INTEGRATION OF GEOPHYSICAL

DATA
Faculty of Science
Geology Department
(GPh 4204)

(PART 2)

(Seismic and Electric)

FWSchroeder
‘06
EXAMPLE
Seismic integration
The purpose of integration here is to obtain depth map (structural map) of
The surveyed area.

These maps are given to the geologist to locate:

1- Exploration wells.
2- Delaines (evaluation) wells.
3- Development wells.

Type of seismic maps:

1- Isochrones (Time) map.

2- Velocities map.
3- Depth map.

Construction of seismic maps:

The following tools are require:

1- Base map.
It is a map consist the following elements:

a- Seismic lines.
b- Names and number of the seismic lines.
 QS 6

C- Shot point number. 3855000 QS 4

d- Location of a wells. QS 10 QS 8

QS 13 QS 9 QS 507 a

e- Scale and north symbol. QS 137 QS 29 NE

QS 606A

QS 5
QS 133

QS 905 QS 3
3845000

QS 507 a

well CH-9
QS 606B

QS 12
QS 507 QS 4

QS 606A

3835000 QS 137 QS 13 QS 6

QS 9 QS 29 NE X 455
QS 133 QR 5
QS 606B
X 45
QS 9
QS 8 X 41
QS 507
QS 905 X 244
QS 10

X 24

The direction of seismic lines

QS 5
3825000

X 495

depend on:
QS 12
X 475B
X 455
well QR-1 X 1B

1- Strike and dip of the QS 3

outcrops. 3815000
X 41 X 24 X 244

2- General trend of the

structures.
Legend

3- General strike.
seismic line
X 45
Deep well

3805000 X 1B

0 5 10 km X 475B
X 495

500000 510000 520000 530000 540000

Base map of Bazian area

 The following information must be known:
1- Are the seismic lines from different survey?
2- Fold of coverage.
3- Energy source.
4- Elevation of datum plane.
5- Different processing operation.

2- Seismic sections.
It is a product of a final stage of data processing.
Shot
point
Two way Time (msec)

Seismic section of the line BA-3shows subsurface layers

 Well No. 1
No. of
Two way Time (msec.) Trace

Seismic section of the line BA-14 shows subsurface features

3- Synthetic seismogram.
It is a theoretical seismic response model for assumed geological situation.

Actual Synthetic seismogram

Well No.1
Synthetic seismogram

Limestone
Marl

Clay
 Interpretation
Steps of seismic lines and well tie:
Well No. 1
1-The synthetic seismogram of the well is prepared
2- The depths of the different geological unit
Obtained from the geological column of the well.
3- The velocity of different geological unit (or
formation) calculate from the well survey.
4- The two way time is calculate for each layer by:
TWT = Depth/ Velocit
5- From the calculated TWT different reflectors on
Synthetic seismogram were picked. Limestone
6- Then the synthetic seismogram is coincide with
the seismic section No. BA-14 at its proper location Gypsum
7- The reflectors will pick on this seismic line and
then on other lines using the intersection points
Sandstone

Limestone
 Seismic section of the line BA-14 shows subsurface features

Well No. 1
No. of
Trace
Two way Time (msec.)

Limestone

Gypsum

Sandstone

Limestone
 8- Measurements of TWT were taken for each reflector and on each seismic section.
9- The measurements are plot in the following table:

Shot point No. Two way time (msec)

Reflector-1 Reflector-2 Reflector-3 Reflector-4

1000 223 345 556 654

1050 229 356 535 667

1100 243 367 542 679

1150 245 365 552 689

1200 254 376 578 690

1250 269 381 587 700

10- The measurements of TWT for each reflector are plotted on the base map of the area for
drawing isochrone map
11- From velocity analysis the average velocity map for each reflector is drawn also.
12- Then by coinciding the velocity map over isochrone map the depth maps for each layer are
drawn.
 QS 6

3855000 QS 4

QS 10 QS 8

QS 13 QS 9 QS 507 a

QS 137 QS 29 NE
QS 606A

QS 5
QS 133

QS 905 QS 3
3845000

QS 507 a

well CH-9
QS 606B

QS 12
QS 507 QS 4

QS 606A

3835000 QS 137 QS 13 QS 6

QS 9 QS 29 NE X 455
QS 133 QR 5
QS 606B
X 45
QS 9
QS 8 X 41
QS 507
QS 905 X 244
QS 10

X 24
QS 5
3825000

X 495
QS 12
X 475B
X 455
well QR-1 X 1B

QS 3

X 41 X 24 X 244
3815000

Legend

seismic line
X 45
Deep well

3805000 X 1B

0 5 10 km X 475B
X 495

500000 510000 520000 530000 540000

Base map
Isochrone map of reflector-1
Average velocity map of reflector-1
Depth map of reflector-1
Isochron map
A contour map that displays the variation in time between two
seismic events or reflections.

