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Optimum design of gasket plate heat exchanger using multimodal genetic

algorithm

Article in Heat Transfer Research · January 2013

DOI: 10.1615/HeatTransRes.2013006366

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 Heat Transfer Research 44(7), 1–19 (2013)

OPTIMUM DESIGN OF GASKET PLATE

HEAT EXCHANGER USING MULTIMODAL
GENETIC ALGORITHM

F
Farzaneh Hajabdollahi,1 Zahra Hajabdollahi,2
& Hassan Hajabdollahi,3,*

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1
Mechanical Engineering Department, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad,
Mashhad, Iran

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2
Mechanical Engineering Department, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman,
Kerman, Iran
3 PR
Mechanical Engineering Department, Vali‐e‐Asr University of Rafsanjan,
Rafsanjan, Iran
∗Address all correspondence to H. Hajabdollahi E-mail: Hajabdollahi@iust.ac.ir

Thermal modeling and optimal design of a gasket plate heat exchanger are presented in this
R
paper. The method is applied to estimate the heat exchanger pressure drop and the effectiveness
of chevron plates. Corrugation angle, amplitude, and wavelength of chevron corrugation, plate
width, plate length, and the number of plates are considered as six design parameters. The Fast
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and Elitist Non‐Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA‐II) is applied to obtain the maxi‐
mum effectiveness and the minimum total annual cost (sum of investment and operation costs)
as two objective functions. The results of optimal designs are a set of multiple optimum solu‐
tions called ʺPareto optimal solutionsʺ. The sensitivity analysis of change in optimum effective‐
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ness and total annual cost with change in design parameters of the gasket plate heat exchanger
is also performed and the results are reported. It is also investigated that effectiveness is propor‐
tional to the nondimensional parameter of corrugation amplitude to wavelength in the optimum
situation.

KEY WORDS: gasket plate heat exchanger, effectiveness, total annual cost, objective
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function, multiobjective optimization, NSGA‐II

1. INTRODUCTION
A gasket plate heat exchanger (GPHE) as shown in Fig. 1 is a typical heat ex-
changer that is widely used in many industrial power generation plants, chemical,
petrochemical, and petroleum industries (Shah and Sekulic, 2003). There are many
studies in design and optimization of various heat exchangers. Hajabdollahi et al.
(2011[Q1]) applied the genetic algorithm (GA) for optimization of compact heat

1064-2285/13/$35.00 © 2013 by Begell House, Inc. 1

 2 F. Hajabdollahi, Z. Hajabdollahi, & H. Hajabdollahi

NOMENCLATURE

a chevron corrugation amplitude, mm Re Reynolds number

2
Atot total heat transfer area, m Rf fouling factor, m2⋅K/W
af annualized factor t plate thickness, m
c specific heat, J/kg⋅K U overall heat transfer coefficient,

F
Cmin minimum of Ch and Cc, W/K W⋅m2/K
Cmax maximum of Ch and Cc, W/K Vt volumetric flow rate, m3/s

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C∗ heat capacity rate ratio, Cmin/Cmax W plate width, m
Cinv investment cost, $ y depreciation time, year
Cope annual cost of operation, $/year Greek symbols

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Ctotal total annual cost, $/year β corrugation angle, deg
Dh hydraulic diameter, m ε thermal effectiveness
f
G
h
kel
fanning friction factor
mass flux, kg/m2⋅s PR
heat transfer coefficient, W⋅m2/K
price of electrical energy, $ MW⋅h–1
η
Λ
μ
pump efficiency
chevron corrugation wavelength, mm
viscosity, Pa⋅s
ΔP pressure drop, Pa
kw plate conductivity, W/m⋅K ρ density, kg/m3
N number of chevron plates τ hours of operation per year
R
NTU number of transfer units Subscripts
Nu Nusselt number c cold
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Lh plate length h hot

Pr Prandtl number m medium
TH

r interest rate w plate wall

exchangers including the plate fin and rotary regenerator (Hajabdollahi et al.,
2011a,b; Sanaye and Hajabdollahi, 2009; Ahmadi et al., 2010). Hilbert et al.
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(2006) also used a multiobjective optimization technique to maximize the heat

transfer rate and to minimize the pressure drop in a tube bank heat exchanger. Xie
et al. (2007) minimized the total volume as well as the total annual cost of a
compact heat exchanger by considering three shape parameters as decision vari-
ables. Wang et al. (2010) applied the genetic algorithm to optimize the primary
energy saving, annual total cost saving, and carbon dioxide emission reduction.
Guo et al. (2009) employed the genetic algorithm to optimize the field synergy
number which is defined as the indicator of the synergy between the velocity field
and heat flow. Sahin et al. (2005) optimized the design parameters of a heat ex-

