720122SRM

GARDEN CITIES
RAGANLE ALLADBA

STREETS FOR PEOPLE

BACKLANES
MRSS1153 URBAN DYNAMICS AND REGENERATION
3 TNEMNGISSA
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Garden City Concept

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Content Streets For People

03
Backlanes/Alleys
 GARDEN CITY CONCEPT
TPECNOC YTIC NEDRAG

Background
"The Garden City movement is one of the remarkable urban
planning methods initiated in 1898 by Ebenezer Howard in the
United Kingdom. In the 19th century, due to the industrial
revolution in England, the migration rate to cities increased rapidly,
leading to environmental degradation and capitalism. Howard’s
intention behind the Garden City movement was to
combine the benefits of the countryside environment and
city environment while avoiding the disadvantages of
both. "

(Nabila, 2021)

01 Aerial view of Letchworth

TPECNOC YTIC NEDRAG

Background : Why?
While cities became more inviting, problems such as pollution and the
growth of informal settlements also intensified.

the countryside provided proximity to nature and an abundance of natural

resources, but it also suffered from isolation and a decrease in
employment opportunities.

In light of these issues, in the late nineteenth century, the concept of

garden cities was created. This model of urban planning was
characterized by progressive ideals to solve the problems of rural flight
and the resulting disorderly growth of urban areas. The garden city
concept was based on the creation of a series of small cities that would
combine the advantages of both environments.
The Three Magnets Diagram
The first two magnets list the positives and negatives of
town life and country life, while the third magnet
combines the advantages of both.
This third magnet contains such promising qualities of
the garden city that it shifts the title to the center of the
diagram, as opposed to the first two, suggesting a
strong attraction between the question The
people: where will they go? and the many
advantages offered by this model of urban
planning.
TPECNOC YTIC NEDRAG

Origins and principles

Howard created the concept of a garden city under the influence of geographer Peter Alexeyevich Kropotkin’s and economist Alfred
Marshall’s idea.

At the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries, Kropotkin predicted decentralization in urban areas, and that urban residents
would enjoy both rural and urban lifestyles at the same time. On the other hand, Marshall has initiated the planned
construction of new cities in order to slow down the increase in social costs caused by the industry concentration in
cities .

(Gatarić et al., 2019)

The origin and development of Garden cities: An overview
TPECNOC YTIC NEDRAG Origins and principles
The primary planning principles embedded in Howard’s vision and plan are:

Collective ownership Raise the Standard of life

Howard’s Garden City introduced collective ownership
of lands instead of private individuals, which
ensures benefiting the whole community. People
from different classes provide their capital and effort to
develop a healthy natural and economic city.
With healthier surroundings and regular employment,
Howard promotes the healthy, natural, and economic lives
of all the factory workers of various grades, combining the
best advantages of cooperation, freedom, high
wages, and low rents.

Limiting the growth Rapid Railway Transit

Providing the green belt limits the growth of 32,000 Easy accessibility and walkability are one of the major
people. However, the Garden city is predicted to grow. principles of Howard’s Garden City. The distance
Therefore, the principle is stated that after reaching the between one town to its most distant neighbour is
population of 32,000, another city will be only ten miles which could be accomplished by
established at proximity beyond its own zone inter-municipal railway at the outer ring in twelve
accessible with rapid transportation representing a minutes. Electric tramways in the high roads serve
similar identity as one community. The cluster of between the towns. Moreover, a railway system directly to
cities is grouped around a Central City and will always Central City from each town reaches in five minutes
preserve a green belt surrounding the cities (Howard, (Howard, 1902).
1902)

Permanent belt of agricultural land The Advantage of both City and Country

A Permanent green belt is provided around the city to In this ‘Town- country’, all benefits from the city-life can
control the growth, ensuring a healthy be enjoyed, such as a higher chance of employment, high
environment. wages, and better amenities, yet preserving the freshness
of the healthy and beautiful natural environment of the
country-life
TPECNOC YTIC NEDRAG