Velocity map
Seismic velocities are usually considered to be seismic properties.
These are influenced strongly by confining stresses, pore
pressures, fluid saturations, temperature, and porosity, to name
only a few. This contribution focuses on how these different
factors interact to result in a seismic velocity that will be finally
observed. The components of a rock – its minerals, saturating
fluids, and solid frame – are described in terms of their
fundamental elastic moduli; and these in turn are then
combined through various models that allow us to predict the
values a seismic velocity may attain.
Interval Velocity map
The velocity, typically P-wave velocity, of a specific layer or
layers of rock, symbolized by vint and commonly calculated
from acoustic logs or from the change in stacking velocity
between seismic events on a common midpoint gather

Isopach map
A contour that connects points of equal thickness.
Commonly, the isopachs, or contours that make up an
isopach map, display the stratigraphic thickness of a rock
unit as opposed to the true vertical thickness.
 Interpretation
B- When there is a well and the well has no synthetic seismogram or
there is no well.
1- The study area is connected with a well located out side the area.
2- The studied area connected with an adjacent interpreted area.
3- The same steps described before followed for interpretation.
Seismic maps:

Isochrone map x Velocity map = Depth map

Isochrone map(H1) - Isochrone map(H2) = Interval Time map

Interval Time map x Interval velocity map = Isopach map

Depth map (H2) - Depth map (H1) = Isopach map

 bearing rocks and soils. The wave front creates a subtle electrical field
when passing through the
SEISMOELECTRIC (SE)
target zone and this field is
SE sounding techniques detect
electricalmeasured
signals at the surface
generated by with
the
passage electrodes.
of seismic compression
SE signals are then
waves through water-, and
analyzed with specialized
hydrocarbon-bearing rocks and soils.
The wave hardware and software
front creates a subtleto
electricalproduce
field whena passing
soundingthrough
curve.
the target zone and this field is
Effective depths for this
measured at the surface with
method
electrodes. SE range from are
signals 10 feet
thento
analyzed6,000
with feet.
specialized
SE is ahardware
powerful
and software to produce a sounding
method to help prevent dry
curve. Effective depths for this
holes from
method range and 10maximize your
feet to 6,000
feet. SE is a powerful
return method
on drilling to help
investment.
prevent dry holes and maximize your
return on drilling investment.
SEISMIC DATA INTEGRATION

EXERCISE
 Find the Oil
A Seismic Interpretation Exercise (No. 1)
In this section you have the opportunity to interpret some
seismic data from the Weald field and decide on the
location of an exploration well should you decide to drill.
The data has geological structures to interpret and three
horizons to pick.
Print out the seismic line and worksheet and have a go!
For coloured prints troughs are red and peaks are blue.
Step 1:
Initially we need to identify a horizon. On this line it is
specified at CMP 1001 indicated by the arrow.
Step 2:
The horizon is a white trough and occurs at 650 ms, marked by
the second arrow.
Step 3:
To make it easy to see, the horizon must be marked with its
own colour, which in this case is yellow.
Step 4:
Next the horizon is followed across the whole section, leaving
gaps if there are jumps or breaks in the horizon.
Step 5:
The course of any faults down through the section are then
marked.
Step 6:
The faults type is then identified, marking the downthrow side with
arrows. Both the red and blue faults are normal, with the downthrow to
the high CMP end.
Step 7:
Both faults have a throw of around 50 ms, marked with the green line.
Interpretation of marker horizons
 Interpretation of marker horizons

Can you see any other structures that are associated with structural traps?
Anticline
 Locating an exploration well

Would you drill for oil or gas on this structure? If so, where? (It is revealed the best location).
 Another scenario

Look at the central area of the anticline, some extra faults have been picked there. Does the
trap look so reliable now?
Conclusions

• The results of seismic interpretation can be

varied. It depends upon the person doing the
interpretation.

• Deciding where to drill is a long and complex

procedure that sometimes takes many years.

• Not all exploration wells are successful.