Single-phase system

(Chapter 5)
Content

qLiquid and Solid Densities

qIdeal Gases (single species gas & gas mixture)
qEquation of state for non-ideal gases.
qThe compressibility-factor equation of state
 Single-Phase Systems

3.2. Gas Mixture

gas
gl e
S i n
. 4.1. Single gas
3.1
3. Ideal gas

1.Solid, liquid 4. Non-ideal gas

& gas 2. Single-phase 4.2. Gas mixture
systems
*Non-Ideal Gas – Single species gas
q Virial equation of state
q van der Waals equation of state
q Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK) equation of state
q Compresibility factor, z
 Non-Ideal Gas – Single species gas
Critical Temperature (Tc) and Pressure (Pc)

q a condition where a species can coexist in two phase (liq and

vapor) ~ critical state
q below Tc ~ name as vapor
q above Tc ~ name as gas
q above Tc and Pc ~ name as supercritical fluids
q data on Tc and Pc are in Table B.1
Non-Ideal Gas – Single species gas
q Virial equations of state (for nonpolar species)

* Find Tc, Pc and Pitzer acentric factor,  (Table 5.3-1)

* Calculate reduced temperature, Tr = T/Tc
* Estimate B
PV̂ B C D
 1    .... 0 . 422
RT V̂ V̂ 2 V̂ 3 B 0  0 . 083 
T r1 .6
PV̂ B
 1  (simplified ) 0 . 172
RT V̂ B1  0 . 139 
T r4 . 2
RT
V̂  RT c
P B ( B 0   B1 )
Pc
PV̂ PB
 1 
RT RT

Try example 5.3-1

 Non-Ideal Gas – Single species gas
q Cubic equations of state

* van der Waals eqs of state

( RT c ) 2
RT a a  0 .42747
Pc
P ^

^ 2 RT c
Vb V b  0 .08664
Pc

27 R 2 T c2 RT c m  0 .48508  1 . 55171   0 .1561 2

a ,b  Tr  T / Tc
64 Pc 8 Pc

  1  m (1  T r ) 
2

* SRK eqs of state

RT a
P  ^
 ^ ^
Vb V (V  b )
Try example 5.3-2

Note: Refer Table 5.3-1 and Table B.1 in the calculation

Non-Ideal Gas – Single species gas
q The compressibility factor (z) of a gaseous species:

PVˆ
z
z = 1 ~ ideal gas RT
z ≠ 1 ~ nonideal gas

Compressibility factor equation of state,

P Vˆ  zRT
PV  znRT
P V  zn RT

Note: When T and P are known, the z is determined by calculation technique

 Non-Ideal Gas – Single species gas
To estimate z, using compressibility chart at given T and P:

q Determine Tc and Pc of the species

q Calculate the reduced temperature, Tr = T/Tc, and reduced pressure, Pr = P/Pc.
q Look up the value of z on a generalized compressibility chart (Figure 5.4-1 -
5.4-4), which plots z versus Pr for specified values of Tr

Note: the closer Tr and Pr are to 1, the closer the gas is to its critical state.
 Non-Ideal Gas – Single species gas
A plot of z versus Tr and Pr = generalized compressibility chart.
Figure 5.4-1 shows a generalized compressibility chart for those fluids having a
critical compressibility factor (zc) of 0.27.

Figure 5.4-2 to 5.4-4 are expansions of various regions of Figure 5.4-1. The
parameter V ideal is introduced to eliminate the need for trial-and-error calculations
r
in problems where either temperature or pressure are unknown.

^ ideal Vˆ Vˆ PcVˆ
Vr  ideal  
ˆ
Vc RTc / Pc RTc
 Non-Ideal Gas – Single species gas

q If the gas is either hydrogen or helium, determine adjusted

critical constant from the empirical formulas:

Tca  Tc  8K Newton’s correction

Pca  Pc  8atm

Try example 5.4-1

 *NON-IDEAL - GAS MIXTURES

Kay's rule estimate pseudocritical properties of mixture as simple averages of

pure-component critical constants and utilizes generalized compressibility charts.

Kay’s rule estimate pseudocritical properties of mixtures:

Pseudocritical temperature: T '  y T  y T  y T  ....

c A cA B cB C cC

Pseudocritical presssure: Pc'  y A PcA  y B PcB  y C PcC  ....

T
Pseudoreduced temperature: T r' 
T c'
P
Pseudoreduced pressure: Pr 
'

Pc'
 NON-IDEAL - GAS MIXTURES

q The compressibility factor for a gas mixture, zm:

z RT
Vˆ  m
P
q Estimate the ideal pseudoreduced volume:

VˆPc'
Vˆrideal 
RTc'

Note: use Figure 5.4-2 ~ 5.4-4 to estimate the zm

Try example 5.4-2

• Jan 2018 (Q5)
• June 2018 (Q5)
• Dec 2018 (Q5)