Study: Building a 21st Ccentury Garden City At Ebbsfleet, UK

Sitting on the banks of the Thames, only 17 minutes from King’s

Cross/St Pancras, Ebbsfleet is being planned to grow out of the
chalk quarries and industrial heritage of Northern Kent to become a
Garden City for the 21st century. By 2035, a new settlement of up to
15,000 homes will have grown around Ebbsfleet, forming a centre of
excellence for health, education and learning, and a major transport
interchange for the South East.
TPECNOC YTIC NEDRAG
Study: Building a 21st Ccentury Garden City At Ebbsfleet, UK
Aligning the Vision
The starting point of the programme was the co-development of an
‘Implementation Framework’ to align ambition between stakeholders, and
assimilate the planning of city-wide infrastructure into a single plan. The
framework and subsequent investment programmes are structured into 6
delivery themes, each addressing the challenges around a key infrastructural
system.
Kick-starting infrastructural investment
Factors affecting delivery include: the omission of critical utilities; strategic
infrastructure within the current Asset Management Plan (AMP) period;
congestion on the A2 around Bluewater and its associated impacts on load
road networks and public transport services; and the impact of the proposed
International Theme Resort on Swanscombe Peninsula.
Building on the connections
The success of Ebbsfleet’s transport strategy is dependent on the integration
and development of its existing networks. The existing Fastrack bus service will
be upgraded to a world-class rapid transport system, developing a
comprehensive segregated network, integrated ticketing and enhanced fleets
of electric vehicles to ensure a frequent and reliable service.
Recognizing the value of ‘the Garden’
The ‘Garden Grid’ underpins the entire planning of Ebbsfleet. This network of
parks and green corridors is the garden of the ‘Garden City’, recognising the
value and operational efficiencies of green infrastructure to manage water,
flood resilience, local climate and air quality, whilst supporting healthier
lifestyles, growing food and reducing congestion for residents.
TPECNOC YTIC NEDRAG

Study: Building a 21st Ccentury Garden City At Ebbsfleet, UK

Delivery theme #1
Homes and neighbourhoods // Healthy homes
Progress:
• 700 homes now constructed in Ebbsfleet.
• 7,274 homes granted full planning
permission by September 2017.
• 10 new walkable neighbourhoods planned.
• ‘Building for a Healthy Life’ design tool being developed to benchmark quality
of homes.

Delivery theme #2
Enterprising Economy // Focus on Centres
Progress:
• New visitor information centre opened at Ebbsfleet International.
• Planning permission granted for first new local centre, at Castle Hill.
• Planning permission for new commercial space and business centre granted
at Northfleet East
TPECNOC YTIC NEDRAG

Study: Building a 21st Ccentury Garden City At Ebbsfleet, UK

Delivery theme #3
Connecting People + Places // Building on connections
Progress:
• £45mn EDC investment to bring forward Ebbsfleet and Bean A2 junction
upgrades. Public consultation completed and scheme in development.
• Major package of upgrades for Fastrack system developed with stakeholders
to ensure direct route to Bluewater delivered by 2021.

Delivery theme #4
Healthy Environments // Bringing in the green and the blue
Progress:
• 1.5 km new walking and cycling routes being constructed in 2017/2018.
• Stakeholder’s Water Forum established to co-ordinate management of
water.
TPECNOC YTIC NEDRAG

Study: Building a 21st Ccentury Garden City At Ebbsfleet, UK

Delivery theme #5
Civic Communities // Celebrate and reflect Ebbsfleet’s landscape, people
and cultural heritage
Healthy New Town Programme launched to develop new models of care,
promote active lifestyles, and empower community engagement in health
planning. ‘Active Ebbsfleet’ programme now has over 100 fitbit users sharing
knowledge to create a healthy community, and providing data to inform
investments in green infrastructure

Delivery theme #6
Integrated utilities and services
EDC investing £30mn in new electricity sub-stations to secure power for
future development. Working proactively with water companies to agree a
water strategy, and investigate use of innovative new technologies.
 ELPOEP ROF STEERTS

STREETS FOR PEOPLE

Background

"Historically, the streets have always been the place where

most of the people’s social activities took place: trading
activities, gatherings, entertainment, socializing, demonstrations
and children's games. At the start of using motorised
vehicles for moving around, the number of cars and people
on the streets was in balance, but as the time went on and
technology developed, the balance disappeared."

