1 | Coronavirus Sociology’s Assignment

Name

Maqbool Ghaffar

Roll No.

18547

Class

BS (Hons) 4th Semester

Assignment

Sociology

Topic

Coronavirus

Submitted To

Ma’am Fareeha Amjad

Department Of Psychology

Govt. MAO College Lahore

BSAPSY 4th Semester Psychology Department

2 | Coronavirus Sociology’s Assignment

Contents
1) Definitions
2) Structure
3) Origin
4) Classification
5) Symptoms
6) Prevention
7) Impact of Coronavirus on Human

Coronavirus
Definitions:
According to Medicals Doctors

Coronavirus is a type of common virus that infects humans, typically leading to

an upper respiratory infection (URI).

According to WHO

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly

discovered coronavirus.

Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will experience mild to moderate
respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment. Older people, and
those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic
respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness.

Structure:

Coronaviruses have enveloped virions (virus particles) that measure

approximately 120 nm (1 nm = 10−9 meter) in diameter. Club-shaped glycoprotein
spikes in the envelope give the viruses a crown like, or coronal, appearance. The
nucleocapsid, made up of a protein shell known as a capsid and containing the
viral nucleic acids, is helical or tubular. The coronavirus genome consists of a single
strand of positive-sense RNA (ribonucleic acid).

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3 | Coronavirus Sociology’s Assignment

Origin:

The most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of all coronaviruses is estimated to

have existed as recently as 8000 BCE, although some models place the common ancestor
as far back as 55 million years or more, implying long term coevolution with bat and
avian species. The most recent common ancestor of the alpha coronavirus line has been
placed at about 2400 BCE, of the beta coronavirus line at 3300 BCE, of the gamma
coronavirus line at 2800 BCE, and of the delta coronavirus line at about 3000 BCE. Bats
and birds, as warm-blooded flying vertebrates, are an ideal natural reservoir for the
coronavirus gene pool (with bats the reservoir for alpha coronaviruses and beta
coronavirus – and birds the reservoir for gamma coronaviruses and delta
coronaviruses). The large number and global range of bat and avian species that host
viruses has enabled extensive evolution and dissemination of coronaviruses.

Many human coronaviruses have their origin in bats. The human coronavirus
NL63 shared a common ancestor with a bat coronavirus (ARCoV.2) between 1190 and
1449 CE. The human coronavirus 229E shared a common ancestor with a bat
coronavirus (GhanaGrp1 Bt CoV) between 1686 and 1800 CE. More
recently, alpaca coronavirus and human coronavirus 229E diverged sometime before
1960. MERS-CoV emerged in humans from bats through the intermediate host of
camels. MERS-CoV, although related to several bat coronavirus species, appears to
have diverged from these several centuries ago. The most closely related bat
coronavirus and SARS-CoV diverged in 1986. A possible path of evolution of SARS

BSAPSY 4th Semester Psychology Department

4 | Coronavirus Sociology’s
Assignment

coronavirus and keen bat coronaviruses is that SARS-related coronaviruses coevolved

in bats for a long time. The ancestors of SARS-CoV first infected leaf-nose bats of the
genus Hipposideridae; subsequently, they spread to horseshoe bats in the
species Rhinolophidae, then to Asian palm civets, and finally to humans.

Unlike other beta coronaviruses, bovine coronavirus of the species Beta

coronavirus 1 and subgenus Embecovirus is thought to have originated in rodents and
not in bats. In the 1790s, equine coronavirus diverged from the bovine coronavirus after
a cross-species jump. Later in the 1890s, human coronavirus OC43 diverged from
bovine coronavirus after another cross-species spillover event. It is speculated that
the flu pandemic of 1890 may have been caused by this spillover event, and not by
the influenza virus, because of the related timing, neurological symptoms, and unknown
causative agent of the pandemic. Besides causing respiratory infections, human
coronavirus OC43 is also suspected of playing a role in neurological diseases. In the
1950s, the human coronavirus OC43 began to diverge into its
present genotypes. Phylogentically, mouse hepatitis virus (Murine coronavirus), which
infects the mouse's liver and central nervous system, is related to human coronavirus
OC43 and bovine coronavirus. Human coronavirus HKU1, like the aforementioned
viruses, also has its origins in rodents.