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 Optimum Design of Gasket Plate Heat Exchanger 3

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PR
FIG. 1: Schematic of gasket plate heat exchanger with chevron corrugated plate

changer with rectangular fins by Taguchi’s experimental-design method. Doodman

et al. (2009) minimized the total annual cost of air cooled heat exchangers using
global sensitivity analysis. Foli et al. (2006) estimated the optimum geometric pa-
R
rameters of microchannels in micro heat exchangers by maximizing the heat trans-
fer rate and minimizing the pressure drop as two objective functions. Liu and
Cheng (2008) optimized a recuperator for the maximum heat transfer effectiveness
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as well as minimum exchanger weight and pressure loss. Gholap and Khan (2007)
also studied air cooled heat exchangers by minimizing the energy consumption by
fans and material cost as two objective functions.
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In this paper, after thermal modeling of a GPHE, this equipment is optimized by

maximizing the effectiveness as well as minimizing the total annual cost. The ge-
netic algorithm optimization technique is applied to provide a set of Pareto multi-
ple optimum solutions. The sensitivity analysis of the change in the optimum
values of effectiveness and total annual cost with change in design parameters is
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performed and the results are reported.

As a summary, the following is the contribution of this paper into the subject:
• Thermal modeling of a gasket plate heat exchanger with chevron plates.
• Applying multiobjective optimization for a gasket plate heat exchanger with
effectiveness and total annual cost as two objectives using the genetic algo-
rithm.
• Selecting the corrugation angle, amplitude, and wavelength of chevron corru-
gation, plate width, plate length, and the number of plates as design parame-
ters (decision variables).

Volume 44, Number 7, 2013

 4 F. Hajabdollahi, Z. Hajabdollahi, & H. Hajabdollahi

• Proposing a closed form equation for the total annual cost in terms of the ef-
fectiveness at the optimal design point.
• Performing sensitivity analysis of the change in the objective functions on
variation of the optimum design parameters.

2. THERMAL MODELING

The ε−NTU method is applied here for predicting the heat exchanger performance.

F
The effectiveness of the counterflow heat exchanger is calculated as follows (Shah
and Sekulic, 2003):

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1 − e− NTU (1−C
*
)
ε= . (1)
1 − C *e −NTU (1−C
*
)

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The number of transfer units (NTU) and heat capacity ratio (C ∗) are defined as
follows (Shah and Sekulic, 2003):
PR
NTU max =
UAtot
C min
, (2)

C * = C min / Cmax , (3)

R
U is the overall heat transfer coefficient and Atot is the total heat transfer surface
area computed from
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1 (4)
U= .
1 1 t
+ + R f ,c + R f ,h +
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hc hh kp

The quantity h is the heat transfer coefficient and Rf is the fouling resistance fac-
tor. Moreover, t and kp are the plate thickness and plate conductivity, respectively.
Many different correlations for the heat transfer and pressure drop in chevron
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plate (Fig. 1) heat exchangers have been reported in the literature. The Fanning
factor f and Nusselt number Nu (representatives of the pressure drop and of its
thermal performances, respectively), defined in Eqs. (5) and (6) by Sunders ([Q2])
and Schlunder (1998) for chevron plate cores are given as (Fig. 1)
c1 (5)
f = ,
Re c 2
hDh μ
Nu = = 0.205 Pr1/3( m )1/6 ( f . Re 2 sin 2β) 0.374 , (6)
k μw

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 Optimum Design of Gasket Plate Heat Exchanger 5

where β is the corrugation angle. The values of μm and μw should be obtained at

the average temperature of stream and at the wall temperature, respectively.
The proposed correlations for the Culburn number and f factor are accurate
within ±13%.
The Reynolds number and hydraulic diameter are defined as (Shah and Sekulic,
2003)
DhG
Re = (7)

F
,
μ

O
4a
Dh = , (8)
Φ

( )

O
1
Φ= 1 + 1 + X 2 + 4 1 + 0.5 X 2 , (9)
6
2πa

where G is the mass flux defined as

PR X=

m
.
Λ
, (10)

G = , (11)
2aW
where a and Λ are the amplitude and wavelength of chevron corrugations, respec-
R
tively. Moreover, W is the plate width between the gaskets.
Furthermore, the total pressure drop by neglecting the port pressure drop is also
estimated as (Sunders, [Q2])
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L p N p μ m −0.17
Δ P = 2 ρfG 2 ( ) , (12)
Dh μw
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where Np is the number of passes and Lp is the total plate length as shown in
Fig. 1.