(Mendzina & Vugule, 2020)

02
ELPOEP ROF STEERTS

What makes a street pedestrian friendly?

A pedestrian street is a linear structure in the urban environment, which serves as the
main-pedestrian path in the daily route of residents.

A strategically planned pedestrian street encourages residents to move around

on foot in the urban environment, creates a positive image of the city’s public
space and becomes a city’s business card, by diversifying the urban landscape
with green space and outdoor elements.

If pedestrian street in the central part of a city is connected to the most

important nodes of the city it will help ensure an intensive flow of pedestrians
not only during a warm season, but also throughout the year.

Pedestrianization strategy’s aim is to revitalize city centres by creating a

pleasant and functional public space, encouraging people to move in public
space and communicate.

As the number of pedestrians increase, it is possible to reduce the motorised

traffic, thus decrease congestion, air and noise pollution in the urban environment.
Figure. Benefits from pedestrian streets and urban infrastructure
suitable for pedestrians
ELPOEP ROF STEERTS

Street design elements

QUALITY CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION OF A PEDESTRIAN STREET:

PARAMETERS RESTRICTIONS OUTDOOR ELEMENTS GREENERY SUSTAINABILITY

Length of pedestrian street
Width of street
Average building height
INTEGRATION IN URBAN
ENVIRONMENT
Connection to city node
points
Traffic comfort
Motorised traffic : Completely
closed, Permitted at certain
times
Cycling : Permitted, Forbidden
ENVIRONMENTAL
ACCESSIBILITY
Central lines, tactile cover
Slopes, ramps
AND ECOLOGY
Surface and textures Trees : Deciduous trees,
Benches Coniferous trees Management of rain water
Waste Fencing greenery Materials used
bins : bins for pets excrement, Flower box street furniture Waste managment
Waste sorting bins and Small Inclusion in the city's
greeninfrastructure network
waste bins
STREET’S SPATIAL
Lighting : Tall street light poles,
Average height street lights, STRUCTURE
LANDMARKS
Street lights are installed in
Vertical dominants
surfaces and Illuminated Art objects
Squares integrated into the
facades Informations stands street infrastructure
Bike parking racks Sign Posts
Game elements Water elements, fountains
ELPOEP ROF STEERTS

Strøget, Copenhagen, Denmark

Strøget is one of the world's longest pedestrian streets, located in the heart of Copenhagen. It is a
vibrant and bustling street, lined with shops, cafes, and cultural attractions. Some reasons why Strøget is
considered pedestrian-friendly are:

Car-Free Zone
Strøget is completely car-free, allowing pedestrians to move freely without the risk of vehicle collisions. This
enhances safety and encourages people to explore the area on foot.

Outdoor Seating
Strøget features numerous outdoor seating areas, allowing people to relax, enjoy their surroundings, and soak in
the vibrant atmosphere. The street begins and ends with public spaces (nodes and
square), with a major node situated in the middle of the

Accessibility journey, with a fountain (place marker) placed there.

Strøget is accessible to people of all ages and abilities, with ramps, elevators, and other facilities in place to ensure
inclusivity. The whole journey is car free zone.
ELPOEP ROF STEERTS

Las Ramblas, Barcelona, Spain

Las Ramblas is a famous pedestrian street in Barcelona, renowned for its lively atmosphere and diverse
offerings. The following are some reasons why Las Ramblas is considered pedestrian-friendly:

Tree-Lined Avenue
The street is adorned with trees, providing shade and a pleasant environment for pedestrians, especially during hot
summer months. The greenery enhances the overall aesthetic appeal and contributes to the comfort of
pedestrians.

