SHAHEED ZULFIQAR ALI BHUTTO UNIVERSITY OF LAW,

CLIFTON, KARACHI.

SUBJECT : INTRO TO LOGIC AND REASONING

LECTURER : MA’AM FAIZA MEHREEN

NAME : Nasir Shah

ROLL NO : BL-1753
CLASS : LL.B-III(A)

TOPIC : WHAT IS RELATIONAL ANALYSIS? “&”

DESCRIBE THE FOLLOWING TERMS:
1. Truth Table 2. Semantic Trees 3.Mine finder 4.Mine Field.

DATE : 18-01-2023
  WHAT IS RELATIONAL ANALYSIS?
The relational analysis is a type of content analysis where the concepts
found in the text are further analyzed by how they relate to each other
or emotional content.
There are three subcategories of relational analysis:
1. Affect Extraction:
- Provides emotional evaluation of concepts explicit in a text.
-concepts can be assigned a number corresponding to
emotional/psychological scales.
2. Proximity Analysis: Concerned with the co-occurrence of explicit
concepts in a text.
-set “window” – predetermined length of words,
-scan each window for the co-occurrence of concepts,
-creates a “concept matrix that may suggest certain overall meanings
and can also use clustering, grouping, and scaling.
3. Cognitive Mapping: Takes proximity analysis further by creating a
visual representation.
-allows comparison across texts (map analysis).
-Map analysis allows comparisons of “how meanings and definitions
shift across People and time.
HOW WE USE RELATIONAL ANALYSIS:- Relational analysis allows
for more interpretation than conceptual analysis. It goes beyond the
frequency of individual concepts and allows For Inferences to be made
about overall meaning.
WHEN AND WHER WE USE RELATIONAL ANALYSIS:- Similar to
conceptual analysis, relational analysis is useful when a large body of
text needs to be analyzed. Often conducted along with conceptual
analysis it allows the examination of how concepts in the text are
related to each other and provides some understanding of he overall
meaning of the text.

o Steps for relational analysis

1. IDENTIFY QUESTION: Delineates purpose, -focuses interpretation.
2. CHOOSE SAMPLE OR SUBSAMPLE: Text or speech.
3. DETERMINE TYPE OF ANALYSIS: From subtypes above. -determine
the level of analysis (single world, multi-word). -Reduce text to
categories for words or patterns (existence/frequency coding).
4. REDUCE THE TEXT TO CATEGORIES TO CODE FOR WORDS OR PATTERNS:
existence vs. frequency. -deeper levels may be necessitated by
the research question.
5. EXPLORE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CONCEPTS: Strength of
relationship-degree to which concepts are related. -Unhelpful as
to how. -Sign of the relationship. -positive or negative
relationship. -not in the correlational sense, in a colloquial sense.
-seems highly subjective. -Direction of the relationship.
-distinguishing causes vs. effects (i.e., if x, then y). -can code
bidirectionally for correlational models or less restrictive
exploratory models.
6. CODE THE RELATIONSHIPS: No info as to how.
7. PERFORM STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: No info as to which.
8. MAP OUT THE REPRESENTATIONS: Represent relationships
graphically.
o DEFINE THE FOLLOWING TERMS

TRUTH TABLE:- A truth table is a mathematical table used in

logic—specifically in connection with Boolean algebra, Boolean
functions, and propositional calculus—which sets out the
functional values of logical expressions on each of their functional
arguments, that is, for each combination of values taken by their
logical variables. In particular, truth tables can be used to show
whether a propositional expression is true for all legitimate input
values, that is, logically valid. A truth table has one column for each
input variable (for example, P and Q), and one final column
showing all of the possible results of the logical operation that the
table represents (for example, P X OR Q). Each row of the truth
table contains one possible configuration of the input variables
(for instance, P=true Q=false), and the result of the operation for
those values. See the examples below for further clarification.
.2) SEMANTIC TREES: Semantics refers to the meaning level of
language. It is usually thought of as sitting "above" the syntactic level,
and just "below" the level of non-linguistic cognition. Before discussing
semantic structure, let's look at the traditional way of diagramming
sentence syntax. Here are the syntactical "trees" of a few simple
sentences.
Semantic Tree or tree of knowledge is based on the methodology of
the semantic decomposition used in the semiotics and linguistic
semantics, naming of the nodes (semantic entities) using
onomasiology approaches.
S stands for sentence, NP for noun phrase, VP for verb phrase, N for
noun, V for verb, pn for pronoun, det for determinative (e.g. “the”), adj
for adjective, and aux for auxiliary.
3) MINE FINDER:- Mine Finder is a single-player puzzle game. The
objective of the game is to clear a rectangular board containing hidden
"mines" or bombs without detonating any of them, with help from
clues about the number of neighboring mines in each field. The game
originates from the 1960s, and it has been written for many computing
platforms in use today, this is one of first books utilizing Mine Finder
Puzzle.
A logic puzzle variant of minesweeper, suitable for playing on paper,
starts with some squares already revealed. The player cannot reveal
any more squares, but must instead mark the remaining mines
correctly. Unlike the usual form of minesweeper, these puzzles have a
unique solution.
The perfect way of Improving mental ability and problem-solving
skills through mine finder game. It us entertaining and logical
game, in which puzzles are solved logically.
4) MINE FIELD:- Minefield is a game played on an 8x8 board. You
start in the upper left corner and you navigate the board using the
arrow keys. Your current location is indicated in green. Some cells
contain mines; some contain messages, others are empty. If you move
into a cell containing a mine, the game immediately ends. If you move
into a cell containing a message, the message appears in the message
area above the board. The messages can help you locate mines. The
messages are written in the language of relational logic. (The sentence
mine(2,3) means that there is a mine in row 2 and column 3 of the
board.) Once you find the mine, you can reveal it by double-clicking on
the corresponding row and column. However, if you double-click on a
cell that does not contain the mine, the game immediately ends just as
if you had stepped on a mine

“THE END”