3. GENETIC ALGORITHM FOR MULTIOBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION

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3.1 Multiobjective Optimization

The multiobjective problem consists in the optimization (i.e., minimizing or maxi-
mizing) of several objectives simultaneously, with a number of inequality or
equality constraints. The GAs are the semistochastic methods, based on an analogy
with Darwin’s laws of natural selection (Goldberg, 1989). The first multiobjective
GA, called the vector evaluated GA (or VEGA), was proposed by Schaffer (1985).
The algorithm based on nondominated sorting was proposed by Srinivas and Deb
(1994) and was called the Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic-Algorithm (NSGA).

Volume 44, Number 7, 2013

 6 F. Hajabdollahi, Z. Hajabdollahi, & H. Hajabdollahi

This was later modified by Deb et al. (2002) who eliminated the higher computa-
tional complexity, lack of elitism, and the need for specifying the sharing parame-
ter. This algorithm is called NSGA-II which is coupled with the objective
functions developed in this study for optimization.

3.2 Tournament Selection

Each individual competes in exactly two tournaments with randomly selected indi-

F
viduals, a procedure which imitates survival of the fittest in nature.

3.3 Controlled Elitism Sort

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To preserve diversity, the influence of elitism is controlled by choosing the num-
ber of individuals from each subpopulation, according to the geometric distribution
(Deb and Goel, 2001),

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1 − c q−1
Sq = S c , (13)
1 − cw

PR
to form a parent search population, Pt+1 (t denotes the generation), of size S,
where 0 < c < 1, and w is the total number of ranked non-dominated.

3.4 Crowding Distance

The crowding distance metric proposed by Deb (2001) is utilized where the
crowding distance of an individual is the perimeter of the rectangle with its near-
est neighbors at diagonally opposite corners. So, if an individual X (a) and individ-
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ual X (b) have same rank, each one has a larger crowding distance which is better.
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3.5 Crossover and Mutation

Uniform crossover and random uniform mutation are employed to obtain the off-
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spring population, Qt+1. The integer-based uniform crossover operator takes two
distinct parent individuals and interchanges each corresponding binary bits with a
probability, 0 < pc ≤ 1. Following crossover, the mutation operator changes each
of the binary bits with a mutation probability, 0 < pm < 0.5.
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4. OBJECTIVE FUNCTIONS AND DESIGN PARAMETERS

In this study, the effectiveness and total annual cost are considered as two objec-
tive functions. The total annual cost is included with investment cost (the annual-
ized cost of the heat transfer surface area) and operating cost of a pump for
forcing the fluid flow (Hajabdollahhi et al., 2011a)
Ctotal = af × Cinv + Cope , (14)

Cinv = C A × Atotn , (15)

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 Optimum Design of Gasket Plate Heat Exchanger 7

⎛ Δ PVt ⎞ ⎛ Δ PVt ⎞
Cope = ⎜ kel τ ⎟ + ⎜ kel τ ⎟ . (16)
⎝ η ⎠c ⎝ η ⎠h
Here CA and kel are the heat exchanger investment cost per unit surface area and
the electricity unit cost, respectively; n is a constant, and τ is the operation hours
of the exchanger per year. The quantities ΔP, Vt, and η are the pressure drop, vol-
ume flow rate, and pump efficiency, respectively. Also af is the annualized factor

F
defined as
r
af = , (17)
1 − (1 + r)−y

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where r and y are the interest rate and depreciation time, respectively. In this
study, the corrugation angle (β), chevron corrugation amplitude (a), chevron corru-

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gation wavelength (Λ), plate width, (W), plate length (Lh), and the number of
plates (N) are considered as six design parameters.