Plazas and Public Spaces

Las Ramblas features several plazas and public spaces along its stretch, providing gathering spots, benches, and Spanning 1.5 kilometers, Las Ramblas is a beautiful,
areas for relaxation. These spaces encourage social interaction and create a sense of community within the tree-lined pedestrian located in Barcelona's Gothic
bustling city center. Quarter, Las Ramblas was a riverbed on the outer
limits of medieval Barcelona until the late-18th
Street Art and Sculptures
century. Today, its considered Barcelona’s main
The street is adorned with various sculptures and street art installations, adding to the visual interest and cultural
experience for pedestrians. thoroughfare .
ELPOEP ROF STEERTS

Tkalčićeva Street, Zagreb, Croatia

Tkalčićeva Street is a charming pedestrian street in Zagreb's historic center, known for its vibrant cafes,
shops, and historic architecture. Here's why Tkalčićeva Street is pedestrian-friendly:

Pedestrian Priority
Tkalčićeva Street gives priority to pedestrians, with limited access for vehicles. This ensures a safer and more
comfortable environment for walking and leisure activities.

Outdoor Dining
The street offers a range of outdoor dining options, with cafes and restaurants providing seating areas along the
sidewalk. Pedestrians can enjoy meals or drinks while taking in the vibrant street life.

Historical Character Tkalčićeva Street is Zagreb main hub for cafes,

Tkalčićeva Street is lined with historic buildings and architecture, creating a unique and visually appealing restaurants and casual nightlife. Also known as Tkalča
atmosphere. The preservation of the area's heritage adds to its charm and attractiveness for pedestrians. (Tkalcha), it features dozens of places where you will find
something to your liking.
 SYELLA/SENALKCAB

BACKLANES/ALLEYS
Background
"Alleys are places of drama–enticing in their narrow linearity,
exciting in their perceived risk, and scaled as stage sets, where the human
body figures large against a constrained backdrop and directed lighting.
Alleys are also quintessentially about movement, whether by
individuals perambulating and pedaling, vehicles accessing business
back-doors, or water flowing from rooftops to drains. With this
excitement, potential for human encounter, and utility in moving
people, merchandise and water through the urban fabric, alleys possess
compelling potential to produce a vibrant secondary public
realm that might also help to repair the ecological performance of our
cities."

ACTIVATING ALLEYS FOR A LIVELY CITY / FIALKO & HAMPTON, 2011

03
SYELLA/SENALKCAB

Alley/Backlane Potentials
But first, what is an Alley/Backlane?
An alley/backlane is a narrow lane for pedestrians or service that runs between or behind buildings. Alleys used to be planned into cities for
trash access, deliveries, electrical, plumbing, and mechanical services, fire engines, and for parking. As a secondary circulation pattern, many
pedestrians, cyclists and even autos use alleys for shortcuts or back access.

OFF-STREET SPACES FOR CULTURAL ACTIVITIES A MORE WALKABLE CITY PLACES FOR GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE

