSSIONS
Review the information in the
introduction part, evaluate their gained
results, or compare it with past studies.
RESULTS
 Present and illustrate the It is a specific meaning of a
obtained findings word or phrase given to it by the group
of people who use the word in their
LIMITATIONS specific contest.
Consider the weaknesses of the It is more on the application of
research and results to get new the word.
directions
Different from the dictionary
CONCLUSION definition

Provide final thoughts and For example, these may include

summary of the whole work
RECOMMENDATIONS
Propose potential solutions or
new ideas based on the obtained results.
the various attempts to define or explain
a certain process and its properties
including but not limited to the
characteristics of the event itself.
Ex:

APPENDIX An automobile is a car or truck that

Contains the extra information, it
may not be useful to the entire audience
or the time and space may not allow you
to include in the main body. It supports
the important points in your paper
ACKNOWLEDMENT
Enable the researcher to thank
all those who have helped in carrying
out the research.
BIBLIOGRAPHY/
REFERENCES
Write the list of the sources used
to get information for the research
lesson 2
TYPES OF DEFINITION
OPERATIONAL
DEFINITION
gets you around from place to place and
caries cargo or passengers, and makes
it easier to live in the city or
countryside.
TECHNICAL
DEFINITION
It refers to the aspect of
explaining or describing any technical
terms or terminology.
Technical definitions could be
used in expanding the vocabulary since
most of these terms are explained in the
exact manner.
Examples include the terms and
definition of the words found in
dictionary.
And in a technical definition, knowing
who the audience is, matters
Ex:
An automobile is a road vehicle,
typically with four wheels, powered by
an internal combustion engine or
electric motor and able to carry a small
number of people.
PURPOSE OF TECHNICAL
DEFINITIONS:
1. Used by specialists when
communicating with readers
who have a high level of
technical expertise to :
clarify the context and
reduce ambiguity.
2. Help specialists
communicate with less
knowledgeable readers. For
example, a manual
explaining how to tune up a
car includes definitions of
parts and tools.
OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS are
concrete, observable, repeatable and
measurable. A definition that identifies
observable properties, steps in a
sequence, an interaction, change,
process, or other phenomena for
explanatory purposes.
lesson 3
EXPANDED DEFINITION OF
WORDS
FORMAL DEFINITION
Consists of three parts: the
term, the part of the speech to which it
belongs, such as noun or verb, and all
the traits or characteristics that are
specific to that term.
Another form is the word to define, the
class to which the term belongs and the
characteristics (details about the term
that distinguish it from other member of
the class.)
Ex: freedom
The power or right to act, speak,
or think as one wants without
hindrance or restraint.
INFORMAL
DEFINITION
The writer uses known words or
examples to explain an unknown term.
These definitions may be synonyms or
antonyms introduced by or, in other
words, or like.
Ex: freedom
Freedom, also referred to as
liberty or independence, is a state people
reach when they are free to think and do
whatever they please.
 freedom when everyone has the same
educational opportunities.
EXPANDED/
EXTENDED
DEFINITIONS
Generally have components of
both informal and formal definitions.
However, the author uses a number of
other techniques to define a word,
concept, or phrase.
PURPOSE OF EXPANDED
DEFINITIONIS TO INFORM BY:
a. Clarifying sometime that is
complex
b. Bringing a reader to a fresh
appreciation of something
familiar or taken for granted
Ex:
To our colonial forefathers,
freedom meant having a voice in their
government. (historical reference) The
Revolutionary War was a last resort
against an empire that continued to tax
its colonists without the presentation of
our colonists in Parliament. Since the
United States won the right to rule
itself, our country has been referred to
as “the land of the free and the home of
the brave” (example) True freedom
means the ability to think, feel, say, or
act however one chooses. (description-
listing parts) It is a state where the bars
of bondage do not exist. (negation)
Unfortunately, the widening gap
between the have and have nots means
that some are now shacked by their lack
of education. (evoke the senses:
shacked) Americans can attain real
11 TECHNIQUES IN WRITING
EXTENDED DEFINITIONS
1. ETYMOLOGY – explaining
origin of the word itself
2. HISTORY – if relevant,
discussing the history of the tem/
its use/ controversies associated
with it.
3. CAUSE and EFFECT –
discussing how the situation
came about and what effects it
may have
4. DESCRIPTION – listing and
defining the component parts
5. PRINCIPLES OF
OPERATION – discussing how
the topic in question functions,
including any special materials
or conditions required.
6. CLASSIFICATION – showing
how the topic fits into a larger
category
7. CONTRAS/NEGATION –
showing how the topic differs
from others in the same class
8. COMPARISON – showing how
the topic is similar to others in
the class
9. ANALOGY – explaining by
comparing two dissimilar topics,
where the second is familiar to
the audience.
10. EXAMPLES – give variety of
sample
11. ILLUSTRATIONS – include
pictures, drawings, sketches
 Formal definitions commonly use
lesson 4 indefinite articles for the term and class,
present forms of the verb be and an
RESEARCH REPORT adjective clause or reduced adjective
clause to express the distinguishing
The IMRaD FORMAT characteristics.
IMRaD is an acronym for Ex:
INTRODUCTION – METHOD –
RESULTS – and – DISCUSSION. 1. Modems are devices that
make possible the
The IMRaD format is a way of transmission of data to or
structuring a scientific article. It is often from a computer via
used in healthcare and natural sciences. telephone.
Unlike theses in the social sciences, the 2. The internet is a global
IMRaD format are usually short and system of networked
concise. The language will be plain and computers that allows user-
as unambiguous as possible. There is no to-user communication and
place in this type of writing for personal transfer data files.
views and fanciful language.
REMEMBER!
A research report is your way of Writing Informal
communicating the finding of your Definitions
study in a concise and systematic way.
You can inform, analyze, and persuade The following tips are some of
or argue through your research report. the ways on how to write informal
definitions, including expanded
definitions.
The Grammar in Writing Use present tense of the verb
Definitions
Ex: Cancel culture is generally
In academic word, students are discussed as being performed on social
often expected to give definitions of key media in the form of group shaming.
words and phrases in order to
Define the term in the way you use it.
demonstrate and understand these terms
clearly. Academic writers generally, Ex: Throughout this essay, the term
however, define terms so that their classic gaming will refer specifically to
readers understand exactly what is playing video games produced for the
meant when certain key terms are used. Atari, the original Nintendo
Entertainment System, and any systems
Writing Formal in-between.
Definitions
Use synonym : What is its similarity to
the other objects?
Ex: Cancel culture or call-out culture is
a modern form of ostracism in which
someone is thrust out of social or
professional circles – whether it be
online, on social media, or in person.
Those subject to this ostracism are said
to have been “cancelled”.
Use negation : What similar things
should not be equated with this object?
Ex: Machine screws, unlike machine
rivets, are not resistance to vibration and
low-profile heads.
Additional Tips for
Writing Definitions
3 GENERAL TYPES OF
REPORT
1.
Informational/Expository
This type presents information.
The reader sees the details of events,
activities, or conditions. This type does
not require analysis of the situation,
there is no conclusion, and no
recommendations.
2. Analytical
This type is written to solve
problems. Here, the information
gathered is analyzed, conclusions are
drawn, and recommendations are made.

- Avoid defining with “X is when” 3.

and “X is where the” elements.
These introductory adverb
phrases should be avoided.
Define a noun with a noun, a
verb with a verb, and so forth.
- Do not define a word by me
repetition or merely restating the
word.
Persuasive/Argumentative
This type is an extension of
analytical reports. This demonstrates an
attempt to convince the readers of the
solidity of a particular view you have on
a subject.

lesson 5
THE RESEARCH REPORT
After conducting your research, you
need to present your findings of your
study. Here, you will write about your
research clearly and concisely so that
your readers will understand the purpose
of the results of your research.