5. CASE STUDY
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The hot oil with 25 kg/s mass flow rate passes through the heat exchanger at
90oC. The fresh water (cold stream) with 34 kg/s mass flow rate passes through
the exchanger at 30oC. The GPHE is made from stainless steel with the thermal
conductivity kw = 17.5 W/m⋅K. The operating conditions and the cost function
constant values are listed in Table 1. The thermophysical properties of water and
oil such as the Prandtl number, viscosity, and specific heat are considered as tem-
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perature dependent.
TABLE 1: The operating conditions of the GPHE (input data for the case studied)
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Mass flow rate of hot flow kg/s 25

Mass flow rate of cold flow kg/s 90
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Inlet hot temperature o 09

C
Inlet cold temperature o 30
C
Inlet pressure (hot stream) kPa 320
Inlet pressure (cold stream) kPa 200
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Fouling factor (hot stream) m2⋅K/W 0.00086

Fouling factor (cold stream) m2⋅K/W 0.000086
2
Price per unit area $/m 90
Exponent of nonlinear increase with area increase 0.6
Hours of operation per year h/year 5000
Price of electrical energy $/MW⋅h 60
Pump efficiency 0.6

Volume 44, Number 7, 2013

 8 F. Hajabdollahi, Z. Hajabdollahi, & H. Hajabdollahi

6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

6.1 Verification of Modeling and Optimization Results

To verify the modeling results, the simulation output is compared with the corre-
sponding results reported in the literature. The comparison between the modeling
results and the corresponding values from (Kakac and Liu, 2002), for the same
input values listed in Table 2 is given in Table 3. The results show that the dif-

F
ference percentage points of the two mentioned modeling output results are within
±10%, which is acceptable for engineering problems.

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6.2 Optimization Results
To maximize the effectiveness value and to minimize the total annual cost, six de-
sign parameters including the corrugation angle, amplitude and wavelength of

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chevron corrugation, plate width, plate length, and the number of plates were se-
lected. The design parameters (decision variables) and the range of their variations
are listed in Table 4. The system is optimized for the depreciation time y = 10

Mass flow rate of hot water

PR
TABLE 2: Input values from (Kakac and Liu, 2002)

kg/s 140
Mass flow rate of cold water kg/s 140
Inlet hot temperature o 22
C
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Inlet cold temperature o 22
C
Chevron angle deg 45
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Number of pass 1
Number of plates 105
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Plate length m 1.55

TABLE 3: Comparison of modeling output and the corresponding results from (Kakac and Liu,
2002)
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Output
Unit (Schaffer, 1985) Present paper Difference (%)
variables
fh 0.204 0.2187 7.216
fc 0.221 0.2363 6.926
2
hh W/m ⋅K 32844 32463 5.46
2
hc W/m ⋅K 27,811 30,370 9.2
Δptotal kPa 592.4 554.74 –6.357

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 Optimum Design of Gasket Plate Heat Exchanger 9

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FIG. 2: The distribution of Pareto-optimal points solutions using NSGA-II
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TABLE 4: The design parameters, their range of variation, and their change step

Variables From To Change step

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Corrugation wavelength (mm) 3 8 0.001

Corrugation amplitude (mm) 1 10 0.001
Plate width (m) 0.2 0.8 0.001
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Plate length (m) 0.3 1 0.001

Corrugation angle (degree) 30 65 –
Number of plates (–) 10 100 1
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years, the interest rate r = 0.1, and five standard chevron plates with [30; 45; 50;
60; and 65] chevron angle. The genetic algorithm optimization is performed for
400 generations, using a search population size of M = 150 individuals, crossover
probability of pc = 0.9, gene mutation probability of pm = 0.035, and controlled
elitism value c = 0.55. The results for the Pareto optimal curve are shown in Fig.
2, which clearly reveals the conflict between two objectives, the effectiveness and
the total annual cost. Any geometrical change that increases the effectiveness or
heat transfer rate (ε = q ⁄ qmax) leads to an increase in the total annual cost and vice

Volume 44, Number 7, 2013

 10 F. Hajabdollahi, Z. Hajabdollahi, & H. Hajabdollahi

versa. This shows the need for the multiobjective optimization techniques in the
optimal design of a GPHE. It is shown in Fig. 2 that the maximum effectiveness
exists at design point A (0.9469), while the total annual cost is the biggest at this
point. On the other hand, the minimum total annual cost occurs at design point E
(317.5 $/year), with the smallest effectiveness value (0.2071) at that point. Design
point A is the optimal situation at which the effectiveness is a single objective
function, while design point E is the optimum condition at which the total annual

F
cost is a single objective function.
The optimum values of two objectives for five typical points from A to E
(Pareto optimal fronts) for input values given in Table 1 are listed in Table 5.