Activating alleys can provide safe interesting places for festivals and cultural activities in
outdoor community environments without taking over streets or parks.
ADDITIONAL STORE FRONTAGES FOR A GREATER ECONOMY
Taking advantage of ground floor spaces on buildings facing alleys gives us
denser retail districts, and additional opportunities for entrepreneurs.
NTIMATE AND PERSONAL CITY SPACES
Places to step out of the bustling street, places with birds and plants, and places to sit.
Places to lunch with friends in nice weather and meet with neighbors for coffee. Alleys
are human scale, and often the back building quality makes them interesting and
charming in comparison to streets.
Shortcuts and better city connections,
opportunities for alleys tobe quieter, safer, and
more interesting routes than existing streets.
UNIQUE EXPERIENCES
High quality alleys are important; ones with good
lighting that feel safe, have good paving, and offer
attractions like public art, vegetation, store and
business entrances and cafes. They offer a unique
experience that can not be found elsewhere in the
city.
Alleys can be places for bird habitats, local plants, storm water
drainage and other green city initiatives, acting as symbols and
catalysts of a healthier more eco-friendly city for all.
PLACES FOR CHILDREN AND THE ELDERLY
These user groups are an important part of city life, but often move
at a slower pace and need shade, places to rest, places to play
safely, and places for people watching.
 What are the keys to livable alleys/backlanes?
SYELLA/SENALKCAB
Paving
New paving makes some of the highest impacts
in alley improvement. It is important to choose
new pavers for their environmental impact,
material, and strength, as well as color and
style. Materials should be strong enough to
withstand the loads of necessary service trucks.
They should also be as permeable as
possible- such as tiled pavers rather than
asphalt or concrete. This allows water to
drain into the ground to filter and retain
runoff instead of conveying polluted water into
the street drains.
Canopies
Canopies are a low-cost option for spatial
reconfiguration in alleys. They create intimate
spaces for people, bring protection from rain,
snow and other elements, and bring interest to
alleys. Canopies draw attention to
entrances, bringing more visitors into alleys,
and creating comfort within the alley. Alleys are
long, narrow, and often tall spaces, so canopies
are instrumental in creating spaces that feel
more comfortable and intimate.
Lighting
Providing good lighting in alleys is
imperative to maintaining safe alley
environments. Well-lit alleys discourage
crime, encourage pedestrians, and can
introduce artful elements. Another
important aspect of lighting is the
ambience it brings to a space. Adding
softer lights, creating spaces with lighting,
and playing with lighting temperature
can bring new life and atmosphere to
an alley.
Opening Facades
Transparency and access between inside
and out will mean that more people are
aware of what is happening in alleys,
creating greater safety. With improved
safety, more pedestrians and cyclists will
use alleys as secondary entrances, and
businesses will be able to open within
alleys, providing yet more ‘eyes on the
alley’.
 What are the keys to livable alleys/backlanes?
SYELLA/SENALKCAB
Plants
Adding robust and attractive plants to alleys is
one of the fastest and most effective ways of
making a noticeable difference. Plants will
help improve the air quality, atmosphere,
and increase the inviting feel of an alley.
Finding the right plants for existing sun and
shade levels as well as wind and weather
patterns will help ensure plant survival.
Identity
Alleys with names, art, businesses, public
landmarks or points of interest that can be
indicated on maps are much more accessible
for use than alleys that don’t have these
characteristics. This is because it is difficult
to go to a place that one doesn’t know
about. Through the simple act of giving alleys
names and placing plants and furniture in them,
an invitation is offered to the rest of the city to
enter, and a statement is made that alleys are a
part of our city.
Furniture
Furniture is a way to reclaim alleys for
pedestrians and public space. Cafes could
open for lunch after morning service trucks
have completed their deliveries, providing
movable tables and chairs for customers.
Other benches, chairs, and tables could
make small urban resting areas;cycling
stations with air and other services could
be conveniently located in alleys; and
recycling centers are also better located in
alleys than on streets and sidewalks.
Water Run Off
Often roofs drain into alleys, or bypass
directly into the sewage system, causing
overflow in storms or taking polluted water
to our lakes, streams, and bays. It is
important to deal with water on site as
much as possible to avoid sewer overflows
and pollution.
 Study: Melbourne’s Revitalized Laneways
SYELLA/SENALKCAB

In an ongoing effort to transform Melbourne into a place of thriving public spaces, the city has gradually revitalized its
extensive network of laneways and arcades. This rejuvenation of the city’s laneways has contributed to an increas in
comfortable, engaging provisions for pedestrians within the urban core. The newly activated laneways also offer
better connections between larger public hubs, and have enhanced the character of the city by serving as
lively, dense, and human scale spaces.

