​Physical & Chemical Changes

Types Of Changes
● Physical Changes
● Chemical Changes

Physical Changes Chemical Changes

● No new substances ● New substances
are formed are formed
● Can be reversed ● Difficult to reverse
● Examples include: ● Energy such as
Dissolving of salt in heat, light, or
water, Boiling of electricity is taken
Water, Evaporation in or given out
of sweat from the ● Examples include:
skin Rotting of food, any
type of burning,
browning of apples

What is an Acid?
An acid is a substance that produces hydrogen
ions, H+ in an aqueous solution
Examples of Acids include: Hydrochloric Acid,
Nitric Acid, Sulfuric Acid
Physical Properties Of Acids
1.Acids have a ​sour​ taste
2.Acids turn ​blue​ litmus paper ​red
3.Acids dissolve in water to form solutions which
can ​Conduct Electricity

What is an Alkali?
An alkali is a substance that dissolves in water to
produce hydroxide ions, OH.
● Can be found in many things in our daily lives
● Soap and Detergent are examples of alkalis
● In the lab, we have sodium hydroxide,
potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide (aka
limewater) which are all alkalis.

Physical Properties Of Alkalis

1.Alkalis feel ​soapy​ and have a ​bitter​ ​taste
2.Alkalis turn ​red​ litmus paper ​blue

Indicators
● In order to tell whether a solution is an acid or
an alkali, we use an ​indicator
● Indicators are substances that show one
colour for acids and another colour for alkalis
Litmus Indicator
● Litmus is mainly used in paper form.
● If a substance is acidic, and if you use blue
litmus paper, it will turn red
● If a substance is alkaline, and if you use red
litmus paper, it will turn blue

Universal Indicator

● The Universal Indicator changes to

difference colours for different Ph values
● Each colour corresponds to a value
between 0 and 14
● ***Must memorize a range
● Basically, red(bad) to yellow(okay) is all
acidic
● Yellow to purple is alkaline
 ● All Chemical Equations
(1)Acid + Metal → Salt + Hydrogen
Example: Hydrochloric Acid + Magnesium →
Magnesium Chloride + Hydrogen

(2)Acid + Carbonate → Salt + Carbon Dioxide +

Water
Example: Hydrochloric Acid + Calcium Carbonate
→ Calcium Chloride + Carbon Dioxide + Water

(3)Acid + Alkali → Salt + Water

Example: Hydrochloric Acid + Sodium Hydroxide
→ Sodium Chloride + Water

Tests For Substances

Test For Hydrogen Gas

Test: Hold a lighted splint over the mouth of the

test tube.
Observation: The flame extinguished and a ‘pop’
sound will be heard
Test For Carbon Dioxide Gas

Test: Bubble the gas through lime water in another

test-tube

Observation: A white precipitate is seen

Take Note***
Whenever a substance reacts with another
substance, the substance becomes a neutral
substance (neither acidic nor alkaline).