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To provide a useful tool for the optimal design of the GPHE, the following
equation for the effectiveness versus the total annual cost is derived for the Pareto
curve (Fig. 2):

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−518.1ε 2 − 390.8 ε + 163.3
Ctotal ($ / year ) = × 2000 . (18)
ε 3 + 518.8ε 2 − 2432ε + 1902

PR
Equation (18) is valid in the range 0.2071 < ε < 0.9469 for effectiveness. The
interesting point in Eq. (18) is that considering a numerical value for the effective-
ness in the mentioned range provides the minimum total annual cost for that opti-
mal point along with other optimal design parameters.
The selection of final solution among the optimum points existing on the Pareto
front needs a process of decision-making. In fact, this process is mostly carried
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out based on engineering experiences and importance of each objective for deci-
sion makers. In this paper, based on the information provided for designers (the
practical effectiveness values in the range 0.60 < ε < 0.81), the design points (C–
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D) with reasonable total cost and effectiveness values are recommended.

The distribution of variables for the optimal points on the Pareto front (Fig. 2)
is shown in Figs. 3a–f. The lower and upper bounds of the variables are shown by
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dotted lines. The following points could be deduced for the optimal variables in
Fig. 3:
1. The corrugation wavelength, plate width, and plate length have the values
distributed equally over its whole allowable domain.
2. The numerical values of the corrugation amplitude and number of plates are
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distributed in their maximum allowable domain.

TABLE 5: The optimum values of effectiveness and the total annual cost for the design points
A to E in Pareto-optimal fronts for input values given in Table 1

A B C D E
Effectiveness 0.9469 0.8914 0.8147 0.6011 0.2071
Total annual cost ($/year) 2156 1360 1040 670.8 317.5

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 Optimum Design of Gasket Plate Heat Exchanger 11

3. The numerical values of the corrugation angle are at their maximum level.
Since the optimum values of corrugation wavelength, plate width, and plate
length have scattered distribution in their whole allowable domains, one may pre-
dict that these three parameters have important effects on the conflict between the
higher values of effectiveness and lower amounts of total annual cost. The corru-
gation angle which is situated at its maximum value shows that this parameter has
no effect on the conflict between the two objective functions. Moreover, the cor-

F
rugation amplitude and the number of plates have the moderate effect on the con-
flict between the two objective functions.
The variation of optimum value of effectiveness with the total annual cost for

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various values of optimum design parameters in the A–E cases (Pareto front) are
shown in Figs. 4a–f.
It is observed that the variation of two objective functions at other points on

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Pareto optimal front has the same trend as the five points (A–E).
The effect of design variables on objective functions are investigated and ex-
plained as follows:
Corrugation wavelength PR
By increasing the corrugation wavelength (Λ), both the effectiveness (ε) and total
annual cost (Ctotal) decrease for all design points A–E (Fig. 4a). The variation of
the corrugation wavelength causes a conflict between two objective functions.
Therefore, each selection of fin pitch in the considered range of variation repre-
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sents one point on the Pareto optimal front. The scattered distribution of the cor-
rugation wavelength in Fig. 3a approves this point too.
Corrugation amplitude and number of plates
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With increasing the corrugation amplitude (a) (or plate number, N), both objec-
tives improved simultaneously (Figs. 4b and 4f). But there is a region in each de-
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sign that causes the conflicting behavior in the objective functions. Due to this
fact, the corrugation amplitude values (or plate number) obtained on the Pareto
optimal front have scattered distribution on their maximum values as is shown in
Figs. 3b and 3f.
Plate width
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By increasing the plate width (W), both the effectiveness and total annual cost
generally increase (Fig. 4c). The variation of the plate width causes a conflict be-
tween the two objective functions. Therefore, each selection of fin pitch in the
considered range of variation represents one point on the Pareto optimal front. The
scattered distribution of plate width in Fig. 3c approves this point too.
Plate length
By increasing the plate length Lh, both the effectiveness and total annual cost in-
crease for all design points A–E (Fig. 4d). Actually the effect of plate length is

Volume 44, Number 7, 2013

 12 F. Hajabdollahi, Z. Hajabdollahi, & H. Hajabdollahi

F
O
O
PR
R
O
TH
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FIG. 3: Scattering of variables for the Pareto optimal front: a) corrugation wavelength; b)
corrugation amplitude; c) plate width; d) plate length; e) corrugation angle; f) number of
plates

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 Optimum Design of Gasket Plate Heat Exchanger 13

F
O
O
PR
R
O
TH
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FIG. 3: (continued) Scattering of variables for the Pareto optimal front: a) corrugation
wavelength; b) corrugation amplitude; c) plate width; d) plate length; e) corrugation angle;
f) number of plates

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 14 F. Hajabdollahi, Z. Hajabdollahi, & H. Hajabdollahi