The developed network of Melbourne’s laneways and arcades present a range of opportunities for pedestrian
access through the city. Lined with a diversity of small cafes, boutique shops, restaurants, and unique street
art, the laneways provide a variety of experiences for the public. Some lane-ways have been redesigned to afford
safe, attractive entries to residences, increasing use of these once neglected or unsafe spaces, while others have
continued to serveas access points for necessary services.

In 1994, only 300 meters of laneways in central Melbourne were

considered to be activated and accessible. But within 10 years this
had increased 10 fold to approximately 3km. This change is
significant.

Map of Melbourne’s laneways by Sarah Oberklaid, showing the increase in

active and accessible laneways since 1993.
 Study: Melbourne’s Revitalized Laneways
SYELLA/SENALKCAB

Melbourne’s Lanes are still strongly associated with fringe culture, but the city appears to be making efforts to bring them into the mainstream. For instance,
applications may be submitted (even retroactively) to register “street art” on the side of buildings.
 Study: Melbourne’s Revitalized Laneways
SYELLA/SENALKCAB

Melbourne’s Lanes are still strongly associated with fringe culture, but the city appears to be making efforts to bring them into the mainstream. For instance,
applications may be submitted (even retroactively) to register “street art” on the side of buildings.
 Study: Melbourne’s Revitalized Laneways
SYELLA/SENALKCAB

Design Features Pedestrian affordances:

-Some lunchtime lane closures reduce vehicular traffic
-Provide opportunity for increase in outdoor cafe seating
Active Frontages
-Variety of seating, benches, awnings, paving
-Range of types attract different crowds: restaurants, cafes, boutiques,
art installations, clubs, bars, residences
Scale
-Policy implemented to focus on designing for pedestrian experience
-Awnings and seating establish a human scale in the narrow lanes
-Setbacks reduce downdraft
Building Form
-Addressing second-floor building facades
Signage
-Retention of heritage streetscapes connections
-Visible signs coincide with existing character of lane
-Provide important North-South connections in the dense city center
-Laneways have unique names and corresponding signage
-Expands the city’s pedestrian network
-Generally, business signs along alley are same size and height

Entrances
Sustainability
-Alleys provide entrances to retail and residential facilities
-Facilitate increased density by stacking functions
-Gateways to lanes appear discrete and invite exploration
-Expanding business without making new roads
References
Gatarić, D., Belij, M., Đerčan, B., & Filipović, D. (2019b). The origin and development of Garden cities: An overview. Zbornik Radova -
Geografski Fakultet Univerziteta U Beogradu, 67–1, 33–43. https://doi.org/10.5937/zrgfub1901033g
Nabila, N. (2021). The Concept Of Garden City And Its Relevancy in Modern City Planning. ResearchGate.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353437083_The_Concept_Of_Garden_City_And_Its_Relevancy_in_Modern_City_Plann
ing
Moreira, S. (2022). What Are Garden Cities? ArchDaily. https://www.archdaily.com/961275/what-are-garden-cities
https://www.kent.gov.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/79914/GIF-Ebbsfleet-Garden-City.pdf
Hall, K. (2022). 4 Important Things to Consider When Designing Streets For People, Not Just Cars. ArchDaily.
https://www.archdaily.com/867390/4-important-things-to-consider-when-designing-streets-for-people-not-just-cars
Las Ramblas | Streets & Transportation. (n.d.). https://www.pps.org/places/las-ramblas
Strøget | Streets & Transportation. (n.d.). https://www.pps.org/places/stroget
FIALKO MARY, and JENNIFER HAMPTON. Seattle Integrated Alley Handbook Activating Alleys for a Lively City.
‌Martin, M. C. (1996). Back-alley as Community Landscape. Landscape Journal, 15(2), 138–153. https://doi.org/10.3368/lj.15.2.138
Ferreter, Sarah, et al. Melbourne’s Revitalized Laneways.
 THANK YOU
Q&A
720122SRM RAGANLE ALLADBA 3 TNEMNGISSA