HEAT EFFECTS

AND BALANCE
Engr. Naneth C. Jacinto-Aguado
Instructor, Chemical and Food Engineering
 Heat Balance

HEAT
❖ The transient form
of energy which is
closely related to
temperature
changes
 Heat Balance
HEAT
❖ Transfer of thermal energy
between molecules within a
system and is measured in
Joules
TEMPERATURE
❖ Average kinetic energy of
molecules within a material or
system and is measured in Celsius,
Kelvin, Fahrenheit or Rankine
 Heat Balance
HEAT TEMPERATURE
❖ A form of energy which flows ❖ Degree of hotness and coldness of
from a hotter region to a a body
cooler region
 Heat Balance

HEAT TRANSFER

❖ The process of transfer of

heat from high temperature
reservoir to low temperature
reservoir.
 Heat Balance

MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER

❖ Conduction
❖ Convection
❖ Radiation
 Heat Balance

CONDUCTION
❖ Transfer of heat between two
solid bodies
CONVECTION
❖ Transfer of heat between the
solid surface and the liquid
RADIATION
❖ When two bodies are at different
temperatures and separated by
distance, the heat transfer
between them is called radiation
heat transfer.
Heat Balance
 Heat Balance

EXOTHERMIC
❖ The heat/energy is given off
by the body ENDOTHERMIC
❖ ∆H is negative ❖ The heat/energy is taken on by the
❖ Products have less energy body
than reactants ❖ ∆H is positive
❖ Products have more energy than
reactants
Heat Balance
 Heat Balance

HEAT (Q)

Q = U A ∆T
Q = rate of heat transfer
U = over-all heat transfer coefficient
A = area of heat transfer
∆T = change in temperature
 Heat Balance

HEAT BALANCE

The balance between the

rate of heat production
and the rate of heat loss.
 Heat Balance

HEAT BALANCE EQUATION

Σ Heat Inputs - Σ Heat Outputs = Accumulation

Steady State System:

Σ Heat Inputs = Σ Heat Outputs

 Heat Balance
HEAT BALANCES FOR REACTIVE SYSTEMS

I. Heats of Reaction (∆HR)

The difference between a. Reactants are fed in
the enthalpy of the stoichiometric amount and
reaction goes to
products and the enthalpy
completion
of the reactants for the
reaction taking place b. Reactants and products
under the following are the same temperature
conditions: and pressure
 Heat Balance
HEAT BALANCES FOR REACTIVE SYSTEMS

I. Heats of Reaction (∆HR)

EXAMPLE
H2(g) + Cl2(g) → 2HCl(g) ∆H = -183 KJ

Thermochemical
Equation
H2(g) + Cl2(g) → 2HCl(g) + 183 KJ
 Heat Balance
HEAT BALANCES FOR REACTIVE SYSTEMS

I. Heats of Reaction (∆HR)

EXAMPLE
CO2(g) → C(s) + O2(g) ∆H = 393.5 kJ

Thermochemical
Equation
CO2(g) + 393.5 kJ → C(s) + O2(g)
 Heat Balance
HEAT BALANCES FOR REACTIVE SYSTEMS

I. Heats of Reaction (∆HR)

Standard Heat of Reaction (HoR)
❖ The heat of reaction when
both the reactants and (+) heat of reaction = endothermic
products are at a reference (-) heat of reaction = exothermic
temperature and pressure
usually at 25 degrees
Celsius and 1 atm.
 Heat Balance
HEAT BALANCES FOR REACTIVE SYSTEMS

I. Heats of Reaction (∆HR)

Hess’s Law
❖ States that regardless of the multiple
stages or steps of a reaction, the
total enthalpy change for the
reaction is the sum of all changes
Standard Heat of Formation (Hof)
❖ Defined as the heat of reaction at
standard conditions for the reaction
forming 1 mole of this species from
the elements which make it up.

❖ This law is a manifestation that

enthalpy is a state function
 Heat Balance
HEAT BALANCES FOR REACTIVE SYSTEMS

I. Heats of Reaction (∆HR)

Formation Reactions
❖ Chemical reactions that form one
mole of a substance from its
Standard states
constituent elements in their
standard states ❖ Diatomic molecule and the proper
phase at normal temperatures
❖ Ex: O2, H2, Cl2, F2
 Heat Balance
HEAT BALANCES FOR REACTIVE SYSTEMS

I. Heats of Reaction (∆HR)

Formation Reactions: EXAMPLE
❖ Formation Reaction for Methane ❖ Formation Reaction for Water
C(s) + 2 H2(g) → CH4(g) 2 H2(g) + O2(g) → 2 H2O(ℓ)

❖ Formation Reaction for Carbon Dioxide

C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g)
 Heat Balance
HEAT BALANCES FOR REACTIVE SYSTEMS

I. Heats of Reaction (∆HR)

Formation Reactions: EXAMPLES
Which of the following are proper formation reactions?
1. H2(g) + Cl2(g) → 2 HCl(g)
2. Si(s) + 2 F2(g) → SiF4(g)
3. CaO(s) + CO2 → CaCO3(s)
4. 2 Fe(s) + 3 P(s) + 12 O(g) → Fe2(PO4)3(s)
 Heat Balance
HEAT BALANCES FOR REACTIVE SYSTEMS

I. Heats of Reaction (∆HR)

Standard Heat of Reaction (HoR)

∆HoR = Σ products Vi (Hof) i - Σ reactants Vi (Hof)i

Vi = stoichiometric coefficient for the ith species
 Heat Balance
HEAT BALANCES FOR REACTIVE SYSTEMS