F
O
O
PR
R
O
TH
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FIG. 4: Variation of effectiveness with annual cost for six optimum design parameters in
five A–E cases: a) corrugation wavelength; b) corrugation amplitude; c) plate width; d)
plate length, e) corrugation angle; f) number of plates

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 Optimum Design of Gasket Plate Heat Exchanger 15

F
O
O
PR
R
O
TH
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FIG. 4: (continued) Variation of effectiveness with annual cost for six optimum design
parameters in five A–E cases: a) corrugation wavelength; b) corrugation amplitude; c) plate
width; d) plate length, e) corrugation angle; f) number of plates

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 16 F. Hajabdollahi, Z. Hajabdollahi, & H. Hajabdollahi

the reverse of the corrugation wavelength but both of them cause conflicting of
objective functions. As a result, the plate length such as the corrugation wave-
length has the scattering distribution on the whole allowable domain as depicted in
Fig. 3d.
Corrugation angle
By increasing the corrugation angle, the effectiveness increases while the total an-
nual cost is approximately constant (Fig. 4e). As a result, the maximum of corru-

F
gation angle is suitable. The distribution of corrugation angle around its maximum
value verifies this point (Fig. 3e).

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6.3 Effect of Two Nondimensional Parameters
The values of effectiveness versus the two nondimentional parameters (a/Λ and

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Lh/W) for the Pareto optimal front are shown in Figs. 5 and 6, respectively. It is
seen from Fig. 5 that the effectiveness generally increases on increase of a/Λ.
There are two values of the effectiveness for any choice of the Lh/W parameter in

PR
the range 0.6–1.15. Some of them are with a high effectiveness, while the other
lead to a low value of effectiveness (Fig. 6). In addition, there is any effectiveness
in the range 0.25–0.9 for any choice of the Lh/W parameter in the range 0.38–0.6.
It is worth mentioning that the variation of the total annual cost is similar to the
effectiveness as shown on the Pareto front of Fig. 2.
R
O
TH
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FIG. 5: The value of effectiveness versus the ratio of corrugation amplitude and wave-
length for the Pareto optimal front

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 Optimum Design of Gasket Plate Heat Exchanger 17

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PR
FIG. 6: The value of effectiveness versus the ratio of plate length and plate width for the
Pareto optimal front
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7. CONCLUSIONS
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A gasket plate heat exchanger was optimally designed using the multiobjective op-
timization technique. The design parameters (decision variables) were corrugation
angle, amplitude and wavelength of chevron corrugation, plate width, plate length,
TH

and the number of plates. In the optimization problem presented, the effectiveness
and total annual cost were two objective functions (the effectiveness was maxi-
mized and the total annual cost was minimized). A set of the Pareto optimal
front points was shown. The results revealed the level of conflict between the
two objectives. The corrugation wavelength, plate width, and the plate length
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were found to be important design parameters which caused a conflict between

the effectiveness and total annual cost. On the other hand, the corrugation angle
had no effect on the conflict between two optimized objective functions. More-
over, the corrugation amplitude and number of plates have a moderate effect on
the conflict between the two objective functions depending on its value. Finally,
the effects of two nondimensional parameters including the amplitude/wavelength
and plate length/plate width were investigated and the results showed that the ef-
fectiveness was proportional to the ratio of amplitude/wavelength in the optimum
situation.

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 18 F. Hajabdollahi, Z. Hajabdollahi, & H. Hajabdollahi

REFERENCES
Ahmadi, P., Hajabdollahi, H., and Dincer, I., Cost and entropy generation minimization of a cross
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Deb, K. and Goel, T., Controlled elitist non-dominated sorting genetic algorithms for better conver-
gence, in: Proc. First Int. Conf. on Evolutionary Multi-Criterion Optimization, Zurich, pp. 385–
399, 2001.

F
Deb, K., Multi-Objective Optimization Using Evolutionary Algorithms, Chichester: John Wiley and
Sons Ltd., 2001.
Deb, K., Pratap, A., Agarwal, S., and Meyarivan, T., A fast and elitist multi-objective genetic algo-

O
rithm: NSGA-II, IEEE Trans. Evolut. Comput., vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 182–197, 2002.
Doodman, A. R., Fesanghary, M., and Hosseini, R., A robust stochastic approach for design optimi-
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[Q1] AU: Please indicate which one: 2011a or 2011b?

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[Q2] AU: Please indicate year

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[Q3] AU: Please give the city, dates, volume, and page range

[Q4] AU: Please indicate city.

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Volume 44, Number 7, 2013

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