Experiment # 3

8/10
COMMON LABORATORY OPERATIONS

Group Number: _Group 6____________ Year/Section: _BSN 1 - A1___ __

Date Performed: _August 23, 2022 Date Submitted: August 24, 2022
Members: Florendo, Franz Axel G.
Tingson, Abigail M.

Objective: At the end of this experiment, the student should be able to perform some common
laboratory operations

Apparatus and Materials: Bunsen burner, tripod, wire gauze, evaporating dish, test tubes, test
tube holder, beakers, funnel, graduated cylinder, Erlenmeyer flask, thermometer,
separatory funnel, stirring rod, filter paper, silver nitrate solution, sodium chloride
solution, vegetable oil

Procedure:

A. Handling Liquids

1. Transferring liquids

Take two beakers and fill one beaker ¾ full of water. Take the beaker with water
in one hand and a glass rod in the other hand. Holding the glass rod against the
lip of the beaker containing the water and putting the free end of the rod into the
empty beaker, pour the water into the empty beaker. This directs the flow of the
water and prevents spilling down the sides of either container.

Result: (THIS PART IS ADVISED BY THE LECTURER NOT TO ANSWER)

2. Heating Liquids in Test Tubes

Partially fill a test tube with water (about half full) and hold it with a test tube
holder. Heat the liquid by holding the test tube at a 45o angle and passing it back
and forth over the flame of a burner so that the flame strikes the tube below the
liquid level but never at the bottom of the tube. Never look into a tube that is
being heated and never point towards anyone.
Why? 2/2
Accidents are inevitable, and only when the test tube is slightly heated at an
angle it can cause the heated liquid to burst. It is important that one should
always wear safety glasses and keep the test tube away from any other people.

3. Separating Immiscible Liquids

Mix 10 ml of water and 10 ml of vegetable oil in a beaker. Pour the mixture into
a separatory funnel. Note the formation of two layers. Identify the layers. Hold

1
 the stopper securely with your index and middle fingers, invert the funnel, and
shake the mixture. Release the pressure by opening the stopcock. Let stand until
the formation of two layers. Separate the water from the oil by slowly draining
the water out of the separatory funnel. Use the stopcock to adjust the flow of the
liquid.

Result: (THIS PART IS ADVISED BY THE LECTURER NOT TO ANSWER)

4. Measuring the Temperature of Liquids

Fill a beaker half-full with water. Place it over a flame and heat until the water
simmers. Reduce the flame, allow the water to boil, and determine the
temperature. The temperature bulb should dip in the water but should not touch
the bottom and side of the beaker.
Why? 2/2
The thermometer should not touch the container's side or bottom because the
container may not be at the same temperature as the water. As a result, once the
thermometer touches the container it may result in an incorrect interpretation.

Record the boiling point of water.

Result: (THIS PART IS ADVISED BY THE LECTURER NOT TO ANSWER)

B. Handling Solids

Solids or crystalline reagents should always be spooned out of the bottle with a clean dry
spatula. Use a watch glass to contain solid chemicals to be weighed. Never place
chemicals directly on the balance pans.

Item: Phone
Weight: 263 g 2/2
Date Examined: August 17, 2022

Item: Power Bank

Weight: 408.8 g
Date Examined: August 17, 2022

C. Volumetric Measurements

The surface of a liquid or a solution usually curves upward where it meets the walls of
the container. This crescent-shaped surface is called the meniscus. The lower meniscus is
considered for clear or lightly colored liquids; for heavily colored liquids, the upper
meniscus is used. Your eye should at the same level as the meniscus when reading the
volume of the liquid.

Measure and record with your graduated cylinder the volume of water that a test tube can
hold.

2
 The volume of water: 1 ml ok - 2/2
Date Examined: August 17, 2022

D. Separating a Solid from a Liquid

The mixture of solid and liquid to be separated is first prepared by precipitation.

To 1 ml of silver nitrate in a test tube, slowly add 3 ml of sodium chloride solution. Note
the white curdy solid, silver chloride, which is formed. A solid, which is formed by the
reaction between two solutions, is called a precipitate. Give the chemical equation for the
reaction.

Result: (THIS PART IS ADVISED BY THE LECTURER NOT TO ANSWER)

Proceed to the separation of the solid from the liquid by

1. Filtration

The process of separating solid particles from a liquid by pouring the mixture through
a filter paper is called filtration. The liquid that passes through the filter paper is
called the filtrate. The solid that is left on the filter paper is called the residue and if
the solid was formed by precipitation, it is called the precipitate.

Proper placement of the filter paper is essential for efficient filtration. To prepare a
funnel for filtration, fold and crease a piece of filter paper in half, then fold again to
form a quadrant but do not crease the paper this time. Note that each fold is off-
center. Tear off a small piece of one corner then open the paper so that a cone results.
One side of the cone should have three layers of paper while the other one has one.
Press the paper against the sides of the funnel and moisten it with the solvent so that
it will adhere to the glass. The paper should not reach the top of the funnel. Support
the funnel with an iron ring attached to a ring stand and place a beaker under the
funnel so that the tip of the funnel touches the inner wall of the beaker. Pour the
liquid down a glass rod held in a vertical position against the lip of the funnel with
the lower end close to the thicker part of the filter paper cone. Do not pour too
rapidly; the level of the liquid must never rise above the top of the paper. Use a wash
bottle containing the solvent to rinse any remaining solid from the container onto the
filter paper.

Pour the mixture of solid and liquid from the precipitation process into the filter
paper. Reserve the precipitate for part 2, decantation, and the filtrate, for part 3,
evaporation.

Result: (THIS PART IS ADVISED BY THE LECTURER NOT TO ANSWER)

2. Decantation

Transfer the precipitate from the filter paper in #1 to a test tube. Add about 5 ml of
water to the precipitate and shake. Allow the precipitate to settle to the bottom of the
test tube and slowly pour off the supernatant liquid. This method of separating a solid

3
 from a liquid by allowing the solid to settle to the bottom and carefully pouring off
the supernatant liquid is called decantation.

Result: (THIS PART IS ADVISED BY THE LECTURER NOT TO ANSWER)

3. Evaporation

Transfer the filtrate from #1 to an evaporating dish. Connect the Bunsen burner to the
gas supply. Light it and adjust the flame for gentle heating. Put a tripod over the
lighted burner and put a wire gauze on top of the tripod. Now place the evaporating
dish with the filtrate on the asbestos center of the wire gauze and allow the liquid to
evaporate slowly until all the liquid has been evaporated, being careful enough not to
overheat the white crystals formed. Allow the contents to cool. The solid resulting
from such evaporation is called a residue. The residue in this case is sodium nitrate.

Result: (THIS PART IS ADVISED BY THE LECTURER NOT TO ANSWER)

Generalizations/Insights??