Classification:
The scientific name for coronavirus is Orthocoronavirinae or Coronavirinae.
Coronaviruses belong to the family of Coronaviridae, order Nidovirales, and
realm Riboviria. They are divided into alpha coronaviruses and beta coronaviruses
which infect mammals and gamma coronaviruses and delta coronaviruses, which
primarily infect birds.

 Genus: Alpha coronavirus; type species: Alpha coronavirus 1 (TGEV)

 Species: Alpha coronavirus 1, Human coronavirus 229E, Human coronavirus
NL63, Miniopterus bat coronavirus 1, Miniopterus bat coronavirus
HKU8, Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, Rhinolophus bat coronavirus
HKU2, Scotophilus bat coronavirus 512
 Genus Beta coronavirus; type species: Murine coronavirus (MHV)
 Species: Beta coronavirus 1 (Bovine Coronavirus, Human coronavirus
OC43), Hedgehog coronavirus 1, Human coronavirus HKU1, Middle East
respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus, Murine coronavirus, Pipistrellus bat
coronavirus HKU5, Rousettus bat coronavirus HKU9, Severe acute respiratory
syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2), Tylonycteris bat
coronavirus HKU4
 Genus Gamma coronavirus; type species: Avian coronavirus (IBV)
 Species: Avian coronavirus, Beluga whale coronavirus SW1
 Genus Delta coronavirus; type species: Bulbul coronavirus HKU11
 Species: Bulbul coronavirus HKU11, Porcine coronavirus HKU15

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5 | Coronavirus Sociology’s Assignment

Symptoms:

COVID-19 affects different people in different ways. Most infected people will develop
mild to moderate illness and recover without hospitalization.

Most common symptoms:

 Fever.
 Dry cough.
 Tiredness.

Less common symptoms:

 Aches and pains.

 Sore throat.
 Diarrhea.
 Conjunctivitis.
 Headache.

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6 | Coronavirus Sociology’s
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Loss of taste or smell.

 A rash on skin, or discoloration of fingers or toes.

 Serious symptoms:
 Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath.
 Chest pain or pressure.
 Loss of speech or movement.

Symptoms

Fever 98% 99–100% 87.9%

Dry cough 47% 29–75% 67.7%

Dyspnea 72% 40–42% 18.6%

Diarrhea 26% 20–25% 3.7%

Sore throat 21% 13–25% 13.9%

Ventilator use 24.5% 14–20% 4.1%

Prevention:
To prevent infection and to slow transmission of COVID-19, do the following:

 Wash your hands regularly with soap and water, or clean them with alcohol-
based hand rub.
 Maintain at least 1 meter distance between you and people coughing or sneezing.
 Avoid touching your face.
 Cover your mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing.
 Stay home if you feel unwell.
 Refrain from smoking and other activities that weaken the lungs.
 Practice physical distancing by avoiding unnecessary travel and staying away
from large groups of people.

Impact of Coronavirus on Human:

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7 | Coronavirus Sociology’s Assignment

Coronavirus is spreading over all the country of China like a wild fire and it
impacts the health and economy of China and other country too, like Pakistan, India
and Russia. The Pakistan has closed CPEC link, India refused to give Visas to people to
travel in China and Russia has closed its border with China that the virus must not affect
their public. It has infected 25000 people, killed around 500 people, though it is present
more than 25 countries like US, UK and etc.

The fire has initiated in the Wuhan city where the See Food Market is located and
which sells wild animals meet, according to the estimation these wild animals can be the
cause of the coronavirus. In Wuhan city where the multiple Pakistani are settle down
for acquiring the qualitative education. But now they are surrounded within this fire
and no one is going to help them specially Pakistan because other countries had brought
their once. As the students of Pakistan are suffering from multiple crisis like food, pure
water and other facilities too, though two, two days they are deprived for the proper
meal.

The economy of China is decelerating because the Global business are shut down
their stores, suspend their operation or have imposed travel restriction on their
employees to control the spread of the virus. The China is the second economical country,
and today its economy is 14 trillion dollars. It is the largest manufacturer in the world
even bigger than the United State, but the virus reduced its export system badly.

This is not the first time of China which is facing such issues because in 2002-
2003 it had suffered from Server Acute Respiratory syndrome, which killed
approximately 800 people around 18 countries though lots of some billion dollars even
its economy was 1.7 trillion dollars. The Ebola virus in 2014-2016 reduced the 53 billion
dollars of China and SARS too in 2003, but coronavirus is stronger than these. There is
no any proper treatment for it.

BSAPSY 4th Semester Psychology Department