I. Heats of Reaction (∆HR)

EXAMPLE:
Calculate the standard heat of reaction (HoR) for the
reaction of nitrogen monoxide gas with oxygen to form
nitrogen dioxide gas.
 Heat Balance
HEAT BALANCES FOR REACTIVE SYSTEMS

I. Heats of Reaction (∆HR)

EXAMPLE: SOLUTION
 Heat Balance
HEAT BALANCES FOR REACTIVE SYSTEMS

I. Heats of Reaction (∆HR)

EXAMPLE:
The standard enthalpy change for the reaction of calcium
carbide forming calcium oxide and carbon dioxide is 178.1
kJ. Calculate the standard enthalpy of formation of calcium
carbide.
HEAT BALANCES FOR REACTIVE SYSTEMS

I. Heats of Reaction (∆HR)

EXAMPLE: SOLUTION
 Heat Balance
HEAT BALANCES FOR REACTIVE SYSTEMS

II. Heat of Combustion

Standard Heat of Combustion (∆HoC)

❖ The heat of the reaction of a substance with oxygen to

form specified products with both reactants and
products at standard conditions, usually at 25 oC and 1
atm.
 Heat Balance
HEAT QUANTITIES IN HEAT BALANCE WITHOUT REACTION

a. Sensible Heat b. Latent Heat

❖ The energy required ❖ The amount of energy that is
to change the either absorbed or released
temperature of a during a phase transition at a
substance with no constant temperature
phase change
Heat Balance
 Heat Balance
HEAT QUANTITIES IN HEAT BALANCE WITHOUT REACTION

a. Sensible Heat b. Latent Heat

Q = mCp∆T
Q = sensible heat (Joule)
m = mass of the object
Cp = specific heat of the material
∆T = change in temperature
Q = mL
Q = Latent heat (J/kg)
m = mass of the object/body
L = specific latent heat coefficient of material
 Heat Balance
HEAT QUANTITIES IN HEAT BALANCE WITHOUT REACTION

b. Latent Heat
❖ Latent Heat of Fusion
❖ Latent Heat of Solidification
❖ Latent Heat of Vaporization
❖ Latent Heat of Condensation
❖ Latent Heat of Sublimation
 Heat Balance
HEAT QUANTITIES IN HEAT BALANCE WITHOUT REACTION

b. Latent Heat
❖ Latent Heat of Fusion
Heat required to melt a
solid to form its liquid
state
❖ Latent Heat of Solidification
Heat required to solidify a
liquid
❖ Latent Heat of Vaporization
Heat required to vaporize
a liquid
 Heat Balance
HEAT QUANTITIES IN HEAT BALANCE WITHOUT REACTION

b. Latent Heat
❖ Latent Heat of Condensation
Given off when vapor
condenses
❖ Latent Heat of Sublimation
Heat involved when a
solid changes directly to
gas
 Heat Balance
HEAT QUANTITIES IN HEAT BALANCE WITHOUT REACTION

Sensible Heat and Latent Heat EXAMPLE

How much heat is needed
to raise the temperature of
500.0 grams of water
from 20 degrees Celsius
to 100 degrees Celsius
 Heat Balance
HEAT QUANTITIES IN HEAT BALANCE WITHOUT REACTION

SEATWORK#1 Sensible Heat and Latent Heat

A sample of mercury is heated from 25.5 oC to 52.5 oC. In

the process, 3050 J of heat are absorbed. What mass of
mercury was in the sample? (the specific heat capacity of
mercury is 140 J/kg-oC)
 Heat Balance
HEAT QUANTITIES IN HEAT BALANCE WITHOUT REACTION

SEATWORK#2 Sensible Heat and Latent Heat EXAMPLE

Calculate the amount of heat required to change a 350

grams ice from -20 degrees Celsius to 35 degrees
Celsius.
Cp of ice = 2100 J/kg-oC
Heat of fusion of ice = 3.34 x 10^5 J/kg
 Heat Balance
HEAT QUANTITIES IN HEAT BALANCE WITHOUT REACTION

Heat Capacity Specific Heat

❖ The amount of heat ❖ The amount of heat
required to raise the required to raise the
temperature of an object temperature of 1 gram of
by 1 ⁰C a material by 1 ⁰C
 Heat Balance
HEAT QUANTITIES IN HEAT BALANCE WITHOUT REACTION

Heat Capacity of Solids

𝐶𝑝
= 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐷𝑇 −2
𝑅
Heat Capacity of Liquids
𝐶𝑝
= 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 2
𝑅
 Heat Balance
HEAT QUANTITIES IN HEAT BALANCE WITHOUT REACTION

Heat Capacity of Gases

For monoatomic Gases
5 7
𝐶𝑣 = 𝑅 𝐶𝑝 = 𝑅 𝐶𝑝 − 𝐶𝑣 = 𝑅 Where R = ideal constant = 8.314 kJ/kmol-K
2 2

For other Gases

𝐶𝑝
= 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 2 + 𝐷𝑇 −2 𝐶𝑝 − 𝐶𝑣 = 𝑅
𝑅
 Heat Balance
HEAT QUANTITIES IN HEAT BALANCE WITHOUT REACTION

Mean Heat Capacity

 Heat Balance
HEAT QUANTITIES IN HEAT BALANCE WITHOUT REACTION

Mean Heat Capacity

 Heat Balance
HEAT QUANTITIES IN HEAT BALANCE WITHOUT REACTION

Mean Heat Capacity